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Toxicological Review for Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)

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Toxicological Review for Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) EPA 635/R-03/009 www.epa.gov/iris TOXICOLOGICAL REVIEW OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE (CAS No. 78-93-3) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) September 2003 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC DISCLAIMER This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Note: This document may undergo revisions in the future. The most up-to-date version will be made available electronically via the IRIS Home Page at http://www.epa.gov/iris. ii CONTENTS —TOXICOLOGICAL REVIEW OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE (CAS No. 78-93-3) LIST OF TABLES ............................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................... vii FOREWORD ............................................................... viii AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS ................................ ix 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................1 2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION RELEVANT TO ASSESSMENTS .....3 3. TOXICOKINETICS RELEVANT TO ASSESSMENTS ............................5 3.1. ABSORPTION .......................................................5 3.1.1. Oral Exposure ..................................................5 3.1.2. Inhalation Exposure .............................................5 3.1.3. Dermal Exposure ...............................................6 3.2. DISTRIBUTION ......................................................7 3.3. METABOLISM ......................................................8 3.4. ELIMINATION AND EXCRETION .....................................11 3.5. PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACOKINETIC (PBPK) MODELS .....12 4. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ................................................17 4.1. STUDIES IN HUMANS - EPIDEMIOLOGY, CASE REPORTS, CLINICAL CONTROLS .......................................................17 4.1.1. Oral Exposure .................................................17 4.1.2. Inhalation Exposure ............................................17 4.1.2.1. Acute Exposure ..........................................17 4.1.2.2. Case Studies of Long-term Human Exposure to MEK ............19 4.1.2.3. Occupational Studies of MEK Exposure ......................20 4.2. PRECHRONIC AND CHRONIC STUDIES AND CANCER BIOASSAYS IN ANIMALS–ORAL AND INHALATION .................................27 4.2.1. Oral Exposure .................................................27 4.2.2. Inhalation Exposure ............................................28 4.3. REPRODUCTIVE/DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES .........................34 4.3.1. Studies in Humans .............................................34 4.3.2. Studies in Animals .............................................35 4.3.2.1. Oral Exposure ...........................................35 4.3.2.2. Inhalation Exposure ......................................40 4.4. OTHER STUDIES ...................................................45 4.4.1. Acute Toxicity Data ............................................45 4.4.1.1. Oral Exposure ...........................................45 4.4.1.2. Inhalation Exposure ......................................47 4.4.2. Genotoxicity ..................................................47 4.4.3. Carcinogenicity ................................................48 4.4.4. MEK Potentiation of Peripheral Neuropathy from Chemicals Metabolized to Gamma-Diketones ..............................................49 iii 4.5. SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF MAJOR NONCANCER EFFECTS ......52 4.5.1. Oral Exposure .................................................52 4.5.2. Inhalation Exposure ............................................54 4.5.3. Mode of Action Information ......................................55 4.6. WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE EVALUATION AND CANCER CHARACTERIZATION .............................................55 4.7. SUSCEPTIBLE POPULATIONS AND LIFESTAGES ......................56 4.7.1. Possible Childhood Susceptibility .................................56 4.7.2. Possible Gender Differences ......................................57 4.7.3. Other ........................................................57 5. DOSE RESPONSE ASSESSMENTS ..........................................59 5.1. ORAL REFERENCE DOSE (RfD) ......................................59 5.1.1. Choice of Principal Study and Critical Effect ........................59 5.1.2. Methods of Analysis ............................................60 5.1.2.1. Benchmark Dose Modeling ................................61 5.1.2.2. Route-to-route Extrapolation ...............................69 5.1.3. RfD Derivation – Including Application of Uncertainty Factors ..........70 5.1.4. Previous Oral Assessment .......................................72 5.2. INHALATION REFERENCE CONCENTRATION (RfC) ....................72 5.2.1. Choice of Principal Study and Critical Effect ........................72 5.2.2. Methods of Analysis ............................................73 5.2.2.1. Benchmark Dose Modeling ................................74 5.2.2.2. Adjustment to a Human Equivalent Exposure Concentration ......79 5.2.2.3. PBPK Modeling .........................................81 5.2.3. RfC Derivation — Including Application of Uncertainty Factors .........82 5.2.4. Previous Inhalation Assessment ...................................84 5.3. CANCER ASSESSMENT .............................................84 5.3.1. Oral Slope Factor ..............................................84 5.3.2. Inhalation Unit Risk ............................................84 6. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF HAZARD AND DOSE RESPONSE .........................................85 6.1. HUMAN HAZARD POTENTIAL .......................................85 6.2. DOSE RESPONSE ...................................................87 6.2.1. Noncancer/Oral ................................................87 6.2.2. Noncancer/Inhalation ...........................................87 6.2.3. Cancer/Oral and Inhalation .......................................89 7. REFERENCES ............................................................90 APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL PEER REVIEW AND PUBLIC COMMENTS AND DISPOSITION APPENDIX B: BENCHMARK DOSE MODELING RESULTS AND OUTPUT iv Output B-1: Reduced Pup Body Weight in Wistar Rats, F1A Generation at Postnatal Day 4 (Cox et al., 1975) Output B-2: Reduced Pup Body Weight in Wistar Rats, F1A Generation at Postnatal Day 21 (Cox et al., 1975) Output B-3: Reduced Fetal Weight in Wistar Rats, F1B Generation (Cox et al., 1975) Output B-4: Reduced Pup Body Weight in Wistar Rats, F2 Generation at Postnatal Day 4 (Cox et al., 1975) Output B-5: Reduced Pup Body Weight in Wistar Rats, F2 Generation at Postnatal Day 21 (Cox et al., 1975) Output B-6: Increased Incidence of Extra Ribs in Sprague-Dawley Rats (Deacon et al., 1981) Output B-7: Reduced Fetal Weight in CD-1 Mice (Schwetz et al., 1991/ Mast et al., 1989) Output B-8:, Increased Incidence of Misaligned Sternebrae in CD-1 Mice (Schwetz et al., 1991/Mast et al., 1989) v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Kinetic parameters used for PBPK models for MEK kinetics in humans and rats ...16 Table 2. Mean F1A litter body weight on days 4 and 21 in rats exposed to 2-butanol in drinking water ..................................................................37 Table 3. Incidence of skeletal variations in F1B fetuses ..............................38 Table 4. Maternal and fetal effects in 2-butanol-exposed rats ..........................44 Table 5. Summary of key repeat-exposure reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in animals exposed to MEK or 2-butanol ........................................62 Table 6. Mean litter pup body weight in F1A generation Wistar rats exposed to 2-butanol in drinking water in a two-generation reproductive and developmental toxicity study .....65 Table 7. Litter mean fetal weight in F1B generation Wistar rats exposed to 2-butanol in drinking water in a two-generation reproductive and developmental toxicity study ............66 Table 8. Benchmark dose modeling results using litter mean body weight data for F1B fetuses.............................................................66 Table 9. Litter mean pup body weight in F2 generation Wistar rats exposed to 2-butanol in drinking water in a two-generation reproductive and developmental toxicity study .....67 Table 10. Benchmark dose modeling results using litter mean body weight data for F2 pups on postnatal days 4 and 21 ....................................................68 Table 11. Benchmark doses for developmental effects in rats from various generations and potential points of departure for the RfD ......................................69 Table 12. Incidence of extra ribs (litters with an affected fetus) in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to MEK 7 hours/day on gestation days 6–15 ...................................74 Table 13. Benchmark concentration modeling results using litter incidence data for Sprague- Dawley rat fetuses with extra ribs exposed to MEK during gestation days 6-15 ........75 Table 14. Litter mean fetal weight (both sexes combined) in CD-1 mice exposed to MEK 7 hours/day on gestation days 6–15 ............................................76 Table 15. Benchmark concentration modeling results using litter mean body weight data ....76 Table 16. Total number of fetuses (combined for both sexes) with misaligned sternebrae per exposure group in CD-1 mice
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