DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Manju Tacire: Learning Manchu, an Introduction To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Manju Tacire: Learning Manchu, an Introduction to the Manchus and Their Language Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Autry, Robert William Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 04:49:44 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/634350 MANJU TACIRE: LEARNING MANCHU, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MANCHUS AND THEIR LANGUAGE by Robert Autry ____________________________ Copyright © Robert Autry 2019 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Master’s Committee, we certify that we have read the thesis prepared by Robert Autry, titled Manju Tacire: Learning Manchu, an Introduction to the Manchus and their language and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Master’s Degree. Date: 8/15/2019 Wilson De Lima Silva Date: 8/ 14/19 Ofelia Zepeda Date: 8/15/19 Amy V Fountain Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the thesis to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this thesis prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the Master’s requirement. Date: 08/15/2019 Wilson De Lima Silva Master’s Thesis Committee Chair Linguistics 2 Acknowledgements Amba urgen baniha geren mini hūncihinde – mini ama, eme, iki, jai deheme - ceni wehiyereme, jai mini sargande; ini wehiyereme sartaburame, jai ini mini gisun tacirede, jai mini ani inenggidari buyasita nakakū ere jalu baita dulimbade be aisilame icihiyarade geli (geren i bi kokirambi akū! Tuttu toyon sain!). Baniha umesi! Dubende, guwa amba-jecekū baniha mini sure mefede, Ting’Lan, bade i oho mini “fithe”, jai takabun mini ganio dadu feciki jugūnde museni tesubai gisun, suduri, ulan, jai fujuri emgi. Ere takabunci manggi, bi icingga beri beri okson emgi, jai belheni beri beri gai emgi mudande - jai nūl bi be nakame bahanambi! Šure, buhiyekū, i sini faššanci tafulanci bi nerinde geli minibeye tesubai gisun gisureme bahanambi garga anggai. Sini tacibun tafulanakū, bi Manju waka, jai geli “lengguist” waka. Sini tunggenci museni gisun dahi weihungge museni oyo fejergi - hohoo goro museni Manju susugurunci! Tuttu baniha entehetei, mini butulinggu mujilenci. Suwende, wacihiyame omi, jai “dubetele!” -Fang Halai Niohe “Lang” 3 Table of Contents Afaha Emu: Abstract (Yarun), pp. 7-8 Frequently used Linguistic Terminology, pp. 9-11 Position, pp. 12-13 Afaha Juwe: Manju Takabun: Introduction to the Manchu People their history, and language pp. 14-19 Manchu People (Manju Urse) pp. 14-16 Manchu Language (Manju Gisun) pp. 17-18 Manchu Written Language (Manju Hergen) 18-19 Afaha Ilan: Learning Manchu (Manju Tacire) pp. 20-169 Afaha Ilan Nirugan (Chapter Three Layout): Kicen Anakū (Lesson Key), pp. 23 Linguistic Abbreviations Key, pp. 24 List of Commonly used Manchu Words/Phrases in the Chapter, and their English Translations, pp. 25 Manchu to English Pronunciation Guide (Manjuci Inggiride Jilgan Yarun), 26-27 Kicen 1: Manchu Sentence Structure and Personal Pronouns, pp. 29-34 Kicen 2. Inamiate Pronouns, pp. 36-38 Kicen 3: Manchu Plurals, pp. 39-42 Kicen 4: The Genitive Case and the Manchu Possessive, pp. 45-49 Kicen 5: The Dative-Locative Case, pp. 52-56 Kicen 6: The Ablative Case, pp. 57-61 Kicen 7: The Accusative Case, pp. 62-63 Kicen 8: Demonstrative Pronouns, pp. 65-69 Kicen 9: Colors (Boco), pp. 70-73 Kicen 10: Verb Formation and Basic Manchu Tenses, pp. 75-80 Kicen 11: Irregular Verbs, pp. 81-84 Kicen 12: Negation and the Imperative in Manchu, pp. 85-89 Kicen 13: Verbal Question Formation in Manchu, pp. 90-94 Kicen 14: Utilizing more than one Action (Verb) In a Sentence, pp. 95-99 Kicen 15: Complex Verb Tenses in Manchu, pp. 100-104 4 Kicen 16: Voice, Intention, and Direction with Manchu Verbs, pp. 105-111 Kicen 17: Adjectives, pp. 112-116 Kicen 18: Nouns and Noun Development in Manchu, pp. 117-123 Kicen 19: Numbers (Ton), pp. 124-133 Kicen 20: Time (Erin) and Age, pp. 136-145 Kicen 21: Directions (Ergi), pp. 146-153 Kicen 22: Greetings, Departures, Common Phrases and Responses to them, pp. 154-158 Kicen 23: Adpositions in Manchu, pp. 159-163 Kicen 24: Manchu Names and Naming Tradition (Manju gebu jai gebulere-ulan), pp. 164-169 Afaha Duin: Appendix and Word Lists (Ashan jai Gisun Afaha), pp. 170-207 Feten (Elements), pp. 170-171 Beyei Ubu, Yabun, jai ini Simen (Body Parts, Actions, and its’ Vital Fluids), pp. 172- 175 Kemnere jai Bodoro Gisun Afaha (Measuring and Calculating Word List), pp. 176 Mujin jai Banin Afaha (Emotions and States of Being List), pp. 177-180 Ba, Bana, jai Baising Afaha (Lands, Territories, and Settlements List), pp. 181-182 Banainirugani Banin (Map’s Features, Topographical Features), pp. 183-184 Hūncihin jai Guwa (Relatives and Others), pp. 185-186 Etuku (Clothing), pp. 187 Booi Ubu, Inenggidari Agūra (Parts of the House, Everyday Tools), pp. 188-191 Abalara Hajun jai Agūra (Hunting Weapons and Implements), pp. 192-194 Burtei Duwali Leose jai Kuren (Common Kinds of Buildings and Establishments), pp. 195-197 Buda, Omingga, Budaiboo jai Teoden (Food, Drink, Kitchen and Trade), pp. 198-201 Duwali Faksi (Types of Specialists), pp. 202 Gurgu jai Orho (Animals and Plants), pp. 203-206 Arbun (Forms, textures), pp. 207 Gisunci Daljingga Gisun (Language Pertaining to Language), pp. 208-209) Uncehen Yarun (Citations), pp. 210 5 List of Tables Table 1.1: Personal Pronouns, pp. 29 Table 1.2: Inanimate Pronouns, pp. 36 Table 1.3: Plurals, pp. 39 Table 1.4: Case Suffixes, pp. 44 Table 1.5: Genitive Case, pp. 45 Table 1.6: Demonstrative Pronouns, pp. 65 Table 1.7: Colors, pp. 70 Table 1.8: Simple Verb Tenses, pp.75 Table 1.9: Complex Verb Tenses Table, pp. 100 Table 1.10 Voice and Direction Suffixes, pp. 105 Table 1.11 Intention Suffixes, pp. 110 Table 1.12 Adjective Making Suffixes, pp. 112 Table 1.13 Types of Nouns and Noun Making Sufffixes, pp. 117 Table 1.14: Numbers One through a Million Chart, pp. 124 Table 1.15: Directions, their forms, and relations, pp. 146 Table 1.16: Important roots and notable relations of direction words, pp. 147 6 Afaha Emu: Abstract (Yarun) This work provides a brief introduction to the Manchu language, with an emphasis on teaching spoken Manchu rather than written Manchu. However, while this comprises the majority of the work, there are an additional two sections provided; a chapter introducing the Manchu and their language, as well as an appendix providing organized vocabulary lists. Most works covering the learning of the Manchu language are concerned with the written language for reading documents, rather than the spoken language for daily communication. Works that do teach Manchu for spoken and written use often place emphasis on learning the orthography over learning the living language, and present material in a manner that is overwhelming for the learner while using written Manchu examples and standards as mediums through which they teach the natural spoken language. Additionally, few teaching materials, regardless of their focus, are interactive – providing the reader with avenues through which they can test their new knowledge. Thus, this Manchu language material focuses on the spoken language of the Manchus, rather than the written language and historical texts, while additionally attempting to provide simple, interactive learning that is easily interpretable for new learners. Below I will describe each chapter and section of the material in brief, as well as my reasons behind certain decisions regarding its’ organization and its’ content. 1. The Introduction The Introductory chapter, titled “Manju Takabun: Introduction to the Manchu people, their history, and language” is organized into two distinct sections: Manchu History and Manchu Language. These sections are self-explanatory in their contents. 2. The Teaching Portion 7 The Teaching chapter, titled “Manju Tacire” meaning ‘Learning Manchu’ or ‘Learn Manchu’ comprises of 23 distinct sections, each focusing on a different basic concept, or building block of the Manchu language. These concepts range from pronouns, to colors, numbers, and directions, to developing verbs and adjectives and describing the structure of a traditional Manchu name. The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with the necessary tools to interpret basic Manchu phrases and words when spoken, as well as to be able to develop their own sentences in Manchu. Important to note is that while most Manchu language provided in this chapter derives from the “Standard” Manchu (SM henceforth) which is the most commonly learned, and spoken, variety of Manchu by Manchus today – and was used to record notes during the Qing Dynasty (1636-1912), as a speaker, I additionally provide words, phrases, and concepts that I use that may not have an SM equivalent, or may just be an ‘alternative’ to the SM itself. I will always provide SM forms of a word or phrase first, however where dialectal or idiolectal differences may exist I will mention these as well. I do not adhere to rigorous standardization of Manchu based on the written language itself, and therein promote modern day speakers – with a good understanding of the Manchu language – to experiment with their Manchu, and to both develop and use new phrases and terms, as well as the old.
Recommended publications
  • Manchus: a Horse of a Different Color

    Manchus: a Horse of a Different Color

    History in the Making Volume 8 Article 7 January 2015 Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color Hannah Knight CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Knight, Hannah (2015) "Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color," History in the Making: Vol. 8 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol8/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color by Hannah Knight Abstract: The question of identity has been one of the biggest questions addressed to humanity. Whether in terms of a country, a group or an individual, the exact definition is almost as difficult to answer as to what constitutes a group. The Manchus, an ethnic group in China, also faced this dilemma. It was an issue that lasted throughout their entire time as rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911) and thereafter. Though the guidelines and group characteristics changed throughout that period one aspect remained clear: they did not sinicize with the Chinese Culture. At the beginning of their rule, the Manchus implemented changes that would transform the appearance of China, bringing it closer to the identity that the world recognizes today. In the course of examining three time periods, 1644, 1911, and the 1930’s, this paper looks at the significant events of the period, the changing aspects, and the Manchus and the Qing Imperial Court’s relations with their greater Han Chinese subjects.
  • Treating Osteoarthritis with Chinese Herbs by Jake Schmalzriedt, DOM

    Treating Osteoarthritis with Chinese Herbs by Jake Schmalzriedt, DOM

    TREATING OSTEOARTHRITIS WITH CHINESE HERBS By Jake Schmalzriedt, DOM Osteoarthritis is a progressive joint disorder that is also known as WESTERN MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS degenerative joint disease, degenerative arthritis, osteoarthrosis Western diagnosis is made primarily from signs and symptoms, (implying lack of inflammation), and commonly “wear and tear” history, and a physical exam checking for tenderness, alignment, arthritis. It is the gradual breakdown of cartilage in the joints and gait, stability, range of motion, and absence of an inflammatory the development of bony spurs at the margins of the joints. The response (heat, redness, and swelling). Western blood work is term osteoarthritis is derived from the Greek words, osteo mean- also used to rule out rheumatoid arthritis and gout. X-rays can ing bone, arthro meaning joint, and itis referring to inflamma- show joint narrowing and osteophyte formation, confirming the tion. This is somewhat of a contradictory term as osteoarthritis osteoarthritis diagnosis. generally has little inflammation associated with it. WESTERN MEDICAL TREATMENT Osteoarthritis falls under rheumatic diseases. There are two main The Western medical treatment principle is categories of arthritis: inflammatory and non- Cartilage and symptomatic relief and supportive therapy inflammatory. Osteoarthritis belongs in the Bone Fragment Normal Bone with an emphasis on controlling pain, in- non-inflammatory category. There are over Thinned Cartilage creasing function and range of motion, and 100 different types of arthritis (all sharing the Normal Cartilage improving quality of life. common symptom of persistent joint pain) Eroded Cartilage with osteoarthritis being the most common Western Therapy and affecting over 27 million people in the Physical therapy and gentle exercises are United States.
  • China's Place in Philology: an Attempt to Show That the Languages of Europe and Asia Have a Common Origin

    China's Place in Philology: an Attempt to Show That the Languages of Europe and Asia Have a Common Origin

    CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT Of CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF IB76 1918 Cornell University Library P 201.E23 China's place in phiiologyian attempt toI iPii 3 1924 023 345 758 CHmi'S PLACE m PHILOLOGY. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023345758 PLACE IN PHILOLOGY; AN ATTEMPT' TO SHOW THAT THE LANGUAGES OP EUROPE AND ASIA HAVE A COMMON OKIGIIS". BY JOSEPH EDKINS, B.A., of the London Missionary Society, Peking; Honorary Member of the Asiatic Societies of London and Shanghai, and of the Ethnological Society of France, LONDON: TRtJBNEE & CO., 8 aito 60, PATEENOSTER ROV. 1871. All rights reserved. ft WftSffVv PlOl "aitd the whole eaeth was op one langtta&e, and of ONE SPEECH."—Genesis xi. 1. "god hath made of one blood axl nations of men foe to dwell on all the face of the eaeth, and hath detee- MINED the ITMTIS BEFOEE APPOINTED, AND THE BOUNDS OP THEIS HABITATION." ^Acts Xvil. 26. *AW* & ju€V AiQionas fiereKlaOe tij\(J6* i6j/ras, AiOioiras, rol Si^^a SeSafarat effxarot av8p&Vf Ol fiiv ivffofievov Tireplovos, oi S' avdv-rof. Horn. Od. A. 22. TO THE DIRECTORS OF THE LONDON MISSIONAEY SOCIETY, IN EECOGNITION OP THE AID THEY HAVE RENDERED TO EELIGION AND USEFUL LEAENINO, BY THE RESEARCHES OP THEIR MISSIONARIES INTO THE LANGUAOES, PHILOSOPHY, CUSTOMS, AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, OP VARIOUS HEATHEN NATIONS, ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA, POLYNESIA, INDIA, AND CHINA, t THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.
  • Manchu Grammar (Gorelova).Pdf

    Manchu Grammar (Gorelova).Pdf

    HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 1 MANCHU GRAMMAR HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 2 HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK SECTION EIGHT CENTRAL ASIA edited by LILIYA M. GORELOVA VOLUME SEVEN MANCHU GRAMMAR HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 3 MANCHU GRAMMAR EDITED BY LILIYA M. GORELOVA BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KÖLN 2002 HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 4 This book is printed on acid-free paper Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Gorelova, Liliya M.: Manchu Grammar / ed. by Liliya M. Gorelova. – Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2002 (Handbook of oriental studies : Sect.. 8, Central Asia ; 7) ISBN 90–04–12307–5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gorelova, Liliya M. Manchu grammar / Liliya M. Gorelova p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section eight. Central Asia ; vol.7) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004123075 (alk. paper) 1. Manchu language—Grammar. I. Gorelova, Liliya M. II. Handbuch der Orientalis tik. Achte Abteilung, Handbook of Uralic studies ; vol.7 PL473 .M36 2002 494’.1—dc21 2001022205 ISSN 0169-8524 ISBN 90 04 12307 5 © Copyright 2002 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by E.J. Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA.
  • The Russo-Japanese War, Britain's Military Observers, and British

    The Russo-Japanese War, Britain's Military Observers, and British

    Born Soldiers Who March Under the Rising Sun: The Russo-Japanese War, Britain’s Military Observers, and British Impressions Regarding Japanese Martial Capabilities Prior to the First World War by Liam Caswell Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2017 © Copyright by Liam Caswell, 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………… ii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….. iii List of Abbreviations Used……………………………………………………………… iv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… v Chapter I Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter II “An Evident Manifestation of Sympathy”: The Relationship between the British Press and Japan at War………………………………………………………….. 25 Chapter III “Surely the Lacedaemonians at Thermopylae were Not Braver than these Men”: British Observers and the Character and Ability of the Japanese Soldier…………………………………………………………………………………... 43 Chapter IV “Russia’s Invincible Foe”: Estimations of British Observers Regarding the Performance of the Imperial Japanese Army…………………………………………… 77 Chapter V A Most Impressive Pupil: Captain William Pakenham, R.N., and the Performance of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the War’s Maritime Operations……………………………………………………………………………... 118 Chapter VI Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 162 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………... 170 ii Abstract This thesis explores how Japan’s military triumphs during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-’05 influenced British opinions regarding
  • Title the Kilen Language of Manchuria

    Title the Kilen Language of Manchuria

    The Kilen language of Manchuria: grammar of amoribund Title Tungusic language Author(s) Zhang, Paiyu.; 张派予. Citation Issue Date 2013 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/181880 The author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patent Rights rights) and the right to use in future works. ! ! ! THE KILEN LANGUAGE OF MANCHURIA: GRAMMAR OF A MORIBUND TUNGUSIC LANGUAGE ZHANG PAIYU Ph.D. THESIS UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG February 2013 Abstract of thesis entitled The Kilen Language of Manchuria: Grammar of a moribund Tungusic language Submitted by Zhang Paiyu For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in February 2013 This thesis is the first comprehensive reference grammar of Kilen, a lesser known and little studied language of the Tungusic Family. At present, Kilen is a moribund language with less than 10 bilingual speakers in the eastern part of Heilongjiang Province of P.R.China. Since the language does not have a writing system, the examples are provided in IPA transcription with morpheme tagging. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 states the background information of Kilen language in terms of Ethnology, Migration and Language Contact. Beginning from Chapter 2, the language is described in the aspects of Phonology, Morphology and Syntax. This thesis is mainly concerned with morphosyntactic aspects of Kilen. Chapters 6-8 provide a portrait of Kilen syntactic organization. The sources for this description include the work of You Zhixian (1989), which documents oral literature originally recorded by You himself, a fluent Kilen native speaker; example sentences drawn from previous linguistic descriptions, mainly those of An (1985) and You & Fu (1987); author’s field records and personal consultation data recorded and transcribed by the author and Wu Mingxiang, one of the last fluent native speakers.
  • The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911

    The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-27-2008 The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 Wei Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Li, Wei, "The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2008. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Under the Direction of Toshi Kii ABSTRACT The case of late Qing China is of great importance to theories of economic development. This study examines the question of why China’s industrialization was slow between 1865 and 1895 as compared to contemporary Japan’s. Industrialization is measured on four dimensions: sea transport, railway, communications, and the cotton textile industry. I trace the difference between China’s and Japan’s industrialization to government leadership, which includes three aspects: direct governmental investment, government policies at the macro-level, and specific measures and actions to assist selected companies and industries.
  • The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My

    The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My

    THE DIARY OF A MANCHU SOLDIER IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA The Manchu conquest of China inaugurated one of the most successful and long-living dynasties in Chinese history: the Qing (1644–1911). The wars fought by the Manchus to invade China and consolidate the power of the Qing imperial house spanned over many decades through most of the seventeenth century. This book provides the first Western translation of the diary of Dzengmeo, a young Manchu officer, and recounts the events of the War of the Three Feudatories (1673–1682), fought mostly in southwestern China and widely regarded as the most serious internal military challenge faced by the Manchus before the Taiping rebellion (1851–1864). The author’s participation in the campaign provides the close-up, emotional perspective on what it meant to be in combat, while also providing a rare window into the overall organization of the Qing army, and new data in key areas of military history such as combat, armament, logistics, rank relations, and military culture. The diary represents a fine and rare example of Manchu personal writing, and shows how critical the development of Manchu studies can be for our knowledge of China’s early modern history. Nicola Di Cosmo joined the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, in 2003 as the Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies. He is the author of Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and his research interests are in Mongol and Manchu studies and Sino-Inner Asian relations. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES
  • A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire

    A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire

    China’s policy towards South Korea: 1961-2017 by Yin Xuan PENG A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire October 2020 1 2 Abstract In the realm of Chinese foreign policy, the majority of scholars and pundits analyze China’s policy towards South Korea from the perspective of China’s rational diplomatic thinking that caters to China’s national interest maximization. However, I argue that China’s diplomacy with South Korea from the late Mao Ze- dong era to the early Xi Jin-ping era should be considered as a combination of the influence of China’s national interest calculation, the Chinese leadership’s diplomatic thinking, the factional struggle among Chinese cadres. The thesis of mine, thereby, attempts to make a contribution to explanation of China’s policy towards South Korea from aspects of Mao’s pursuit of ‘pure’ communism and Deng’s success in the campaign against the Chinese radicals, even though the Sino-South Korean relationship has been viewed as an interest-oriented bilateral diplomacy. China’s new approach towards South Korea emerged from the year of 1961 as Park Chung-hee (1961-1979) became the de facto paramount political leader, as prepared to use developmental policies to promote its modernization programme – the “Miracle on the Han River”, which laid a foundation for a new economic relationship between China and South Korea. Deng Xiao-ping (1978- 1992) did not put forward the “Four Modernization Programme” (“四个现代化” – sige xiandaihua) until the Chinese reformists returned to power, which enabled China to promote secret business dealings with South Korea in the 1980s.
  • History, Background, Context

    History, Background, Context

    42 History, Background, Context The history of the Qing dynasty is of course the history of hundreds upon hundreds of millions of people. The volume, density, and complexity of the information contained in this history--"history" in the sense of the totality of what really happened and why--even if it were available would be beyond the capacity of any single individual to comprehend. Thus what follows is "history" in another sense--a selective recreation of the past in written form--in this case a sketch of basic facts about major episodes and events drawn from secondary sources which hopefully will provide a little historical background and allow the reader to place Pi Xirui and Jingxue lishi within a historical context. While the history of the Qing dynasty proper begins in 1644, history is continuous. The Jurchen (who would later call themselves Manchus), a northeastern tribal people, had fought together with the Chinese against the Japanese in the 1590s when the Japanese invaded Korea. However in 1609, after a decade of increasing military strength, their position towards the Chinese changed, becoming one of antagonism. Nurhaci1 努爾哈赤 (1559-1626), a leader who had united the Jurchen tribes, proclaimed himself to be their chieftain or Khan in 1616 and also proclaimed the 1See: ECCP, p.594-9, for his biography. 43 founding of a new dynasty, the Jin 金 (also Hou Jin 後金 or Later Jin), signifying that it was a continuation of the earlier Jurchen dynasty which ruled from 1115-1234. In 1618, Nurhaci led an army of 10,000 with the intent of invading China.
  • 24 1 10125 66675 Gorelova.Pdf

    24 1 10125 66675 Gorelova.Pdf

    Reading in a Foreign Language April 2012, Volume 24, No. 1 ISSN 1539-0578 pp. 124–129 Reviewed work: Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents (2nd ed.). (2010). Gertrude Roth Li. University of Hawai‘i Press. Pp. 419+xi. ISBN: 9780980045956. (paperback) $36.00. Reviewed by Liliya M. Gorelova Institute for Oriental Studies Russian Academy of Sciences Russia; University of Auckland New Zealand http://nflrc.hawaii.edu The first edition of the Textbook for reading Manchu documents in English by Dr. Gertraude Roth Li was long overdue. Indeed, the previous Manchu textbook in English was written by von P.G. Möllendorf in 1892; since then Manchu Studies have advanced significantly, but no new textbooks in English have appeared. In the last century, however, the extralinguistic situation changed radically. The Manchu language—with several exceptions—went out of use, and only a handful of specialists worldwide can now read and translate original Manchu documents written in Classical (Standard) Manchu. Even fewer, and these few include Dr. Roth Li, can understand texts written in Old Manchu, which is based on the Mongolian syllabic alphabet. Most of the pre- 1644 Manchu documents were written in this old script, which was in use until the Manchu scholar Dahai essentially improved it. With the help of special diacritic signs, dots and circles, Dahai (1632) encoded every Manchu sound by a separate letter. Dr. Roth Li is a leading expert in both versions of Manchu, her English translations from Manchu are precise and her explanations comprehensive. As is well-known, the Manchu Qing dynasty—after ruling China for more than 250 years (1644– 1911)—left numerous official documents that can shed light on the history of China, the relations of this long-lived state with other nations and regions, and the history of Central and Eastern Asia in general.
  • Chinese Language and Characters

    Chinese Language and Characters

    Chinese Language and Characters Pronunciation of Chinese Words Consonants Pinyin WadeGiles Pronunciation Example: Pinyin(WadeGiles) Aspirated: p p’ pin Pao (P’ao) t t’ tip Tao (T’ao) k k’ kilt Kuan (K’uan) ch ch’ ch in, ch urch Chi (Ch’i) q ch’ ch eek Qi (Ch’i) c ts’ bi ts Cang (Ts’ang) Un- b p bin Bao (Pao) aspirated: d t dip Dao (Tao) g k gilt Guan (Kuan) r j wr en Ren (Jen) sh sh sh ore Shang (Shang) si szu Si (Szu) x hs or sh sh oe Xu (Hsu) z ts or tz bi ds Zang (Tsang) zh ch gin Zhong (Chong) zh j jeep Zhong (Jong) zi tzu Zi (Tzu) Vowels - a a father usually Italian e e ei ght values eh eh broth er yi i mach ine, p in Yi (I) i ih sh ir t Zhi (Chih) o soap u goo se ü über Dipthongs ai light ao lou d ei wei ght ia Will ia m ieh Kor ea ou gr ou p ua swa n ueh do er ui sway Hui (Hui) uo Whoah ! Combinations ian ien Tian (Tien) ui wei Wei gh Shui (Shwei) an and ang bun and b ung en and eng wood en and am ong in and ing sin and s ing ong un and ung u as in l oo k Tong (T’ung) you yu Watts, Alan; Tao The Watercourse Way, Pelican Books, 1976 http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/chinlng1.html Tones 1 2 3 4 ā á ă à ē é ĕ È è Ī ī í ĭ ì ō ó ŏ ò ū ú ŭ ù Pinyin (Wade Giles) Meaning Ai Bā (Pa) Eight, see Numbers Bái (Pai) White, plain, unadorned Băi (Pai) One hundred, see Numbers Bāo Envelop Bāo (Pao) Uterus, afterbirth Bēi Sad, Sorrow, melancholy Bĕn Root, origin (Biao and Ben) see Biao Bi Bi (bei) Bian Bi āo Tip, dart, javelin, (Biao and Ben) see Ben Bin Bin Bing Bu Bu Can Cang Cáng (Ts’ang) Hidden, concealed (see Zang) Cháng Intestine Ch ōng (Ch’ung) Surging Ch ōng (Ch’ung) Rushing Chóu Worry Cóng Follow, accord with Dăn (Tan) Niche or shrine Dăn (Tan) Gall Bladder Dān (Tan) Red Cinnabar Dào (Tao) The Way Dì (Ti) The Earth, i.e.