DOCSLIB.ORG

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability and Adherence to Preventive Measures in Somalia: Results of an Online Survey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability and Adherence to Preventive Measures in Somalia: Results of an Online Survey Article COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability and Adherence to Preventive Measures in Somalia: Results of an Online Survey Mohammed A. M. Ahmed 1,2 , Robert Colebunders 3 , Abdi A. Gele 4, Abdiqani A. Farah 5, Shariff Osman 1, Ibraahim Abdullahi Guled 1,6, Aweis Ahmed Moalim Abdullahi 1, Ahmed Mohamud Hussein 1, Abdiaziz Mohamed Ali 1,7 and Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo 3,8,* 1 Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Mogadishu University, Mogadishu P.O. Box 004, Somalia; [email protected] (M.A.M.A.); [email protected] (S.O.); [email protected] (I.A.G.); [email protected] (A.A.M.A.); [email protected] (A.M.H.); [email protected] (A.M.A.) 2 Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala P.O. Box 7051, Uganda 3 Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; [email protected] 4 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] 5 Department of Economics, Puntland State University, Wadajir, Garowe P.O. Box 090, Somalia; [email protected] 6 Mogadishu Somali-Turkey Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu P.O. Box 004, Somalia 7 De Martino Hospital, Hamar Jajab, Mogadishu P.O. Box 004, Somalia 8 Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé P.O. Box 25625, Cameroon * Correspondence: [email protected] Citation: Ahmed, M.A.M.; Abstract: Most countries are currently gravitating towards vaccination as mainstay strategy to quell Colebunders, R.; Gele, A.A.; COVID-19 transmission. Between December 2020 and January 2021, we conducted a follow-up Farah, A.A.; Osman, S.; Guled, I.A.; online survey in Somalia to monitor adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures, and COVID-19 Abdullahi, A.A.M.; Hussein, A.M.; vaccine acceptability and reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Adherence was measured via a composite Ali, A.M.; Siewe Fodjo, J.N. adherence score based on four measures (physical distancing, face mask use, hand hygiene, and COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability and ± Adherence to Preventive Measures in mouth covering when coughing/sneezing). We analyzed 4543 responses (mean age: 23.5 6.4 years, Somalia: Results of an Online Survey. 62.4% males). The mean adherence score during this survey was lower than the score during a similar Vaccines 2021, 9, 543. https:// survey in April 2020. A total of 76.8% of respondents were willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060543 Flu-like symptoms were more frequently reported in the current survey compared to previous surveys. Multiple logistic regression showed that participants who experienced flu-like symptoms, Academic Editors: Tiziana Ramaci those in the healthcare sector, and those with higher adherence scores had higher odds for vaccine and Massimiliano Barattucci acceptability while being a female reduced the willingness to be vaccinated. In conclusion, our data suggest that the decreasing adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures may have caused increased Received: 26 April 2021 flu-like symptoms over time. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Somalia is relatively high but could be Accepted: 17 May 2021 improved by addressing factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy. Published: 21 May 2021 Keywords: COVID-19; vaccination hesitancy; Somalia; adherence; preventive measures Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction The long-term success of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) public health response would rely on flattening the curve and reducing the burden on health systems until an ade- quate proportion of the population acquires immunity against the virus (herd immunity). Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Achieving population immunity by natural means (whereby a significant proportion of This article is an open access article the population needs to become infected) would result in an unprecedented burden on distributed under the terms and healthcare services and could lead to 30 million deaths worldwide [1]. One key strategy conditions of the Creative Commons to stop the escalation of the COVID-19 pandemic is to develop effective vaccines. So far, Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// more than 100 COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been investigated. By 9th April 2020, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ five vaccine candidates were in phase 1 clinical trials and by November 2020, 30 vaccine 4.0/). candidates were in phase 3 clinical trials [2]. As of January 2021, three vaccines of Western Vaccines 2021, 9, 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060543 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines Vaccines 2021, 9, 543 2 of 11 pharmaceutical companies had been approved by international regulatory authorities and vaccination had started with the Chinese and Russian vaccines [3]. Currently COVID-19 vaccines are being administered in high-income as well as some middle-income countries. However, to stop the COVID-19 epidemic it is also important that large scale COVID-19 vac- cination campaigns be initiated in low-income countries, including in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Given the large global population, and the observed high vaccine hesitancy coupled with relatively low vaccination coverage for currently available vaccines, understanding vaccine acceptance at the local level is critical [4]. Exploring predictors of vaccine attitudes in general terms has the potential to help policy makers recognize and adapt measures that improve vaccine trust that have previously been tested outside the COVID-19 pandemic [1]. Vaccines are widely recognized as a major tool for achieving public health success against the COVID-19 pandemic. Notwithstanding, certain groups of people may have doubts regarding the benefits of the available COVID-19 vaccines and concerns over their safety, causing them to question the need for vaccination; an attitude referred to as ‘vaccine hesitancy.’ Current literature shows disparities in vaccine acceptance across different geographical settings and population strata [5]. Some of the documented factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the general population include: vaccine effectiveness, adverse health effects, misinformation about the need for vaccination, lack of faith in the health system, lack of community awareness about vaccine-preventable diseases [5]. In China, higher vaccine acceptance rates were noted among healthcare workers (HCWs) compared to the general population [6]. Another study in the United States indicated that only one third of HCWs expressed willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine [7]. Globally, acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines was estimated to range from as low as 54.8% in Russia to as high as 88.6% in China; most Western countries showed relatively high public acceptance of the vaccine (59–75%) [8]. Besides vaccines, governments worldwide have been relying on large scale imple- mentation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (such as physical distancing, quarantining, face mask use, hands and coughing hygiene) to curb COVID-19 transmission. Data from SSA reveal only moderate adherence to the public health measures instituted to prevent COVID-19, suggesting that a vaccine may be needed to overcome the pandemic in such settings. A study among HCWs in the Democratic Republic of Congo found that only 28% of them were willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine [9]. Such a low acceptance could be blamed on an infodemic of misinformation and rumors that make it difficult to find credible sources of information [9]. In Somalia, where adherence to measures for COVID-19 prevention was seen to decrease over time during two consecutive online surveys [10], no data are available yet regarding the acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Therefore, in a third round of online surveying, we sought to investigate both adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures and acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among Somalis, as artifi- cial immunization may be the way forward in the face of decreasing observance of other recommended preventive practices. 2. Methods 2.1. Study Setting and Design Between 26th December 2020 and 28th January 2021, we conducted a third cross- sectional online survey in Somalia to investigate observance of preventive measures and associated factors in Somalia. This study came as a follow-up of previous online surveys about adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures in Somalia, conducted in April 2020 and July 2020 [10]. Considering the study period (December 2020–January 2021) during which this third survey was conducted, 313 new confirmed COVID-19 cases and 19 deaths were officially reported [11]. Until January 2021, the number of new COVID-19 cases seemed to be on a consistent decline; however, by February 2021, a record number of new COVID-19 cases and related deaths were reported (Figure1). Vaccines 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 11 Vaccines 2021, 9, 543 3 of 11 seemed to be on a consistent decline; however, by February 2021, a record number of new COVID-19 cases and related deaths were reported (Figure 1). FigureFigure 1. 1. COVIDCOVID-19-19 in in Somalia Somalia Report Report Chart Chart from from March March 2020 up to February 2021 [12] [12].. 2.2.2.2. Survey Survey Too Tooll TheThe survey survey tool tool was was an an online online questionnaire questionnaire which which was was similar similar to to that used during previousprevious surveys byby the the International International Citizen Citizen Project Project COVID-19 COVID- (ICPcovid)19 (ICPcovid) consortium consortium [10].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TCC Trains Somali Research Network Members in Data Analysis and Presentation
    26 September 2016 PRESS RELEASE TCC Trains Somali Research Network Members in Data Analysis and Presentation Training Centre in Communication (TCC) trained Somali Research Education Network (SomaliREN) members in Data Analysis and Presentation in Mogadishu, Somalia. The training ran from 27-29 September, where participants learned the following ; The theory and practice of presenting data in graphical form, The basic principles of economy, clarity, and integrity, Old types of graphs to avoid, new graph types: dot plot, scatterplot matrix, conditional plot, How to design effective graphs, How to use R Statistical software graphical analysis and presentation, How to use SPSS Statistical software graphical analysis and presentation and How to use STATA Statistical software graphical analysis and presentation. 26 participants from Amoud University ,Benadir University ,University of Burao, Puntland State University, East Africa University, SIMAD University, Mogadishu University ,University of Hargeisa, Gollis University, City University, Heritage Institute, Nugaal University, Kismayo University and Galkayo University, took part in the training. The Consortium of Training Institutions Training Centre in Communication The Training Centre in Communication (TCC) is a self-sustainable Trust created through private public partnership and has its headquarters at the University of Nairobi, Kenya. It is the first Centre in Africa that builds capacity in Science Communication for research institutes and universities, through training and guidance in implementation of communication strategy. TCC has successfully managed to build capacity in Science Communication in Western, Eastern and Southern Africa since 2004, before it was registered as a Trust and created a partnership with University of Nairobi in 2007. More information about Training Center in Communication can be accessed at www.tcc-africa.org.
    [Show full text]
  • A Report on the Mapping Study of Peace & Security Engagement In
    A Report on the Mapping Study of Peace & Security Engagement in African Tertiary Institutions Written by Funmi E. Vogt This project was funded through the support of the Carnegie Corporation About the African Leadership Centre In July 2008, King’s College London through the Conflict, Security and Development group (CSDG), established the African Leadership Centre (ALC). In June 2010, the ALC was officially launched in Nairobi, Kenya, as a joint initiative of King’s College London and the University of Nairobi. The ALC aims to build the next generation of scholars and analysts on peace, security and development. The idea of an African Leadership Centre was conceived to generate innovative ways to address some of the challenges faced on the African continent, by a new generation of “home‐grown” talent. The ALC provides mentoring to the next generation of African leaders and facilitates their participation in national, regional and international efforts to achieve transformative change in Africa, and is guided by the following principles: a) To foster African‐led ideas and processes of change b) To encourage diversity in terms of gender, region, class and beliefs c) To provide the right environment for independent thinking d) Recognition of youth agency e) Pursuit of excellence f) Integrity The African Leadership Centre mentors young Africans with the potential to lead innovative change in their communities, countries and across the continent. The Centre links academia and the real world of policy and practice, and aims to build a network of people who are committed to the issue of Peace and Security on the continent of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Perception Towards Forestation As a Strategy to Mitigate Climate Change in Somalia
    This SocArXiv preprint has been submitted for peer-review Perception towards forestation as a strategy to mitigate climate change in Somalia Osman M. Jama 1,2, Abdishakur W. Diriye 1,2, Abdulhakim M. Abdi 3 1 School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China- 2 Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Economics and Management Science, Mogadishu University, Mogadishu, Somalia. 3 Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Abstract Climate change mitigation strategies need both source reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and a significant enhancement of the land sink of carbon dioxide (CO2) through photosynthesis. In recent years, there has been growing attention to forests as an effective way to mitigate climate change as they capture and store large quantities of CO2 as phytomass and in the soil. Numerous forestation programs have been rolled out internationally and governments, mostly in the developing world, have been fostering tree planting initiatives. However, there is a paucity of studies that assess local perceptions to these initiatives and there are virtually no studies that do so in countries recovering from long-term conflict such as Somalia. Here, we analyze the factors that motivate or hinder the perception of young people in Somalia about forestation as a means to mitigate climate change. This demographic was targeted because 75% of the population of Somalia is between the ages of 18 and 35. Our results show that biocentric value orientation, which emphasizes environmental preservation and ecosystem maintenance, has significant positive influence on attitudes towards forestation whereas anthropocentric value orientation, which treats forests as an instrumental value to humans, did not show a significant influence.
    [Show full text]
  • A Requirements Modeling for E-Learning Management System (Elms)
    International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-5S March, 2019 A Requirements Modeling for E-Learning Management System (eLMS) Mazni Omar, Abdulkadir Osman Mohamed According to [5], e-Learning is particularly useful for Abstract: Nowadays, technology simplifies the learning people who are already working and have the desire to process and assists in the communication between learners, continue learning, since they can use e-Learning to attend lecturers, and administrators of universities and other classes whenever they want from any location. E-Learning educational organisations. At present, most of the universities in is a synonym for distance education. This term has been Somalia still use the face-to-face teaching approach and lecturers do not have an electronic repository for the learning materials. extensively used to describe distance education products and This demonstrates that an e-Learning model that is able to fulfil processes where learning relies on different technologies the users’ requirements is lacking. This shortcoming is addressed that allow communication between the teacher and the in this study by developing a requirements model for an e- learner irrespective of their location [6]. Learning Management System (eLMS) to improve the quality of At present, educational institutions in Somalia are still the learning process. To achieve this objective, a design research using the traditional ways of managing all learning methodology was adopted. During the modelling process, the activities. The current learning system is based on lecture- Web Application Extension (WAE) for the Unified Modeling centred interactions between learners and lecturers, both Language (UML) model was used to design the requirements inside and outside the classroom.
    [Show full text]
  • Research and Knowledge Systems in Somalia and Somaliland
    Country profile: Somali Regions Research and knowledge systems in Hjhj Somalia and Somaliland An analysis prepared for INASP by Faduma Abukar Mursal, Abdullahi Odowa and Jason Mosley Contents jjk Preface ................................................................................................................................................ 2 Authors .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Political analysis – Jason Mosley ............................................................................................................ 3 Somalia ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Research, knowledge and education-based systems in Somalia – Faduma Abukar Mursal ................. 6 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Research and knowledge systems in Somalia ................................................................................ 6 2.1 Research centres and focus areas ............................................................................................ 6 2.2 Research and the role of donor institutions in Somalia ............................................................. 9 2.3 Research dynamics and politics ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SOMALIA BULLETIN: SECURITY SITUATION in SOUTHERN and CENTRAL SOMALIA Country of Origin Information Service
    SOMALIA BULLETIN: SECURITY SITUATION IN SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL SOMALIA Country of Origin Information Service Date: 17 August 2012 SOMALIA – BULLETIN: SECURITY SITUATION IN SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL SOMALIA 17 AUGUST 2012 Contents Preface Paragraph 1. SECURITY SITUATION - OVERVIEW .............................................................................. 1.01 Events of 2011 ...................................................................................................... 1.07 Numbers of casualties in 2011 ........................................................................... 1.11 Events of 2012 ...................................................................................................... 1.22 Numbers of casualties in 2012 ........................................................................... 1.18 Type and nature of violence ................................................................................ 1.26 2. KEY ACTORS ........................................................................................................... 2.01 Government and pro-government forces ........................................................... 2.01 African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) ..................................................... 2.01 Ethiopian troops to withdraw from Belet Weyne and Baidoa .............................. 2.08 Transitional Federal Government forces ............................................................ 2.09 Insurgent groups .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Research in Somalia: Opportunities for Cooperation
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Pellini, Arnaldo et al. Research Report Research in Somalia: Opportunities for cooperation ODI Report Provided in Cooperation with: Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London Suggested Citation: Pellini, Arnaldo et al. (2020) : Research in Somalia: Opportunities for cooperation, ODI Report, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/216987 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ www.econstor.eu Report Research in Somalia: opportunities for cooperation Arnaldo Pellini with Deqa I. Abdi, Guled Salah, Hussein Yusuf Ali, Kalinaki Lawrence Quintin, Mohamed Abdi Hassan, Salim Said, Amina Khan and Ed Laws February 2020 Readers are encouraged to reproduce material for their own publications, as long as they are not being sold commercially.
    [Show full text]
  • Shell-Shocked: Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu
    Somalia HUMAN Shell-Shocked RIGHTS Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu WATCH August 2007 Volume 19, No. 12(a) Shell-Shocked Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu Map 1: Mogadishu: Insurgent attacks through mid-March 2007............................... 1 Map 2: Mogadishu: Ethiopian offensives in March and April 2007............................2 I. Summary...............................................................................................................3 II. Key Recommendations.........................................................................................7 To the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (TFG).....................................7 To the groups comprising the insurgency ............................................................7 To the government of Ethiopia.............................................................................8 To the European Union and its member states, the European Commission, the United Nations Security Council, the African Union, the Arab League, and the government of the United States.......................9 III. Background.......................................................................................................10 The Fall of the Barre Regime and the Outbreak of Clan Fighting.......................... 12 Successive Failed Peace Processes: 1991–2004................................................ 14 The Ethiopian Factor ......................................................................................... 16 The Rise of the Islamic Courts in 2006..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Language of Instruction Country Profile: Somalia
    LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION C O U N T RY P RO F I L E Somalia PREPARED FOR Bureau for Africa Office of Sustainable Development, Education and Youth Division United States Agency for International Development 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20523 PREPARED BY Dexis Consulting Group 1412 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 JUNE 2021 CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS Introduction 3 ABE Alternative Basic Education Linguistic Context 4 AET Africa Educational Trust Official Language of Instruction Policy 6 ECHO European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations Class Time 7 EGIDS Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale Pre-Service Teacher Training Curriculum for Literacy 8 EGR Early Grade Reading Teacher Language Proficiency/Language Specific Training 8 ESSP Education Sector Strategic Plan GPE Global Partnership for Education Teacher In-Service 9 L1 First Language USAID Reading Program Approach and Ongoing Programs 9 L2 Second (or additional) Language Community Engagement within USAID Projects 10 LOI Language of Instruction MOECHE Ministry of Education, Culture, and Higher Other Donor Funded Reading Programs 10 Education REEP-A Research for Effective Education Programming– References 12 Africa SNU Somali National University Funding was provided by the United States Agency for International Development UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund (USAID) from the American people under Contract No. AID-OAA-I-15-00019, Task USAID United States Agency for International Order No. AID-OAA-TO-16-00024. The contents are the responsibility of the USAID Development Research for Effective Education Programming (REEP-Africa) Project and do not WFP World Food Programme necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
    [Show full text]
  • SOMALIA Combined, Actions by Non-State Armed Groups and Local Clan Conflicts Led to More Than 600 Attacks on Education, Mostly in Central and Southern Somalia
    Global Coalition EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK GCPEA to Protect Education from Attack COUNTRY PROFILES SOMALIA Combined, actions by non-state armed groups and local clan conflicts led to more than 600 attacks on education, mostly in central and southern Somalia. This included attacks on schools, targeted killings, abductions, and abuse of students and educators, and military use of schools. At least 15 incidents affected higher education, mostly targeted killings of students and professors, and bombing of universities. Context By 2017, civil conflict had wracked Somalia for more than two decades. In 2012, Somali government troops, an allied non-state armed group, Ethiopian forces, and African Union forces regained control over parts of the country, including the capital city of Mogadishu, having taken it back from the Islamic Courts Union, a coalition of Sharia courts that as - sumed authority in 2006. 1832 However, Somalia faced continued insecurity and conflict between government forces and an al Qaeda-affiliated ex - tremist group, the Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahedeen, known as al-Shabaab, which splintered off from the former Shariah coalition. Al-Shabaab aimed to build an Islamic state by using violence against the Somali government, its in - stitutions, and other groups of people perceived to be affiliated with the government, including schools, foreigners, members of the Somali diaspora, and Western countries and organizations. 1833 In 2017, a newly elected government in - tensified military operations against al-Shabaab. 1834 Insecurity due to armed conflict negatively affected education across the country. Somalia’s enrollment rates were some of the lowest in the world and were even lower in the most insecure areas.
    [Show full text]
  • FEDERAL GOVERNMENT of SOMALIA MINISTRY of EDUCATION, CULTURE and HIGHER EDUCATION Education Sector Strategic Plan 2018-2020
    FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF SOMALIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND HIGHER EDUCATION Education Sector Strategic Plan 2018-2020 November 2017 SUPPORTED BY: This publication is the sole property of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education (MOECHE) of the Federal Government of Somalia. This document cannot be replicated without the express permission of the MOECHE. Views and comments found in this document are the sole responsibility of the MOECHE. Published by: Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education Federal Government of Somalia Cover photo: Girls in the Kabasa Primary School in Dollow wait for classes to begin, 2017 Printing and Somali translation version supported by UNICEF © 2017 Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education (MOECHE) Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ i Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ ii List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ iii Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Higher Studies and Research Kampala International University Kampala, Uganda in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For
    HEAD TEACHERS’ LEADERSHIP STYLES AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AMONGTEACHERS IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN BARDERA DISTRICT, SOMALIA A Thesis Presented to the College of Higher Studies and Research Kampala International University Kampala, Uganda In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master’s of Educational Management and Administration By: Anisa Osman Dine MED/3378111 1 1/DF September, 2012 DECLARATION A “This Thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a Degree or any other academic award in any University or Institution of Learning”. JdncLl 0iWkZ,i ~v1 & Name and Signature of Candidate II Jii~ 12øI2~ Date DECLARATION B ~I confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under my supervision”. Name and Signature of Supervisor !( 1 Date DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my betoved mother Abdio Mohamed Au, and my dear father Osman Dine Omar. III ACKNOWLEDGEM ENT The researcher’s great thanks go to Almighty Allah the most Gracious and the most Merciful who enabled her to successfully finish her education and because of His power, she was able to achieve all her goal and her dream has come true (Alhamdullillah). The researcher believes without Him, she would not have made it. The researcher owes a lot of appreciation to her supervisor, Dr. KAYINDU VINCENT who tirelessly went through her work and inspired her to dig deeper into the core of the matters. His kindness, criticism and understanding assisted her a great deal. Researcher gave many thanks to Dr. Ijeoma Blessings, who let researcher to experience from her research of Educational Management and administration, in the field and practical issues beyond the textbooks patiently corrected my writing.
    [Show full text]