Introduction: Difference and Discourse in the British Empire
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Jesuits, Protestants, and Political Elites in Southern Africa Among the Shona and the Ndebele, 1889–1900
chapter 5 Soror nostra es: Jesuits, Protestants, and Political Elites in Southern Africa among the Shona and the Ndebele, 1889–1900 Aquinata Agonga Historical archives overflow with nineteenth-century accounts of the heroic incursions of missionaries into the African hinterlands, equipped with mini- mal resources and even less knowledge about their destinations. Tales of young missionaries newly arrived in southern Africa, braving rain, rivers, treacherous paths, diseases, and unknown terrain along the Zambezi to lands lying in the deepest interior of the African continent can be found on shelves in libraries around the world. Along their paths, the missionaries built prayer hamlets that would constitute the foundations of one of the most enduring legacies of this missionary age. Unfortunately for Africa, its missionary fate was largely instigated by West- ern colonialism and its aftermath, born of a series of events that marked the second half of the nineteenth century.1 Europe, experiencing the climax of industrialization, stood in dire need of markets for products and raw materials for production. The reports and narratives of Europeans returning home from short stints as explorers, hunters, traders, and missionaries in Africa about a continent as vast in mass as it was rich in resources fell on eager ears.2 Soon, European powers were stumbling over each other in their scramble for the continent. As political leaders sliced up the continent, European Christian authorities busied themselves with drawing parallel fault-lines along which they would plant the seeds of the Gospel. The battle for a share of the continent and its resources was just as spiri- tual as it was political. -
Juvenile Missionary Biographies, C. 1870-1917 'Thesis Submitted in Accordance with the Requirem
Imagining the Missionary Hero: Juvenile Missionary Biographies, c. 1870-1917 ‘Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Julie Anne McColl.’ December 2017 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the fascinating and complex body of work surrounding the missionary hero as a product of late imperial ideas of the heroic produced in the form of biography. It will concentrate upon how the literature was appropriated, reproduced and disseminated via the Sunday school network to working-class children between 1870 and 1917. It will discuss how biographers through imaginative narrative strategies and the reframing of the biography as an adventure story, were able to offer children a physical exemplar and self-sacrificial hero who dispensed clear imperial ideas and moral values. This thesis will reflect upon how the narratives embedded in dominant discourses provided working-class children with imperial ideologies including ideas of citizenship and self-help which it will argue allowed groups of Sunday school readers to feel part of an imagined community. In doing so, the thesis sheds important new light on a central point of contention in the considerable and often heated discussion that has developed since the 1980s around the impact of empire on British people.Through an analysis of common themes it will also consider the depiction of women missionaries, asking whether biographical representation challenged or reinforced traditional gender ideologies. To interrogate these components effectively this thesis is divided into two parts, Part One is divided into five chapters providing context, while Part Two will look in detail at the repetition and adaption of common themes. -
Diaries of the Jesuit Missionaries
Diaries of the Jesuit Missionaries at Bulawayo 1879 - 1881 Publication No. 4 of The Rhodesiana Society 1959 Facsimile Reprint Reproduced on the authority of the Rhodesiana Society by BOOKS OF RHODESIA PUBLISHING CO. (PVT.) LTD. P.O. Box 1994, Bulawayo ISBN 0 86920 100 X Printed by Mardon Printers (Pvt.) Ltd., Bulawayo June, 1974 DIARIES OF THE JESUIT MISSIONARIES NOTE Numerous typographical and spelling errors occur throughout the original of this Number due, we understand, to the translator not having had the opportunity of reading the proofs. As this is a facsimile reprint the errors are regrettably perpetuated. Fr. Depelchin S .J. Diaries of the Jesuit Missionaries at Bulawayo 1879 - 1881 Translated from the French by M. Lloyd B.A. Mod. (T.C.D.) Publication No. 4 of The Rhodesiana Society Box 8268 Causeway, Salisbury, 1959 CONTENTS Extracts from Diary Introduction 1. From Tati to Gu - Bulawayo 9 2. Reception among the Matabele 13 3. King Lobengula 16 4. "A truly barbarous Nation" 18 5. Organisation of the Government 20 6. Father Croonenberg's Account 21 7. Matabele Customs 23 8. Christian Worship 26 9. "And yet they must die" 28 10. A Letter from Father Croonenbergh 30 11. Annual Festival of the Matabele 33 12. Other Missionaries and Traders 39 13. The Mission and the Matabele 43 14. Justice and Religion under Lobengula 47 15. The King moves to UMGANIN 50 16. Mission at work 55 17. Death of a Slave 57 18. Visit of the Queens 59 19. The King makes Rain 61 20. The King visits the Mission 65 21. -
The Imitation of Christ in Medical Missions
COMMENTARY Humble Thyself: The Imitation of Christ in Medical Missions Danielle Ellisa a MTS, MD(c), University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, and Theology, Medicine, and Culture Initiative, Duke Divinity School, Durham NC, USA Abstract Missions have been a part of the Christian faith since its genesis. Various approaches to transmitting the faith through missions have been implemented over time, some with unforeseen and frankly negative, long-term political, social, and even theological consequences. In medical missions, specifically, the consequences include the potential of compromised individual and collective health. These vulnerabilities make it essential to consider the theoretical and practical approaches with which we, as Christians, engage with our neighbors. Missiologists critically and theologically consider the motives, methods, and mandates of the Christian believer in the world. Efforts to reconfigure the role of missions from a past intertwined with imperialism to one that brings each party into partnership are ongoing. In medical missions, questions about how to assume a Christian posture are complicated, not only by the sociohistorical context of the missions movement but also by the fact that medicine in and of itself engenders imbalances in power. This paper puts forth a proposal for a posture in medical missions as understood through the lens of Philippians. In the context of Paul’s mission to this group of early believers, the apostle repeatedly encourages his congregation to imitate Christ. In his letter to the Philippians, he lays out what Christ did and how his followers might hope to be like him. Paul describes Jesus’ wholly countercultural disposition and actions, giving his audience the opportunity to consider how this might inform their own lives. -
Research Guide to West China Medical Missions (1850-1950)
Research Guide to West China Medical Missions (1850-1950) 40 Oak Street | Toronto, ON | M5A 2C6 Tel: 416-231-7680 ext. 1101 | Email: [email protected] Last Update: August 31, 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3 ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY OF WEST CHINA MEDICAL MISSIONS ........................................... 5 THE RECORDS ................................................................................................................................ 8 FONDS 502: UNITED CHURCH OF CANADA BOARD OF OVERSEAS MISSIONS FONDS. -- ... 9 FONDS 503: UNITED CHURCH OF CANADA BOARD OF WORLD MISSION FONDS. -- ........ 160 FONDS 505: UNITED CHURCH OF CANADA WOMAN'S MISSIONARY SOCIETY FONDS. -- 164 FONDS 500: UNITED CHURCH OF CANADA GENERAL COUNCIL FONDS-- 1925-present. 190 FONDS 14: METHODIST CHURCH (CANADA) MISSIONARY SOCIETY FONDS. -- [ca. ......... 196 FONDS 15: METHODIST CHURCH (CANADA) WOMAN'S MISSIONARY SOCIETY FONDS. -215 PERSONAL PAPERS ................................................................................................................... 217 FONDS 3133: CECIL MAGEE HOFFMAN FONDS. -- 1908-1979. -- 7 cm of textual records; . 217 FONDS 3184: ERNEST BLACK STRUTHERS FONDS. -- 1912-1973. -- 87 cm of textual ........ 217 FONDS 3190: CHARLES W. SERVICE FONDS. -- 1930. -- 1 cm of textual records ................ 223 FONDS 3200: WILLIAM JOHN SHERIDAN FONDS. -- 1912-1935. -- 12 cm of textual............ -
The Changing Landscape of Mission Medicine and Hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa
REVIEW ARTICLE The changing landscape of mission medicine and hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa Samuel Adu-Gyamfia, Mariama Marciana Kuusaanab, Benjamin Dompreh Darkwac, Lucky Tomdid a PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Political Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana b PhD, Lecturer, Department of History and Political Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana c MPhil(c) and Teaching Assistant, Department of History and Political Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana d MA(c) and Teaching Assistant, Department of History, University of New Brunswick, Canada Abstract Missions have played numerous developmental roles towards the achievement of economic and social advancement including the provision of healthcare. From their entry into Africa, they have employed numerous methods in order to introduce their Christian faith. The construction of schools and hospitals, engagement in public health campaigns, provision of relevant services for the poor, and spearheading the provision of formal education, among others, have been the most effective mechanisms. The activities of missionaries have taken different dimensions as their scope continues to change over time. Nevertheless, existing literature shows little data on the changing landscape of mission medicine and hospitals in Africa. Using a systematic literature review approach, the current study discusses the changing landscape of mission medicine and hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa. This contribution dwells partly on the missionary theory of medical practice to define most of the services of these faith- based organization (FBOs) in Africa. Findings from the study have revealed that mission hospitals have established schools and training schemes that allow them to train medical personnel to complement the limited number of health personnel on the continent. -
'Her Chinese Attended to Almost Everything': Relationships Of
journal of american-east asian relations 24 (2017) 321-346 brill.com/jaer “‘Her Chinese Attended to Almost Everything’: Relationships of Power in the Hackett Medical College for Women, Guangzhou, China, 1901–1915” Connie Shemo Plattsburgh State University [email protected] Abstract This essay uses a 1915 crisis at the American Presbyterian Hackett Medical College for Women in Guangzhou, China as a lens to explore the level of control Chinese women, who were known as “assistants,” exercised at the school. Official literature of the Hackett portrays the American woman missionary physician Dr. Mary Fulton as controlling the college, but in fact its Chinese women graduates largely ran the institution for some years before 1915. Challenging images of American women missionary physicians ei- ther as heroines or imperialists, this article describes instead how Chinese women shaped the institution. Placing the Hackett into the broader context of American Pres- byterian medical education for Chinese women since 1879, it argues that rather than only interpreting and adapting missionary ideologies, many of the Chinese women medical students in Guangzhou brought their own conceptions of women practic- ing medicine. In the case of medical education for women in Guangzhou before 1915, American missionaries were partially responding to Chinese traditions and demands. Ultimately, this essay presents a more complex view of cultural transfer in the women’s foreign mission movement of this period. Keywords Hackett Medical College for Women – Rockefeller -
Proclaiming the Gospel by Healing the Sick? Historical and Theological Annotations on Medical Mission
Proclaiming the Gospel by Healing the Sick? Historical and Theological Annotations on Medical Mission Christoffer Grundmann edical mission is a controversial issue. Advocates of med know of medical and pharmaceutical activities of the early mis M ical ministries assure us that "the future of medical sionaries to the Americas, to Africa, the Philippines, China, and mission promises to be as exciting as its past."t But at times others japan," and we have numerous accounts of the institution of have wondered "whether a missionary does not lose rather "misericordia societies" in the New World settlements of the than gain influence ... by the exercise of medical knowledge.r" Portuguese, Spaniards, and Italians;" While some argue that "the histor~ of Medical Missions is the In the Protestant tradition we know of initiatives by Gotthilf justification of Medical Missions," others object because "the A. Francke and the Tranquebar Mission in commissioning the soul is more precious than the body, and the concern for the soul first physician ever to work overseas, Kaspar Gottlieb Schlegel is the supreme concern.:" milch in 1730; and of the initiative of Count Zinzendorf in sending As long as it is held that proclamation of the Gospel through Dr. Grothaus to St. Croix, West Indies, in 1735. 11 Dr. J. Scudder the preached word is the proper missionary means, and that to sailed as the first American physician in missionary service to cater to the bodily ailments of individuals is secondary to spiritual India in 1819; and the Rev. Dr. R. Morrison from the London afflictions, conflicts are unavoidable. -
Austin J S Moffat and the Mat
IiraiVB.RSlTY COLLEGE OF HHODBSIA HBNDSBSQN SEMINAR PAPER HO. 10 J.S,MOFFAT AND THE MATABEL3 MISSION. 1857 - 1865 by G. VERDAL AUSTIN "The sword, may blot out the Ma+abeles the Gospel alone can save them..."(l) Christianity in Rhodesia has been closely linked with the formal occupation of the country by Europeans. Although the religious pioneers of Inyati preceded their political counterparts by thirty years, it took the power of this secular arm of western civilis ation to create the circumstances whereby Christianity could take root. Although this paper does not set out directly to prove or disprove the conquest before Christianity theory, it becomes very apparent in s+udying John Smith Moffat's religious work in Matabeleland between 1859 and I865 that secular conquest of the Ndebele state was a pre requisite to missionary endeavour. A miracle was needed in Matabele land between the establishment of the state in the early 1840s and the later half of the century if Christianity was to succeed without the hacking of political power. This miracle did not occur for a number of reasons, and the violent powor of man and his weapons replaced the power of God as the catalyst of conversion. One major thematic difference between Moffat's religious and political roles in Matabeleland is that in his former role he failed in his task, whereas his political work did much to hurry the dawn of Christianity which he had longed for since 1859* It is ironic that as a missionary in the country he came to believe that the breakup of the Ndebele state was probably the only solution, while he baulked from this violent solution in the 1890s when it had become inevitable. -
Medical Work of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, Methodist Episcopal Church
INDIA BAREILLY WOMEN, FOR ASIA IN DISPENSARY MEDICAL FIRST MEDICAL WORK OF THE WOMAN’S FOREIGN MISSIONARY SOCIETY METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH MRS. J. T. GRACEY DANSVILLE, N. Y. A. O. BUNNELL, PRINTER, OFFICE OF THE DANSVILLE ADVERTISER 1881 work with God, and nothing's tost, — Who works zvith Him, does best and most; Work on, zvork on ! PREFATORY. During the past two years a great many applications have come to the author from various missionary societies asking for information in regard to the medical work carried on by the Woman’s Foreign Mission- ary Society of the Methodist Episcopal church. An effort tomeet this demand in part was made by Issuing a leaflet, giving an outline and some incidents of this branch of missionary labor, but the Interest in connection with the establishment and growth of the work is so extend- ed, that the demand has arisen for this information in a more permanent form for use, by those who have this work at heart. This sketch makes no claim to be more than a simple record of the rise and development of this most Importantpart of woman’s work in connection with the Wo- man’s Foreign Missionary Society. Many of these medical women are warm personal friends of the author, and she has watched their work from its [inciplency to the present time with more than ordinary inter- est, solicitude and sympathy. She now prays that this little work, which has been such a pleasure to her to write, may have an influence in awakening a deeper interest in this cause among the women of the Methodist church. -
Gerald O. West School of Religion, Philosophy, and Classics & Ujamaa
Gerald O. West School of Religion, Philosophy, and Classics & Ujamaa Centre University of KwaZulu-Natal The Bible as a site of struggle: an ongoing dialogue with Steve de Gruchy Introduction In October 2007, Steve de Gruchy and I, together with other colleagues from our School, drove from Pietermaritzburg to Bloemfontein to attend and present papers at the the Bible Society of South Africa’s Setswana Bible 150 Years Theological Conference. The theme of the conference was “Is the Bible Still Relevant for the Southern Africa Society?” The car journey and the papers we presented continued and deepened a conversation Steve and I had had since his days as Director of the Kuruman Moffat Mission Trust, a position he took up in 1994,1 and from where he had facilitated my research among the BaTlhaping people of the Kuruman area. The paper Steve presented, which was later published together with the other papers, had the title “Reversing the Biblical Tide: What Kuruman Teaches London about Mission in a Post-colonial Era”.2 The paper I presented had the title “From Mmahutu to Today: A Case Study”.3 The emphasis of each of our papers framed our conversation, then and in an ongoing way. In Steve’s paper he states his emphasis as follows: “The point is simply this: the translation and printing of the Bible in places like Kuruman began an irreversible process in which the tide of mission has turned back from the South to the North”.4 The reason “the translation and printing of the Bible” is so central to his argument is because, as he says, using the work of Lamin Sanneh, “The flowering of Christian activity in modern Africa has taken place in ground suitably worked by vernacular translation”.5 More specifically, and this is where our work overlaps, Steve and Sanneh both locate African agency at the centre of what Steve 1 See Beverley Haddad, "Introduction," in Keeping Body and Soul Together: Reflections by Steve De Gruchy on Theology and Development, ed. -
Lsslonory Scorch
Vol. 14, No.3 nternatlooa• July 1990 etlo• ~'~~~~"~• Ever-Changing Contexts ofMission orne things never change." But persons involved in the "S Christian world mission dare not underestimate the process that casts mission in ever-new perspectives. On Page This issue of the INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN offers readers two more contributions in the "Mission in the 1990s" series. The 98 Mission in the 1990s: Two Views first of these, by Ralph Winter of the U.S. Center for World Mis I. Ralph D. Winter sion, enumerates almost a score of contextual shifts that dictate II. Mary Motte, F.M.M. change in mission. Mary Motte, F.M.M., director of the Francis can Mission Resource Center in Providence, Rhode Island, high 105 Toward a New History of the Church in the lights the "new" focus on the preferential option for the poor. Third World She also notes, however, the venerable Catholic heritage of min Ieffrey Klaiber, S.I· istries to and with the poor. Jeffrey Klaiber, S.J., describes a groundbreaking project that will give us a new history of third 108 The Legacy of Charles W. Ranson world churches, written from the perspective of the recipients of lames K. Mathews Western mission. Christoffer Grundmann, recalling the history of medical missions, reminds us that traditionally it was taken 112 My Pilgrimage in Mission for granted that healing belongs to mission; yet medical mission Arthur F. Glasser became compartmentalized and controversial once the modern scientific context came into play. 115 Confessing Jesus Christ within the World of Readers have come to expect both pleasure and missional Religious Pluralism insights through two on-going features in the INTERNATIONAL Mark Thomsen BULLETIN, the "Legacy" and "My Pilgrimage" series.