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Virchow: Medicina, Ciência E Sociedade No Seu Tempo Autor(Es)

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Virchow: Medicina, Ciência E Sociedade No Seu Tempo Autor(Es) Virchow: medicina, ciência e sociedade no seu tempo Autor(es): Santos, Marco Steinert Publicado por: Imprensa de Universidade de Coimbra URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/2950 DOI: DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-0503-6 Accessed : 11-Oct-2021 05:07:24 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. pombalina.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt (Página deixada propositadamente em branco) Coordenação Científica da Colecção Ciências e Culturas João Rui Pita e Ana Leonor Pereira Coordenação Editorial Maria João Padez Ferreira de Castro Edição Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.uc.pt/imprensa_uc Design António Barros Pré-impressão Tipografia Lousanense, Lda. Capa Pedro Falcão ST 16 (Série Expulsão de Energia), 2006 Tinta de água s/ papel Cortesia Galeria Sete Revisão Paula Almeida Impressão e Acabamento Tipografia Lousanense, Lda. Lousã ISBN 978-989-8074-45-4 Depósito Legal 272072/08 Obra publicada com a colaboração de: © Setembro 2008, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra MARCO STEINERT SANTOS VIRCHOW MEDICINA, CIÊNCIA E SOCIEDADE NO SEU TEMPO (Página deixada propositadamente em branco) ÍNDICE Agradecimentos........................................................................................................................... 7 Prefácio........................................................................................................................................ 9 Nota de Abertura......................................................................................................................... 11 Introdução................................................................................................................................... 13 Capítulo I Os primeiros anos...................................................................................................... 17 Capítulo II Virchow e a sua chegada a Berlim.......................................................................... 23 Capítulo III A febre tifoide na Alta Silésia................................................................................ 39 Capítulo IV Virchow e a Revolução de 1848 ........................................................................... 43 Capítulo V A “Die medicinische Reform” (a Reforma da Medicina) ..................................... 33 Capítulo VI Wurzburg: fortaleza-reduto da medicina............................................................. 61 Capítulo VII O regresso a Berlim: a Patologia Celular............................................................. 75 a) A Patologia Celular; alterações dogmáticas (materialismo versus vitalismo) ............. 77 b) Triquinose: uma questão de saúde pública.................................................................... 82 Capítulo VIII Virchow e a sua estreia na política..................................................................... 85 Capítulo IX A unificação alemã ou o II Reich; Virchow no década de 70.............................. 91 a) a guerra franco-prussiana de 1870/1871 ....................................................................... 93 b) Virchow e o SPD............................................................................................................. 94 c) A grande obra de saneamento básico: o saneamento básico de Berlim....................... 96 d) Kulturkampf.................................................................................................................... 100 Capítulo X A Revolução de Darwin; Darwin, Haeckel e Virchow......................................... 105 Capítulo XI As ciências como progresso e civilização: Virchow como antropólogo e arqueólogo................................................................................................................................... 111 a) A Antropologia................................................................................................................. 111 b) A Arqueologia ................................................................................................................. 115 Capítulo XII Virchow e Robert Koch; Patologia Celular versus Bacteriologia...................... 119 5 Capítulo XIII Virchow e a “Reforma prática” da medicina: pensamentos e concretização 123 a) O estado da medicina e da classe médica, até meados de 1840 ........................... 123 b) As reflexões de Virchow, em matéria de organização da classe médica.............. 125 c) A medicina e a curandice ....................................................................................... 128 d) Os “médicos para indigentes”................................................................................. 132 Capítulo XIV Os últimos anos........................................................................................... 135 Capítulo XV Virchow: aspectos da sua vida privada....................................................... 139 Capítulo XVI Virchow: os 100 anos seguintes à sua morte............................................. 143 Capítulo XVII O Legado ................................................................................................... 147 Conclusões.......................................................................................................................... 149 Cronologia de Virchow..................................................................................................... 151 Bibliografia......................................................................................................................... 153 6 AGRADECIMENTOS A dissertação de mestrado que serviu de base ao presente livro não teria sido possível sem o inestimável apoio, estímulo e confiança da Professora Doutora Ana Leonor Pereira e do Professor Doutor João Rui Pita (orientadora e co-orientador, respectivamente). Nomeadamente, nunca poderei esquecer e retribuir a compreensão pelo facto de me encontrar longe de Coimbra (no Reino do Algarve), e de ter de dividir o meu tempo por mil e uma tarefas distintas. Desejo igualmente agradecer aos meus pais, pois é a eles que devo o que sou, e aos meus filhos, que me inspiram e dão forças àquilo que poderei ainda ser. Deixo também aqui um reconhecimento especial à minha irmã, que se encontra longe (Península Itálica), e que também me inspirou. Um último agradecimento aos amigos; não nomearei aqui nenhum em especial, pois não seria justo para com os outros ... mas eles saberão identificar-se com este sinal de apreço. E, finalmente, um tributo às musas que me foram iluminando os sentidos e o sentir. Santa Maria de Al-Farum, Junho de 2008 7 (Página deixada propositadamente em branco) PREFÁCIO Acreditamos que Rudolf Virchow é uma figura pouco conhecida em Portugal fora dos circuitos científicos especializados. Embora tenha sido médico, cientista e professor de medicina, a sua importância não se esgota nos meandros das ciências médicas. Virchow ultrapassa os limites das ciências da saúde. Vulgarmente é considerado como o Pai da patologia moderna mas, simultaneamente, Virchow é referência obrigatória da medicina social, da antropologia, da arqueologia e da política; encontramos em Virchow preocupações com o saneamento básico, as construções hospitalares, higiene escolar e higiene alimentar, entre outras. As consequências do seu trabalho tiveram consequências na teoria e na prática da politica do tempo. Rudolf Virchow nasceu em 1821 e faleceu em 1902. Viveu e realizou ciência num dos períodos históricos em que as ciências médicas germânicas marcavam fortemente a cultura científica europeia. Virchow era um académico; foi professor de anatomia, sublinhando-se o seu trabalho no campo da anatomia patológica na Universidade de Berlim, sobretudo desde 1856. Viveu a Guerra Franco Prussiana, tendo exercido notá­ vel actividade num hospital de campanha. Virchow fica ligado a diversas descobertas e contributos científicos inovadores como, por exemplo, entre vários, em trabalhos sobre a leucemia, em técnicas relacionadas com os estudos anatómico-celulares. Mas, numa história da medicina e das ciências médicas ou da saúde o nome de Virchow fica pelo menos relacionado com a introdução do conceito de patologia celular e com a consolidação e divulgação do conceito de medicina social e de medicina como ciência social (proposta realizada já anteriormente por outros autores. Ficou célebre a sua obra Die Cellularpathologie (1858). Pode-se dizer que a teoria celular de Virchow representa na segunda metade do século XIX um apuramento da mentalidade anatomoclínica proposta
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