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CHILD PORNOGRAPHY on the INTERNET Evaluating Preventive Measures in Order to Improve Their Effectiveness in the EU Member States DAPHNE 2000 - 2003

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CHILD PORNOGRAPHY on the INTERNET Evaluating Preventive Measures in Order to Improve Their Effectiveness in the EU Member States DAPHNE 2000 - 2003 CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ON THE INTERNET Evaluating Preventive Measures in order to Improve their Effectiveness in the EU Member States DAPHNE 2000 - 2003 With financial support from the DAPHNE Programme European Commission Edited by Barbara Vettori IN COOPERATION WITH: UNICEF-INNOCENTI RESEARCH CENTRE (FLORENCE, ITALY) UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TRENTO UNISYS BELGIUM SA (BRUSSELS, BELGIUM) UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ON THE INTERNET EVALUATING PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN THE EU MEMBER STATES FINAL REPORT EXECUTED BY TRANSCRIME IN COOPERATION WITH UNICEF INNOCENTI RESEARCH CENTRE AND UNISYS BELGIUM FOR THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION WITH FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM THE DAPHNE PROGRAMME EUROPEAN COMMISSION (CONTRACT 01/097/C) Università degli Studi di Trento January 2007 Transcrime Reports n. 15 The content of this report represents the views of its authors and not necessarily those of the European Commission. © 2007 Transcrime and European Commission Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. FOREWORD ...........................................................................................................3 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................7 3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..............................................................................................11 4. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY...............................................................................29 5. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................31 6. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................33 7. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY RELATED TO AREA OF INTERVENTION A (DETECTION AND CONTROL) BY TRANSCRIME 35 7.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................35 7.2 METHODOLOGICAL STEPS ..................................................................................................35 7.3 EU GUIDELINES AGAINST CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ON THE INTERNET AS REGARDS AREA OF INTERVENTION DETECTION AND CONTROL.......................................................................................................39 7.4 EVALUATING THE LEVEL OF ADHERENCE OF EU MEMBER STATES LEGISLATION TO THE EU GUIDELINES ........43 7.5 EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN PLACE IN EU MEMBER STATES AGAINST CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ON THE INTERNET ......................................................................................50 7.6 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................56 8. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY RELATED TO AREA OF INTERVENTION B (SELF-REGULATION) BY TRANSCRIME .........61 8.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................61 8.2 METHODOLOGICAL STEPS ..................................................................................................61 8.3 INTERNET SELF-REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: AN OVERVIEW ............................................63 A) SELF-REGULATION INITIATIVES DEVELOPED BY INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER ASSOCIATIONS.....................67 8.4 EU GUIDELINES PERTAINING TO ISPAS IN RELATION TO CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ON THE INTERNET ..............67 8.5 MAPPING ISPAS CODES OF CONDUCT ....................................................................................69 8.6 EVALUATING THE LEVEL OF ADHERENCE TO EU GUIDELINES OF ISPAS CODES OF CONDUCT IN EU MEMBER STATES ..............................................................................................................................72 8.7 EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CODES OF CONDUCT ...........................................................74 B) SELF-REGULATION INITIATIVES DEVELOPED BY HOTLINES...............................................................80 8.9 EU GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL INTERNET HOTLINES ...............................................................80 8.10 MAPPING THE NATIONAL INTERNET HOTLINES IN EU MEMBER STATES ............................................82 8.11 EVALUATING THE LEVEL OF ADHERENCE TO EU GUIDELINES OF THE SELF-REGULATION INITIATIVES DEVELOPED BY NATIONAL INTERNET HOTLINES IN EU MEMBER STATES ...................................................85 8.12 EVALUATING NATIONAL INTERNET HOTLINES IN EU MEMBER STATES .............................................87 8.13 NATIONAL INTERNET HOTLINES .........................................................................................92 8.14 CONCLUSIONS..............................................................................................................99 1 Table of Contents 9. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY RELATED TO AREA OF INTERVENTION C (AWARENESS AND EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVES) BY WORD & PICTURE LANGPORT AND UNICEF – INNOCENTI CENTRE FIRENZE ......................................103 9.1 EVALUATING PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN THE EU MEMBER STATES, BY WORDS & PICTURES, LANGPORT ................................................................................103 9.2 EVALUATING PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN THE EU MEMBER STATES, BY UNICEF INNOCENTI CENTRE, FIRENZE ..........................................................................110 10. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY RELATED TO AREA OF INTERVENTION D (TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES) BY UNISYS BELGIUM...............................................................................................151 10.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................151 10.2 LIST OF ACRONYMS .....................................................................................................153 10.3 CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ON THE INTERNET............................................................................154 10.4. PROTECTIVE TECHNICAL DEVICES ....................................................................................161 10.5. TRACEABILITY OF INTERNET ABUSERS ...............................................................................177 10.6 EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES TO TACKLE CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ON THE INTERNET ....................................................................................................................188 10.7 CHOOSING THE RIGHT PROTECTIVE DEVICES........................................................................189 10.8 HOW TO USE THE INDICATORS: THE RESPECTIVE PROS AND CONS ..............................................204 10.9 INDICATOR RELEVANCE ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF CONTROL ...............................................210 10.10 OVERVIEW OF EXISTING PRODUCTS .................................................................................212 10.11 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................217 11.RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................219 12.BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................225 13. ANNEXES REGARDING AREA OF INTERVENTION A (DETECTION AND CONTROL): ....................................237 14. ANNEXES REGARDING AREA OF INTERVENTION B (SELF-REGULATION): ..............................................279 15. ANNEXES REGARDING AREA OF INTERVENTION C (AWARENESS AND EDUCATIONAL FIELD) ........................309 16. ANNEXES REGARDING AREA OF INTERVENTION D (TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES)....................................349 2 1. Foreword 1. FOREWORD This Final Report presents the results of the Study Child Pornography on the Internet – Evaluating Preventive Measures in order to Improve their Effectiveness in the EU Member States, funded by the EU Commission under the DAPHNE Programme 2000-2003 (Contract 01/097/c) and carried out by Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime, Università degli Studi di Trento – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano, in cooperation with Unicef – Innocenti Research Centre, Firenze and Unisys Belgium. The aim of the Study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the preventive measures in place in EU Member States, in the field of child pornography on the Internet in order to contribute to their improvement. To achieve this aim, the Study set itself the following objectives: 1. to map the preventive measures in place in EU Member States against child pornography on the Internet; 2. to assess (where possible) the level of adherence to EU guidelines of the preventive measures against child pornography in place in EU Member States; 3. to assess the effectiveness of the preventive measures against the child pornography on the Internet in place in EU Member States; 4. to identify good practices in the field of preventive measures against child pornography on the Internet in place in EU Member States and to disseminate them; to identify ways and forms to improve the effectiveness of such measures.1 For the purposes of this Study, the term “child pornography” shall mean “pornographic material that visually depicts a child engaged in sexually explicit conduct”.2 The concept of child pornography thus defined includes so-called ‘virtual child pornography’,3 that is pornographic material created either by manipulating existing pictures or by producing a combined
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