DOCSLIB.ORG

Religious Tourism in Roman Greece

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2009 Religious Tourism in Roman Greece David James Stark Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons Recommended Citation Stark, David James, "Religious Tourism in Roman Greece" (2009). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 951. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/951 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54246-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54246-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada RELIGIOUS TOURISM IN ROMAN GREECE by David James Stark Bachelor of Arts, Wilfrid Laurier University, 2006 THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of Arts, Department of Classical Studies and Archaeology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Arts Wilfrid Laurier University © David James Stark 2009 i RELIGIOUS TOURISM IN ROMAN GREECE David J. Stark Dr. Judith Fletcher, Dissertation Supervisor ABSTRACT In recent years, Roman travel and tourism has become a focus of scholarship. Most of the scholarship however has focused either on religious travel through studies of pilgrimage or on secular travel through studies of tourism. Many tourism scholars however have begun to recognize that the differences between what is a tourist and what is a pilgrim is not as large as was once thought. These scholars have coined a new term, the religious tourist, to describe those travelers who seem to bridge the gap between the traditional definition of a pilgrim and the traditional definition of a tourist. Through examining the work of the travel writer Pausanias and the travels of famous Romans such as Aemilius Paullus, Cicero, Mucianus, Nero, and Hadrian, one begins to understand that the majority of tourists in the Roman world visited religious sites. Travelers were interested both in the religious nature of these sites as "houses of the gods" and in their secular nature as home to countless wonders of art, relics of history, and athletic and cultural festivals where the very best athletes and artists competed for prestige and prizes. Although many travelers made dedications or sacrificed victims, many of them also took time to marvel at the artwork and admire the museum-like nature of the Greek Sanctuary site. Although these travelers have previously been classed as either tourists or pilgrims, it is clear that they are best considered religious tourists as they participated in both religious and secular activities while at these sites. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As might be accepted, any work of this size and magnitude could not have been completed without the advice and support of many people. Special thanks goes to my wife, Jenn, who not only gave me the idea for studying Roman tourism at sanctuary sites while we toured around Greece together but also encouraged me to go back to school when anyone else might have wanted their husband to get a job and support the family. She has also very kindly listened to my ideas as this project has taken shape, read many drafts, and, with keen insight, shown me new directions of study. This work is dedicated to her. I would also like to thank my parents, not only for making my trip to Greece possible but also for raising me to value learning above all and for teaching me to pursue those things in life that would make me truly happy. I would like to thank Dr. Judith Fletcher for advising throughout the year and for always encouraging me to continue my studies. I would also like to express gratitude to my other committee members, Dr. Andrew Faulkner and Dr. Joann Freed, who have also advised, supported, encouraged, and inspired me throughout this year. Others who deserve acknowledgement include Dr. Sheila Ager, Dr. David Porreca, and Dr. Craig Hardiman for their encouragement, insight, and enthusiasm for my research; Dr. Arden Williams and Dr. Alexis Young, for being helpful supervisors and not bogging me down with too much teaching work at inopportune times; and my fellow grad students, Evan Sharp, Jacqueline McDermid, Deen Merrick-Braund, Laura Rocone and Justin Strieker, for their support and friendship through the trying first year of this program. I would also like to thank the Kennedys for their support and friendship and for reminding me that being a full-time student and iii supporting a family is entirely possible. Lastly, special thanks to the Baans and the Uyars for their love and support as always. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 ACKNOLEDGEMENTS 3 INTRODUCTION 5 Aims and Parameters of this study CHAPTER ONE: DEFINING THE TERMS 9 What is a tourist? What is a pilgrim? What is a religious tourist? Pilgrimage in the Ancient World Tourism in the Ancient World CHAPTER TWO: PAUSANIAS THE TRAVEL WRITER. 19 Who was Pausanias? Who was his intended audience? Pausanias and his time period What does Pausanias tell us about ancient religious tourism? CHAPTER THREE: THE GREEK SANCTUARY SITE AS A MUSEUM 38 What is a Greek sanctuary site? Sanctuary sites: ancient museums? CHAPTER FOUR: FESTIVALS 54 The agonistic festivals Strange civic traditions The "Carnivale" Atmosphere of the Festival CHAPTER FIVE: THE TYPICAL TRAVELER IN THE ROMAN ERA 67 Where was the typical traveler from? The status of the typical traveler CHAPTER SIX: FIVE FAMOUS ROMAN TRAVEL ITINERARIES 77 L. Aemilius Paullus Marcus Tullius Cicero Mucianus Imperial Tours CONCLUSION 106 REFERENCES 109 1 INTRODUCTION Religious sites have always held an important place in society as destinations that people wished to visit. Many visitors over the centuries have traveled to these places for strictly religious reasons; to offer a sacrifice, or to pray to a god, or even to have a "spiritual awakening". In recent years, however, many of these religious sites have become popular destinations not only for the pilgrim but also for the average tourist. In fact when Forbes Traveler magazine released a list of "The Fifty Most Visited Tourist Attractions in the World", a religious site, namely the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, appeared at number nine on the list with an estimated twelve million visitors per year.1 In recent years, scholars have noted that many travelers to religious sites, even those traveling on tradition pilgrimage routes such as the Camino to Santiago de Compostella in Spain, possess characteristics that have traditionally been associated with the tourist in addition to their inherent characteristics as pilgrims. These travelers carry cameras, sightsee at surrounding attractions, marvel at the physical features of the sites themselves, and even buy souvenirs. Many of these religious sites not only attract practicing followers of their specific religion, but also attract visitors from outside of their religion as well. It is for these reasons that many sites are now considered tourist destinations in addition to being religious sites. 1 Sandra Larriva and Gabe Weisert, http://www.forbestraveler.com/best-lists/most-visited-tourist-attractions- story.html. Created: April 25, 2007. Accessed: April 24, 2009. Many lists of this type exist and although none of them is completely accurate, as they use a variety of different and sometimes suspect sources to compile their data, the information is used here not to say which sites are the most attractive in the world nor to say exactly how many people visit each site, each year, but to argue that certain types of sites, namely religious ones, are popular. Forbes Traveler notes that the Notre Dame data was taken the Office du Tourisme et des Congres http://en.parisinfo.com/IMG/pdf/CPJrq_culturelle_2005.pdf. 2 Preston 1992: 43 notes that sightseeing and "tourist activities are common interludes on pilgrimage journeys". Djgance 2006: 40 also notes that even in medieval times, "souvenirs were sold at the major shrines" and that this tradition has continued today.
Recommended publications
  • Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics

    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics

    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The eighth-century revolution Version 1.0 December 2005 Ian Morris Stanford University Abstract: Through most of the 20th century classicists saw the 8th century BC as a period of major changes, which they characterized as “revolutionary,” but in the 1990s critics proposed more gradualist interpretations. In this paper I argue that while 30 years of fieldwork and new analyses inevitably require us to modify the framework established by Snodgrass in the 1970s (a profound social and economic depression in the Aegean c. 1100-800 BC; major population growth in the 8th century; social and cultural transformations that established the parameters of classical society), it nevertheless remains the most convincing interpretation of the evidence, and that the idea of an 8th-century revolution remains useful © Ian Morris. [email protected] 1 THE EIGHTH-CENTURY REVOLUTION Ian Morris Introduction In the eighth century BC the communities of central Aegean Greece (see figure 1) and their colonies overseas laid the foundations of the economic, social, and cultural framework that constrained and enabled Greek achievements for the next five hundred years. Rapid population growth promoted warfare, trade, and political centralization all around the Mediterranean. In most regions, the outcome was a concentration of power in the hands of kings, but Aegean Greeks created a new form of identity, the equal male citizen, living freely within a small polis. This vision of the good society was intensely contested throughout the late eighth century, but by the end of the archaic period it had defeated all rival models in the central Aegean, and was spreading through other Greek communities.
  • The Nature of Hellenistic Domestic Sculpture in Its Cultural and Spatial Contexts

    The Nature of Hellenistic Domestic Sculpture in Its Cultural and Spatial Contexts

    THE NATURE OF HELLENISTIC DOMESTIC SCULPTURE IN ITS CULTURAL AND SPATIAL CONTEXTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Craig I. Hardiman, B.Comm., B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Mark D. Fullerton, Advisor Dr. Timothy J. McNiven _______________________________ Advisor Dr. Stephen V. Tracy Graduate Program in the History of Art Copyright by Craig I. Hardiman 2005 ABSTRACT This dissertation marks the first synthetic and contextual analysis of domestic sculpture for the whole of the Hellenistic period (323 BCE – 31 BCE). Prior to this study, Hellenistic domestic sculpture had been examined from a broadly literary perspective or had been the focus of smaller regional or site-specific studies. Rather than taking any one approach, this dissertation examines both the literary testimonia and the material record in order to develop as full a picture as possible for the location, function and meaning(s) of these pieces. The study begins with a reconsideration of the literary evidence. The testimonia deal chiefly with the residences of the Hellenistic kings and their conspicuous displays of wealth in the most public rooms in the home, namely courtyards and dining rooms. Following this, the material evidence from the Greek mainland and Asia Minor is considered. The general evidence supports the literary testimonia’s location for these sculptures. In addition, several individual examples offer insights into the sophistication of domestic decorative programs among the Greeks, something usually associated with the Romans.
  • Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(S) of an Inland and Mountainous Region

    Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(S) of an Inland and Mountainous Region

    Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(s) of an Inland and Mountainous Region Eleni Salavoura1 Abstract: The concept of space is an abstract and sometimes a conventional term, but places – where people dwell, (inter)act and gain experiences – contribute decisively to the formation of the main characteristics and the identity of its residents. Arkadia, in the heart of the Peloponnese, is a landlocked country with small valleys and basins surrounded by high mountains, which, according to the ancient literature, offered to its inhabitants a hard and laborious life. Its rough terrain made Arkadia always a less attractive area for archaeological investigation. However, due to its position in the centre of the Peloponnese, Arkadia is an inevitable passage for anyone moving along or across the peninsula. The long life of small and medium-sized agrarian communities undoubtedly owes more to their foundation at crossroads connecting the inland with the Peloponnesian coast, than to their potential for economic growth based on the resources of the land. However, sites such as Analipsis, on its east-southeastern borders, the cemetery at Palaiokastro and the ash altar on Mount Lykaion, both in the southwest part of Arkadia, indicate that the area had a Bronze Age past, and raise many new questions. In this paper, I discuss the role of Arkadia in early Mycenaean times based on settlement patterns and excavation data, and I investigate the relation of these inland communities with high-ranking central places. In other words, this is an attempt to set place(s) into space, supporting the idea that the central region of the Peloponnese was a separated, but not isolated part of it, comprising regions that are also diversified among themselves.
  • Tourism Development in Greek Insular and Coastal Areas: Sociocultural Changes and Crucial Policy Issues

    Tourism Development in Greek Insular and Coastal Areas: Sociocultural Changes and Crucial Policy Issues

    Tourism Development in Greek Insular and Coastal Areas: Sociocultural Changes and Crucial Policy Issues Paris Tsartas University of the Aegean, Michalon 8, 82100 Chios, Greece The paperanalyses two issuesthat have characterised tourism development inGreek insularand coastalareas in theperiod 1970–2000. The firstissue concerns the socioeco- nomic and culturalchanges that have taken place in theseareas and ledto rapid– and usuallyunplanned –tourismdevelopment. The secondissue consists of thepolicies for tourismand tourismdevelopment atlocal,regional and nationallevel. The analysis focuseson therole of thefamily, social mobility issues,the social role of specific groups, and consequencesfor the manners, customs and traditionsof thelocal popula- tion.It also examines the views and reactionsof localcommunities regarding tourism and tourists.There is consideration of thenew productive structuresin theseareas, including thedowngrading of agriculture,the dependence of many economicsectors on tourism,and thelarge increase in multi-activityand theblack economy. Another focusis on thecharacteristics of masstourism, and on therelated problems and criti- cismsof currenttourism policies. These issues contributed to amodel of tourism development thatintegrates the productive, environmental and culturalcharacteristics of eachregion. Finally, the procedures and problemsencountered in sustainabledevel- opment programmes aiming at protecting the environment are considered. Social and Cultural Changes Brought About by Tourism Development in the Period 1970–2000 The analysishere focuseson three mainareas where these changesare observed:sociocultural life, productionand communication. It should be noted thata large proportionof all empirical studies of changesbrought aboutby tourism development in Greece have been of coastal and insular areas. Social and cultural changes in the social structure The mostsignificant of these changesconcern the family andits role in the new ‘urbanised’social structure, social mobility and the choicesof important groups, such as young people and women.
  • The Primal Greece : Between Dream and Archaeology

    The Primal Greece : Between Dream and Archaeology

    The primal Greece : between dream and archaeology Introduction The Aegean civilisations in the French National Archaeological Museum « This unusual form […] reveals an unknown Greece within Greece […] as solemn, profound and colossal as the other is radiant, light and considered; […] all here meets the reputation of the Atrids and brings back the horror of the Achaean fables », wrote on 1830 in front of the walls of Mycenae, the traveller Edgard Quinet, who was passionate about Greek tragedies. Like other travellers before him, he was aware of approaching the memory of an unknown past, of a primal Greece, but he would never have believed that this Greece dated from prehistoric times. It will be the end of the 19th century before the pioneers of archaeology reveal to the world the first civilisations of the Aegean. The « Museum of National Antiquities» played then a key role, spreading the knowledge about these fabulous finds. Here, as well as in the Louvre, the public has been able to meet the Aegean civilisations. The Comparative Archaeology department had a big display case entirely dedicated to them. The exhibition invites visitors back to this era of endless possibilities in order to experience this great archaeological adventure. Birth of a state, birth of an archaeology As soon as it becomes independent (1832), Greece is concerned with preserving its antiquities and creates an Archaeological Service (1834). Shortly afterwards, Ephemeris Archaiologike, the first Greek archaeological review, is founded, at the same time as the Archaeological Society at Athens. The French School at Athens is founded in 1846 in order to promote the study of antiquities, and is followed by a German study Institute in 1874; many other countries will follow the example of France and Germany.
  • Archaic Eretria

    Archaic Eretria

    ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
  • Greece • Crete • Turkey May 28 - June 22, 2021

    Greece • Crete • Turkey May 28 - June 22, 2021

    GREECE • CRETE • TURKEY MAY 28 - JUNE 22, 2021 Tour Hosts: Dr. Scott Moore Dr. Jason Whitlark organized by GREECE - CRETE - TURKEY / May 28 - June 22, 2021 May 31 Mon ATHENS - CORINTH CANAL - CORINTH – ACROCORINTH - NAFPLION At 8:30a.m. depart from Athens and drive along the coastal highway of Saronic Gulf. Arrive at the Corinth Canal for a brief stop and then continue on to the Acropolis of Corinth. Acro-corinth is the citadel of Corinth. It is situated to the southwest of the ancient city and rises to an elevation of 1883 ft. [574 m.]. Today it is surrounded by walls that are about 1.85 mi. [3 km.] long. The foundations of the fortifications are ancient—going back to the Hellenistic Period. The current walls were built and rebuilt by the Byzantines, Franks, Venetians, and Ottoman Turks. Climb up and visit the fortress. Then proceed to the Ancient city of Corinth. It was to this megalopolis where the apostle Paul came and worked, established a thriving church, subsequently sending two of his epistles now part of the New Testament. Here, we see all of the sites associated with his ministry: the Agora, the Temple of Apollo, the Roman Odeon, the Bema and Gallio’s Seat. The small local archaeological museum here is an absolute must! In Romans 16:23 Paul mentions his friend Erastus and • • we will see an inscription to him at the site. In the afternoon we will drive to GREECE CRETE TURKEY Nafplion for check-in at hotel followed by dinner and overnight. (B,D) MAY 28 - JUNE 22, 2021 June 1 Tue EPIDAURAUS - MYCENAE - NAFPLION Morning visit to Mycenae where we see the remains of the prehistoric citadel Parthenon, fortified with the Cyclopean Walls, the Lionesses’ Gate, the remains of the Athens Mycenaean Palace and the Tomb of King Agamemnon in which we will actually enter.
  • Wonder, Space, and Place in Pausanias' Periegesis

    Wonder, Space, and Place in Pausanias' Periegesis

    Axion Theas: Wonder, Space, and Place in Pausanias’ Periegesis Hellados by Jody Ellyn Cundy A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto © Copyright by Jody Ellyn Cundy 2016 Axion Theas: Wonder, Space, and Place in Pausanias’ Periegesis Hellados Jody Ellyn Cundy Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto 2016 Abstract The Periegesis Hellados presents a description of the sites and sights of Roman Greece in ten carefully constructed books. These books present the fruits of author’s extensive travels and careful textual research over the course of several decades (between the 130’s and ca. AD 175-80) and compiled into a unified composite itinerary. There is no doubt that Pausanias travels through an “already written landscape,” and his travel experience is necessarily informed by and sometimes clearly motivated by his literary encounters. This project investigates Pausanias’ engagement with literary antecedents, with a particular focus on the antiquarian impulse to excerpt and compile anecdotes in thematic catalogues, which broadly resemble wonder-texts (paradoxographies). The organizing principle of these thematic catalogues contrasts with the topographical (spatial) structure of the frame narrative of the Periegesis. In part, this study aims to resolve the perceived tension between the travel account and the antiquarian mode in Pausanias’ project in order to show that they serve complementary rather than competing ends. Resolution of these competing paradigms allows in turn for a more coherent understanding of the Periegesis as unified subject. This study argues that wonder (thauma) is a unifying theme ii of Periegesis Hellados.
  • THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES of DEMETER and PERSEPHONE: Fertility, Sexuality, Ancl Rebirth Mara Lynn Keller

    THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES of DEMETER and PERSEPHONE: Fertility, Sexuality, Ancl Rebirth Mara Lynn Keller

    THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES OF DEMETER AND PERSEPHONE: Fertility, Sexuality, ancl Rebirth Mara Lynn Keller The story of Demeter and Persephone, mother and daugher naturc goddesses, provides us with insights into the core beliefs by which earl) agrarian peoples of the Mediterranean related to “the creative forces of thc universe”-which some people call God, or Goddess.’ The rites of Demetei and Persephone speak to the experiences of life that remain through all time< the most mysterious-birth, sexuality, death-and also to the greatest niys tery of all, enduring love. In these ceremonies, women and inen expressec joy in the beauty and abundance of nature, especially the bountiful harvest in personal love, sexuality and procreation; and in the rebirth of the humail spirit, even through suffering and death. Cicero wrote of these rites: “Wc have been given a reason not only to live in joy, but also to die with bettei hope. ”2 The Mother Earth religion ceIebrated her children’s birth, enjoyment of life and loving return to her in death. The Earth both nourished the living and welcomed back into her body the dead. As Aeschylus wrote in TIic Libation Bearers: Yea, summon Earth, who brings all things to life and rears, and takes again into her womb.3 I wish to express my gratitude for the love and wisdom of my mother, hlary 1’. Keller, and of Dr. Muriel Chapman. They have been invaluable soiirces of insight and under- standing for me in these studies. So also have been the scholarship, vision atdot- friendship of Carol €! Christ, Charlene Spretnak, Deem Metzger, Carol Lee Saiichez, Ruby Rohrlich, Starhawk, Jane Ellen Harrison, Kiane Eisler, Alexis Masters, Richard Trapp, John Glanville, Judith Plaskow, Jim Syfers, Jim Moses, Bonnie blacCregor and Lil Moed.
  • Fulminante-2012-Ethnicity-Chapter

    Fulminante-2012-Ethnicity-Chapter

    - LANDSCAPE, ETHNICITY AND IDENTITY LANDSCAPE, ETHNICITY AND IDENTITY IN THE ARCHAIC MEDITERRANEAN AREA LANDSCAPE, ETHNICITY AND IDENTITY The main concern of this volume is the multi-layered IN THE ARCHAIC MEDITERRANEAN AREA concept of ethnicity. Contributors examine and contextualise contrasting definitions of ethnicity and identity as implicit in two perspectives, one from the classical tradition and another from the prehistoric and anthropological tradition. They look at the role of textual sources in reconstructing ethnicity and introduce fresh and innovative archaeological data, either from fieldwork or from new combinations of old data. Finally, in contrast to many traditional approaches to this subject, they examine the relative and interacting AREA MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAIC THE IN role of natural and cultural features in the landscape in the construction of ethnicity. The volume is headed by the contribution of Andrea Carandini whose work challenges the conceptions of many in the combination of text and archaeology. He begins by examining the mythology surrounding the founding of Rome, taking into consideration the recent archaeological evidence from the Palatine and the Forum. Here primacy is given to construction of place and mythological descent. Anthony Snodgrass, Robin Osborne, Tim Cornell and Christopher Smith offer replies to his arguments. Overall, the nineteen papers presented here show that a modern interdisciplinary and international archaeology that combines material data and textual evidence – critically – can provide a powerful lesson for the full understanding of the ideologies of ancient and modern societies G. G. C IFANI AND S. S TODDART EDITED BY ABRIELE IFANI AND IMON TODDART s G C S S Oxbow Books WITH THE SUPPORT OF SKYLAR NEIL www.oxbowbooks.com This pdf of your paper in Landscape, Ethnicity and Identity belongs to the publishers Oxbow Books and it is their copyright.
  • Lecture Slides: Panhellenic Athens I: Delphi

    Lecture Slides: Panhellenic Athens I: Delphi

    Panhellenic Athens I: Image courtesy of Nathan Hughes Hamilton on flickr. License CC BY. The Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi 1 © 2003 Ancient World Mapping Center. Released under CC BY-NC 3.0. 2 Image courtesy of BillBl on flickr. License CC BY. Image courtesy of Lucas on flickr. License CC BY. 3 Image courtesy of Verity Cridland on flickr. License CC BY. Navel of the Earth Delphi Museum 4 Sanctuary of Apollo Image by P. de la Coste-Messelière. This image is in the public domain. Source: Wikimedia Commons. 5 Treasury of the Sicyonians Image courtesy of Lauren Jankowski on flickr. License CC BY. The Caledonian Boar Metopes of the archaic monopteros, 560 BC? 6 Image courtesy of Lauren Jankowski on flickr. License CC BY. Europa and the Bull Metopes of the archaic monopteros, 560 BC? 7 Siphnian Treasury – East Pediment Image courtesy of greekgeek on flickr. License CC BY-NC-SA. Apollo and Herakles dispute over the Delphic tripod 8 Siphnian Treasury Image courtesy of greekgeek on flickr. License CC BY-NC-SA. North Frieze - Gigantomachy 9 Siphnian Treasury – North Frieze Image courtesy of Richard Mortel on flickr. License CC BY-NC-SA. One of Dionysos’ lions attacks a Giant 10 Siphnian Treasury – North Frieze Apollo and Artemis Image courtesy of greekgeek on flickr. License CC BY-NC-SA. 11 Image courtesy of Richard Mortel on flickr. License CC BY-NC-SA. Aphrodite and Athena battle Giants 12 The Treasury of the Athenians Inscription on south face of platform: "The Athenians [dedicated this] to Apollo as first fruits from the Persians at the Battle of Marathon" Image courtesy of Mikael Vejdemo Johansson on flickr.
  • 1 Name 2 Zeus in Myth

    1 Name 2 Zeus in Myth

    Zeus For other uses, see Zeus (disambiguation). Zeus (English pronunciation: /ˈzjuːs/[3] ZEWS); Ancient Greek Ζεύς Zeús, pronounced [zdeǔ̯s] in Classical Attic; Modern Greek: Δίας Días pronounced [ˈði.as]) is the god of sky and thunder and the ruler of the Olympians of Mount Olympus. The name Zeus is cognate with the first element of Roman Jupiter, and Zeus and Jupiter became closely identified with each other. Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, and the youngest of his siblings. In most traditions he is married to Hera, although, at the oracle of Dodona, his consort The Chariot of Zeus, from an 1879 Stories from the Greek is Dione: according to the Iliad, he is the father of Tragedians by Alfred Church. Aphrodite by Dione.[4] He is known for his erotic es- capades. These resulted in many godly and heroic offspring, including Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, the Proto-Indo-European god of the daytime sky, also [10][11] Persephone (by Demeter), Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, called *Dyeus ph2tēr (“Sky Father”). The god is Helen of Troy, Minos, and the Muses (by Mnemosyne); known under this name in the Rigveda (Vedic San- by Hera, he is usually said to have fathered Ares, Hebe skrit Dyaus/Dyaus Pita), Latin (compare Jupiter, from and Hephaestus.[5] Iuppiter, deriving from the Proto-Indo-European voca- [12] tive *dyeu-ph2tēr), deriving from the root *dyeu- As Walter Burkert points out in his book, Greek Religion, (“to shine”, and in its many derivatives, “sky, heaven, “Even the gods who are not his natural children address [10] [6] god”).