Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry

Muthupandian Ashokkumar Editor-in-Chief

Francesca Cavalieri • Farid Chemat Kenji Okitsu • Anandan Sambandam Kyuichi Yasui • Bogdan Zisu Section Editors

Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry

With 649 Figures and 99 Tables Editor-in-Chief Muthupandian Ashokkumar School of Chemistry The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Section Editors Francesca Cavalieri Farid Chemat Department of Chemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry Technologies Universite d’Avignon et des Pays de University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Vaucluse Rome, Italy Avignon cedex 1, France Kenji Okitsu Anandan Sambandam Department of Materials Science Department of Chemistry Osaka Prefecture University National Institute of Technology Osaka, Japan Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli, TN, India

Kyuichi Yasui Bogdan Zisu National Institute of Advanced Industrial RMIT University Science and Technology (AIST) Melbourne, VIC, Australia Nagoya, Japan

ISBN 978-981-287-277-7 ISBN 978-981-287-278-4 (eBook) ISBN 978-981-287-279-1 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-278-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939268

# Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd Preface

Soundwaves, responsible for verbal communication between human beings and to some extent between living organisms, are capable of promoting chemical reactions and processing of materials. While many research articles, reviews, and books are available on selected aspects related to the topics covered in this Handbook, a single reference material that provides the current status of research areas ranging from fundamental aspects to various applications is missing in the literature. In order to overcome this shortfall, the Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry (HBUS) has been developed with contributions from expertise in different areas of ultrasonics and sonochemistry. HBUS consists of five sections: Fundamental Aspects, Nanomaterials, Environ- mental Remediation, Biomaterials, and Food Processing. Each section contains about ten chapters dealing with reviews of current literature and in some cases providing new results. While some chapters provide historical background of rele- vant topics, most focus on recent developments and current status of the research areas. The first section on fundamental aspects aims at providing the basics of acoustic cavitation. How ultrasound interacts with gas bubbles and grows them by rectified diffusion, theoretical aspects of cavitation, how the strong physical effects and chemical reactions are generated during cavitation, and what issues are still remaining unresolved are some topics covered in this section. In addition, acoustic cavitation in a microchannel, atomization, and a brief account of hydrodynamic cavitation are also included in this section. The section on nanomaterials deals with the synthesis of a variety of nanomaterials using the physical and chemical effects generated during acoustic cavitation and their applications. In addition to synthesiz- ing materials, this chapter also deals with processing of materials such as micelles. There is a significant crossover between Sections II and III, which could be expected as materials are used in environmental remediation. In both sections, the advantages of using hybrid techniques are highlighted. A combination of ultrasound and elec- trochemistry or photocatalysis seems to offer synergistic effects under specific experimental conditions. Section III not only deals with processing of organic pollutants in aqueous environment, but also highlights the use of acoustic cavitation for the treatment of waste oils. In both sections, the use of hydrodynamic cavitation for synthesizing nanomaterials and environmental remediation is discussed. The physical and chemical events arising from acoustic cavitation have been extensively

v vi Preface used for synthesizing functional biomaterials, which is focused in Section IV. Ultrasonically synthesized core-shell materials are found to possess unique physical and functional properties as highlighted in this section. The last section of HBUS deals with one of the growing applications of ultrasound, food processing. In recent years, the physical forces generated during acoustic cavitation have been found useful for improving the functional properties of food and dairy systems. Food quality, functionality, nutritional properties, and storage stability are some processes that could be improved by sonication. The high quality chapters in HBUS are contributed by leading researchers. The Editor-in-Chief and Section Editors sincerely acknowledge the authors for their time commitment and quality contributions. The Editor-in-Chief thanks the Section Editors for their involvement in HBUS project, who should take the full credit for organizing individual sections that include choosing leading researchers, sending invitations, organizing review processes, and completing the overall process on time. The Editor-in-Chief would also like to acknowledge Springer and its staff for their effort in making HBUS possible. In particular, Stephen Yeung, Tina Shelton, and Alexa Singh have been on our (Editor-in-Chief and Editors) toes to make sure we deliver what we promised, on time. And finally, it should be noted that HBUS is a great addition to academic literature and would help a wide range of communities including academic researchers, graduate students, and industries to understand and expand their knowledge in ultrasonics and sonochemistry from fundamentals to possible industrial applications.

Muthupandian Ashokkumar Editor-in-Chief Contents

Volume 1

Part I Fundamental Aspects ...... 1

Bubble Dynamics and Observations ...... 3 Robert Mettin and Carlos Cairós

Acoustic Bubbles, Acoustic Streaming, and Cavitation Microstreaming ...... 33 Richard Manasseh

The Growth of Bubbles in an Acoustic Field by Rectified Diffusion ...... 69 Thomas Leong, Muthupandian Ashokkumar, and Sandra Kentish

Acoustic Cavitation in a Microchannel ...... 99 Siew-Wan Ohl and Claus-Dieter Ohl

Importance of Sonication and Solution Conditions on the Acoustic Cavitation Activity ...... 137 Judy Lee

Acoustic Bubbles and Sonoluminescence ...... 177 Pak-Kon Choi

Experimental Observation of an Acoustic Field ...... 207 Nobuki Kudo

Ultrasonic Atomization ...... 239 Susumu Nii

Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation ...... 259 Kyuichi Yasui

vii viii Contents

Part II Nanomaterials ...... 293

Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials ...... 295 Guohai Yang and Jun-Jie Zhu Catalytic Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles Produced by Sonochemical Reduction of Noble Metal Ions ...... 325 Kenji Okitsu and Yoshiteru Mizukoshi Ultrasonic Synthesis of Polymer Nanoparticles ...... 365 Boon Mian Teo Ultrasonic Synthesis of Ceramic Materials: Fundamental View ...... 395 Naoya Enomoto Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Energy and Environmental Applications ...... 423 Sundaram Ganesh Babu, Bernaurdshaw Neppolian, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar Synthesis of Inorganic, Polymer, and Hybrid Nanoparticles Using Ultrasound ...... 457 S. Shaik, S.H. Sonawane, S.S. Barkade, and Bharat Bhanvase Ultrasonic Modification of Micelle Nanostructures ...... 491 Nor Saadah Mohd Yusof and Muthupandian Ashokkumar Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production ...... 525 Pavel V. Cherepanov and Daria V. Andreeva Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants Using Nanomaterials ...... 553 J. Theerthagiri, R.A. Senthil, D. Thirumalai, and J. Madhavan Ultrasonic Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Removal of Pollutants from Wastewater ...... 587 Bin Xue

Part III Environmental Remediation ...... 623

Mathematical Models for Sonochemical Effects Induced by Hydrodynamic Cavitation ...... 625 Vijayanand S. Moholkar Sonophotocatalytic Mineralization of Environmental Contaminants Present in Aqueous Solutions ...... 673 P. Sathishkumar, R.V. Mangalaraja, and Sambandam Anandan Contents ix

Advanced Oxidation Processes Using Ultrasound Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment ...... 711 Younggyu Son

Metals Oxides and Doped Metal Oxides for Ultrasound and Ultrasound Assisted Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of Textile Organic Pollutants ...... 733 G. Kumaravel Dinesh, T. Sivasankar, and Sambandam Anandan

Degradation of Organic Micropollutants by Hydrodynamic and/or Acoustic Cavitation ...... 761 Patrick Braeutigam

Sonochemical Degradation of Aromatic Compounds, Surfactants, and Dyes in Aqueous Solutions ...... 785 Kenji Okitsu, Ben Nanzai, and Kandasamy Thangavadivel

Removal of Heavy Metal from Wastewater ...... 813 Nalenthiran Pugazhenthiran, Sambandam Anandan, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar

Role of Process Intensification by Ultrasound ...... 841 Bhakar Bethi, Shirish Sonawane, and Bharat Bhanvase

Sonochemical Synthesis of Zinc Sulfide Photocatalysts and Their Environmental Applications ...... 867 Jerry J. Wu and Gang-Juan Lee

Combined Treatment Processes Based on Ultrasound and Photocatalysis for Treatment of Pesticide Containing Wastewater .... 901 Pankaj N. Patil and Parag R. Gogate

Conversion of Refined and Waste Oils by Ultrasound-Assisted Heterogeneous Catalysis ...... 931 Daria C. Boffito, Edith Martinez-Guerra, Veera G. Gude, and Gregory S. Patience

Volume 2

Part IV Biomaterials ...... 965

Ultrasonic Coating of Textiles by Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Nanoparticles ...... 967 Ilana Perelshtein, Nina Perkas, and Aharon Gedanken

Ultrasound-Assisted Functionalization of Polyphenols ...... 995 Elisavet D. Bartzoka, Heiko Lange, and Claudia Crestini x Contents

Ultrasonic Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer-Shelled Microspheres ...... 1021 Meifang Zhou, Francesca Cavalieri, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar Bioeffects of Ultrasound and Its Therapeutic Application ...... 1049 Ryohei Ogawa, Akihiro Morii, Akihiko Watanabe, Zheng-Guo Cui, and Takashi Kondo Lipid-Coated Nanodrops and Microbubbles ...... 1075 Mark A. Borden Advancing Ultrasound Technologies for Tissue Engineering ...... 1101 Diane Dalecki and Denise C. Hocking Ultrasonic Drug Delivery Using Micelles and Liposomes ...... 1127 Ana M. Martins, Salma A. Elgaili, Rute F. Vitor, and Ghaleb A. Husseini Near-Infrared Absorbing Nonmetallic Nanomaterials as Photoacoustic Contrast Agents for Biomedical Imaging ...... 1163 Lei Wang and Hao Wang Metallic and Upconversion Nanoparticles as Photoacoustic Contrast Agents for Biomedical Imaging ...... 1199 Kim Truc Nguyen, Sivaramapanicker Sreejith, and Yanli Zhao

Part V Food Processing ...... 1223

Ultrasonic Applications for Juice Making ...... 1225 Mehmet Başlar, Hatice Biranger Yildirim, Zeynep Hazal Tekin, and Mustafa Fatih Ertugay Ultrasonic Applications for Food Dehydration ...... 1247 Mehmet Başlar, Ömer Said Toker, Salih Karasu, Zeynep Hazal Tekin, and Hatice Biranger Yildirim Ultrasonic Process Intensification for the Efficient Extraction of Nutritionally Active Ingredients of Polysaccharides from Bioresources ...... 1271 Ibrahim Alzorqi and Sivakumar Manickam Ultrasound Processing of Milk and Dairy Products ...... 1287 Jayani Chandrapala Application of Ultrasound Associated with Chemical Sanitizers for Food Products ...... 1321 Jackline Freitas Brilhante de São José HACCP and HAZOP in Ultrasound Food Processing ...... 1335 Anne-Gaëlle Sicaire, Frédéric Fine, Maryline Vian, and Farid Chemat Contents xi

Ultrasonic Inactivation of Microorganisms ...... 1355 Shengpu Gao, Gillian Lewis, and Yacine Hemar Effect of Ultrasound Treatment on the Evolution of Solubility of Milk Protein Concentrate Powder ...... 1383 Bhesh Bhandari and Bogdan Zisu Sonocrystallization of Lactose ...... 1403 Tuna D. Dincer and Bogdan Zisu Ultrasound in Dairy Filtration ...... 1435 Li Ling Apple Koh Ultrasonic Separation of Food Materials ...... 1455 Thomas Leong Index ...... 1477

About the Editor-in-Chief

Muthupandian Ashokkumar is a Physical Chemist who specializes in Sonochemistry, teaches undergradu- ate and postgraduate chemistry subjects, and is a senior academic staff member of the School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne. He is the Associate Dean (Engagement and International) in the Faculty of Sci- ence. Ashok is a renowned sonochemist who has devel- oped a number of novel techniques to characterize acoustic cavitation bubbles and has made major contributions of applied sonochemistry to the Food and Dairy industry. His research team has developed ultrasonic processing technology for improving the functional properties of dairy ingredients. Recent research also involves the ultrasonic synthesis of functional nano- and biomaterials including protein microspheres that can be used in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Ashok is one of the Editors of Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, an international journal devoted to sonochemistry research. He has edited/coedited several books and special issues for journals, published ~310 refereed papers in high-impact international journals and books, and delivered over 150 invited/keynote/plenary lectures at international conferences and academic institutions. Ashok has successfully orga- nized 10 national/international scientific conferences and workshops and managed a number of national and international competitive research grants. He has served on a number of University of Melbourne management committees and scientific advisory boards of external scientific organizations. Ashok is the recipient of several prizes, awards, and fellowships, including the Grimwade Prize in Industrial Chemistry. He is a Fellow of the RACI since 2007. Ashok’s research interests have been focused upon two key aspects: fundamental understanding of specific scientific problems and using the knowledge gained from fundamental projects to applied aspects that benefit the community. His research to date has been in multidisciplinary areas involving sonochemistry, sonolumi- nescence, materials chemistry, surface chemistry, radiation chemistry, photochemis- try, and spectroscopy. His research focus has always been to address key issues in

xiii xiv About the Editor-in-Chief energy, environment, and health. His research involved synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for solar energy conversion, fuel cell applications, and for environ- mental remediation. His recent work involves developing protein/polymer micro- spheres that have potential applications in targeted drug delivery. His work in the area of ultrasonic processing of dairy ingredients has received significant attention among dairy industries in Australia. Section Editors

Francesca Cavalieri Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Univer- sity of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy Farid Chemat Department of Chemistry, Universite d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Avignon cedex 1, France Kenji Okitsu Department of Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan Anandan Sambandam Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, TN, India Kyuichi Yasui National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya, Japan Bogdan Zisu RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

xv

Contributors

Ibrahim Alzorqi Manufacturing and Industrial Processes Research Division, Fac- ulty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

Sambandam Anandan Nanomaterials and Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Depart- ment of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India Daria V. Andreeva Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany Muthupandian Ashokkumar School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Sundaram Ganesh Babu SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India S. S. Barkade Department of Chemical Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineer- ing, Pune, India Elisavet D. Bartzoka Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Uni- versity of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy

Mehmet Başlar Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey Bhakar Bethi Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technol- ogy, Warangal, Telangana, India Bhesh Bhandari School of Land and Food Sciences, The University of Queens- land, Brisbane, Australia

Bharat Bhanvase Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharash- tra, India

xvii xviii Contributors

Hatice Biranger Yildirim Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey Daria C. Boffito Département de Génie Chimique, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Mark A. Borden Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Patrick Braeutigam Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC), Institute of Technical and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany Carlos Cairós Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Francesca Cavalieri Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Jayani Chandrapala Advanced Food Systems Unit, College of Health and Bio- medicine, Victoria University, Werribee, VIC, Australia Farid Chemat Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR 408, Equipe Green, Avignon, France Pavel V. Cherepanov Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany Pak-Kon Choi Department of Physics, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan Claudia Crestini Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy Zheng-Guo Cui Departments of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan Diane Dalecki Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Jackline Freitas Brilhante de São José Departamento de Educação Integrada em Saúde, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil Tuna D. Dincer Food Science and Technology Program, School of Public Health, Faculty of health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia G. Kumaravel Dinesh Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India Salma A. Elgaili Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE Contributors xix

Naoya Enomoto Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Mustafa Fatih Ertugay Department of Food Engineering, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey Frédéric Fine Terres Inovia, Pessac, France Shengpu Gao China Animal Disease Control Center, Slaughter Technology Center of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing, China Aharon Gedanken Department of Chemistry and Kanbar Laboratory for Nanomaterials, Bar-Ilan University Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotech- nology, Ramat-Gan, Israel Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Parag R. Gogate Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Tech- nology, Matunga, Mumbai, India Veera G. Gude Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA Yacine Hemar School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Riddet Institute, Plamerston North, New Zealand Denise C. Hocking Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Ghaleb A. Husseini Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE Salih Karasu Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey Sandra Kentish Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Li Ling Apple Koh Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore Takashi Kondo Departments of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Med- icine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan Nobuki Kudo Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Heiko Lange Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy xx Contributors

Gang-Juan Lee Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Judy Lee Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK Thomas Leong Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical and Product Design Engineering, Hawthorn, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Mel- bourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Gillian Lewis School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auck- land, New Zealand J. Madhavan Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Richard Manasseh Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia R. V. Mangalaraja Faculty of Engineering, Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnol- ogy Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile Sivakumar Manickam Manufacturing and Industrial Processes Research Divi- sion, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia Edith Martinez-Guerra Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA Ana M. Martins Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE Robert Mettin Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Yoshiteru Mizukoshi Kansai Center for Industrial Materials Research, IMR, Tohoku University, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan Nor Saadah Mohd Yusof Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Vijayanand S. Moholkar Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India Akihiro Morii Departments of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Phar- maceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan Urology Department, Kurobe City Hospital, Kurobe, Japan Contributors xxi

Ben Nanzai Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Kanagawa-ku, Yoko- hama, Japan Bernaurdshaw Neppolian SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Kim Truc Nguyen Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Susumu Nii Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan Ryohei Ogawa Departments of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medi- cine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan Claus-Dieter Ohl School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Tech- nological University, Singapore, Singapore Siew-Wan Ohl Institute of High Performance Computing, Singapore, Singapore Kenji Okitsu Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan Gregory S. Patience Département de Génie Chimique, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Pankaj N. Patil Chemical Engineering Department, Gharda Institute of Technol- ogy, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India Ilana Perelshtein Department of Chemistry and Kanbar Laboratory for Nanomaterials, Bar-Ilan University Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotech- nology, Ramat-Gan, Israel Nina Perkas Department of Chemistry and Kanbar Laboratory for Nanomaterials, Bar-Ilan University Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Ramat- Gan, Israel Nalenthiran Pugazhenthiran Nanomaterials and Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India P. Sathishkumar Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Organic Chemis- try, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile R. A. Senthil Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India S. Shaik Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India Anne-Gaëlle Sicaire Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR 408, Equipe Green, Avignon, France xxii Contributors

T. Sivasankar Sonochemical Intensification Laboratory, National Institute of Tech- nology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India Younggyu Son Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Insti- tute of Technology, Gyeongbuk, South Korea Shirish Sonawane Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India Sivaramapanicker Sreejith Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Zeynep Hazal Tekin Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Depart- ment of Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey Boon Mian Teo Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus Univer- sity, Aarhus, Denmark Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Oxford University, Oxford, UK Kandasamy Thangavadivel Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan J. Theerthagiri Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India D. Thirumalai Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Ömer Said Toker Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey Maryline Vian Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR 408, Equipe Green, Avignon, France Rute F. Vitor Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Shar- jah, Sharjah, UAE Hao Wang Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, China Lei Wang Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, China Akihiko Watanabe Departments of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan Jerry J. Wu Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan Bin Xue Department of Chemistry, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China Contributors xxiii

Guohai Yang State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China Kyuichi Yasui National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya, Japan Yanli Zhao Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Meifang Zhou School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Jun-Jie Zhu State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China Bogdan Zisu School of Applied Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia