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Introduction: Difference and Discourse in the British Empire Notes Introduction: Difference and Discourse in the British Empire 1. R. Lovett (1899) The History of the London Missionary Society, 1795–1895, vols 1 and 2 (London: Oxford University Press), p. B1. 2. C. Binfield (1977) So Down to Prayers: studies in English Nonconformity 1780– 1920 (London: Dent). 3. Mr Bogue (August 1794) ‘Appeal to the Evangelical Dissenters who Practice Infant Baptism’, quoted in Lovett, History,vol.1,p.B1. 4. Mr Burder (January 1795) ‘Address’, quoted in Lovett, History, vol. 1, p. B1. 5. A. Loomba (1998, repr. 2005) Colonialism/Postcolonialism, 2nd edn (London: Routledge), pp. 1–91. 6. F. Fanon (1961) The Wretched of the Earth, trans. C. Farrington (London: Penguin); F. Fanon (1952, repr. 2007) Black Skin, White Masks, New edn, trans. R. Philcox (New York: Grove Press). 7. Fanon, Wretched. 8. S. Hall (2000) ‘Conclusion: the multi-cultural question’ in Barnor Hesse, ed. Un/Settled Multiculturalisms: diasporas, entanglements, transruptions (London: Zed), p. 216. 9. H. Bhabha (1997) ‘Of Mimicry and Man: the ambivalence of colonial dis- course’ in F. Cooper and A. L. Stoler, eds. Tensions of Empire: colonial cultures in a bourgeois world (London: California Press), pp. 152–63. 10. S. Hall (1997) ‘The Spectacle of the Other’ in S. Hall, ed. Representation: cultural representations and signifying practices (London: Sage), p. 235. 11. E. W. Said (1993) Culture and Imperialism (London: Knopf); E. Said (1979, repr. 1995) Orientalism: western conceptions of the Orient, 3rd edn (London: Penguin). 12. P. Chatterjee (1993) The Nation and Its Fragments: colonial and postcolonial histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press), pp. 18–33. 13. Ibid., p. 18. 14. Ibid., p. 20. 15. Porter (2004) Missions versus Empire? British Protestant missionaries and overseas expansion, 1700–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 285. 16. A. Rattansi (2007) Racism: a very short introduction (Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press). 17. Ibid., pp. 1–11. 18. Hall, ‘Conclusion’, p. 224. 19. R. Wheeler (2000) The Complexion of Race: categories of difference in eighteenth-century British culture (Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press). 171 172 Notes 20. C. Bolt (1971) Victorian Attitudes to Race (London: Macmillan); T. Holt (1992) The Problem of Freedom: race, labor and politics in Jamaica and Britain 1832–1938 (Baltimore: Jonn Hopkins University Press); D. A. Lorimer (1978) Colour, Class and the Victorians: english attitudes to the negro in the mid- nineteenth century (Leicester: Leicester University Press); N. Stepan (1982) The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain 1800–1960 (London: Macmillan); G. Stocking, Junior (1991) Victorian Anthropology (New York: Macmillan). 21. S. van der Geest (1990) ‘Anthropologists and Missionaries: brothers under the skin’, Man, New Series, 25 (4), pp. 588–601. 22. R. Moffat (June 1840) Missionary Magazine, pp. 91–2. 23. C. Hall (2002) Civilising Subjects: metropole and colony in the English imagination,1830–1867 (Cambridge: Polity Press). 24. See, for example, P. Levine, ed. (2004) Gender and Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press); A. McClintock (1995) Imperial Leather: race, gender and sexuality in the colonial contest (London: Routledge); C. Midgley, ed. (1998) Gender and Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press). 25. J. W. Scott (1986) ‘Gender: a useful category of historical analysis’, The American Historical Review, 91, pp. 1053–73. 26. C. Midgley (2006) ‘Can Women Be Missionaries? Envisioning female agency in the early nineteenth-century British Empire’, The Journal of British Studies, 45, pp. 335–58; R. A. Semple (2008) ‘Missionary Manhood: profes- sionalism, belief and masculinity in the nineteenth century British imperial field’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth Studies, 36 (3), pp. 397–415; R. A. Semple (2003) Missionary Women: gender, professionalism, and the Victorian idea of Christian mission (Woodbridge: Boydell Press). 27. M. Taylor Huber and N. C. Lutkehaus, eds (1999) Gendered Missions: women and men in missionary discourse and practice (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press). 28. G. Spivak (1985) ‘Can the Subaltern Speak? Speculations on widow sacri- fice’, Wedge, 7–8, pp. 120–30. 29. A. Johnston (2003) Missionary Writing and Empire, 1880–1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 30. McClintock, Imperial Leather, pp. 52–6; K. Malik (1996) The Meaning of Race: race, history and culture in western society (Basingstoke: Macmillan), pp. 92–100. 31. S. Thorne (1999) Congregational Missions, and the Making of an Imperial Culture in 19th-Century England (California: University of California Press), p. 82. 32. A. Quayson (2002) ‘Looking Awry: tropes of disability in postcolonial writ- ing’ in D. T. Goldberg and A. Quayson, eds. Relocating Postcolonialism (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 217–31; M. Sherry (2007) ‘Postcolonizing Disabil- ity’, Wagadu, 4, pp. 10–22. 33. Important exceptions include R. Edmond (2006) Leprosy and Empire: a medical and cultural history (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); M. Vaughan (1991) Curing Their Ills: colonial power and African illness (Cambridge: Polity Press). 34. Hall, Civilising Subjects, p. 16. 35. J. de Groot, ‘ “Sex” and “Race”; the construction of language and image in the nineteenth century’ in C. Hall, ed. Cultures of Empire: colonizers in Notes 173 Britain and the empire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 37–61. 36. Fanon, Wretched, pp. 29–31. 37. Johnston, Missionary Writing,p.5. 38. E. Kolsky (2005) ‘Codification and the Rule of Colonial Difference: criminal procedure in British India’, Law and History Review, 25, pp. 631–85. 39. Hall, Civilising Subjects, p. 15. See also, Hall, ed., Cultures of Empire. 40. B. Stanley (1990) The Bible and the Flag: protestant missions and British impe- rialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Leicester: Apollo); Porter, Religion versus Empire. 41. F. Cooper and A. L. Stoler (1997) ‘Between Metropole and Colony: rethink- ing a research agenda’ in F. Cooper and A. L. Stoler, eds. Tensions of Empire: colonial cultures in a bourgeois world (London: California Press), pp. 1–59. 42. A. L. Stoler (2002) Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: race and the intimate in colonial rule (California: University of California Press), p. 42. 43. A. L. Stoler (1989) ‘Rethinking Colonial Categories: European communities and the boundaries of rule’, Comparative Studies in Society and History,31(1), pp. 134–61; Stoler, Carnal Knowledge. 44. Ibid., p. 49; A. L. Stoler (1989) ‘Making Empire Respectable: the politics of race and sexual morality in 20th-century colonial cultures’, American Ethnologist, 16 (4), p. 647. 45. M. A. Render (2001) ‘ “Sentiments of a Private Nature”: a comment on Ann Laura Stoler’s “Tense and Tender Ties” ’, Journal of American History, 88, pp. 882–7. 46. C. Hall (2006) ‘Commentary’ in A. L. Stoler, ed. Haunted by Empire: geographies of intimacy in North American history (Durham: Duke University Press), pp. 452–68; T. Ballantyne and A. Burton, eds (2008) Moving Subjects: gender, mobility, and intimacy in an age of global empire (Chicago: Illinois University Press). 47. A. Porter (2005) ‘An Overview, 1700–1914’ in N. Etherington, ed. Missions and Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 64–86. 48. For general studies see, for example: J. Cox (2008) The British Missionary Enterprise Since 1700 (Oxford: Routledge); A. Twells (2009) The Heathen at Home and Overseas: the middle class and the civilising mission, Sheffield 1790–1843 (Basingstoke: Macmillan); N. Etherington, ed. (2005) Missions and Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press); Porter, Religion versus Empire. For southern Africa see: J. L. Comaroff and J. Comaroff (1991) Of Reve- lation and Revolution, vol. 1, Christianity, colonialism, and consciousness in South Africa (Chicago: University of Chicago Press); E. Elbourne (2002) Blood Ground: colonialism, missions, and the contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press); R. Price (2008) Making Empire: colonial encounters and the creation of imperial rule in nineteenth-century Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). For India see: Jeffrey Cox (2002) Imperial Fault Lines: Christianity and colonial power in India, 1818–1940 (California: Stanford University Press); A. Shourie (1994) Missionaries in India: continuities, changes, dilemmas (New Delhi: ASA Publications). 49. Porter, Religion versus Empire, pp. 39–63. 50. Cox, The British Missionary, p. 100. 174 Notes 51. F. K. Prochaska (1978) ‘Little Vessels: children in the nineteenth-century English missionary movement’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 6 (2), pp. 103–19. 52. Hall, Civilising Subjects, pp. 292–4. 53. Porter, Religion versus Empire, p. 190. 54. Thorne, Congregational Missions. 55. P. D. Curtin, ed. (1972) Africa & the West: intellectual responses to European culture (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press). 56. P. Brantlinger (1988) Rule of Darkness: British literature and imperialism, 1830– 1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), p. 173. 57. Title Piece (February 1857) ‘Livingstone’s Journey Across Southern Africa’, Missionary Magazine. 58. C. Crais (1992) White Supremacy and Black Resistance in Pre-Industrial South Africa: the making of the colonial order in the Eastern Cape, 1770– 1865 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); A. Lester (2001) Imperial Networks: creating identities in nineteenth-century South Africa and Britain (London: Routledge); T. Keegan,
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