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Cahiers balkaniques Hors-série | 2015 Les élites grecques modernes, XVIIIe-XXe siècles : identités, modes d’action, représentations Faruk Bilici, Joëlle Dalègre et Frosa Pejoska-Bouchereau (dir.) Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/ceb/5421 DOI : 10.4000/ceb.5421 ISSN : 2261-4184 Éditeur INALCO Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 mars 2015 ISBN : 978-2-85831-224-5 ISSN : 0290-7402 Référence électronique Faruk Bilici, Joëlle Dalègre et Frosa Pejoska-Bouchereau (dir.), Cahiers balkaniques, Hors-série | 2015, « Les élites grecques modernes, XVIIIe-XXe siècles : identités, modes d’action, représentations » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 05 novembre 2015, consulté le 06 juillet 2021. URL : https:// journals.openedition.org/ceb/5421 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ceb.5421 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 6 juillet 2021. Cahiers balkaniques est mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International. 1 Le comité d’organisation du XXIIIe congrès des néo-hellénistes s’est proposé de mettre l’accent, lors de la réunion de 2013, sur une thématique qui occupe déjà une place de choix dans la production intellectuelle de la Grèce. Il s’agit de revisiter la question des « élites » en adoptant un regard pluridisciplinaire, transversal et, si possible, comparatiste. Par « élites », il faut entendre tous ceux – politiques, intellectuels, artistes, financiers – qui, à des degrés divers, ont assumé un rôle de leadership et pesé dans la trajectoire de leur pays, mais aussi dans la formation de l’identité culturelle de leurs concitoyens. Dans la longue histoire de l’hellénisme et en particulier depuis la période qui a précédé la fondation de l’État néo-hellénique indépendant jusqu’à nos jours, les terrains sur lesquels ces élites ont laissé leurs marques sont nombreux : langue, littérature, arts (musique, peinture, théâtre, cinéma), éducation, droit, religion, développement économique, aménagement urbain, appareil étatique, recherche scientifique, etc. C’est à travers cet ensemble de domaines qu’il s’agit de procéder à une réévaluation de leur contribution à la construction de la Grèce moderne. NOTE DE LA RÉDACTION Ce numéro a été réalisé avec Métopes, méthodes et outils pour l’édition structurée XML-TEI développés par le pôle Document numérique de la MRSH de Caen. Cahiers balkaniques, Hors-série | 2015 2 SOMMAIRE Éditorial Éditorial Dossier L’élite intellectuelle et ses revues Rédaction et lectorat de la Revue des Deux Mondes et de la Nea Estia en Grèce pendant les années trente Anne Karakatsouli Émergence d’élites et différends idéologiques Regards sur l’œuvre de Georges Théotokas Georges Kostakiotis Représentations du rébétiko chez les élites intellectuelles de gauche entre la guerre civile et la dictature des colonels Christina Alexopoulos Reflets discursifs des élites intellectuelles et culture classique à l’époque contemporaine Modes d’approches différenciés de l’espace grec Constantin Bobas Kostas Karyotakis, le poète-« phénomène » de la génération dite « des années 1920 » en Grèce Questions de conscience et de poésie Vassiliki Tsaita-Tsilimeni Miroirs des Princes – reflets d’élite(s), à propos des Exhortations (Νουθεσίαι) de Nicolas Mavrocordatos Alkisti Sofou Aristophane sur la scène grecque moderne Un théâtre populaire ou un théâtre fait par et pour les happy-few ? Kaiti Diamantakou‑Agathou Élites éclairées et intellectuels progressistes grecs dans l’Alexandrie de Cavafy Sophie Coavoux Aikaterini Véroni et Evanghélia Paraskévopoulou : deux « grandes actrices » de la scène grecque du XIXe siècle Alexia Altouva L’européanisation fictive des Phanariotes Yannis Xourias La représentation des élites grecques De la collection du portrait peint à celle du portrait photographique Irini Apostolou Quelques réflexions à la lecture de l’Éloge de Foscolo (1827) de Dionysios Solomos et de sa Correspondance (1816-1856) Quelles élites pour quel peuple dans les îles Ioniennes au début du XIXe siècle ? Anastasia Danaé Lazaridis Cahiers balkaniques, Hors-série | 2015 3 Seigneurs et seigneurie XVe–XIXe siècle Νikos Karapidakis Sappho Léondias (1830-1900) « figure citoyenne majeure de la Nation » Louisa Christodoulidou Les fermiers d’impôts de Naxos Spéculations financières, divergences religieuses et politique européenne (1750-1820) Niki Papaïliaki L’élite des linguistes grecs au XXe siècle Irini Tsamadou‑Jacoberger Adamantios Koraïs : la dimension éthique et politique de l’éducation « classique » Aikaterini Lefka Nikolaos Politis, la laographie et la construction identitaire Martine Breuillot L’« élite » surréaliste grecque comme précurseur des ouvertures cruciales de l’esprit Diamanti Anagnostopoulou Les élites gouvernementales en Grèce, en Roumanie et en Espagne Un regard comparatif sur leur composition actuelle Ekkehard W. Bornträger Kazantzakis, un intellectuel à l'épreuve de la réalité Gunnar De Boel Élites intellectuelles françaises, élites intellectuelles grecques et la « question de la langue » en Grèce dans les années 1920 et 1930 : le cas de Louis Roussel Julien Calvié Le rôle des élites locales dans la consolidation du sentiment national Maria Zerva Les évêques orthodoxes et le politique en Thrace grecque à la fin du XXe siècle Autorité traditionnelle, rationnelle-légale, charismatique en espace limitrophe et multiconfessionnel Isabelle Dépret Cahiers balkaniques, Hors-série | 2015 4 Éditorial Cahiers balkaniques, Hors-série | 2015 5 Éditorial NOTE DE L’ÉDITEUR Avec le soutien du ministère de l’Éducation et de la Culture de la République de Chypre et du Comité scientifique de l’Inalco. Ce colloque est dédié à Michel Lassithiotakis 1 Le comité d’organisation1 du XXe congrès des néo-hellénistes s’est proposé de mettre l’accent, lors de la réunion de 2013, sur une thématique qui occupe déjà une place de choix dans la production intellectuelle de la Grèce. Il s’agit de revisiter la question des « élites » en adoptant un regard pluridisciplinaire, transversal et, si possible, comparatiste. 2 Par « élites », il faut entendre tous ceux – politiques, intellectuels, artistes, financiers – qui, à des degrés divers, ont assumé un rôle de leadership et pesé dans la trajectoire de leur pays, mais aussi dans la formation de l’identité culturelle de leurs concitoyens. 3 S’agissant de la Grèce, il conviendrait en premier lieu d’examiner l’impact des représentants de ce milieu sur les orientations idéologiques de l’État, en particulier lors des crises majeures, financières (fin du XIXe siècle, vagues d’émigration vers l’Amérique), mais aussi politiques (campagne en Asie mineure, Seconde Guerre mondiale, guerre civile). Il faudrait aussi s’intéresser aux modes de communication et aux zones de contacts avec les diverses couches de la société néo‑hellénique. Dans quelle mesure celles-ci sont-elles réceptives, perméables ou au contraire résistantes, au discours de ceux qui font autorité dans leur domaine ? Quels sont les principaux points de divergence et par quels moyens l’opinion publique (ou la culture populaire) affirme(nt)-t-elle(s) sa (leur) différence par rapport à ceux qui ont vocation de la modeler ? 4 Une autre piste à explorer concerne les liens que les individus et les familles de ces milieux ont tissés avec des personnes et des institutions situées en dehors du monde grec : quels réseaux transnationaux, quelles ouvertures ? Dans un ordre d’idées voisin, les choix, les modes d’action, les valeurs adoptées mériteraient d’être mis en comparaison avec ceux suivis dans les autres pays de la région à l’époque des Cahiers balkaniques, Hors-série | 2015 6 États‑nations. Les élites de la Grèce moderne sont-elles représentatives d’un modèle plus général, observé à travers l’Est méditerranéen et les Balkans, ou se démarquent- elles par des traits qui leur sont propres ? Nous pourrions aussi nous pencher, plus spécifiquement, sur quelques profils polyvalents, cas de figure assez fréquents dans les sociétés plurielles de la Méditerranée orientale, c’est-à-dire ceux qui, ayant plusieurs cordes à leur arc, ont combiné participation à la vie politique et savoir scientifique ou pouvoir économique et création artistique, etc. 5 Dans la longue histoire de l’hellénisme et en particulier depuis la période qui a précédé la fondation de l’État néo‑hellénique indépendant jusqu’à nos jours, les terrains sur lesquels ces élites ont laissé leurs marques sont nombreux : langue, littérature, arts (musique, peinture, théâtre, cinéma), éducation, droit, religion, développement économique, aménagement urbain, appareil étatique, recherche scientifique, etc. C’est à travers cet ensemble de domaines qu’il s’agit de procéder à une réévaluation de leur contribution à la construction de la Grèce moderne. À cet égard, un fil conducteur, parmi d’autres, pourrait être de voir si ce milieu de figures sorties du rang a eu, en définitive, un projet global – et lequel – pour la société à laquelle il a consacré sa créativité. Discerne-t-on une cohérence, notamment idéologique, et une constance, lorsqu’on examine l’ensemble de la période proposée à l’étude (XVIIIe, XIXe, XXe siècles) ? 6 Enfin, il serait utile de cerner les représentations qui accompagnent les « élites » néo‑helléniques. Comment évoluent-elles (ou pas !) entre le XVIIIe et le début du XXIe siècle ? S’intéresser aux représentations revient forcément à mettre le doigt sur les points de convergence, mais aussi de rupture entre les sommets de l’échelle sociale et le reste de la population. NOTES 1. Comité d’organisation
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    Joint ConferenceConference:: Hellenic Observatory,The British SchoolLondon at School Athens of & Economics & British School at Athens Hellenic Observatory, London School of Economics Changing Conceptions of “Europe” in Modern Greece: Identities, Meanings, and Legitimation 28 & 29 January 2011 British School at Athens, Upper House, entrance from 52 Souedias, 10676, Athens PROGRAMME Friday, 28 th January 2011 9:00 Registration & Coffee 9:30 Welcome : Professor Catherine Morgan , Director, British School at Athens 9:45 Introduction : Imagining ‘Europe’. Professor Kevin Featherstone , LSE 10:15 Session One : Greece and Europe – Progress and Civilisation, 1890s-1920s. Sir Michael Llewellyn-Smith 11:15 Coffee Break 11:30 Session Two : Versions of Europe in the Greek literary imagination (1929- 1961). Professor Roderick Beaton , King’s College London 12:30 Lunch Break 13:30 Session Three : 'Europe', 'Turkey' and Greek self-identity: The antinomies of ‘mutual perceptions'. Professor Stefanos Pesmazoglou , Panteion University Athens 14:30 Coffee Break 14:45 Session Four : The European Union and the Political Economy of the Greek State. Professor Georgios Pagoulatos , Athens University of Economics & Business 15:45 Coffee Break 16:00 Session Five : Contesting Greek Exceptionalism: the political economy of the current crisis. Professor Euclid Tsakalotos , Athens University Of Economics & Business 17:00 Close 19:00 Lecture : British Ambassador’s Residence, 2 Loukianou, 10675, Athens Former Prime Minister Costas Simitis on ‘European challenges in a time of crisis’ with a comment by Professor Kevin Featherstone 20:30 Reception 21:00 Private Dinner: British Ambassador’s Residence, 2 Loukianou, 10675, Athens - By Invitation Only - Saturday, 29 th January 2011 10:00 Session Six : Time and Modernity: Changing Greek Perceptions of Personal Identity in the Context of Europe.
  • Ottoman History of South-East Europe by Markus Koller

    Ottoman History of South-East Europe by Markus Koller

    Ottoman History of South-East Europe by Markus Koller The era of Ottoman Rule, which began in the fourteenth century, is among the most controversial chapters of South-East European history. Over several stages of conquest, some of them several decades long, large parts of South-Eastern Europe were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, or brought under its dominion. While the Ottomans had to surrender the territories north of the Danube and the Sava after the Peace Treaty of 1699, the decline of Ot- toman domination began only in the nineteenth century. Structures of imperial power which had been implemented in varying forms and intensity in different regions were replaced by emerging nation states in the nineteenth century. The development of national identities which accompanied this transformation was greatly determined by the new states distancing themselves from Ottoman rule, and consequently the image of "Turkish rule" has been a mainly negative one until the present. However, latest historical research has shown an increasingly differentiated image of this era of South-East European history. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Military and Political Developments 2. The Timar System 3. Ottoman Provincial Administration 1. Regional Differences in the Ottoman Provincial Administration 4. Islamisation 5. Catholic Christianity, Orthodox Christianity and Judaism 6. Urban Life 7. Appendix 1. Bibliography 2. Notes Indices Citation Military and Political Developments The Ottoman Empire had its roots in North-West Anatolia where in the thirteenth century the Ottoman Emirate was one of numerous minor Turkmen princedoms.1 The expansion of territory started under the founder of the dynasty, Osman (ca.