Manju Tacire: Learning Manchu, an Introduction to the Manchus and Their Language Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Autry, Robert William Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 04:49:44 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/634350 MANJU TACIRE: LEARNING MANCHU, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MANCHUS AND THEIR LANGUAGE by Robert Autry ____________________________ Copyright © Robert Autry 2019 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Master’s Committee, we certify that we have read the thesis prepared by Robert Autry, titled Manju Tacire: Learning Manchu, an Introduction to the Manchus and their language and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Master’s Degree. Date: 8/15/2019 Wilson De Lima Silva Date: 8/ 14/19 Ofelia Zepeda Date: 8/15/19 Amy V Fountain Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the thesis to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this thesis prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the Master’s requirement. Date: 08/15/2019 Wilson De Lima Silva Master’s Thesis Committee Chair Linguistics 2 Acknowledgements Amba urgen baniha geren mini hūncihinde – mini ama, eme, iki, jai deheme - ceni wehiyereme, jai mini sargande; ini wehiyereme sartaburame, jai ini mini gisun tacirede, jai mini ani inenggidari buyasita nakakū ere jalu baita dulimbade be aisilame icihiyarade geli (geren i bi kokirambi akū! Tuttu toyon sain!). Baniha umesi! Dubende, guwa amba-jecekū baniha mini sure mefede, Ting’Lan, bade i oho mini “fithe”, jai takabun mini ganio dadu feciki jugūnde museni tesubai gisun, suduri, ulan, jai fujuri emgi. Ere takabunci manggi, bi icingga beri beri okson emgi, jai belheni beri beri gai emgi mudande - jai nūl bi be nakame bahanambi! Šure, buhiyekū, i sini faššanci tafulanci bi nerinde geli minibeye tesubai gisun gisureme bahanambi garga anggai. Sini tacibun tafulanakū, bi Manju waka, jai geli “lengguist” waka. Sini tunggenci museni gisun dahi weihungge museni oyo fejergi - hohoo goro museni Manju susugurunci! Tuttu baniha entehetei, mini butulinggu mujilenci. Suwende, wacihiyame omi, jai “dubetele!” -Fang Halai Niohe “Lang” 3 Table of Contents Afaha Emu: Abstract (Yarun), pp. 7-8 Frequently used Linguistic Terminology, pp. 9-11 Position, pp. 12-13 Afaha Juwe: Manju Takabun: Introduction to the Manchu People their history, and language pp. 14-19 Manchu People (Manju Urse) pp. 14-16 Manchu Language (Manju Gisun) pp. 17-18 Manchu Written Language (Manju Hergen) 18-19 Afaha Ilan: Learning Manchu (Manju Tacire) pp. 20-169 Afaha Ilan Nirugan (Chapter Three Layout): Kicen Anakū (Lesson Key), pp. 23 Linguistic Abbreviations Key, pp. 24 List of Commonly used Manchu Words/Phrases in the Chapter, and their English Translations, pp. 25 Manchu to English Pronunciation Guide (Manjuci Inggiride Jilgan Yarun), 26-27 Kicen 1: Manchu Sentence Structure and Personal Pronouns, pp. 29-34 Kicen 2. Inamiate Pronouns, pp. 36-38 Kicen 3: Manchu Plurals, pp. 39-42 Kicen 4: The Genitive Case and the Manchu Possessive, pp. 45-49 Kicen 5: The Dative-Locative Case, pp. 52-56 Kicen 6: The Ablative Case, pp. 57-61 Kicen 7: The Accusative Case, pp. 62-63 Kicen 8: Demonstrative Pronouns, pp. 65-69 Kicen 9: Colors (Boco), pp. 70-73 Kicen 10: Verb Formation and Basic Manchu Tenses, pp. 75-80 Kicen 11: Irregular Verbs, pp. 81-84 Kicen 12: Negation and the Imperative in Manchu, pp. 85-89 Kicen 13: Verbal Question Formation in Manchu, pp. 90-94 Kicen 14: Utilizing more than one Action (Verb) In a Sentence, pp. 95-99 Kicen 15: Complex Verb Tenses in Manchu, pp. 100-104 4 Kicen 16: Voice, Intention, and Direction with Manchu Verbs, pp. 105-111 Kicen 17: Adjectives, pp. 112-116 Kicen 18: Nouns and Noun Development in Manchu, pp. 117-123 Kicen 19: Numbers (Ton), pp. 124-133 Kicen 20: Time (Erin) and Age, pp. 136-145 Kicen 21: Directions (Ergi), pp. 146-153 Kicen 22: Greetings, Departures, Common Phrases and Responses to them, pp. 154-158 Kicen 23: Adpositions in Manchu, pp. 159-163 Kicen 24: Manchu Names and Naming Tradition (Manju gebu jai gebulere-ulan), pp. 164-169 Afaha Duin: Appendix and Word Lists (Ashan jai Gisun Afaha), pp. 170-207 Feten (Elements), pp. 170-171 Beyei Ubu, Yabun, jai ini Simen (Body Parts, Actions, and its’ Vital Fluids), pp. 172- 175 Kemnere jai Bodoro Gisun Afaha (Measuring and Calculating Word List), pp. 176 Mujin jai Banin Afaha (Emotions and States of Being List), pp. 177-180 Ba, Bana, jai Baising Afaha (Lands, Territories, and Settlements List), pp. 181-182 Banainirugani Banin (Map’s Features, Topographical Features), pp. 183-184 Hūncihin jai Guwa (Relatives and Others), pp. 185-186 Etuku (Clothing), pp. 187 Booi Ubu, Inenggidari Agūra (Parts of the House, Everyday Tools), pp. 188-191 Abalara Hajun jai Agūra (Hunting Weapons and Implements), pp. 192-194 Burtei Duwali Leose jai Kuren (Common Kinds of Buildings and Establishments), pp. 195-197 Buda, Omingga, Budaiboo jai Teoden (Food, Drink, Kitchen and Trade), pp. 198-201 Duwali Faksi (Types of Specialists), pp. 202 Gurgu jai Orho (Animals and Plants), pp. 203-206 Arbun (Forms, textures), pp. 207 Gisunci Daljingga Gisun (Language Pertaining to Language), pp. 208-209) Uncehen Yarun (Citations), pp. 210 5 List of Tables Table 1.1: Personal Pronouns, pp. 29 Table 1.2: Inanimate Pronouns, pp. 36 Table 1.3: Plurals, pp. 39 Table 1.4: Case Suffixes, pp. 44 Table 1.5: Genitive Case, pp. 45 Table 1.6: Demonstrative Pronouns, pp. 65 Table 1.7: Colors, pp. 70 Table 1.8: Simple Verb Tenses, pp.75 Table 1.9: Complex Verb Tenses Table, pp. 100 Table 1.10 Voice and Direction Suffixes, pp. 105 Table 1.11 Intention Suffixes, pp. 110 Table 1.12 Adjective Making Suffixes, pp. 112 Table 1.13 Types of Nouns and Noun Making Sufffixes, pp. 117 Table 1.14: Numbers One through a Million Chart, pp. 124 Table 1.15: Directions, their forms, and relations, pp. 146 Table 1.16: Important roots and notable relations of direction words, pp. 147 6 Afaha Emu: Abstract (Yarun) This work provides a brief introduction to the Manchu language, with an emphasis on teaching spoken Manchu rather than written Manchu. However, while this comprises the majority of the work, there are an additional two sections provided; a chapter introducing the Manchu and their language, as well as an appendix providing organized vocabulary lists. Most works covering the learning of the Manchu language are concerned with the written language for reading documents, rather than the spoken language for daily communication. Works that do teach Manchu for spoken and written use often place emphasis on learning the orthography over learning the living language, and present material in a manner that is overwhelming for the learner while using written Manchu examples and standards as mediums through which they teach the natural spoken language. Additionally, few teaching materials, regardless of their focus, are interactive – providing the reader with avenues through which they can test their new knowledge. Thus, this Manchu language material focuses on the spoken language of the Manchus, rather than the written language and historical texts, while additionally attempting to provide simple, interactive learning that is easily interpretable for new learners. Below I will describe each chapter and section of the material in brief, as well as my reasons behind certain decisions regarding its’ organization and its’ content. 1. The Introduction The Introductory chapter, titled “Manju Takabun: Introduction to the Manchu people, their history, and language” is organized into two distinct sections: Manchu History and Manchu Language. These sections are self-explanatory in their contents. 2. The Teaching Portion 7 The Teaching chapter, titled “Manju Tacire” meaning ‘Learning Manchu’ or ‘Learn Manchu’ comprises of 23 distinct sections, each focusing on a different basic concept, or building block of the Manchu language. These concepts range from pronouns, to colors, numbers, and directions, to developing verbs and adjectives and describing the structure of a traditional Manchu name. The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with the necessary tools to interpret basic Manchu phrases and words when spoken, as well as to be able to develop their own sentences in Manchu. Important to note is that while most Manchu language provided in this chapter derives from the “Standard” Manchu (SM henceforth) which is the most commonly learned, and spoken, variety of Manchu by Manchus today – and was used to record notes during the Qing Dynasty (1636-1912), as a speaker, I additionally provide words, phrases, and concepts that I use that may not have an SM equivalent, or may just be an ‘alternative’ to the SM itself. I will always provide SM forms of a word or phrase first, however where dialectal or idiolectal differences may exist I will mention these as well. I do not adhere to rigorous standardization of Manchu based on the written language itself, and therein promote modern day speakers – with a good understanding of the Manchu language – to experiment with their Manchu, and to both develop and use new phrases and terms, as well as the old.