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Comparative History Writing in Hungary Until 1945/48

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Comparative History Writing in Hungary Until 1945/48 COMPARATIVE HISTORY WRITING IN HUNGARY UNTIL 1945/48 Thomas Szerecz A DISSERTATION in History Presented to the Faculties of the Central European University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Budapest, Hungary 2016 Supervisor: Professor Maciej Janowski CEU eTD Collection CEU eTD Collection ii Copyright in the text of this dissertation rests with the author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European University Library. Details may be obtained by the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. I hereby declare that this dissertation contains no materials accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions and no materials previously written and/or published by another person unless otherwise noted. CEU eTD Collection iii CEU eTD Collection iv Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Biographies of the Comparatists up to 1948 ................................................... 18 Generations and Categories ......................................................................................................... 28 Biographies and Differences in the Commemorative Literature ..................................................... 31 The Philologists and Linguists: Slavic, Romanian, and Albanian Studies ......................................... 33 The Historians and Regionalists .................................................................................................... 47 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 68 Chapter Two: Institutions, Education, and Careers ............................................................... 72 Bilingualism and Secondary Schooling Inside or Outside of Hungary .............................................. 73 The Eötvös College ....................................................................................................................... 81 Teaching at the Eötvös College ..................................................................................................... 90 The Politics of Foreign Research and Scholarly Networks .............................................................. 93 Comparatists on Study Tours and Their “Cultural Diplomacy” ..................................................... 100 Teaching at the University .......................................................................................................... 108 The Teleki Institute and Its Subsections ...................................................................................... 120 The End of the Institute and Its Afterlife ..................................................................................... 125 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 131 Chapter Three: Comparison along a Sliding Scale ............................................................... 134 The People? Or the State? .......................................................................................................... 139 Going Backward to Go Forward .................................................................................................. 144 More Antinomies ....................................................................................................................... 146 Nature or Nurture ...................................................................................................................... 148 Cultural Transfer, Cultural Slope ................................................................................................. 154 City vs. Court ............................................................................................................................. 160 Transfer of High Culture ............................................................................................................. 164 Comparison for Understanding ................................................................................................... 170 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 173 Chapter Four: Comparative Paradigms ............................................................................... 174 Hajnal’s Community of Small Nations ......................................................................................... 182 Social History ............................................................................................................................. 192 Social History and Comparison ................................................................................................... 197 Three Approaches to Romanian History ...................................................................................... 204 Kosáry on the Difficulties of Comparative History ....................................................................... 208 Where Is East-Central Europe? ................................................................................................... 211 Sonderweg ................................................................................................................................ 215 Comparison and Nationalism ..................................................................................................... 219 Classic Blochian Comparison ...................................................................................................... 221 CEU eTD Collection Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 226 Final Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 228 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 242 Archival Sources ........................................................................................................................ 242 Reference List ............................................................................................................................ 246 Biographical and Critical Literature ............................................................................................. 260 v CEU eTD Collection v Abstract This dissertation presents a historiographical study of the rise of comparative history writing in Hungary in the interwar era, through the Second World War, and its immediate aftermath until 1948, when there was a consolidation of a Stalinist version of historical materialism that brought an end to large-scale regional comparative studies for almost two decades. Hungary’s loss of the First World War was the original impetus for the competition to rewrite a history that also rewrites borders between states, often producing a less plausible version of history, but also for a broadened interest in the shared history and culture of the region, and a better basis for historical research. The dissertation puts forward a thesis of a transformation of historical studies on the neighboring countries that follows a path (1) from being propagandistic nature in the immediate aftermath of the First World War, (2) to eventually a more political history oriented research of the nationalities (minorities) of Hungary before 1918 in order to explain the demise of Hungary, (3) to histories of the neighboring countries themselves, and (4) finally to full-scale comparative histories of Hungary and the neighboring nations, i.e., regional comparative history. These final two stages, which of course did not eliminate entirely the first two, depended on the rise of a group of historians who could learn the languages and research the history of nations neighboring Hungary. This in itself was a difficult task since historians in Hungary previously looked to Germany, France, and the West as foundations of historical comparison rather than the smaller surrounding nations and regions, which also entailed learning the languages of nations that in the interwar era were considered hostile to Hungary. There was a fairly large cohort of young historians, linguists, philologists, and literary historians engaged in this task. Out of this larger group, however, the dissertation focuses on seven who best exemplify the skills needed to engage in regional comparative history, and who had a large enough oeuvre (including monographs) before 1945 in order for this dissertation also to have a basis for evaluation. They are László Makkai, Lajos Tamás, Zoltán I. Tóth, László Gáldi, Domokos Kosáry, Lajos Gogolák, and László Hadrovics. These seven are called the “comparatists” because they consciously engaged in the writing of comparative works and based their studies on what they perceived to be the more advanced methods of the historical sciences of the interwar era. This dissertation shows how comparative history writing in Hungary was syncretic in nature and could be combined with different dominant and minor historiographical schools of the interwar
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