The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 16 [Supple- ment] Author(s): Herbermann, Charles George (1840-1916) Publisher: Subjects: Christian Denominations Roman Catholic Church Dictionaries. Encyclopedias i Contents Title Page 1 Aarhus to Averbode 2 Bachelot to Butler 14 Caldani to Cuyo 40 Dabrowski to Dwight 82 Eguiara to Eugenics 97 Fiji to Foley 105 Gloria to Gaudix 109 Haberl to Hopkins 114 Illuminati to Ingen-Housz 122 Janssen to Johnson 125 Kearney to Kottayam 128 Lafarge to Lossada 135 Macarius to Musso 151 Odense to Oslo 173 Peace to Prefecture 177 Queen's Daughters 186 Ratzenberg to Rosselino 187 Saavedra to Strengnas 196 Tallaght, Monastery of 208 Vaison to Vicariate 209 walsh to Webb 229 ii This PDF file is from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library, www.ccel.org. The mission of the CCEL is to make classic Christian books available to the world. • This book is available in PDF, HTML, and other formats. 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Written permission is required for commercial use. iii Title Page Title Page THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA AN INTERNATIONAL WORK OF REFERENCE ON THE CONSTITUTION, DOCTRINE, DISCIPLINE, AND HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH EDITED BY CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, Ph.D., LL.D. EDWARD A. PACE, Ph.D., D.D. CONDE B PALLEN, Ph.D., LL.D. THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D. JOHN J. WYNNE, S.J. ASSISTED BY NUMEROUS COLLABORATORS IN FIFTEEN VOLUMES VOLUME 16 [Supplement] New York: ROBERT APPLETON COMPANY Imprimatur JOHN M. FARLEY ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK 1 Aarhus to Averbode Aarhus to Averbode Ancient See of Aarhus in Denmark Ancient See of Aarhus in Denmark (ARUSIA, ARUSIENSIS). The diocese included the provinces (amter) of Aarhus and Randers, the islands of Samso and Tuno, and, after 1396, part of the province of Viborg. Frode, King of Jutland, built the church of the Holy Trinity at Aarhus about 900. In 948 Archbishop Adaldag of Hamburg consecrated Reginbrand as missionary Bishop of Aarhus. After the latter's death in 988 all Jutland was united in one diocese, with Ribe or Viborg as its centre. It was redivided in 1060, and one Christian was ordained Bishop of Aarhus by Adalbert I, Archbishop of Hamburg. Another bishop, Ulfketil (1102-34) planned the town of Aarhus. The warlike Svend Udsson (1166-91) founded the Cistercian abbey at Om. His successor, Peter Vagnsen, began in 1201 the Cathedral of St. Clement. Near it lay the wooden church built by Bishop Ulfketil in 1102 to contain the relics of St. Clement. About 1150 the Venerable Niels, Prince of Denmark, died and was buried in St. Clement's churchyard. The offerings at his tomb facilitated the commencement of the new stone cathedral. This was finished about 1263, but in 1330 the greater part of it was burnt down. Peter Jensen Lodeliat (1386-95) and Bo Magnussen (1395-1423) were the prelates mainly concerned in the erection of the fine building extant to-day. The last Catholic bishop, Ove Bilde (imprisoned 1536), and Paulus Heliae, prior of the Carmelite monastery at Elsinore, attempted in vain to stay the progress of the Reform- ation at Aarhus. There were in the diocese: a chapter with 34 prebendaries at Aarhus cathedral; Benedictines at Essenbeck, Voer, Alling, and Veirlov; Augustinian Canons at Tvilum, Cistercians at Om, who survived till 1560; and Carthusians at Aarhus. There were also Franciscans at Horsens and Randers, Dominicans at Aarhus, Horsens, and Randers, Carmelites and a hospital of the Holy Spirit at Aarhus. There were Hospitallers of St. John till 1568 at Horsens. Lastly there were Brigittines at Mariager from 1412 to 1592. At Aarhus there is now a Jesuits' college with a fine church, as well as a large hos- pital in charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Chambery, who also have hospitals at Horsens and Randers, which last two towns also contain Catholic churches. BAUDRILLART, Dictionnaire d'histoire ecclesiastique, I (Paris, 1909-12), coll. 3, 4; Scriptores rerum danicarum, V, 231-302; VI, 176-519; VII, 209-216; HOFFMEYER, Blade of Aarhus Bys Historie, I (Copenhagen, 1904-06). A.W. TAYLOR 2 Aarhus to Averbode Adelard of Bath Adelard of Bath A twelfth-century Scholastic philosopher, b. about 1100. Adelard was probably an Englishman by birth; he seems to have studied at Tours and Laon and probably taught at Laon and at Paris. He was one of the first medieval scholars to seek knowledge by travelling in Greece and Asia Minor. It was these journeys that, apparently, brought him into contact with the learning of the Arabians, which he utilized especially in the discussion of physical and physiological problems. He wrote a translation of Euclid's geometry from the Arabic, and composed two original treatises entitled "De eodem et diverso" and "Quaestiones naturales". The former was edited in 1903 and printed in Baumker's "Beitrage"; the latter exists in an edition dated 1477. Adelard was a pro- nounced Platonist in psychology and metaphysics, while he opposed the Platonic doctrine of realism in his theory of universals. His position in regard to the latter question was that of Walter of Montagne, and the other Indifferentists. His most noteworthy contribution to psychology is his attempt to localize mental functions, in which he shows the influence of Galen and the Arabians. BAUMKER, Beitrage zur Gesch. der Phil. des Mittelalters, IV (Munster, 1903), 1; DE WULF, Hist. of Medieval Phil., tr. COFFEY (New York, 1909), 186; TURNER, History of Philosophy (Boston, 1903), 283 sqq. WILLIAM TURNER Pedro Antonio de Alarcon Pedro Antonio de Alarcón Novelist and poet, b. at Guadix, Spain, in 1833; d. at Valdemoro, near Madrid, in 1891. After having shown ability for journalism at his native place he went to Madrid where he came into prominence, especially when at the outbreak of the Revolution of July, 1854, he edited the republican journal "El Látigo". A year later, in 1855, he pub- lished "El final de Norma", a work written when he was only seventeen years old. As a volunteer he went in 1859 to the African war, where he wrote the most interesting and probably the most lasting of all his writings, "Diario de un testigo de la guerra de Africa" (1860). Some parts of this work, as "La batalla de Castillejos" and "La toma de Tetuán", have not been surpassed for vividness of description and grace of narrative by any Spanish writer. Similar to this work are Alarcon's historical sketches "Historietas nacionales", which perhaps will have a more lasting fame than his novels. "El sombrero 3 Aarhus to Averbode de tres picos" (Madrid, 1874; tr. M. Springer, New York, 1899) is the novel that carried its author's name throughout Europe. The following year he published "El Escándalo", the publication of which created as much of a sensation as Coloma's "Pequeñeces". Better and more worthy of being known is the fantastic novel he wrote in the latter part of his life "El nino de la Bola" (Madrid, 1880; tr. M.J. Serrano, New York, 1892). His poetical qualities are revealed in "Poesías serias y humoristicas" and "Comedias escogidas" (1886), and particularly in the play "El hijo pródigo". He was all his life a practical Catholic. PLUMMER, Contemporary Spain as shown in her Novelists (New York, 1899); SPRINGER, The Three Crowned [sic, i.e., Cornered] Hat (New York, 1899), 3-15; BLANCO GARCIA, Historia de la literatura espagnola en el Siglo XIX, II (Madrid, 1891), 454; VALBUENA, La ciencia cristiana, XIII (Madrid, 1880), 551; NOCEDAL, Discursos de recepcion en la Real Academia (Madrid, 1877); FITZMAURICE-KELLY, History of Spanish Literature (New York, 1910). W. FURLONG Alvarus Pelagius Alvarus Pelagius (ALVARO PELAYO.) Celebrated writer, b. in Spain about 1280; d. at Seville, 25 Jan., 1352. Alvarus studied canon law at Bologna, but in 1304 resigned his benefices, and entered the Franciscan Order. He is said to have been a pupil of Duns Scotus and to have been tutor to the children of Don Pedro, Regent of Portugal. Certain it is that he became penitentiary to Pope John XXII at Avignon, that he enjoyed much favour with this pontiff, and was employed by him to refute the claims of the antipope Pietro Rainalducci of Corbario. In 1233 Alvarus became titular Bishop of Coron in Achaia, and two years later was appointed to the See of Sylves in Portugal. He also served as Apostolic nuncio in Portugal, but was not created cardinal, as some writers have asserted. He was buried in the Monastery of St. Clare at Seville. Alvarus is chiefly remarkable for his work "De planctu ecclesiae libri duo". This work, begun at Avignon in 1330, completed in 1332, corrected in 1335 and again in 1340 at Compostella, is notable not only for its extreme defence of ecclesiastical rights but still more, perhaps, for the freedom and force with which the author assails and rebukes the ecclesiastical abuses of his time.