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Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry Muthupandian Ashokkumar Editor-in-Chief Francesca Cavalieri • Farid Chemat Kenji Okitsu • Anandan Sambandam Kyuichi Yasui • Bogdan Zisu Section Editors Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry With 649 Figures and 99 Tables Editor-in-Chief Muthupandian Ashokkumar School of Chemistry The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia Section Editors Francesca Cavalieri Farid Chemat Department of Chemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry Technologies Universite d’Avignon et des Pays de University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Vaucluse Rome, Italy Avignon cedex 1, France Kenji Okitsu Anandan Sambandam Department of Materials Science Department of Chemistry Osaka Prefecture University National Institute of Technology Osaka, Japan Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli, TN, India Kyuichi Yasui Bogdan Zisu National Institute of Advanced Industrial RMIT University Science and Technology (AIST) Melbourne, VIC, Australia Nagoya, Japan ISBN 978-981-287-277-7 ISBN 978-981-287-278-4 (eBook) ISBN 978-981-287-279-1 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-278-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939268 # Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd Preface Soundwaves, responsible for verbal communication between human beings and to some extent between living organisms, are capable of promoting chemical reactions and processing of materials. While many research articles, reviews, and books are available on selected aspects related to the topics covered in this Handbook, a single reference material that provides the current status of research areas ranging from fundamental aspects to various applications is missing in the literature. In order to overcome this shortfall, the Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry (HBUS) has been developed with contributions from expertise in different areas of ultrasonics and sonochemistry. HBUS consists of five sections: Fundamental Aspects, Nanomaterials, Environ- mental Remediation, Biomaterials, and Food Processing. Each section contains about ten chapters dealing with reviews of current literature and in some cases providing new results. While some chapters provide historical background of rele- vant topics, most focus on recent developments and current status of the research areas. The first section on fundamental aspects aims at providing the basics of acoustic cavitation. How ultrasound interacts with gas bubbles and grows them by rectified diffusion, theoretical aspects of cavitation, how the strong physical effects and chemical reactions are generated during cavitation, and what issues are still remaining unresolved are some topics covered in this section. In addition, acoustic cavitation in a microchannel, atomization, and a brief account of hydrodynamic cavitation are also included in this section. The section on nanomaterials deals with the synthesis of a variety of nanomaterials using the physical and chemical effects generated during acoustic cavitation and their applications. In addition to synthesiz- ing materials, this chapter also deals with processing of materials such as micelles. There is a significant crossover between Sections II and III, which could be expected as materials are used in environmental remediation. In both sections, the advantages of using hybrid techniques are highlighted. A combination of ultrasound and elec- trochemistry or photocatalysis seems to offer synergistic effects under specific experimental conditions. Section III not only deals with processing of organic pollutants in aqueous environment, but also highlights the use of acoustic cavitation for the treatment of waste oils. In both sections, the use of hydrodynamic cavitation for synthesizing nanomaterials and environmental remediation is discussed. The physical and chemical events arising from acoustic cavitation have been extensively v vi Preface used for synthesizing functional biomaterials, which is focused in Section IV. Ultrasonically synthesized core-shell materials are found to possess unique physical and functional properties as highlighted in this section. The last section of HBUS deals with one of the growing applications of ultrasound, food processing. In recent years, the physical forces generated during acoustic cavitation have been found useful for improving the functional properties of food and dairy systems. Food quality, functionality, nutritional properties, and storage stability are some processes that could be improved by sonication. The high quality chapters in HBUS are contributed by leading researchers. The Editor-in-Chief and Section Editors sincerely acknowledge the authors for their time commitment and quality contributions. The Editor-in-Chief thanks the Section Editors for their involvement in HBUS project, who should take the full credit for organizing individual sections that include choosing leading researchers, sending invitations, organizing review processes, and completing the overall process on time. The Editor-in-Chief would also like to acknowledge Springer and its staff for their effort in making HBUS possible. In particular, Stephen Yeung, Tina Shelton, and Alexa Singh have been on our (Editor-in-Chief and Editors) toes to make sure we deliver what we promised, on time. And finally, it should be noted that HBUS is a great addition to academic literature and would help a wide range of communities including academic researchers, graduate students, and industries to understand and expand their knowledge in ultrasonics and sonochemistry from fundamentals to possible industrial applications. Muthupandian Ashokkumar Editor-in-Chief Contents Volume 1 Part I Fundamental Aspects ................................ 1 Bubble Dynamics and Observations ............................ 3 Robert Mettin and Carlos Cairós Acoustic Bubbles, Acoustic Streaming, and Cavitation Microstreaming ............................................ 33 Richard Manasseh The Growth of Bubbles in an Acoustic Field by Rectified Diffusion ................................................. 69 Thomas Leong, Muthupandian Ashokkumar, and Sandra Kentish Acoustic Cavitation in a Microchannel ......................... 99 Siew-Wan Ohl and Claus-Dieter Ohl Importance of Sonication and Solution Conditions on the Acoustic Cavitation Activity ......................................... 137 Judy Lee Acoustic Bubbles and Sonoluminescence ........................ 177 Pak-Kon Choi Experimental Observation of an Acoustic Field ................... 207 Nobuki Kudo Ultrasonic Atomization ...................................... 239 Susumu Nii Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation ...................... 259 Kyuichi Yasui vii viii Contents Part II Nanomaterials .................................... 293 Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials ............................................. 295 Guohai Yang and Jun-Jie Zhu Catalytic Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles Produced by Sonochemical Reduction of Noble Metal Ions .................... 325 Kenji Okitsu and Yoshiteru Mizukoshi Ultrasonic Synthesis of Polymer Nanoparticles ................... 365 Boon Mian Teo Ultrasonic Synthesis of Ceramic Materials: Fundamental View ...... 395 Naoya Enomoto Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Energy and Environmental Applications .................................. 423 Sundaram Ganesh Babu, Bernaurdshaw Neppolian, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar Synthesis of Inorganic, Polymer, and Hybrid Nanoparticles Using Ultrasound ............................................... 457 S. Shaik, S.H. Sonawane, S.S. Barkade, and Bharat Bhanvase Ultrasonic Modification of Micelle Nanostructures ................ 491 Nor Saadah Mohd Yusof and Muthupandian Ashokkumar Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production ............................................... 525 Pavel V. Cherepanov and Daria V. Andreeva Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants Using Nanomaterials ............................................. 553 J. Theerthagiri, R.A. Senthil, D. Thirumalai, and J. Madhavan Ultrasonic Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Removal of Pollutants from Wastewater .................................. 587 Bin Xue Part III Environmental Remediation . ...................... 623 Mathematical Models for
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