!.29 8
JINO STATE. ]
Large numbe rs of cattle also died owinO' to the scarcity of fodder. Prices ros~ Sers per rtlpee. Jow&r 7 as shown in the ma rgin. The fa mine of FAMINE. Bdjra 6 Samba t 1869-70 affected the State but 1812 A. D. Pulses and gram Wheat t 5 sli ghtly. Prices rose to 8 or 9 sers per, •••4 05 1881 1824 A. O. rup ee. The famine of Sambat lasted a sho rt time. Af ter scanty showers in the months of Jeth and Asarh there ,,,, ,-as no rain and the crops withe red, but the last year's stacks supported th e cattle . The leaves and Sers per rupee. Wheat, gram, pu lses 6 the bark of trees also helped. Wices Barley ... 7 stood as noted in the margin. In Sambat 1890 there was scarcity. The autumn rains of Samba t 1890 had failed entire ly and the two harvests produced hardly anything except on wel l-lands, but the loss of human life and cat tle appears to have been inconsiderable. Fodder was procurable at the rate of one maund per rupee; and grain was also to be had, but the cultivato rs 1!!37 A.O; suffered much. In Sambat 1894 the re was scarcity, but it was not severe. 1860-61 A:O. The fam in e of Sambat 1916-1 7 wa s more severe in the Bagar and Bangar trac ts of tahs il s Dadri and Jind respective ly, and the .p.2 ore.£ ... peo.£le begrt ...... toemig rate. In Jeth Sambat 1916 a few shoVl 'ersfeIl and then no ram fell or a wh ol e year. In the beg inning of Jet h and Asarh Sambat J 917 there was rain, and grain wa s sown , but after that aga in no rain fell, and the crops al l drie d up. Bot h the barani harvests failed . Thousands of cattle perished, but some were ta ken to the hills to find pasturage there. The State remit ted six months' land revenue and granted takavi adva nces to the zanzindars of Dad ri tahsi l for the purc hase of oxen and seed . The land reven ue was suspe nd ed, and col lections in kind su~stituted for cash . The Sta te also distributed food to the Sers per ,·upee. h 'ddl f Jowar, bdjra and po or. In t e ml e 0 Jeth Sambat pulses •.• 5 191 8 the re was good rain, and the famine Whea t... ••• 8 began to disappear . Prices in this Gram and barley. .. 9 famine stood as s1 lOwn m. the margin. The fam ine of Sambat 1925 was very fatal to cattle and thousands perished . In Jeth and Asarh Sambat 1925 there were only one or two slight falls of rain, and though grain was sown, no further rain fell, so that the crops withered and the kharlf failed altogether, though rabf sowings were affected to some extent on irrigated lands. One-fifth of the revenue was remitted in Jind tahsil and takUvi advances were granted in Dadri. The land revenue collections wcre suspended throughout the State. Poor- Se,'s per rupee. houses wcre also opened. In Asauj Wheat '" 9 rain fe ll, and the famine disappeared. Gram and ba rl ey )0 Prices stood as noted in the margin. The famine of Sambat '934 was more disastrous than those of Sambat 1917 or 1925. In Sambat 1933 the yield was an average one, b~t in Sam bat 1934 the kharff crops failed entirely. Th ere "'as great loss of !lve-stock, as fodder was not procur abl e, or when obt ai nable, 7 or 8 pulis of jowar sold for a rupee . The State banks were allow ed to advance money on loan to the zanzindars, and takavi advanc es ,vere Wheat SC1 'S ft rup ee . mad e in the barc lni villages. In Sam- Gram, barley and bat 1935 rain fell , and the people began jO'illar ••• 14 to recover from th e effects of the famine. Pulses 9 d d Bdjra...... 13 The prices stoo as note in the margin. The spring harves t of Sambat 1940 ,vas. a very ,Poor on:. The sum~er and winter rains of Sambat 1941 also faIled, and III the drIer tracts of Jmd apd Dadrf tahsJls there were no crops. The grass famine was acute, and ~9 9 rSTATE.] [P ART A.
the cattle had to be dr iv en off to th e hil ls, whe nce many never return ed, CHAP . II Hi Se rs pe r r~J pee. an d the loss of bullo ck s and cows was Wheat ._ 8 very gre at . Th e poli cy of giving liberal Economic. Gram, barley, bcfj ra and suspensions was adopted by the State. FAMINE. jowar ..• Pulses Pric es stood as not ed in the margin. Th e effe cts of th e famin e of Sambat 19 53 were as se vere in ]f nd as in th e rest of th e Pun jab. Th e Darbar devot ed att ention to the reli ef of the fam ine-strick en popul ation, and was encouraged th ereto by th e Punjab Gov ernm ent in its lett er No. 35, date d 10th February 1896 . As usu al, almsgivin g had begun befo re it s receip t, and after it Rs. 27 ,500 were sanctioned for famine reli ef worl{ S, whi ch were started as follows :-
( (1) I .•• ~ (2) Metall ing of a road from the I station to the town of l ]ind. Meta llin g the road from the stati on to the town of Dadri.
Build ing of the Jubilee Hospital and the Palace Kothf .
Besides this relief, 7,000 Ipaunds of grain were given as takdvi to the zamtn- days. On the receipt of the lett er No. 73, dated 11th April 1896, with a draft of the Famine Code from the Punjab Government , Rs. 3,074, in addition to the sum allotted for public relief works, was gr ant ed as a reli ef fund. Fodder was very scarce, but there was no grec:t los s of cat tle, as they were taken to the trans-] umna tra cts and els ew her e.The pop ulation of the Ser s per -rupee. State suffer ed but littl e fr om starvation, 'jo'l1J ar. hd j,d, gram and the loss of life was insignificant. and barley 8 Pric es we re as noted in the margin. Wheat .., 7 In Asarh Sa;nbat 1954 th ere was rain, 18 97 A.D. and the kharH crops wer e sown, but swarms of locusts visited the State and damaged the crops to such an extent that not a green leaf was to be seen, . Se1S per rupe e. and the yi eld, o! ~he ~harif was v.ery 'jo wa1 and Mjra 12 scant y. The baranz rabl crops also faIl ed M.£n g and other puls es , for want of rain, but th ere wa s no los s of w~ndtgram 8 cattl e. Prices stood as not ed in the ea •.• 7 margin. In Sambat 1955 th ere was no 189911 ..0. good ra in and th e yield was onl y avera ge . Fodd er was barely sufficien t for a season; and th e eff ects of this and of th e recent famin e of Sambat 1953 had not disapp ear ed wh en the terr ibl e famin e of Sambat 1956 1899 A.D. devastat ed th e St ate. The kharlf fail ed altog ether and fodd er became very scarce . The cattle were dri ven to the hills and tr ans-Jumna tracts in search of fodder. Th e population of the area affected by the famine was 189,7°7 souls , and th e grain stores in the State had sunk very low owing to the previous famines . The construction of th e Ludhiana~ Dhuri-Jakhal Railway , however, gave mu ch relief to the starving people in tahsB Sangrnr. The Darbar sanctioned a sum of Rs. 50 ,000 for famine relief as follo ws :-to tahsfI Jind Rs . 15 ,000 , Sangrur Rs. 5,000, Dadri
1 The construction of the Southern Pun jab Railway also gave employment to the poer and famine.stricken. 300 JIND STATE. ]
CHAP. II, H. Rs. 3°,000 , and th e fol lo win g reli ef work s were start ed :- Economic. In tahsil Jind Repair s of th e road s lea din g to Ram Rai, FAMINE. Zafarg arh and Julan a. In tahsil Dadri The town tank excav ation , and metalling the roads of the town. Brick kiln \vorks; repairs of th e road round the town; and a dhdb excava- tion. The reli e{ works in tah sil s Jind and Dadri were kept open for about two months, during which th e ave ra ge daily numb ers of persons employ ed were 665 and 1,321 resp ectiv ely . Th ese numbers wer e co nsid ered very small in comparison with th e n umb er of famin e-stricken people, and it was thought prop er to co llec t as many as v. -ould work at Sangrur, furnish- ing th em 'with prov is ion s for th e journey, and set th em to work on the construction of th e DhUri-Jakhal Ra ilway. For this purpose a naz£ m of famine works was appointed 'with a staff. Th e sum of Rs. 2,03° was disbursed in provisions for th e journey, and 4,700 people were coll ected at Sangrur . The contracts for ballast, etc. , \ver e taken up by th e llazim, and th e famine-stricken persons employed on the rail'way and oth er works {rom the beginnin g of Sept emb er 1899 to th e end of January Ig01, an exp enditur e of Rs. 40 ,2 92 being incurred by the St ate. 7,762 peo ple were thus support ed. The stat ement below sho ws th e details :-
Rs.
Ta nk exc avation , roa d ro· 1,2151 pai rs. I Ta nk excavation , road reo 1,596 4° 1,63 6 pai rs, brick-kiln wo rk s. Bri ck- kiln works , railway 100 1,3 31 co nstr uct ion wo rks. Janua ry Igoo ••• Rai lway co nst ruct ion work s 4~ 4 1,6 74 32 1,7 °6 Februar y Ig00 ... Ditto 22 1,599 47 ° 1,577 March Ig 00 Brick·k il n work s, ra ilw ay 1, 260 3,54 6 185 3,73 1 and ballast wor ks. Ap rillg oo Ditto 214 4,33 9 May Igoo Rai lw ay, ballast works, tank 21 6 7,951 excavation. June 1900 Ra il way work s, tank exca- 217 6,352 vation, br ick· kiln wor ks. July 1900 Railwayand ballast works, 2°5 4,1l2 brick-kiln wo rks. Au gust 1900 Railw ay and balla st works 177 2,°7° September 1900 Di tt o 20 0 2, 119 Octobe r Igoo ... DIt to 2° 3 6g1 N ovem ber I 900 Di tto 182 53 ° 1 December 1900 Ditto lIS I 479 Jan uary 1901 Di tto 28 390 30t t PART A.
Three met hods were adopted fo r relieving the poor. Poor-houses 'were open ed at Sa ngrur and Dad rL The Sangrur poor-house was st arted in 1899 , and the Dadri poor-house in 1900 , when the Raja Economic. visited the Dadrl tahsil and found the people of the Bagar in gr eat FAMINB. distress . The stat em ent bel ow shows the details of the expenditure in the two poor-houses and the number relieved :-
SANGRUR POO R.HOUSE . DADRI POOR.HOUSE. •.•.. . •.•.. . ..; X •.. . 0 x 0 0 0 0 '" 0 I '" MONTH. 0. '" 0. l!l '"•.. . " e g~ '0 E 2~ '0 8 I •.. ;a c" •.. . ;a c " .n cod ~~ .n "od ~;6 '" '" c '" a '"00.0 0", 3 a '"00.0 0",'"c November 1899 ••• 375 12 2 497 ... 200 I ...... December 1899 ... 100 12 1 '93 4 3 7 ...... '" J an uary 1900 '- 135 23 3 246 479 .. ~ ...... February 1900 ... 315 47 6 119 595 141 564 64 628 I March 1900 ... 333 872 243 JII5 920 1,455 119 1,574 April 1900 - 300 642 269 911 1,042 1,632 91 1,723 660 May 1900 ... 255 45 1 209 862 IJ754 8z 1,836 June IgOO 2Z0 18z •.. 362 544 IJ680 4,164 115 4,280 July Igoo .n zoo 300 234 534 2JIZ I 2,685 113 2,79 8 August 190J ... 52 151 297 448 502 665 77 742 September 1900 ••• 58 135 115 250 25 8 83 91 October Igoo 108 251 ... 359 ... '" ...... 23 I November 19 00 ••• 27 57 37 94 ...... December Igoo ••• 1 27 8 44 1 ...... to 17 1 ------_1-- --- 2,615 Total ... 2,475 4,81 7 7,432 7,293 lz J927 745 13,672 I Bo iled gram (bakl £) was distribut ed in the evening among the immigrants (who averag ed 99 daily) passing through Sangrur town. At Jind to wn for the administration of this relief ther e was a pan- c!z ay at£ saddba rt (daily distribution of alms). Half a ser of wheat or gram per head was distributed daily among aged and infirm persons, and women living in parda. The statel}1ent below shows the amount 302 JfND STATE. ] Pamlne. £ PART A~ ·CHAP.II, H. of the grain distributed thus in the three tahsils :- OUl~ .. .. Economic. 0 '0 ./ •.•c OJ ..... o~ OJ 0 :> c "' .•.. FAMINE. Mont .h, .. 0VJ.~ §.~ Q)"C; OJ '" 0 ••• ·C February 1900 192 74 282 19 3°1 March 1900 216 80 282 19 301 April 1900 ... 304 112 346 28 374 May 1900 325 12 3 41$ 28 443 June 1900 ,.. 225 80 261 19 280 July 1900 219 82 267 19 286 August 1900 ....", 94 36 I14 10 12 4 September 1900 50 17 44 10 $4 Total ---;:~I-;;---2l~ -~I-;';; Two dispensaries were established for the treatment of famine-stricken sick in the poor-houses and attached to the Famine Department. The statement below shows the expenditure of these dispensaries, etc.:- .•.. 4'34 1500 ••• March 1900 4'66 17'14 I 23 Aprillgoo May J900 6'56 June 1900 10'86 July 1900 30j / [P ART A. The Bagrfs were the first to im.mig .rate into the State , and they CHAP. II, H. thronged the streets of th e towns, beggmg III crowds . Th ey were located ' - . at the Gurdwara Nanak yana and Royal Cemetery. The in fi rm and children Economic. wer e given food and boiled gram, while oth ers , who were able FAMINB. to work, were empl oyed on relid work s, and this arr an gement proved su fficient to lesse n the public di str ess. In Septemb er the daily total of pe rsons rel ie ved amo unted to I 12 and that of the ol d and infirm living on cha rity to 226. The figures in the margin show the daily total of people on relief work an d numbers of Persons liv- Employed Emigrants. immigr ants and emi- in g on on works . grant s. Most of the charity. emi gr at' ts to Delhi and ------,------Hi ss ar were Bagris of Dadrf ta hs!l, and the ... / 81 7 remaind er ,,·er .e Bang - 437 rus of the briranf tracts in tahsil Jind. On the rec eipt of information 82 42 fr om the Commissioner ------of Delhi that Jind State 266 11 2 1,254 emigrants were in Bri- tish poor-houses and on relief works, arrangements for bringing them back to the State were made by the Darbar, and they were emrloyed on relief works or admitted in to the State poor-houses as the case might be. The emigrants were chiefly menials. It cost the State Rs. 1,542-7-0 in food and railway fares to bring them back. The continuous famines had reduced the samfndars and tenants, especially those of Dadri tahsH, to such poverty, that they were quite unable to obtain seed and meet the other expenses for the coming crop. His Highness sanctioned tak avf advances for food-grain, seed-grain, oxen, camels and fodd er,. The table below shows the takuvf advances thus mad e at both harve sts :- "------_. TAHSI L]IND. DADRI . I SANGRUR. TOTAL. DETAILS OF AIDS. 79 villages . 184 villages. 33 villages. 296 vil lages. ------Rs.---- Rs. R3 . Rs . Ox en .- ... 2,142 2,595 ... 4,737 Camels .-...... 3,055 .. . 3,055 Seed-g ra in ... _. ... 2, 962 ... 2,962 Food .grain ...... , 2,1 59 13,581 ... 15 ,740 Miscellaneous expenditure ••• 1 ... 1,°7° ... J,010 Pay ... I 52 ...... 52 ash for wages •• • ..."'I 34, 589 91,943 4. 02 4 1,30,556 - . - '94 Total ...r-:----: 8 2 J,15.206 4,024 1,58,17 2 3°4 JIND STATE. 1 CHAP. II, H. The statement betow shows the whole famine relief expend it ure in · curred by the State:- Economic. DETAILS 01' FAMINE RELIEF. Salaries. Total . I Wages. !Miscellaneous. ___ I ,. ------I Rs. Rs • Rs. Rs. Relief works ••. I 2.177 40,292 Sangrur poor· house """514,81 7 1,291 1,324 7.432 Dlidrf poor- house 522 192 13,672 Monthly distribution of grain "9"12,080 165 2,245 Sangrur famine dispensary .•• 118 520 638 Dadri famine dispensary 96 100 r96 Provisions and fares for emi· 1,542 1,54 2 grants. Taka-vi advances · .. 1 1,58,120 52 1,58,172 Allowances made to the fa - 2,520 2,520 mine staff . ------Total 2,20,336 1,843 4,530 2,26,7°9 CHAPTER III.-ADMINISTRAT IVE. ~~- Section A.- General Administration-Administrative Divisions. The State of Jfnd is divide"d into two nz'zamats, Sangrur and lind ...CHAP.IlJ, A. Sangrur comprises only one tahsfl, also called Sangrur, and has its head- Administra quarters at Sangrur, the capital of the State. It includes al l the scattered tive. .• territory of that pargana. GENERAL The n;samat of Jfnd is divided into two tahsils,-Jfn d, wh ich comprises ~~:~ISTRA' the pargana of Jind, and tahsil Dadrf, which includ es all the compact ADMINISTRATIVE pargana of that name. "These two tahsils, which ar e separated by foreign DIVISIONS. territory, though each forms a comp act block, have the ir respective head- Administrative quarters at Jind, the ancient capital of the State, and at Dlidri. Divisions. Under the old system of administration the offi ce s at the capital and General immediately under the Raja's control were those of the D£wan, Adalatf, Administration, Mir Munshi or Foreign Secretary, Bakhsht or Pa y Master and Munsitf. The Tahsildars carried on the general administration of the tahsils or collectorates, and also exercised some judicial functions. There were no written regulations, though, in ·cases relating to religious matters, the State Pandita or Dharm Shastri was consulted. In the reign of Raja Sarup Singh a few dastur-ul-amals "were compiled, and in 1930 Sambat Raja Raghbfr Singh had codes for every office (sarishta) and the krirkhana or private office issued. There was no State treasury, all disbursements being made by a banker, who charged half an anna per rupee as his remuneration. and the cash salaries wer~sbursed twice a year, the State officials receiving their daily allowance~ (rasa d) in kin d once a month. In 1893 Sambat Raja Sarer Singh establishe d a regular treasury and 1837 A.D. constituted the two niu},mats of Sangrur and Ji nd. Under his system appeals lay from the IVdzz"m to the Ada/at (Superior Court) in criminal, to the Muuszjf in civil, and to the Diwan in revenue cases, and Raja Raghbir Singh after his accession in Sam bat 1919 greatly extended and systema- 1863 A.D. tized the working of these principles. In Sambat 193 I he established the 18 75 A.D. fjUs Khris or royal trib unal in which all important cases were heard and determined. Thus the Nazz'ms were empowered to pass sentences of one year's imprisonment and Rs . 100 fine, and the Ada/ati sentences of twice that period and amount. In civil cases Tahsi/dars were empow 'ered to try suits in which the subject-matter did not exceed Rs . 10 in value, the Naz im's jurisdiction being limited to Rs. 100 and the Sadr Munsiff's to Rs. 500. In revenue cases the N azz 'ms disposed of cases vvithin their powers on the reports of the Tahsildars, referring those not within their cognizance to the Diwrin, who in turn referred important cases to the fjUs Klzas. Cases in which either or both the parties are not subjects of the Raja of ]ind were to be heard by the Foreign Minister. After the death of Raj1 . Raghbfr Singh a Munszjf was appointed in each tahsil, but they have been reo Inoved by the present Raja and the Nazz'ms are now invested with MunszjJs' powers. Various reforms have been made by the present Raja. Before his accession, executive and judicial functions were not separated, and he con- stituted the head office or ' Sadr-ala executive' and' Sadr·ald high court'; but these offices were soon amalgamated, and on February 20th, 1903, fused into one, designated the Sadr· ata simply. This office is composed of four 306 JIND STATE. ] State D,epartments . [ PAR T A. , CHAP. III A. officials (A /d, Ahlkays) who act collectively as well as individually . When ~dministra- actinKcollectively they are called the kamtt committee and their work is tlve. divided into three branches, as follo,,,s :- GENERAL ~ AOMINISTRA' I, Political and Foreign Depa rtment (Munskt Khana) with the departments subordinate T10N- to it. 2. Judicial (Criminal only). 3. BakhsM Khdna (Imperial Service Troops and Police). 4. Accountant·General 's Office (Head or Saar Treasury, and Deodbl Mualla only). II. I. Judicial (Civil only ). . 2. Accountant·General's Department (Public Works Department, Tosha, latUs and Mod. Khanas, Dha1'm.arth, Stationery, Factory, Workshop and Loan Banks at J'n , S.ffdon and Dadrf and Municipal Committees). 3. Medical Department. I. Financial Department (with the departments subordinate to it). 2. Judicial (lmltik).I 3. Mitnsh{ Khana (Zenana). 4· BakhsM Khdna (Local Army with Magazine). 5. Accountant·General's Department (Forage and wood godown with Forest Reserve, Banks at Sangrur, BalanwaH and Kularan, Octroi, Saltpetre Refineries, and Cattle Fairs). The com- The powers exercised by the Sadr-';'la jointly as a kam£! (full) com· mittee 's joint mittee are as follows:- powers. Y. Appointments, dismissals and 'increase or decrease of salaries of State employes up to the 4th grade in the Civil Depar~ment, 1st Class Police Sergeants, and 1amaddrs in the State troops and (in accordance with Standing Orders) in the Imperial Service Troops. I·A. Suspensions and reinstatements of officials up to the 2nd grade. 2. Transfer of State officials up to 2nd grade by one or all of the members under whom they work. 3. Confiscation of two months' pay of officials up to 2nd grade. 4. Fine up to Rs. 50 in executive matters up to 3rd grade. 5. Re·alignment or improvement of Canal Minors. 6. Projects for the improvement of irrigation, subject to the provisions of the Canal Act No. VIII of 1873 . 7. Revision of water·rates under the British rules. 8. Remodelling of existing rtijbrih tis, subject to the provisions of the agreement be- tween the British Government and the State. 9. Sanction of accounts up to the value of Rs. 10,000. 10. Sanction of estimates for new buildingS up to Rs. 5,000. II. Sanction of repairs up to Rs. 10,000. 12. Sanction of contracts up to Rs. 10,000. The com- The full committee can exercis e all the powers conferred on its mitt ee's indivi. members separately, as detailed in the following paragraph:- dual pOWlr s, II .- The powers exercised by the members of the S adr-aU individual- ly are as follows :- I. Appointments, dismissal s, increase or decrease of pay of State servants below the 4th grade or mttharri1' (clerk ) in all civil offices , courts and departments up to 2nd Class Sergea~ts in the Police. Kot·Havildar and Kot·Dafadars in the local forces and (in accordance WIth Stand ing Orders) in the Imperial Service Troops. 2. Suspensions and reinstatements of :lrd grade State employes, and suspensions of 2nd gr ade offi cials. 3 Confiscation of one month 's pay of 2nd grade and of two months' pay of :lrd grade officials. I/",l tik is an office in charge ~f the Munsijf Sadr, where house property cases are dealt with andrecords thereof are kept. '~, o7 [ PART A. 4. Prop osals for new buildin gs, costin g up to Rs. 3,000. S. Remo delli ng of buildings up to Rs, 5, 000' Adminis tra •• 6. Road met aIl i"g , costing from Rs . 2, 00 0 to Rs.lo,oQo. ti ve . GENEIlAL 7.Ded ucting an acc ount up to Rs . 1, 000 from acc ounts being not passed in checking . AOMINIS ·XR .\ ; 8. Sanc tion of acco unts up to Rs . S,ooo. TION . 9. Sanction of contracts and purchases up to Rs. 3,000. The Saar ·ala. The Committ 10. San ctio n to close , tra nsfer or open a ne w Vl1~!e tpermanentlyJ or tempora rily, and tr:tns. individual fer the ri ght of irrigation fro m one field to anot her. p;;lwers . II. Fine up to Rs . So in executive ma tters on the servants be low th e 3rd gl ,o.de. 12 . Lamb ard d,i and Chaudh ar cases. 13· ImprisJ nment up to seven (7) year s, and fine up to Rs. 20,000. /14. Rewar d up to Rs. 100. IS. Civil sui ts of all kinds from Rs . 5,000 to Rs . 15,0 00. 16. Sanct ion t a sal es from Rs . 2,0 00 to Rs. 10 .000 . 17. Decisio n of ha q{yat (p ropri etary rights) and brit ca SI lS,and sa .ncti on to gifts and pu n fr om Rs. 500 to Rs. 10,0 00 . 18. Adopti on ca se s from Rs. 500 to Rs. 10 ,000. Ig.A. Ca se s aga ins t 2nd grad e officials. Of th e po wers exercised by the Sadr -cilU in divid ually and col lectively, senten ces of th re e months' imp ri son ment and of fi ne up to Rs . 10 0, decrees up to Rs . 100 in civil suits an d up to Rs 50 in h'lq£yat (p ropri eta ry rights ) ca ses, and orders confiscating one month' s pay of State serv ants of or below the 2nd gr ade, are final , but nigr ti1 £ (review) is perm issi ble on a point of law. The MU'1.sh i KMn a or For eign Office is the first of the four sad r M,t ns h( KMna offic es subo rdinat e to the Sadr- ala. It s head, the Mi,' M tll'l sM or Fo reign Minister , si ts as a court of sess io n to try cri mina l cases from foreign terri - to ry and con duct s all the fore ign affai rs of the Sta te unde r th e co ntrol of the Sadr.ala. He is en tru sted wi th the Ra ja's sea l. The de pa rtments sub or dina te to this off ice are th ose of Irriga tion, Edu cat ion, Pos t and Telegra phs j Molamz'dd£ Ludhia na-DM rf-J akha l Rai lw ay, Reception and Mahtat. Th e Sadr D£ 11 Jun £- Mal or Fin anc ial Offi ce is the seco nd of th e sad r Sadr Di'I Vdn t. off ices , subord in ate to the Slldr-u ta . The Fina ncial Mi nis ter or D{wan Mal . exe rci ses the exec utiv e and rev enue powers , specifi ed und er Civil and Reve nu e Cou rts (vz'de Table II). Th e departm ents subordinat e to this offi ce are the Rev enu e, Exci se and Re cord Offic es. -./ The Ba khshi Kltan a is the th ird sad r off ice , subo rdina te to the Sa dr- ala. Bak hsM Jts hea d is th e Commander-in -Chi ef of the State for ce s, and also head of th e Khd na or Polic e. The Imperial Servic e Troops are governed by the rules and re gula- PaY Of fice ~ tion s laid do wn in the Standing Orders, while th e local forc es are under the Sta te Local Law of 1875. He is empower ed to pass sent enc es of impri son- ment for a term no t excee din g on e year and fine not exceedin g Rs. 200. He can promot e a se poy to Havi ldar in the Imper ial Servic e Troop s, sub - ject to confir mati on by the Sadr -u la offic er. Appeals against decisions of the general of the local force s lie to the BakhsM Kh ana and from the BakhshZ KMna to th e Sad r-ata and thence to the ljtas Khas. The re co rds of all appointments, dismissals, suspensions and reinstatem ents, ranks, incr ease or decr eas e of pay , and lea ve in the St ate are kept in this office. 308 JI ND STATE] CHAP. lll, A. The genera l comma nd ing the loca l ar my is em powered to ;"twar d im - pris on ment for a term not exceeding one yea r and a fin e no t exceeding Ad ministra- tiv e. Rs. 100 under th e State Loca l Army La w of 1875. GEN ER AL ADMl: ' Th e Adct lat-S adr (C rimi nal Cou rt ) is the fou rth sad r office subordinate NIS TR ATION. to the ••·.•adr· lUa . Th e Judic ial Minist er (Ada/ ati or Hc(,kim AdM at -Sadr ) discha rge s th e functi on of Sa dr Mu~s ;fJ , and the pow ers confer red upon him are specified be low. The crimina l an d ci vil court s are subordinate to hi s cou rt, and he also supervi~ es the Centra l (Sadr) Jail . Accountant· Th e Accoun tan t-G ene r:l .!' '' office was instituted on Decembe r 1st, 1899, Geaeral . by Raja Ranbfr Sing h. Hith ert o the State ac counts had becn sent to the Sad r offices concer nec l ; now thcy ar e checked in this offi ce, but pas se d for ch equ es by th e Sa dr- iil ri, all ch eques being signed by His Highnes s him self. The Dfodl ti 1I1u alla , Sadr Tr easury, Tosha Khrtna, 'JaNis and Modd ; Kl/ {~nas, th e Puhli c Works Departmc·nt, Octroi , Dha ram-arth, Loan Bank, Forag e and ·Wood GOd O\\ "l1 with Fo rests, Factory and Foundry \V orks hop, Salt petre Refi ne ries, Catt le Fa ir s, and Mun icip al Committ ees, are subordinat e to thi s off ic0.. The Deod/zi Mual la is und er the Sa rdcl", Deodlz i. Al l the hous e- hold aff ai rs of th e ruLg fami ly ar l" managed hy thi s officf' . Th e de part- mcnts suhor din ate to it are thos e of camp equipa ge , furnit ur e, menag er ie, stabl cs, elep ha nts , carr iages , and enter tainm ent of Stat c gu est s fro m other Stat es. The Re co rd of fice (Daftar Sa d?' ), in whi ch all the records of th e Stat e ar e deposited, is in charge of a Mzeh dfi z daf tar sad r, as sist ed by a Nctz'b (Assist ant) and Muh arrz "rs . M inisters' De . In th eir in div idua l cap ac ities ea ch Minist er has his own sphere. partm ents. The Foreign off ice inc lud es the fo llowin g departm ents -Irrig ation, Edu cation , Po st and Te legr aphs , Ra ilw ays, Zel1 dna , and Reception or Guests, besides the no rm al work of a Fo reign of fice .The Financ e Ministe r con tro ls Excis e, the Record s and the Revenue and Exp enditure of th e Stat e. The Com mander-in-Chie f control s the Ar my an d Police, and the Accountant -Genera l, wbo dates [r om 189 9 A.D., looks aft er th e Store Departm ent , th e St atc Sta bles, &c., in add it ion to hi s regular functions; while thc Minister of Justic e is resp onsib le fo r Justice -Civil and Crimillal- th roughout th e State . The Indian Penal Co de is enfo rc ed in the State, wi th the follo win g mo difica ti on s :- (r) Sectio ns 497 and 498 of the Indian Pe nal Code (sec tion 98 of the ol d State Law)! ar e cognizable withou t reg ard to sec tion 199 of the Cri mina l Proced ure Code . The punishment is limited to one yea r' s impr isonmen t or Rs. 100 fine or bo th. In case the ofI ender and th e woman belong to dif fe rent rel igions, the punis hment is awarde d ac cord in g to the lJha rm Sh£~stra (ba wz' stiza) 2 and the woman is liable to a fo urt h of the pun ishm ent aw arded to the man . 1 The law here ment ioned is the Code drawn up by Raj a Raghb(r Si ngh in 18 74 A.D . ~The main lJ harnt Shas tra is the YaO"bu lak M: 1.taks hr a, in acco rd ance wi th whic h an opinion (6 owisth a) is ex pre ss ed by a commit tee of 3 Pan dits as to th e nat ure and durat io n of puni shments . 3°9 [PAR T A. (2) As reg ar ds re ligi ous off ence s, in addi tion to those ment ioned in CHAP. III . B th e In dian Penal Code, sect ion 70 of the old State Law is sti ll enfor ced _ as a specia l and loca l law, by whi ch the ki ll ing or jIlJ'uri nE' of a cow, Ad ministra_ . ~ tive . bu llock, nilg6£ or peac ock is an 0ff en ce, pU l1l shab le und er th e Dlz arm Sh ast ra. The enquiri es in al l th ese cas es ar e made by magis tr at es. CIVIl. ANI> CRI- MI NAL J USI ICE. The In dian Cr iminal Pr oced ur e Co de is enforce d in its cntirety in the State with th c following mod ifica ti ons :- Crimin al justice. (t') \V ith referenc e to Chap ter II I of the Crimi nal Proced ure Cod e th e pow ers confe rr ed by the State on its cou rt s ar c as fol lows:- Po'we rs. t. Ta hsf ld(t rs (3 rd Cbss Magis - As allo wed by Crimina l Procedur e tr ates). Coele. 2. Niu l,m at (th e Court of th e D is- Impriso nmen t fo r a term not ex ceed- tri ct Magi str at t') . ing 3 years and fine not exceeding Rs, 2,00 0 (s ecti on 39 1of the Hz'd ay atndma , 190 3). 3. Ad&la t Sadr and AIzmslt i Imp ri sonm ent for a term not exceed - Kh all u (Sessions Co urt s), in g 5 yea rs an d fi ne not ex cee ding Rs . 5,000 (sec tion s 28 3 ;l lld 33 1 of th e' If idl~ ya t nam a, I C)03). 4. Sadr- l(,l((, Court (l atc Hi gh Imprison me nt not exce ed ing "7 yea rs Cou rt ). and fi ne up to Rs , 20)00 0 (s ec ti on 228 of th e Hidayatn ama of 19 03). 5. Iy "las.i-K !tus (C ou rt of the Raj a) Full po wers: may pass any se nt ence authoriz ed by law. (i: ) Cas es ag ain st 2nd grade Altlk d1 s (of fi cials ) ca n only be tri ed by th e .Sa dr.( U(l , cO,~ rt, a1 1£1. cas:s ag ains .t 1st grad e of ficia ls an n th ose of rel ative s of the Ra ja by HIS Hlghne ss himself . (z'z' i) The se nt enc c pa ss ed by a N/u: im imposing a fi ne lip to Rs. 25 is fina l, but a re vi cw (na zr stf ni ) ill the sam e co urt anJ the revision (nigr tint') in the Sadr -tita or /jfcls -i-K hd s are allo wed. The sent ences passed by the AdM ati and Mir Mz. ns !Ji (S ess ions Co urts) of fine up to Rs . 50 are final; but rev iew or revi sion is allow ed as abov e.Senten ce s pas sed by the Sa dr -cll r!, .of ~hrc c month s' imp rjsonm~r~t a~d fine up to Rs. 100 ar e fi na l, but rev Iew 111 th e sa me court am I reVI SIOn 111 th e Raja 's Court are aliow ed. In th e ca se of a s~nteJ: ce pa ssed by His Hig hn es s (in ori ginal as I'ie ll as in app eal cas es) a revlClV lJl th e same cour t is allow ed. (iv) Appeals aga in st th e decisions of 3rd Cla5s Magi strates li e to th e N/tzim; and in Da dr! tahsil to th e Sub-Division al Ma o·i strat e. App ea ls ag ainst the decisions of th e Sub- Divisi onal Mag istr ate of Dadr! an d th e Nuzim s of Jind and Sang rur li e to the Addlat Sadr (S es sio ns Court), and in cas e any of th e parties be inhabit ants of for ei ~dministra- J ' tlve. ::==; , t~======;======:::;::::======· CIVIL AND CRI- MINAL JUSTICE. Criminal Courts. Name of the Name of the court . officer. The sentence each can impose. In the trial of cases Third Class .Magis. due considerat ion trate ; impr ison ment is given to Sche. not exceeding one dule II of the Crimi- month and fin e up nal Procedure Code. to Rs. 50 (section 474 of the Eidayat. I nama of 1903/. 2 Niabat Nizar 4 Ada/at Ris so, Sub.Div isio n a I In the trial of cases First Cla ss Magis. Dadr', Z i II a Magistrate. du e consideration is trate j im pri so nm ent J{nd (Sub-Di . given to Schedule II not exc eed ir.g two vi sional Cou rt) . ofthe C ri m i n a I year s and fine not Procedure Code. exceeding RS. I,OOO (section 425 of the Hid tiyatn d m a of Ig03)· 2 \ Naaim of Zilla Imprisonment not ex - (District Ma- ceed ing 3 years and l gistrate). line not exceeding Rs . 2,000 (section 391 of the Ridayat- nam a of Igo:ll. 6 Adcilat Sad r J Imprisonment not (Sessions Court). exceeding 5 years and fine not exceed- ing Rs. 5,000 (sec· tion 331 of RiddJat- nama of Igo3). M(r n s Ditto 7 Munshl Kha na M n h { Ditto . (Fo reign Minis- (section 283 of Rida - ter ). yatnama of 1903 ). 8 S.d,·ald (late r Ahl ka. ,.aca Ditto Imprisonment not High Court). , exceeding 1 years , and fine not exceed- ing Rs. 20,000 (sec- tion 228 of Hidayat- nama of 1903) • .1 9 /jUs·i·KhQ. s ... :\ His Highn ess Full powers : Full powers. the R~ja. 3tt (P ART A. Both civil and revenue suits are tried by the same cou rts in the CHAP. III. B. n;zamats, but in th e Sadr courts civil suits ar e tried by the Mu,z siff Sadr Administra- (who is also the Ad ala ti), and revenu e suit s by the Diw an (Revenue tive. Minister). The stam p duty chargeab le on appeals in civil and reve nue cases CIVIL AND CRI. is the same as in Br itish territory with some variations in spe cial classes MINAL JUSTICE. of suits, such as s: .lmmary or sarsar£ cases in the Rev en ue Branch. The Civil Pr oct> (;ur e Code is not enforced in the State . The State Civil and Reve. nue Courts. Loc al Law is in force. The method of giving effect to mortgages and sale s is th at on app lication fo r sanction one month 's notice is given; if with in that period any objection is raised or claim mad e, 2ne consideration is given by the court; otherwise sanction is award ed The course of appeal is that the appeal against the decree of a Nazi m lies in a civil suit to the Sad r Munsxff, and in revenue cases to the Diw an, and against thos e of th e above two courts to the Sadr-ald, and th ence to the Ijlds-i- Khas. In civil suits no appeals are allowed against a de cree of Rs. 25 awarded by a Ndz;m or one of Rs . 50 awarded by th e Sadr Munsxff or one of Rs. JOO by the Sadr.dld, but a review in the s.:m e court and then a nigran£ (r ev ision) in the Sadr-ala or lj/u's-i-K;.a s are permitted. Th e revenue cas es of the Sardars of Badrukhan and Dia.lpl .1ra are heard and decided by the Ijlds-i-K has alone . The tables bel ow' show the powers of the civil and revenue courts :- 1 Nil lJma t an d Sub- Divisiona l Magis . Up to Rs. 500 (secti ons 398 and 4311). trates' Court. 3 SQdr.tild From Rs. 5,000 to Rs . 15,00 0 ,section 235 '). --;-1 [jid;i~(ifu~ss' Cou;-: Full powers. - -Tahstl----_._------Land Revenue Colle ctor . --Na1 l1 ba---ri suits up to decree of Rs. 10 . SMSar t (c utsory) dispil tes as to rent, batdi, part nershi p, mu, amla , etc. Mortgages up to Rs. 20 ,000 (sections 441 and 412), sales. alienat ion, bri t, gift and pun-up to Rs . 200. ..• Sales up to Rs. 2,000 (section 303 ), gift, p.u n, alien ation , br it, haq£yat (proprietary ------_._-_fights )-up to Rs. soo.._--- 41 Sadr·&ld ••• Sales from Rs. 2,000 to Rs . 10,000 (section 249), gi ft, pun, brit and ali enation-from Rs. 500 to Rs. 10 ,000. -1--- ...... ------5 iIjlus·j·Khas ••• .•• ••• Full po~ers. 312 JIND STATE. ] CHAP.m,D. Mortgage cas es of lan!is bel onging to the Dialrura Sar dars are hear d and decided by the MunsM Khana. Suits reg arding sales of land to Administra- tive. Brahmans and khatdarshans (Siidhus) are decided by the IjlUs-i.khas only. as the alienation of lands to them involves a reduction of on e-fourth of the CIVIL AND CRI- land revenue. This is an old religious custom preserved in the Sta te. MINA L JUSTI CE. Inheritance. As a ge neral rule the son or son s, natur al or adopted, are ent itl ed to the inheritanc e on the father's death , on his abandoning th e world an d be coming jaq ir , or on his changing his religion . In defau lt of a son the widows ordin arily succeed to the ir husband' s estat e; or in case there is no widow, the mothe r and father succeed. The moth er has the prior right, though , as sh e and the fa ther ordinarily li ve togeth er, no parti ti on is, as a rul e, required . If ne ithe r parent has survived the decea sed , his broth er or brothers or his bro ther's sons within seven degre es succ ee d in turn per cap£ta. A daught er rec ei ve s no shar e, but if she is unma rri ed a share is reserved to defr ay th e ex pe nse of her marr iage . Thi s share is fi xed by the court according to circum st anc es and depends on th e means of the family. As a rule sons, whether by the same or differen t wives, share equally . The above rules are in ac cor dance with section I, 2 and 5, chapter 4, of the State Qanun Diwan i and the Tamhid (int roduction) , and se ction 2 of the Nazul Hidayat. By cus tom a wido w is no t allow ed to al ienate the estate so as to depri ve th e rev ersionary hei r of it; .but sh e can do so on the occurrence of any special em er gen cy, e.g., in ord er to payoff debts, defray wedding and funeral expe ns es or preserv e the family honour. The general custom of divisio n in the State is according to the rule of pagwand, but chunddwand part ition is practised in some villages in the Sangrur and Didri tahsHs, and in some special cases, though very few families follow this rule. Among Muhammadans, even of the cultivating castes, there is a special custo m whereby daughters in some places receive shares in land. The eldest son or his eldest son is en ti tl ed to succeed to a lambardar£ or chaudhar or, if the eldest son be unfit, the younger one Qr his son is entitled. A sonless man, or a man whos e son has abandoned the world and entered a religious fraterni ty , or has become insane or been imprisone~ for life, or changed his religio n, or has become impotent, may adopt under the following conditions:- (a) The adopted [j on must be a brother's son, or in default of brother 's SOll a da ughter or a sister's son, or some oth er near agnate, or ;'1 de fau lt of them a man of the same got or cas te may be adopt ed \G ect io n3, chap ter 6, of the State Qan un D£wan i). l£ the appo inter does not wish to ado pt a near agnat e, he is allow ed to adopt a remot er on e, bu t not to make an un law ful ado p- tion, i. e., f'n e of a rem oter agn ate or boy of a dif fer ent famil y. (6) An onl y ~J' can not be adop ted (see Stat e !) 4n un Diwani, seeti oI', ~ha pter 6). (e) Th e age of th e man to be adopt ed must not ex ceed 30 (Qanun Dk J, ni, section 8, chapter 6). (d) The:. app oin ted hei r succeeds to al l the right s an d inter ests hel e '-il enj oye d by th e app ointer lik e a collatera l, but per contra hd ~cses all ri ghts in his nat ural fa mi ly, excep t in t~ e event of th e deaths of all his own re al broth ers (Qanun Di wani , sections 5 and 6, cha ilte r 6'. , 313 [PART A. (e) The adopted son can be disinherited for misconduct or dis- CHAP. Ill. B obedience at the request of the appointer (!Janun Dfwanf, Admlnistra- section 7, charter 6,. tive. (j) Sanction to the adoption by the court concerned (Nieamat A dalal, CIVIL AND CRt- Sad,., Sadr·d!a or Iflas.,-Khtis) is essential, and the necessary MINAL JUSTICE. ceremonies are performed (Qanun Dfwani, section 10, chapter Adoption. 6). On a petition fer leave to adopt being filed in court, notice is issued by the court for the information of the agnates con- cerned and to secure their attendance. Transfer of property may be either by sale, gift or pun for a necessary Alienation. purpose . The following are instances of a necessary purpose (Qanun Diwani, section 4, chapter 8) :- (0) To discharge debts. (b) To pay the revenue or other State demands. (c) To defray wedding and funeral expenses. (d) To subscribe to or defray the cost of religious objects ldharm-ar th). (e) To preserve the family honour. In the case of a sale, or tr ansfer of any kind, a misl (file) is made and not ice issued to all the cla:mants concerned for their claims (to pre-emption, par tnership , rights of occupancy, etc.) to be lodged within three weeks from the date of its issue; but a suit for pre-emption may be filed, by absent claimants only, within a year (Qti.nun Diwani, sections 24 and 26, chapler 12). If near agnates refuse to purchase as pre·emptors, the remoter ones are allowed to do so (Qanun l/fwani, section 22, chapter 12). Among Hindus a gift of the whole property, whether ancestral or acquired, is not allowed to be made in favour of only one of several rightful heirs or in favour of one not entitled so long as other rightful claimants exist, but a gift of a part of the property is allowed (Qanun Diwani, section 4, chapter 9)· Village common land cC illed shdmUt den such as gora deh, the space Village common adjoining the village site, johars, ponds or tank s, temples and lauds. mosques, burning and burying grounds, are considered the jo:nt property of all the land-owners and may be used separately or collective ly with their consent. Ahtaraf is a tax realized from ;trtisans per kudhi and from the IIhtaf'df (fund or trading classes per head on animals (goats, sheep and camels), and is used village cess). as a common fund for common purposes, such as the construction or repair of temples, mosques, j?,urdu'aras, paras (village guest-houses) and wellll, on the application of the iand-owners to expend it on such objects with the sanction of the State or on the proposal of the State. Customs and rules regarding marriage are generally the same as those Marri age, prevalent in the Punjab according to the Dlu:rm Sluist, a and Muhammadan dj ., 'o rce and Law. Amongst the Hindu and Muhammadan castes, which allow kare~a dower. (re-marriage of a widow), a widow may marry any person subject to the sanction of the State, which upholds the dai ms of the elder or younger brother of th e deceas ed husband to her ha nd. She is not allowed to marry any per son not entitled to her if the rightful claimant is. a suitable candldat~ .. Among Nluhamrnadc;ns '.l. mC' .n may divorce his wife according' to Muha mm adan Law, but among st Hindus divorce is not allowed 314 JI ND STAn ::. :i CH )& .P.l ll . B. acco rd ing '1:0 th e Dhflrm Slliistra j bu t by cust om an uncha ste 'w ife ma y be repudiated by her husband, thou gh eve n such a woman ca n ob tai n main- Admlni stra .• tenance from her hu sband on a cla im bei ng lodg ed in court. tive . Transf er of prop erty by beques t or will is subject to th e inheritan ce CIVIL AND CR I- and alienation rul es generally. One- third of the prop ert y aft er the MINAL JUSTICE. te sta tor's funeral expen ses have been defra yed and his debt s di sc har ge d Will,. may be devised by will, th e remainin g two·thi rds goin g to his heir s (Qcinun Dfwani, sect ion 3, cha pter J 0) . Sa rbar 4hk tlri On the death of a land -ow ne r, b:'swa da r or la mba rdar who le ave s a (guardi anshi p l. minor heir, a sar baralz l;;r ir (guardian ) may be ap poi nted from am ong his kinsmen or relal ions to manag e his affa irs until he com es of age. This is donf l "With the con sent of the 'widow or widows or by th e State. Su ch a sarbal 'ahkar ha s full power s to transa ct busin es s on beh alf of the minor, but he may not alienat e hi s prope rt y without special nec es sity , su ch as main- tenan ce of th e dec ea sed 's fami ly . H~ can be di smis sed for hi s disho ne sty and misbehaviour (Qa nuT2 LJ fWlt nf, sections 4 and 5, chapter 7) ' Secti on C.-Land Revenue. LA ND RE VHNUIt . table in th e marginsho\\s by tah sils the num ber of vil lag es Vil lnge com· mu nitles :lnd held on eac h of th e main forms tenu re~. of tenur e, but it is in many cas es Cu lti va ti ng impo ss ibl e to class a vill age sa tis- occu pa "':y of I --;-- T_A_H_SI_ L--. --- hn d. factoril y un de r anyon e of th e Tabl e 38 nf recognis ed forms. Part B. When a new village was ------settl ed, the founder , his relations, Zam{" da.{ Wdhid MS -I 6 ·and childr en wh o broke up the 'llI add 1l. land for culti va tion natur ally had great influ ence an d authority. PatUda '£ n. 1 I 2\ I Th e reve nue was imp ose d in a ••• I '57 I tS 177 lump sum on th e tappi1- , of whic h th ey forme d the heads, and its 16 SI~-184 di stribution rest ed with th em . Gradu ally th ey bec am e headm en, and the State look ed to them for the realization of the revenue, thei r numbers in creasing with the popul ation . At the first regul ar settlem ent they were allow ed pach rtra or 5 per ceI~t . on the revenue co lle cted, and th e coll ec tio ns began to be mad e by tahsil s thro~gh th em (inst ead of in a lump sum fr om the t~pp~). Th e off ic ~ of head- man IS deeme<; l tQ be hered ita ry, and du ri ng the ml l10nty of an heir a sa, ,- bll'alzktir is appoint ed. Wh en a village has be en divid ed int o fan as or thz llas on e or mor e headm en are ap pointed to ea ch pan a or thula, but the revenu. e of the whole villag e is collec ted by al l the hea dme n se pa rate ly fr om th ei r f lt lZaS or tll Ulas, and they re ceive the pac hot rd on th e revenu e co ll ~ct ed by them respective ly . Large village s have 7, 8 or mar c headm en apie ce; :;m al l ones le ss . Indiv iJual righ ts In mos t of th e Sta te vi llaaes the la nd-h ol ders hav e be en clas sif ied in la nd . as propri eto rs (m al1kc in or lisw adar oJrl) . In :;o me villa ges the cuI. tivato rs ,hav ~ her ed itary cult ivati ng rig hts , and are ca!l ed mu.zarr 'an-i. maur ttst . 1hey ar e not dee med to have any prop ne tary nghts , but pa y a fixed rent in ca sh or grain as 1nfi!i kO .na to the owner The own~r has th is {urth e:- adv anta ae, thdt he obta ins po sse ss ion of the land of hiS hered it ary cul ti vato r in the event uf his dea th with out male iss ue or next - of-k in wit hin thr ee gene ration s, or if he abs conds , an d has the righ t to cut trer E ell his holding fo r his dwel lin g hou se or for agri cu ltural imp le ment s) 3-15 [ PA RT A. but not for sal~. In the villag es belonging to the Sa rd, Hs , who hold the posit io n of Mswad ars, th e tenants (lIlltzarzlin- i-g:w zrm,IUYllsl) hav e no hereditary culti vating right s, and they cultivate at th e will of the owners, Administra- tive. who can eject them 'wh enever they choose, after a lI British territory as esc heat l after th e death at Re i ja Sangat Singh; for Raja Sarap Singh only succeeded to th e estate s possessed by his grandfather Rrlja Gajpat Singh, through whom he de riv ed his titl e. After the Mutiny the Dadri territory, containing 124 villages with a j revenue of Rs . 1,03,000 per annum, was conferred upon the Raja bv the British Government. ;Nineteen villages in the Dad ri tah sil ad jaceI {t to the iUqa of Badhwana were purchased by the Raja for Rs . 4,20,OO( ). yi elding a revenue of Rs . 21 ,000 per annum. . In 186 r. 12 villa ges in the Jind tahsil, surrounded by lands of His sar, ass ess ed at Rs. 8. 366, wer e exchanged, and ill exchange for the se, 12 viUages (valued at Rs. 8,345 a year) of the Kuhiran parg:ma , a part of which had already been granted to Jind after the Mutiny, wer e given by the British Government, and some villages of the pargana were purchased. and a few newly inhabited and thus now 3Q villag es ar p includ ed in the Kul iin in par. gana and constitute a than" belonging to th e Sa ngrur ta hsd -viae '/ ~~Punjab Raja!>," pages 358,3 61• I 316 JIND STATE. ] CHA P. Ill, C. The following tabl e gives the joma of the four settlements of the State ;- Admin is tra~ tive. LAND REVENUE. . Statistics of 5etUementa. Highest jama of the first set tlement 3,16 ,96 2 Highest jama of the second ll ettlemer. t 5,88 ,3~6 Highest jama of th e third settle rr.ent 6,56 ,84 t Highest ;a ma of the fourth sett lement NOTE. -It must be borne in m:nd that tah sil D~drl was not included in the first settle- ment. Number Total of Area cultivated, Uncultivated . ar ea, acres. villages in acr .. s. in acres . -- '--- l-~- First settlement 262 306 ,879 146 ,178 45),057 Second do,. '' '1 41$ 655 ,642 I 181,544 847,,86 ThiFd do .. 4;JG 70l,S63 Fourth do. 446 637/4 20 ! NOT!. -h must he bor ne in mind th at ,ahs .!l Do1dri was included in the State af ter the firs t settleme .nt . The following table sh o,vs the average re nt rates per acre of the three tahsHs :- Rs . A. P. Rs. A. P. Oil Rauslf ••• • Il l. I 6 Ii Ii Dakar 1 6 11 011 Ii Bb6d J 8 0 9 0 BaniaI' I I S 0 9 0 Cho f I II 0 Ch~hf I 14 0 Gairmum kin .. . / 317 [PART A. Th e following table shows the mu afis (revenue-free lands) and the land reve nu e rea lised throu gh the tahsll s gr anted to the holders, including the Administra- j agirs of the Sa rd ars of Badrlikhan and Dialpura :- tive. ._-- -- LAND RRVE NU l!. Br SAWDA RI. WITHOUT Bl llWADA 'RI YEAR , Land in acr e~. Rever. ue in ru pees. I Revenue 'in ru pees. --~ -- 18g 192 ...... 13343 1;'356 20 .466 1892-93 ...... '3.367 11.358 20,465 1893 94 ,~ ..' 13. 454 11.41 2 2° .459 1894 '95 .. . ., . 13 ,45 8 11 .217 2°4 25 ,8959 6 .., ... 13,4~6 /I 41$ 20 .82 6 1896-97 n' ... r 3.457 11 ,439 20 ,822 18 8 .. , ... 13453 11,4 74 20 .815 97 '9 \ 18 g8'99 .. ' ... 13457 11 ,453 20 ,&JO 189 9'Igco ...... 13.56 2 10 ,921 21,,81 IgOO.~1 13 ,559 10 ,915 21,055 1901'02 , .. j 13 .553 10 ,915 21 ,148 I 1902 013 "' j 13 ,476 10 ,800 :21,126 Before the settlements made by Raja ?arup Singh, the assessment was a fluc tuating one. In some villa ges a batcH systtm for one crop and kanku l for the other was in vogue, and in others cash rates were fixed on cr ops at the begin ning of the kharlf in consultation w,ith the samindtirs. Th e first summary settlement of tahsil Sangror was ef fected by the lat e Se tt lement of Sardar Daya Singh , Nazim of the State, between 1268 and 1272 Fasli- tah sfl SangrUr. 186 1-1865 A D. The tahsil contained 83 villages, and the area dealt with was J56,095 acre s with a revenue (lama) of Rs. 1,63,897 . It was followed by a second regula r settlement made by the late Sardar Kahan Singh between 12]4 and 128 3 Fasti (1866-1875 A.D.) Th e area ret urned at this settle- ment wa s 16 1,337 acr es with a re venue (iam a) of Rs. 1,82,539 and villages 92. The st atement helo w shows the deta il s of area and revenue ass essed, togeth er with the increase or dec rease on ·the firs t settlement . In th e je two 318 JIND STATE. ] CHAP, 111, C. settl eme nts in the ita qa s of Sangru r and Kul iira n mu t1,.-,,/ a (cas h rent) was realiz ed for th e kh ar if and balM of on e- third for barani soi ls and one- fourth Administ ra- tive. fo r chaM on es was taken fo r the rabi, an d in that of Balanw ali k'lnku t for kh adf and bat ai for rabi was pr ac tis ed :- g.; t- - f t-- Set tl emen ts of - tahs il Sang rur. ..; I ..: ~ ~ 10 ;; t- - 00 0\ ,., ;. v: . 00 ~, \0 ~'" <') ,£ \0 _ 0",'0 I - + --- <' ) ";; tt 01 t"') '" I "'! "'u 10- ~ Ok -0 V) E-'" I :: ' + N .r , <" ') \0 C') t' -.. I .. , 00 0 'lll l0 " "< t ., I 1.1 " 00 r-.. ~ 0 01 U> 0\ ., 0\ "o-' · .. 'P! !l( fI I e'" I u '" '" I < I I -z ..., I ·0 •... ., 0 10 ... , '! "P ~P lJJ1 snvN I"~ '" I $ 00-- 0 -+ w r- I < - ~ 01 .., 10 ' 'V) 00 00" ~ .; - '" l> -0\ ~. '" 0 00 0... '" '" '" ",' . '" .. •. <"l \0 'SalOl< U! llalll pqo .L "~ ~ \0 I I '8 .0 . --- 0\ <" l <"l W V) 0 '"V) ..• . '\lll° .L 0\ o· 00 I ("') (') t .- <0' 0 <'l 00 \0 '" ", ·uH um, u.l! vD 00 I '.0 ~ '" +- ..• . <' ) ..•0". 0 0 '.l-v Cuv g I <") ",'" 0"\ , I '" N I 00 ce 0 N \0 ..•. V) (t ) '\l V) 0\ '2 N 'PIH/f/ ~ to N I \0 " + 0 <') 00 " 0 ',' ltp .lpq '!lS 1tV81 0 ro" -i V) r'"o 0\ ro I , ..• . -to S ..• . <'l 'JuJu .: 'I ,u),/?1a ("') ."q- ",' ~ + ro ro \0 \0 ro ro 'J .l'fvN I . <') ~ I + 0\ .•. V) U') 'lo,/) V) I " '0 ci' ci' +.' U') N 0\ 'Jl/?1'fJ JlsnV81 \0" '"(") <") 0; 0> "I •... .., . •... \0 ro '}1/9 1f:J }P .W I \0 N 10 -.t Vi + "- - JIND STATE. ] CHAP. Ill. C. The first summary settlement of tahsil Jind was commenced by the Administra- late Ulla Kanwar Sain in 1260 Fasti, but it had to be postponed for about tive. 4 years, owing to a r:ot at Lajwana Kalan in Jind tahsil, and was then LAND REVENUE. effected by the late Sar9ar Daya Singh, Ndz£m, between 1264 and J 273 Faslz . In its two Jind and SaHdon, 144 villages and 15,355 Settlements of taluqar, tahsil J Ind. occupied housf's were returned. The are) dealt with was 296,956 acr~st and the revenue Rs. 1,53,065. It was followed by a second (reg -anrr) settlement made by the late Sardar Samand Singh between 1864 and 18 73 A.D. The area returned in t:his ~ettlement was 312,045 acres with a re- venue of Rs. 1,72,56] and 148 villages with 14, J 8] occupied houses enumerated. The following table shows the details of area and revenue assessed :- I Number Number Cultivated Unculti - of of area. vated area. Total area ·· I villages. houses. --- ._------Acres. Acres. ---Acres. Rs. A. P. First settlement 144 15,355 194,546 10 2,410 29 6.956 1,53,064 9 6 Second settlement 14 8 14 ,187 218,541 93,5 04 312,045 1,72,567 6 7 Increase + or de· +4 - 1,168 + 23 ,995 - 8!)06 + 15 ,089 + 19 ,503 13 I crease - ~ The third settlement of tahs!! Jind was effected by Lala Brij Narayan and was followed by a fourth made by that officer between May 1889 and July 1897 .. In this settlement the area measured was 2,328 acres or 46[ square miles more than in the former, and the land revenue assessed Rs . 18,460 more, the increase being due to the increase in the area under cultivation. The det ai ls of area and revenue assessed, with the increase or decrease on the preceding settle n1t'nt, are shown in the table beloW' ;- .• " CU LT IVATKD AREA IN "CRISt UNCULTIVATED ARIA. ~•• ,; DIT",tLII. " I -0 I ~ Jaml. :; .: ~ .:. ., ; :. -'" .l; ~ "s e ... ':0 "?" .l: '5 ::> " ~ ;; 0 .Cl" " "" fo< Q) "fo< f-o z ~ \ ~ '" '"" " Ro. Third sett I e' 16 7 56,001 64.732 115.407 ',9871 248.'77 38.r03 19.869 57,97' ;)06,'49 ',10,069 menlo Fomth settle- 165 7',762 66.592 128,973 1'58>12S8'9~ 24.°56 20.14- 014,19 7 813. 106 ',2 J II) ment. hlcrease + or -, +'5'76'\ +,.8'0 +3,566 - 40S( 10.73' -14,047 +>72 -13 ,775 +6.957 18.460 decrease - Settlements of The first settlement of tahsil Dadri was a regu lar one and was tahsll D5.drl . effected by the late Sardar Samand Singh between 1269 and 12]8 Faslt (1862 and 18]1 A.D.). The villages were found to number 158, and the wbole area was 373,805 acres, of which 303,600 were cultivated and 43,204 uncultivated . Th e land revenue assessed was Rs 2. .r.331 -2]9-8-" The second set tlem ent of tahsil Dlidri wa s made by th e late Lala Hardwarf Lal between 18] 4 and 1883 A!D. It was followed by a thir d settlement made 321 [ PART A. by Mfr Najaf All between March 1887 and 1901, The villages rose CHAP. III. from J 74 to t 84. The area measured 1ll this settlement was 3,524 acres Administr more than in the former, but the revenue assessed was Rs. 30,624 tlve. less. This reduction was made by the Raja for the welfare of the people. The details of area and revenue' assessed, together with the increase or LAND REYENU decrease in the preceding settlement, are shown in the following table ;- SettlemeTJ.ts of tahsil Dadrf . I I 1 I t TqoL I ,u~'1'lanUH'V91 I ',1v{urJ8.1 , I Te~oL I ·Pttl/E/ I I 'J'D'Ipa I I I "IfP'lJ' 1 J I I: 322 JIND STATE. ] CHAP. 111. D. Section D.-Miscellaneous Revenue. Administra- tive. A Superintendent, with two Akbarf Daroghas and a staff of girddwars MISCELLANEOUS and chaprasls form the excise establishment of the State: the Police also REVENUE. assist. Excise : ~ 'Country spirit is made thus :-Coarse sugar (trur) or sugar syrup (let Country spirit. or shirah) or both mixed together is fermented with the bark of the kikar (acacia) tree in water for eight or nine days and poured into copper kettles. It is then distilled , This is done under the supervision of the Excise Depart- ment. The contract for wholesale vend is put up to auction by the Superin- tendent of the Excise Department, the sale being subject to the sanction of the Sadr·dld Court, or if the amount of the contract exceeds Rs. 10,000, to the sanction of the Raja. The rate of the license tax for whol esale vend is Rs. 24 a year. There are State stills at Sangrur and Didri and one is proposed at Barauli near Jind. As the last named place lies in the Kurukshdra one c~nnot at present be established. 1£anyprivate person wishes to distill he can be given a special license and distill on payment of duty and the contractor's charges, but at present there is no private distillation. All other private distillation is prohibited. Still-head is levied at the rate of Rs. 2-8-0 per gallon 100 0 proof and Rs. 2 per gallon 75° proof when the spirit is removed from the godown for sale to vend ors, wholesale or retail . Retail contr ac ts are given by the wholesale or general contractors, or, if there is no gen er al contractor, direct by the State. European liquor. The arrangement for the sale of European liquor made by the State for 1903 was that the contractor for country spirit should be allowed to sell European liquor on payment of a license tax of Rs. 100. Opium and \h Country opium and drugs are imported by contractors from the drugs. Axrtb 'alaand Hoshiarpur Districts, while with the permission of the British Government nineteen cases of Malwa opium, weighing about 35 mans 10 sers, are imported annually from Ajmer through the Ambala District. This opium is allowed into the State free of duty, Rs. 4 per ser being charged as duty from the contractors ')tt Ajmer and the amount thus charg- ed being credited to the State. !tIS imported in accordance with the British rules. Duplicate passes are issued by the Superintenden : of the State Excise Department, one being given to the contractor and the other sent to the Superintendent of Excise in the District or Stat e concerned. On arrival the packages are examined by the State Superintendent of Excise or by the TahsHdar. The system of leasing the contracts for whole- sale and retail vend is the same as for country spirit . Import of The Btitish Government has prohibited the import of opium from the opium. Dadri tahsil of this State into any British District,' and passes for its transport from that tahsil 'to any other part of the State cannot be granted .2' In order to obtain a special pass for the transport of opium through British territory into the State, a certificate is required that the applicant is autho- rized (a) to sell opium within the State and (b) to apply for a pass. This certificate must be signed by the Superintendent of Excise in the Sangrur nizamat, and in Jind or Dadrf by the Tahsildclr . The Deputy Commis- sioner of Amhala is authorized to grant permits for the import of !\Hlwa opium on behalf of the State. The contracts for country spi:its and for opium and drugs are never sold to the same person. List of shops for vend of liquor, opium and hemp drugs will be found in Appendix B to this volume. ! Plllljllb Exeise Pamphlet, Part II, section 36. 1 ~ "" " II ,,3 , 323 [ PART A. The on ly dis ti nctio n between judic ial and no n·jud ici al stamps is that CHAP. III. F. the stamps used in cr iminal cases bear the coat-of-arms in red, while those . used in civJ1 sui ts and non-j udicial cases bear it stamped in blue. The tdmmistra ..• values of the stamps are as follows :_ Ive. MBClltLANIlOUi Rupe es 100,5°,4 0 30,25,20 , 19, 18 , 17, 1 6,15, 14, 13, 12, 111 RIlVIlKUK. 10 ,9 ,8,7 ,6,5,4.3,2, J i annas 12, 8,4, 2, 1. Stamps. Th ey are ma nuf actured in th e sadr jail at Sangrur, and the system of issue is as foll ows :- The sheets of paper are fi rst scaled on the back with the mark of a lion in the sadr tr easury and then counted and handed over to the Moht amt"m in charge of the st amping work . Hwing been prepared by being soaked in water, the coat-of-arms is lithographed on the face in the sadr jail in tre M0 ~·tamim' s presence. The stone seal and type when not in use are kept in the State treasury. The number of vend ors and the places at which they sell stamps are as follows :- Number of Place. ve ndors. SaHdon, BaIanwalf and K~liran I each. Sangrur, Jind and Dudri 2 )) The British Stamp and Court Fees Acts are not recognised, the State Act of 1875 being still in force in a modified form . For postage stamps see Post Offices (page 296). Section E.- Local and Municipal Government. A system of lo cal self-~overnment is being introduced into the State in some of the larger towns. Section F.-Public Works. PUBLIC WORKS. The Public Works Department (Ghar KapUni) is in charge of an Gha .rKaptti"i. officer called Ghar KapUn. Its head-quarters are at Sangrur , and there is a mun- sar im or manager at Jfnd ] ~ and a jamadar at DAdl 'i. ~ •.... The st atement in the margin - ~ shows the establishment. He.d Clerk (s",i sHa dd,) Clerks ~ The department constructs Jrl••"s a,ims (Manage rs) 2 and repairs State buildings, Sub-Overseer I roads, dams, etc., and the Mishi .• I chief works carried out by it ':f "mada', IJ arogJuis Clr chap,dsis 2/ since 190 0-01 are the 14 Ranbir College in the Ram BAgh, Ranbir Skating Rink in the Mahtab BAgh, Ranbir- ga nj, Market, Record Off ice , Femal e Hospital, and th ree 11 .;g Il4 ro ads . A dik bungalow (d ~ c = ~.- near the railway station and .9' 0 '0 - Imperial Service Infantr.v tl ''' l ;: T ~ ."•b [email protected] ; barracks ar e also und er con· ~ g-=~ struc tion . Rs 38,572 and Rs. 0" ""·- (f) 88 U 52 ,4 Wf >re spent on constru e------R-s tion and repairs of State Rs. d 32 ,25° 6322 bui l ings and roads lor Igoo-OI and 1901-03 respec- 8,664 tively as noted in the margin . 3Z4 JIND STATE. ] CHAP. Ill. G. Administra- tive. During the teign of Raja Sarop Singh the State forces were organized ARMY. ======.=- -::=' ======into regular bents (regiments), and in 1864 his success or Army. Raja Raghbir Singh made strenuous efforts to re-org a- ."... nize and discipline them en Ol the British system. ' The rn. strength of each n- giment Ol~ ._c during their reigns is shown ..,iJi ~ in the margin. The Sherdil Horse Artillery was raised in 1838 A.D. with 2 guns, the number being raised to 4 2. Suraj Mukhl Infantry (now during the Mutiny of 1857 . Imperial Service Infantry). His Highness Raja Raghbir Singh added two more guns with waggons , raising its strength to J 18 officers and men, 29 followers and 96 horses. It is stationed at 1 : _ Sangrur, but one or two sec- tions accompany the Raja on •••./ 1,544 tour. In 1890 A.D. four guns were granted to the State by the British Government for it. Stlraj Mukhi /The Suraj Mukhi Infantry was raised in February 1837. It consisted Infantry NO. 2. of 600 officers and men with 40 followers. It was reorganized as Imperial Service Infantry early in 1889, the Raja's offer, made in 1887 , having been accepted by the Viceroy at the Patiala Darbar in 18 88. Prior to 1889 the Suraj MukbiInfantry was empl oy ed on guard duties , two compani es being sent to Hnd and Dadri ever y 6 months in turn, but after its organization as Imperial Service Troops thi s was discontinued. It is now stationed at Sangr6r and it provides gu ards there, e.g., at His Highness' residence and at the treasury. In December 18 91 the Jind transport was raised with 250 animals fo[' the Infantry and 25 for th e Jip~ancers. . The AkBl Cavalry. The Akal Cavalry regiment'was raised in 1845 A.D. by Raja Sarop Singh with 200 sawars, 162 being added by Raja Raghbir Singh in Poh. In 1889, ISO sa wars were selected from the regiment to form the ]ind Imp eri al Service Lancers, but a proposal to disband the lancers has lately be en carried into effect, and on its abolition its sawars were attached to the local Jind Cavalry . It is stationed at Sangrur and is employed as a body-guard to His Highness and on other Cavalry duties. Kat:l.r Mukhl. Local Infantry The Katar Mukhl regim ent was raised by Raja Sar up Singh af~er NO.4· ) 857 with 600 men, and is stationed at Sangrur. Since 18S9 two com paUles have been st ationed at Ji nd and Dadri on detachment . Th ey are sent annually in rotation. Th e remaining 4 companies are employed as guards for the tre asury, jai l, mag azin e, fort s, etc. , at Sangrur. Mo untain Batte ry No.5 . The Mo unt ain Batter y was rais ed by Raja Ra ghbir Singh in March 1874 - with 4 guns , 2 more being add ed in March 18 79. Thus a co~plet ed battery was formed with! 17 offi~ ~rs an d men) and 70 mules an d pomes. 325 [PART A· . On the 6th of August 1879, 6 country made guns of this battery were CHAP. III, G. exchanged for 6 British made guns from the Ferozepore Arsenal . It is .. stationed at Sangrur, but one section accompanies the Raja on tour. The ~~mmlstra •• battery has had no opportunity of seeing service, but in January e. 1806 it joined the lamp of Exercise from Kauli to Delhi. ARMY. The State force as now constituted comprises the Imperiai Service Presellt strength Troops and Transport, and the Local Force. Both are under the Bakshi. of State fOlces. The tigures below show their present strength- The State forces were employed on the following occasions :- 1. In the battle of KatwcH in Asauj Sambat 18g8 (the Sherdil Artillery and the Sliriij Mukhi Infantry). 2. At Kandela Khas in Jind pargana against the rebels in Magh Sambat Ig01 (the Sherdil Artillery and Suraj Mukhi Infantry). 3. At the siege of Ghunghrlina Fort under Captain Hay in 1846 A,D., vide RajRs of th e Punjab, page 352 (the Sherdil Artillery and the Suraj Mukhi Infantry No.2). 4. In the expedition to Kashmir in December 1846, when Imam-ud- Din, the governor, was in revolt (a detachment of the S6raj Mukhi Infantry No. ';!). ' 326 JIND STArE. ] CHAP. III, H. 5. At Lajwana Kalan in ]fnd pargal1a against tne rebel s in June 1854 Admlnistra- A.D. (the Sherdil Artillery, the Suraj M ukhf Infantry 1\;0 .2 and Akal tive. Cavalry). ARMY. 6. At the assault of Delhi in 1857 (the Sherdil Artillery, S6raj Mukhl Infantry No.2, and the Akal Cavalry). 7. At Ainchra in Jfnd pargana, July 1857 (the Katar Mukhf Local Infantry NO.4). 8. At Charkhf in Dadrf pargana against tne rebels in April 1864A.D. (the Sherdil Artillery, the Suraj Mukhi Infantry No.2, the Akal Cavalry and Katar Mukhf Local Infantry NO.4). 9. On the Kuka outbreak at Maler KotIa in 1872 (the Sherdil Artillery and the Katar Mukhi Local Infantry NO.4). 10. In the second Afghan War in 1878-79 (the SherdiI Artillery, the Suraj Mukhf Infantry No.2, and the Akal Cavalry). Tirah I! . In the Tirah campaign of 1897-98 Ofnd Imperial Service Infantry) . Expedition. In August 1897, the Darbar placed its Imperial Service Troops at the dispo~al of the Government of India for employment on the north-west frontier, and the services of the Jind Imperial Service Infantry were accepted. The regiment reached Shinauri on September 22nd, and remained there until October 20th, being employed as pioneers attached to the 4th Brigade under Brigadier-General Westmacott at Darga! . On several occasions it did excellent service, and on two occasions its commandant and men gained special commendation by their steady conduct, once in cov ering a foraging party, when the commandant, Gurnam Singh, handl ed his men skilfully, and again when a telegraph escort under Lieutenant Garwood was attacked near Karrapa on November 11th, the men behaved excell ently, bring- ing equipment and wounded into the camp in Dwato! . On November 19th the camp moved from Maidan to Bagh, add shortly after its arrival the Jfnd Infantry saved NO.9 Mountain Battery from some danger by the prompt- ness with which it drove off a party of the enemy. On December 7th, the force retired from Bagh, and in the retirement the regiment on several occasions earned the warm praises of the general commanding. The Jind Infantry can boast of being the first Imperial Service Troops in Ir,dia to come under fire. Throughout the operations it behaved admirably: cold and hardship were borne, and arduous work endured with a spirit that would have done credit to troops far more inured to service. l Police circles or The tahsfl of Sangrur is divided into three thanas: (I) Sangrur , com- Iidnas. prising the central £laqa of that tract ; (2) Bcilanwalf, comprising the three scattered z'lriqas of Ba1 JThis accollnt is particularly taken from Brigadir.General Stuart Beatson's History of the Imperial Service Troops in Native States, pages 567, alld from letter No. 439 A. F. dated 3rd February 1898, from Major R. V. Scalloo, I.S.C .• Inspecting Officer, Punja b Imporial Service Infantry, to the Preaidellt of the Council of Regency, ]ind :)tate. 327 [PART A. vi lla ge, Ba zidpu r. Th e tahsil of Ji nd is divided into two thanas, Jlnd and Safi don, with head-qu ar ters at th ose towns . There is also an outpost at Administra ..• ~far garh in the ex tr eme south of the tah sil and thana of Jlnd on the tive. South ern Punja b Railwa y, 3 mil es from the railway station at Jaulana. Tah si l Dad rJ: co mpri ses two Dadrf and Badhra, with head-quarters POLICE AND thanas , JAILS. at Dadri, the town and tah sH head-qu arters, and at Badhra, a large village in the extr eme sou th -west of th e tahsil . 'There is also an outpost Police circles or 'ha nas, at Bau nd vi llage in th e extr eme north of the tahsil. Un de r the old system of administration the th an adars , who exercised Powers and sala- ries of Police great po we rs , used thems elve s to di spo se of the small cases orally, only officials. !>eri ous ca ses being referred to th e ruler of the Sta te . 1 he thanadar was assis te d by a jamada r, 8 barqandaz es, a khoj£ (t rac ker) and 2 muhar,.irs. He was paid as follows :- (1) Rs 7 monthly in cash . ( 2) Two rasads (ra tions in kind) da ily. (3) Gram for on e horse . (4) Re. I per vill age as an annu al naaar from the zamlnd ars . (5) Fodder from th e sam fndars at harvest tim e. (6) 10 per cent . of all fi ne s collected by him . In the reig n of Raja Sar6p Sin gh kof wr ilis were establish ed at the three tahsil head-qu art ers, each kot wal receiving Rs 40 a month . At the big vill ages of Kularan , Bal an waH, Badhra and Safldon there were tha nas, each th lfnaddr being paid Rs. 30 , and at B Criminal tribes The State cont ains no criminal tribes with the exc eption of some 200 and crimes. Sansls. but Kanj ars, Dhaias and othns frequently inv ade it from Patiala, Rohtak and elsewhere . Cattle theft is rife among th e Ranghars in and around Saffdon . Bad charact ers are reg ularly plac ed on securit y. EDUCATION AND LITKRACY. Sec tion I.-Edu cation and Liter acy. Litera cy. Th e fir st table in the margin gives the number of liter ate persons as . returned at the cen- ===== -- ======1 ===-,;==;::== == -' -- e'sus_- es of 1881, 189 I and IgOl and the Census. Person s. Males. Fema les. ratio of liter ates per 1,000 of th e total -- population. Th e 5,93- 5,8 83- second table in th e ------5 "1 1 188 1 •• , ••• (I 23 .66 42' 9~ margin giv es the pro- portion of lit erat es per 1,00 0 by reli- 5" 7,7 07 7,616 1 I 9 gions. N~arly 20 per •• ( 27'08 48.83 '7° cent . of the Jains are literate. This is due 216 1·68 no doubt to th e fact that the majority of th e Jains are Banirf ,s, who are fully alive t.) the advanta ges of ed ucation in Hindi and MaMjanL Sikh s are more educated than Hindus owing .Tains 194'73 to the fact tha t th e Sikhs 4°·07 Hindu religion in- Hind s 26. 87 Musalma ns 15 '76 cludes th e majority of the agri cultural and meniai trib es, who, like the :Muhammadan agriculturist s, rarely get any educ ation at all. The third ta bl e in the margin giv es the actual nu mbe rs of li- terates in each langu- Eng lish 33 2 45 377 Urdu and Persian 1,492 18 1,5 10 age among the whol e Sansk rit and Bh lisha _ 1,610 49 1,659 popul at io n as returned Gurmukhl 1,138 721 1,210 in the census of IgOl . Lande and MaMjanl ••• 3,000 18 3.° 18 Arabic ••• 35 6 I 41 Most of those returned as lit erate in En gli sh, Other Indian tong ues ••• _~ _~ I_~ Urdu ) Persi an, Sans -- krit and Gurmukhf 6 have bee n educa ted in ___ __ T_ o_ta _l__ --- ••: '31 ,, 6 7,' " t: 1 the Sta~c S~I ,lOOls. 329 [ PART A. Until 1889 A.D. only indigenous education existed in JInd. There CHAP. III, f. were four schools maintained by the ~tate, at Sangrur, Jind, Didri and Adminlstra •• SaHdon, where Persian, Sanskrit and Gurmukhl were taught . In 1889 the tive. State adopted the Punjab Educational system and remodelled these schools. E;>UCATION AND SaHdon became an upper primary and the other three vernacular middle LITERACY. schools. A supervising and inspecting officer was appointed , called the M unsa,.t'm of Schools. In 189[ Safldon became a vernacuI ar mi d die Schools. school and the others anglo-vernacular. At the same time primary schools were opened at Sangr6r, Bal At Sangrur the high and middle departments have a head-master, Staff. three under-masters. a Sanskrit teacher and a Persian teacher, while the primary school has a head-master, with three assistant masters. The three anglo-vernacular schools at ]lnd, Safidon and Dadri: have each a head-mas~er assisted by three teachers, in Mathematics, Sanskrit and Persian; and the primary schools have each a head-master with two assistants. The five remaining primary schools have ,each orie master. Gymnastic instruction is given at Sangrur, Jind, Dadri and Safidon. The results of the State's educationai administration have been Eaucotidna .\ encouraging. The number of students, of all , ages, had risen from progress. 722 in 18 92-93 to 885 in 1899-1900, but it fell again to 791 in 1900-01 . This decrease was in the primary schools, and is due to the fact that education i~ little appreciated by the mass of the rural population, Hindi accounts bemg all that they want to see taught . The primary school at Sanwar was closed in 1900. Since 1892, 117 boys have passed -- -- the middle school or entrance Year. Candidates. Passed . examinations of the Punjab Uni1 versity, 2 I boy~ passing in 1900 as -' ------against 3 in 1893. In 18g1-92 out of 657 candidates only 366 passed the upper and lower ' primary exa- minations, whereas in the past three years the number of passes has been far higher, though fewer boys have actually competed. , .In~igenous education is increasing rapidly. There were in Igor, tndigenous edu- 19 mdigenous schools with 175 boys and 38 girls, as against 7 cation. schools with 82 boys only in J 891. Seven of these schools in 19 0r ~er~ patshriu's and dharmsrilas, where special religious instruction is gl',:en. The pupils , are mainly Brahman boys who are learning the ntuayof their office-the padhaf and misraf functions, and . the methods and practices of Hindu ceremonies. To this end they read first the Hora Chakra, an astrological primer, then the Shegbra Bodh, a hand· book which lays down the principles on which the dates and times for weddings, mukta'11JrJ ceremonies, etc., are to be fixed. The third book, the Garud Katha, describes the progress of the dead throu~h hell (nard) to heaven (swal"ga). Passages from this katha CHAP. Ill. I. are recited at the kir£a-karam ceremony. Thus the young Brahman Administra- is equipped to assist at the three important events in the lives of his live . clients. There are also SadhUs and Pandits, especially in the Kurukshetra, who instruct students (vidyarothis) in Hindu theology, teaching them f~~~~~~~N AIIlD such books as the Glta, Bhagwat, MahilbMrata, Ramayana, etc. Both pupils and teachers live on the charity of their neighbours. Indigen ous edu· Vidyarathis have here to undergo a laborious training. They learn cat ion. the shalokas and mantras by heart, first as pat (reading without meaning) and then arth lliteral meaning). They also learn to recite shalokas and mantras in a rhythmical tone or sing-song. In this way the faculty of ·recitation and the memory are developed, but the understanding is not. There are in the State four CluitshrUas) in which {Jadhas (teachers) ·teach Mahajan boys to read and write lande (Mabijanl) and do accounts. Learning to write is regarded as much easier than learning to read The boys are taught the pa£nti or alphab et first on the ground and then on a takhti or small board, which in the ]angal is ,plastered with black from a tawa, or cooking plate, while pandu (white clay) water is used in place of ink. In the ]ind and Didrf tahslls the board is plastered with Multanl clay, and country ink is used. After the painti the boys are taught to write, and soon are consider- ed to be ready to be taught accounts. He first learns the figures (F;inti). Then the tables up to 40 (paharas), and fractional numbers are learned by heart and recited every evening. This is called muharnl All the boys stand in a row i two, who know these tables, stand in front and recite them line by 1ine, ek duni do (twice one are two) ; do duni chdr (twice two are four), and so on, the class repeating every line after them ; Next the four simple rules are learned-addition (JOT); substraction (ghatana), multiplication (guna), and division (bhae). Last comes the all important b£yaj, computalion of inter est, which completes the educa- tional course . -Gurmt ikhi Pat· In tahsil Sangrur, Bhais or Sikh religious teachers are appointed &h ,i.tfs. by the State. They teach Gurm lJkhi and the Sikh religious books such as the Balupdesh, Rohras, ]apjf, Panj Granthf, Das Granthi and Guru Granth SAhib, a:'d also read the Guru Granth Sahib in the mornings, at the ffurdway .is, the gat es of the palaces and in the tOWI1. Some wealthy Sikh Sardilrs also appoint Bhafs to read and reach the Sikh Scrip' tures to their boys and girls. Muhammadan Muhammadan education consists in learning the Quran by heart educ ..•tion. (QauTan-khwani) . There are seven maktab~ in the State, and the course of teaching begins with the Bagdadi Qaida (Arabic Primer) which gives the boys an elementary knowledge of the Persian script . Then they begin on the last sipara, the 30th part of the Quran, which is an easy one, and when that is mastered begin at the beginning of the Qunin, and learn it all off by rote. No explanations are given; consequently only the memory is trained. Great stress is laid upon correct pronunciation, and the boys practise each of the Arabic letters separately. This is called trllim-ul-makMraj. The mutlas or maulvis may be seen sitting on matob in the mosques or elsewhere, while the boys sit round them on the ground swaying backwards and forwards, with the Quran on a wGod en frame (raltal) in front of them, Both 33 1 [PART A. agr iculturists and artisans however , nrefer to limit the education of CHAP. 111.1. their sons to th e bu si ness ~f life. If th'ere is a public school near, the Adm~ 'tra •• boy may be sen t to it for a short tim e, but he begin s to learn ~is trade tlve. or help his fa th er in the fields at such an early ag e that ther e IS scanty EDUCATION AND Feisure for bo ok -learning. Lf 'TI£RACV. Female educa· Femal e edu -cation is conf ined to religious instruction. There is a tion. pr iv at e gir ls' scho ol at Kaliana , to which Muhammadan gir ls go to learn the Arabic religious books ·. In the other towns Hindu girls learn same Nagri and Sikh girls Gurmukh i to enabl e them to read the religious book s, while Muhammadan girls learn the passages : of the Quran at their homes, but only in sm all numbers . In tahs ll Sangror girls often learn to make p/ zulkrf ri( and do other kind s of ne edle-work at their homes , taught by the ()ld women , to whom they giv e some sweetmeats and money at festivals. Formerly medical aid wa s only afford ed to the pe opl e by the kakims and ba£ds attached to the tahsils and big vi;rag ~s, whi le at Sangr6r , th e capital, count ry medicines ' us ed to be disp ensed gratis from th e Dawa i- Khana, the medic inal store d.tta ched to the Deod/zi . Subs equently a Hospital Assistant was ' enterta ined th ere and English medicin es were disp ensed gratis. The Medical Department was consid erably improved by Raja Raghblr Singh, who establish ed di spensaries at Jind and Dadrf. In 1887 an officer of the Indian Medic al Service was . appointed Medical Adviser to the Ri ja duri ng his minority, and the Medical Department of the State was al so. plac ed in , his , charg e. Fro m 189 7 to 1901 there was no , properly qualified Medical Officer in the Sta te, but in May I90t a Punjab! gentleman , who had been train ed and qualified in England, was appo inted Medical Offi cer and ex.-otfic£o . Medic al Adv :iser to His Highness the Raja. There are . at present two hospital! ' and ' four dispensaries in Sangrur, Hospita ls. \one- :.. <:l!Jindand one at Dadri .. The Victoria Golden Jubilee Hospital ,I t Sangr6r 'is·-the chi ef charitabl e hospital in the State. Built at the west end of the town, outsid e the Dhurl Gate, it con tains accommodation for 24 in-door patient s) but bei ng outside the town, it is resort ed to only in comparatively serious or complicated cases. It is attend ed ye arly by eight to ten thousand patients ; of whom two hundred are in-door patients . Th e total number of patients has of late considerably in creased. Medicines are dispensed gratis to all, and in-door patients, who are without means of th eir own, are fed at the cost of the State. The staff consi sts of an Assistant Surgeon, a Ho spital Assistant, compounder , dresser and five menials. Th e Medical Officer visits the hospital almost daily to see important -cases and perform operations. There is a branch charitable dispensary ill the heart of the town in charge of a Hospital Assistant, a compounder, dresser and two menials . The Military Hospibl has . accommodation for : 40 in-door patients, and is in charge of two Hospital Assistants with two compounders and seven menials. The Jail Dispensary has a Hospital A!>sistant and .a compounder. ,I e Ra 'a's rivate dis ensar is in~ .n.d~ Ix . f.9r,:.!fIS ~s and his staff. t is m charge of a ospital As sistant unner the ~uperVISJOn of the Medical Advis er. The Fort Disp ens ary is intended for the ladies of the palace and the ir staff , and is in charge of a lady I 33 2 ]IND STATE. ] I' Assistant Surgeon with one compounder and a menial . ''The Jlnd Dispensary is under a Hospital Assistant with one compounder a,nd two menials. Administra- The dispensary at Dadri has a similar staff. tive. MEDIC~L. The foundation stone of a ZenAna Hospital at Sangrur has been laid) and Rs. 20,000 have been sanctioned by the State for the building. It will Hospitals. be placed in charge of the lady Assistant Surgeon. { Sandon has at present only a hakim, but will ere long be provi~ed wi~h an J::nglish dispensary. The town of Oadri lies in 28° 35' N. and 76° 20' E., 87 miles south- west of Delhi; and 60 miles south of Jind town. It is a station on the Places of Rewari·FeroZfpore Railway, and had in 1901 a population of 7,009 souls interest. (3,360 males and 3,649 females) as against 7,604 in 1891, a decrease of 8 per cent. The town is surrounded by a stone wall with four gates and two DADRI. small entrances (ghdtis). The surrounding country is covered with low ' hills. hs streets are generally unpaved and its houses mostly built of stone and lime, some presenting an imposing appearance. The house of Chaudhri Chandarsain, called Chandar Sain ka Dfwan Kb:ina, is the principal building. The town is of great 'antiquity. The name D.idri is said to be derived from a ihil (lake), called Dadri from dddar (frog), which adjoined it. For- merly it was in the possession of Nawab Bahildur Jang, a relative of the Jhajjar Nawcib . ]n the Munity of .857 his estates were confiscated for rebel- lion and conf erred on Raja Sarap Singh as a reward for his fidelity, The principal antiquities are-( I) The tank of Soma-Ishwara, built by Lila Slta Ram, a treasurer of Muhammad Shah, Emperor of Delhi, with stone quays (~hats), towers and temples and an enclosing wall. (2) The Nawab's fort outside the town which is kept in repair by the State. The income of the parmat fo:- the 10 years is shown in Table 46 of M uniC:ipality and Pa~t B. It is derived from octroi under the usual State system. trade. . Formerly under the NaWllb's rule Dadri had a considerable trade, but the excessive duties levied by the Nawab ruined its traders, and on the establishment of a mart at Bhawanl all the princi pal firms transferred their J.:msiness there and it lost its trade. ]t now exports bajra, stone wares, turned wooden articles and native shoes, . The pub1ic buiJ9ings a,re the tahsil, thana, school 1 parmat and canton- Public ment. buildings. The town of }lnd is the administrative head-quarters of the nigamat JIIiD TOWN. and tahsil of the same name. ]t lies in 2g0 [8 ' N. and 75' 50' E. on Descnpt .iou. the Western Jumna Canal, 25 miles north of Rohtak and 60 miles south- east of Sangrar town, and has a station on the Southern Punjab Railway. It had io IgO[ a population of 8,047 souls (4, 179 males and 3,868 females). Numerous fruit gardens surrounded the town which is itself completely encircled by a mud wall with four gates, the Safidonwala to the east, the Jhanjwa .la to the west, the Ram Rill and Kathana to the south. The streets are narrow and unpaved. The Barah Ban Bfr lies to the south-west of the town, on the banks of the Western Jumna Canal . Its main population sonsists of J;3rahmans and Mahcijans. 334 ]INDSTATE. ] CHAP. IV. The town of ]ind is said to have been founded at t~e time of the - Mababharata. The tradition goes that the Pandavasbuilt a temple in honour Places of of Jainti Devf (the goddess of Victory), offered prayers for strCcess, .and then Interest. began the battle with the Kauravas. , The town grew up around the temple JIMD TOWN. and was named Jaintapuri (abode of Jaint! Devf .) which became cor· Hi.tory. rupted into ]fnd. Formerly under Afghan rule, Raja Gajpat Singh in , 1755 seized a large tract of country inclu -ding the District of Jind and SaHdoD, and made ]fnd the capital of the Slate. In 177S Rahi 'm Dad Khan, governor of Hans!, was sent against Trod by the Delhi Government, Nawab Majad·ud.dauJa Abdul - Abd Khein~ Ra'ja Gajpat Singh called on the Phtilkian Chiefs ' for aid and a force under Dfwan ' Nanna Mal from Patiala and troops from Nlibha and Kaithal were sent for its defence. They compelled the Khan to raise the siege and ~ive them battle, whereupon he was defeated and killed. Trophies of this victory are stilI preserved at Jind and the Khan's t-omb still stands at the Safldon Gate. As the town was once capital of the ~tate, which is ; called after it, the Reija's installation is still ' held there. The principal antiquities are the temples of Mah ci D-evi Bhuta- Ishwara, Had Kailash and Jainti Devi ;and the tt -" atks of Suraj.Kund and ; Serna BMta·lshNara. The latahgarh Fort, built by Raja Gajpat Singh and named after his SODFatah Singh) is now used as a jail . 10 Municipality The income of the parma! for the · years is shown in Table 46 - of : . aod trade. Part B. It is chiefly derived from octroi, . levied undl" the usual State rules on goods brought into the parmat for eOD!mmption or r.etail sale. The table below shows the value of the commodities brought within the pa,maJ limits for consumption within the town :- , Cloths, ghl, drug~, gro- . Banars{ , Miscel- · Cereals. Total. No. Year. ceries, ' clothes, etc. laneous. articles, etc , - --- •.. ------, Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. RB. 1 2 I From ut January 1898 to 3,121,138 1,4 0,255 6,664 3 ,19 5,05,849 - the end of December 18 98. 00 2;16,798 2 From 1St January 189:1 to the I.49,0S€) 93,696 2,615 , 31 ",4 end of July 1899. :l From 1St August 18ggtO the 1,80,881 3.15,275 4,194 32,183 5,33,13 3' end of july Ig .o0. August Igoo t~ 3,54,183' 1,83.+ '70 8, 60 9' 46,1° 6 5,9 2,968 4 From 1St the eod of July i90 I• -- --- Total -...... ~..j-:"'1 ~2,68z , J,4",08l i [9,08,747 335 [ PART A. KaHana is a small town of 2,' 714 inhabitants (1,027 males and 1,681 Temales), situa ted at the foot of a hi llock, 5 miles west of D:idd. A con- Places of siderab le por tio n of the main town consists of substantial stone houses. Interest. The str ee ts are generally unpaved . The hillock is bate , no vegetation O"rowio g on it. Its climate is dry and very hot in summer and intensely ·KAL IANA . ~old in win ter. Drinking wells are l'ca rce and the water brac kish. so the Des cri ption. peo ple use tank and pool water, which causes guine a-worm. The town of KaJiana or Chal KaHana is said to have been the capital of a Raj'l Ka Han who se J{ot or sept was chat after which the town was named. The remains in its vicinity t€'stify to it s hav ing been a large and populous place . In 725 H. Raja Ka li an rebelle d ag ai nst Alaf Khan, king of Delhi, son of Ghay~s .ud.din Tughlaq. The imp eri al army under Saiyad Hida yat Ullah or Mubariz Kha n attacked Ra ja Kalian) and in the struggle both he and Mubariz Kh an we n killed, and the town was plac ed under Mlr Bayak, an official of Alaf Kha n. The principal building of antiquity is the Khangah of Pir MuMriz Khan , a mile north of the town. It ha s been fully described in Chap- ter I, page 262. It bears the follo wing inscription :-Chu n dar- Hn haft sad-o-bz ·st . wa panj Hi;r£ Sultan Muhammad Gh dat bin Tu ghlaq bar so, ri r-£-saltanat n£sh ast wa dar san haft sad-o-si Hi,,,i rj asba ·t '-ch el Ka'£ ana, ki da,. iluJ.ta· t'- R6,?'a KaNan chawtil bud, laten liard, wa zamindrira wa hukumat ba MEr- Bayak, ki yake all ma khsus -ul-da,,~ah bud, aM jarmad. "When in 725 H. Muhammad Ghazi, the son of Tughlaq, sat on th e throne , and in 7?t 0 H. conquered the town of Chal KaHana, which was under the rule of a Ra ja Kaliana Chawal, and conf erred upon Mir Bayak, one of his offici al s it s' $amt ndd,a and govern- ment. \ Th e on ly manufactur e is of stone , which is wor ke d by 20 families of Trade and manufacture . I masons who mostly use the stone of the Kumhar min e which is had and durable. Art icl es such as large mortars (ukhala), hand mills, pillars , etc., are made of it and exp orte d to various place!!. Flexible sand-stone, called sang t"la rzan , is also fo und in the same hillock. The town of Safidon contained in 1901 a population of 4,832 souls SA FIDON. (2,514 males and 2,318 femal es) as against 4,593 in 1891 and 4,160 in 188! . Description ; I t is situated on the West ern Jumna Canal, 24 mile s east of lfnd. The town was surround ed by a masonry wall now in ruinous cond ition. The suburbs stretch irregularly beyond the wall towards the east and mostly comprise Ranghars' houses. Inside the town the lanes and alleys are narrow, but the streets are wider. though generally unpaved. The hous es are generall y of brick. There are several gardens outside the town, one of which is the fine Qaisar Bligh belonging to the State. It is surrounded by a ma .sonry wall, and contains a well-furnished Itolhi (dik bungalow). The income of the par-mat is chiefly deriv ed from octroi under tbe Municipality usual State system. There is a saltpetre manufactory managed by the nnd trade. 33° JfND STATE. ] CHAP. IV. State. The town has not much trade. The value of the commodities import ~ ed into the /JarmtZt limits for local rise is shown in the table below :_ Places of Interest. SArIDoN. Municipality and trade. Cloths, ghl drugs. gro- Cereals. Bandt- sf Mi~~el· cedes, clothts , etc. laneou9. articles, elc 1 From 1st August 18g 8 to the 1,27 ,'79 end of J aly 1899. II From I~ t August . ISgg to the 88, 27 :l end of July %900 . :3 From l~t August 1906 tQ the 1,13 ,836 end of Ju ly 19ot. ~s, [PART A. Sangrur is a municipal town and the sadr or administrative head. CHAP. IV. quarters of the Jind State. It lies in 30° IS' N. and 75° 59' E., 48 miles south of Ludhiana, and has a station on the Ludhiana-DhUri-Jakhal Railway. Places of The population (1901) wa!; 11,852 souls (7,623 males and 4,229 females). Of interest. these 1,710 were enumerated in cantonment~ and 406 in suburbs. This SANGRUR. showed an increase of 34 per cent . on the population of I8gI, when it was Description. 8,820 only. The town is surrounded by a mud wall, wide enough to mount guns, and providd with a moat. It has four gates; the Lahar! on the west, th e Sunami or Jindf on the south, the Patiala on the east, and the Nabha on the north. Gardens intersecterJ. by metalled roads and avenues of trees lie round the town. Apollt a mile and-a-half to the north are the · Gurdwara Nanakyana, with its pakM buildings, tank and garden, for the convenience of travellers; the cantonment and the royal cemetery. The streets of the town are broad and well paved or metalled, .and the houses of the officials and trading classes are generally well-built. rhe principal buildings of interest are the Diwan Khana, Bara Dari, the Royal Foundry, Jdgah, the royal cemetery, the Kothis of the Krisl:an Bagh and Lal Beigh, the hospital and the rink. The Dffuan Khana is in the middle of the palace and is surrounded by the Lal and Baniisar gardens It has a large red stone platform, with two buildings called the Sabz and Su,.kh KotMs, on either side and on the platform there are two reservoirs with fountains and a verandah in front. In the centre is a large spacious hall, containing a masl'lad, or seat raised six feet above the floor. There are several build. ings on the sides and upper stol"eys, all decorated with glass and ornamen- tal furniture. On the west is the Entrance Gate (deodhi), with the Jatus Khana and Tosha Khana buildings on either side and an upper storey ,.. called the 'latus Mahal. Further on in the La .1 Bagh there are two more buildings (kotMs) . On the east of the D£wrin K hana there is a marble Bara Dart in the middle of a tank, called the Banasar, with a wooden bridge and marble gate. This palace was built by the late Raja Raghbfr Singh. The Royal Foundry was established in r876 by Raja Raghbir Singh and contains a flour-mill, an oil-press, and apparatus for casting iron, etc. The ldg ril" is just outside the Luhor! Gate and to the west of the town. It is a large building with a wide and spacious red stone floor. It also was built by the late Raja Raghblr Singh. The Royal Cemetery, or Samadhan, is situated outside the Nabha Gate, north of the town, and con- tains the samadhs or monuments of the deceased members of the Jfnd family. . The town of Sangrur is said to have be.en founded by one Sanghu, a History. • Jat, some 300 years ago and named after hIm. Formerly a small village of m~d hou3es, it '!as ch~sen as his capital by Raja ~angat Singh as belOg close to PabiUa, Nabha and Ambala. Its population increased when Raja Raghblr Singh raised it to the dignity of a town, building ~ts cazri,. on the ~od~t of that at Jaipur with flakM shops, which have Iron hooks for hghtmg purposes, and other public and religious buildings. The gardens. tanks, temples and metalled roads round the town were also made by him. The income is chiefly derived from octroi, 'levied under the erenerat Municipality State rules on goods brought into the parmat for consumption or and trade. retail sale .. On the opening of the Ludhiana-Dhuri-J.ikhal Railway a grain market, called the Ranblr Ganj, was opened by Raja Ranbir Singh. Its imports are merely to meet the local demand and its only exports 33 8 ]IND SrATE. J consist of grain such as wheat, gram, sarson, maize, etc. No octroi duties are levied on goods brought into the Ranbir Ganj. The statement below Places of shows the value of the exports and imports of the market for the year interest. 19°1 :- SANGRUR. Municipaiity and trade . Value of commodities Ivalue of commod ities imported . exported. Cloths, gM, drugs, groceries , etc. i Cereals I I --- 1-----I 18,39 ,J94 I 16,41 0455 NABHA STATE. NABHA STATE . . CHA .PTER I.-DESORIPTIVE. -~ 1A small tra .ct of Nabha territory (marked Bilha village) is shown in the survey map north. ea .st of Bhadaur. This is an error, as the State owns no such tract. 340 NABHA STATE.] CHAP. I, A. of Gurgaon, intersp ers ed, and on .the north by that tahsil . This pargana is compact and an irregular square in shape, being 1 I miles in length from Descriptive. north to south and 7! mil es in width, with an area of nearly 85 squares. PHYSICAL It contains th e town 91 Ba \ral and 74 villages . (£i, The outlying village ot ASPECTS. Mukandpur Bassi lies just of(th e Ilorth.eastcorner of the Ba",al pargaTla Ni:samats. and 2 miles fr om it . It is almost surrounded by th e area of tahsil Re"iari, but on th e south-east it adjoin s th e tahsil of Kat Qiisim in Jaipur. (iii) The pargana of Kant! -Kanina lies 9 miles \rest of the Ba\ral pargana and !3 mil es from th e town of Bawal . It is bounded on the north by the Dadri pargana of Jind and the Nahar pargana of Dujana, on the east by the Rewari tahsil and the Bahror tahsil of Alwar, on the south by the latter tahsil, and on th e west by the Narnaul pargana (or Mohindargarh nizdma t) of th e Patiala State. It has a length of zo i miles from north to south and a width of 9t miles, being an irregular parallelogram in shap e, 197 square mil es in area. Rivers and No large or consid erable river runs in th e Nabha State or touches its streams. borders, but there are a few seasonal torrents which require mention . The Sirhind Nala or Choa, which passes near Sirhind, enters the Amloh nizamat at Mandhaur flowing due west . Near Fatehpur it turns, and flowing almost due south-west by south passes Bhadson. Thence flowing south-viest it pa sses the ca pi tal , Nabha, itself some 3 miles to the north- west, and, running past Mans urpur in Patiala territory, finally leaves the Nabha Sta te territory at Jalan. Its total course in this State is abGut 30 miles. The Choa wh en in flood overflows the lands on its banks, . and caus es injury to the crops in the kharH, but their enhanced fertility in the rab! compensates for any injury in the kharif. Two bridges-one at Bhadson, the other at Dhingih-have been built across the Choa by the State. In th e Bliwal ni zamut there are two seasonal streams, the SaW! and the Kasawati . The former rises in the Jaipur hills, and flowing through the Mandawar tahsll of Alwar enter s the Bawal pargana from the west at Paot! at its south-west corner , pa ssing by the lands of Paoti, Pirflllpura and Pamvar . Then it leaves th e parganer, but again touches it at Bir Jhabwa, after which it pas se s through Jaipur and Alwar territory to Garhi Harsani. Its total le ng th in this State does not exceed four miles. 1 Th e Kasawati torrent enter s the Kant! argana from Narnaul on the we st near Baham! an d-l1ow s nort -east y ar 1; tnence it turns north , and lea ving this par/?ana for a short distance re-enters the Stat e at Rat a. Flow ing pa st Gomla it leav es the State at MOrl and Man- pura after a tot al cou rse of 6~ mil es in its territory . It is not used for irrigation, but does no damage in the Kant! parzana. The 1zz'z{/,ma/s of Phtil and Amloh consist of level plains, -which in the ca se of the former are interspersed with the shifting sandhills common in the Jangal tract. In th e Kanti-Kanina pargana of Bawal and mainly in the extr eme south-east of th e Kanti thana are a few insignificant hills known as Kinti, Rampur, Bahali, etc., aft er the names of the villages in which they lie. They are barr en and unculturable, but supply building-stone , and' cover an ar ea of some 787 acr es. Two other hills of similar ch aracter, Badh- rana and Jai singhpur Kh era, li e in Bawal pargana and on e, Sailang, in Kan!na. Th ese too bear the names of th e villages in which they lie. CLIMAT E. !h c.scat~ ered natur e of th e State ter rito ry makes it impossible to des cr Ib e Its clIm ate acc ur ately in O'ener al terms, and it will be better to not e briefly th e sa lien t cl imat ic featu res of each ni zamat. ~ Th e Saw i was for me rl y call ed the SaM .bi a. name said to be deri ved from the Arabic ~aha/; , I cloud .'' 34 .1 [PART A. The Phl ll niz ama t possesses th e dry, healthy climate of the Jan O' al CHAP. I, F. tra ct as a whole, th e pa rg ana of Lohat Badf being more lik e the Amloh nizamat in char ac ter. Owing to th e sandy nature of th e soil, the ab se nce Descriptive. of ponds and th e depth of the wat er below the surface, malaria is not CLIMATE. preval ent. Th e ,yater als o is pur er than it is in th e Pawadh, and the Jan 'J al ha s or had th e reputa tion of being he althy for man and beast . Th: intr od uctio n of canal irri ga tion in this n;:aamat has, it is asserted, had a det rim ent al eff ec t on the health of th e people, but it continues to be mo re salu br ious than that of Amloh, beca us e, though th ere is no outl et for th e rain fa ll, the dee p sa ndy soil absorbs the water . Bubonic pl ague was ~port ed into thi~, tract. in. Nove~ber Igol from th e villages of Raikot thana in the Ludhlana Dlstnct, but It was observed that the mortality was not so gr eat as it was elsewhere. The diseases of th e tract are thos e of hot, arid countri es, vis., fever induc ed by hot winds and dise ases of the eye, whil e chol era and sm all-pox occur occa si onal ly. Amloh niz amat, lying in the Pawadh, is the le ast sa lubr ious tr act in the St ate . It has a . damper climate than the J angal and con ta ins more tre es, while "its so il is a rich loam, gen erally free fro m sand . Th e water-level is near th e surfa ce, and the water is in cons eque nce bad. Thes e natural conditions have been, it is said, int ensifi ed by the introduction of canal irrigation. The chi ef dis eas es of th e nizama t are fever, dysentery, pneumonia and mea sles, wh ile cho le ra and small -pox ar e occasionally epidem ic . Pla gue fi rst ap pea red in th e Stat e in this ni .. 3amat in Igol, and the mor ta lity was hig h. To th is ge neral description the town of Nabha is in great measur e an exce ption, owing to its syst em of sanitation and th e medical facilit ies affor de d in the capital . Th e Bh va l niz timat gen erally has a dry hot climate, and th e tract is singularly destitute of tre es, streams and tanks. It is in consequenc e free from malaria, and epidemics are infr equ ent, th e chi ef dis eas es which oc cur bein g tho se common to hot and dry tr acts. No data as regards temp eratur e ar e available. The mon so on se ts in th ro ughout th e Stat e tow ards the end of Jeth or early in Bar, cont in uing till th e end of Bhad on or the beginnin g of Asauj. Th e wint er rain s, called the mahout in th e Baw al ",izam .'!·f, fall betw een th e end of Maghar and th e end of Magh, Poh being usually th e month of most rain. Th e Amloh nizam '1t has th e heavi est rainfall in normal years, but in th e pa st 4 or 5 year s it has not received much more than Biiwal nizamat; the nie amat of Ph61 has ordin arily a much smaller rainfall than Amloh, Bciwal bei ng the worst off of the three nizamats in thi s respect . Th e hi story of the ori gins .of th e Nabha Stat e is that of the Phlilkian houses alr ea dy given. Its exist ence as a separat e and sov ereign St ate A. D. 1763. may be said to date from th e fa ll of Sirhind in 1763. Prior to that yea r its chi efs had bee n mer el y rural notabl es, whose infl uence was ove rsha dow- ed by th at of th e cad et br anch wh ich was rising to reg al pow er und er Ala Singh , the found er of th e Pati ala State. Taloka, th e eld est son of PMl, had di ed aft er an uneventful life in 1687, lea ving two sons. Of these th e eldest, Gurditta, founded Dhanaula and Sangrur, now the capital of Jfnd, and the second SOil Sukhchen became the ancestor of the Jfnd family. Gu rditta's grandson Hamlr Singh founded th e to,yn of Nibha in 1755, and in A. D. 1755•. 1759 he obt ain ed possessio n of Bh .idson. After the fall of Sirhind in 17 63 Amloh fell to his share , and in 1776 he conquered Rod from Rahlmdad Khan governor of Hlinsi . Ham fr Singh l wa s also the first Raja of Nabha to coi;' I Griffin , page 38z, but cj. the date (I~H I Sambat) in note 00 page :0:88. 34 2 NABHA STATE. ] money in his own name. On the other hand, he lost territory in his dispute with Raja Gajpat Singh of }lnd, who in 1774 conquered Sangrur. On his death in . 1783 his Sjn ]aswant Singh succeeded him under the hiSTORY. guardianship of Ran! Desu , his step·mother, who held her own by the assistance of Sahib Singh Bhang! of Gujdt till her death in 179 0. After A. D. Ij83' this the PhulkHin chiefs combined to oppose George Thomas, but the R:1ja of Nabha was only a lukewarm member of the confedera cy, and at the battle of Narnaund in 1798 his troops were hardly engag ed, and in 1801 it does not app ear that the Raja joined with th e prin ci pal cis·Sut1ej chi efs in their embassy to General Perron at Delhi , but Nibha was includ ed in the conditions finally agreed upon , and cons ented to pay Rs. 9,510 per annum as tr ibute to the Mahrattas on the defeat of Thomas . Jas,vant Singh sided with the British when Holkar, the Mahratta chief, was being driven northward!'; to Lahore , and aided them with a detachment of sowars. Lord Lake. in return for this, assur ed him that llis possessions would not be curtailed and no demand for tribute would be made on I him so long as his disposition towards the British remained un changed.JHe was formally taken under the protection of the British in May 1809 with the other cis -Sutlej chi efs. He furnished supplie3 for Ochterlony's Gurkh a Campa ign in 1815 and alsa helped in the Bikaner affair of 10 I 8, and al wa ys pro ved a faithful ally when his assistance was required. At the time of the Kabul Campaign of 1838 he offered the services of his tr oops to the Governor-G eneral and advanced 6 bkhs of rupees towards the expensfs of the expedition. He died in 1840 and was succeeded by his son Devindar, who, however, failed to carryon his father's loyal and friendly policy . In consequence of his conduct during the first Sikh War, nearly one·fourth of his territory was confiscated, he himself was removed from his State, and his son, Bharpur Singh, a boy of seven years of age , placed on the" gadd£." Bharpur Singh attain ed his majority very shortly after the outbreak of the Mutiny. At that critical time he acted with exemplary loyalty to the British . He was placed in charge of the important station of Ludhiana and of the neighbouring Sutlej ferries at the comme nce ment of the outbreak. A Nabha detachment of 300 men took the pla ce of the Nasir! Batt alion which had b~en ,: detail ed Ito escort a siege trai n from Philiaur to Delhi, b 1t had refus ed! to march, 'while it was at th e head of a detachment of 150 Nabha troops that the British Deputy Co .mm issi on er opposed the ].Uundur mutineers at Phillaur and prevented their crossing the river. The Raja despatched to Delhi a contingent of about 300 men which did good service throughout the siege, while he himself enlisted new troops from amongst his own subj ects, furnished supplies and transport, arrested mutineers, and performed many other services with the utmost loyalty and good-will. Further he ad vanced to Government a loan of 2~ lakhs of rupees. Aft er th e mutiny his servi ces were rewarded by the grant of th e divisions of Bawal and Kantf, and he was subsequently allowed to purchase a portion of the Kanaud sub-division of Jhajjar in liquidation of sums advanc ed by him to Gover nment. He was also formally grant ed the power of life and death ove r his subjects as well as the right of adoption and the promis e of non-inter fe rence by the British in the internal affairs of his State . He was an enlightened prince who devoted all his energies to the well.b eing of his people, and a career of the highest promise was cut short by his early death in 1863. He left no son and the chiefship fell to his brother Bh agwa n Sing h. When the latter died in 187 I, he lef t no near relative who could claim the 343 [ ~ART A. chiefship and it became necessary to elect a successor under the terms of CHAP. I, C. the $tJnad granted to the PhUlkian States in 1860, which provided that, in the event of failure of male is~ue, an heir should be selected from Descriptive. amongst the members of the Ph lilkian family by the two remaining chiefs HISTORY. and a representative of the British Government acting jointly. The choice fell upon Sardar Hrra Singh, head of the Badrlikhan house and a cousin of the Raja of Jlnd (see pedigree table on page 214), and the appointment 'was confirmed and recognised by the Viceroy and the Secretary of State for India. Raja Hlra Singh, the present ruler of Nabha, was installed On the loth of August 187r. Since that time he has governed his State with great energy and ability, while he has given repeated proofs of his unswerving loyalty and friendship to the sovereign power. In 1872, 8 A. D. I 12• when trouble was raised by theJ {Iik -as, he at once despatched a force to quell the disturbance at the request of the British Deputy Commissioner, and the Governor-General expressed his entire satisfaction with the conduct of the Nibha troops. He likewise sent a force of 2 guns, 200 cavalry and 500 infantry for service en the frontier during the Afghan War of 1879-1880, which did excellent work in the Kurram valley throughout the first phase of the campaign . In recognition of this His Highness was created a G. C. S. I. The Raja also offered the servic~s of his troops on the following occasions :-Nalta expedition, May 1878; Egyptian War, 1882 ; Manipurl t8g1; Wazlristao, 1894; Chitral Relief Forces, 1895 ; China, 19°0; and the South African War. Government on each occasion expressed its warm thanks and appreciation of the loyalty of the offer. When horses were urgently wanted in South Africa for the mounted infantry10rces 0t>eraling against the Boers, His Highnes~ despatched 50 of his troop horses, fully equipped, for use in the field. The war service of the Nibha Imperial Service Troops will be described in Chapter III. On the first of January 1903 on the occ:lsion of the Delhi Coronation A. D. 19 0J. Darbar, His Highness was created a G. C. 1. E. and he was also appointed Honorary Colonel of the 14th Sikhs. His heir is his son Tikka Ripudaman Singh, who was born in 1883. Section C.-Population. The following table shows the effect of migration on the population Migration. of the Nibha State according to the census of 1901 :- (t) Punjab and North·West Frontier Province (ii) From the rest of India (iii) From the rest of Asia Total immigrants 82 ,410 I 28 ,001 54,409 --} •....•... _-- Emigrants. (i) To ~ithin the Punjab and North.West Frontier Pro- vince. (ii) To the rest ()f India 4,489 1,956 1 2,833 ---- i--- Total emigrants 75,280 22,555 ! 52,125 Excess of immigrants Over emigrants -;;- -5, 446 1-7.687 544 NABHA STATE. J The bulk of the immigration is from the Districts , States and Pro- vinces in India noted below :- Descriptive. POPULATION. Immigration. Number of PopuJa. males in tion. 1,000 im- migrants, ------1:-= --:; Ludhiana Ferozepore 6,460 441 Pati ';'la 34 ,770 3°3 Hissar 1,794 449 Rohtak 775 339 Dujdn" 557 280 Gurgaon 4, 16 3 24 5 Kamal 702 349 AmMJa 2, 246 28 1 Hoshiarpur •• 546 736 ]ullundur ... 53 1 534 Male. Kolla 2,584 332 Fa1'ldkot 1,639 379 Jlf' .d, . 3,205 28 7 RaJputana '.. ••• ••• 9,257 260 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 1,149 655 The emigration is mainly to the Districts, States and Provinces noted below ;- ------1----- 931 1,106 Gurgaon 1,~65 Kamal 395 463 2.557 I 404 4.169 .", 1,108 "'j ... 6,013 'fInd 769 Chen1b Colony 511 United Provinces of Agra and ·Oudh 319 1,154 345 [ PART A. The State thus gains 7,130 souls CHAP. I. C~ Nett gain from + by migration, and its nett inter- Descrjptlve~ 01' loss to - POPULATION; -1,656 the Rohtak Migration. GurgAon -2,117 AmMla + i63 Districts, States and Provinces in Hoshiarpur +377 Maler Kotta +516 India which mainly affect its popu- Ferozepore -4 ,21 4 Patidla .• • + 11,690 Chenab Colony -885 Rajputana ... ••• + 5,436 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh +699 Comparison with the figures of 189 t shows that N abha gained by intra-provincial migration alone 1,109 souls in Igor and lost 7,913 in 1891 . Through intra-imperial migration, i. e., migration i~ India both within the Punjab and to or from other provinces in IndIa, the State gained 7,104 souls. The following is an account of the Jat tribes of the State ;- Jats. BairwalS. The BairwaI claim to be descendants of Birkhman, a Chauhan Riijput, whose son married a lat girl as his second wife and so lost status. The name is eponymous, and they are found in Bawal nz'Bamat. The Chhelars, whose principal settlement is Chhelar in N arnaul tahsil, sank to Jat status by contracting marriages with Jat women. They revere Bhagwcin Das, a Hindu saint of Tikla, a village in this State, and shave their children at his shrine. They avoid tobacco. The Dhatans, found in Bawal, derive their origin from Raja Dhal, a Dhatans. Tunwar ruler of the Lunar dynasty of Hastfnapur, who lost caste by marry- ing a foreign wife. Rlii Khanda, the ancestor of the Dolats, is said to hav e held a jag;r near DJla(~. Delhi. His brothers Ragbhlr and Jagdhir were killed in Nadir Shah's invasion, but he es~aped and fled to Siuna Gujariwala, a village now in ruins, close to Sunam, then the capital of a petty State. He sank to Jat status by marrying his brother's widows. The origin of the name Dolat is thus accounted for. Their ancestor's children did not live, so his wife made a vow at Naina Devi to visit the shrine twice for the tonsure ceremony of her son, if she had one. Her son was accordingly called Dolat (from lat, hair). Dolat Jats are found in Dialgarh, Raigarh and Santokhpura in Niibha, in LangowJl of Patiala, and in Dolatanwala of Ferozepore. Those of Nlibha and Pati{da intermarry. The Gorias derive their name from Goran Singh, a Rajp6t who settled Gorias. at Alowal in Patiala and thus became a Jat . The Kabirias are found in BciwaI) and clerive their name from katar, a Katarias. dagger. 34 6 NABHA STATE. ] CHAP. t. C. The KMras claim Chhatria descent and say their ancestor held an office at the Delhi Court, but his son Khira became a robber and went to Descriptive. Khandur, where he married a woman of another tribe and so became a Jat. POPULATION. The Kharas believe in a sidh whose shrine is at Khandur, and there they Tribes and offer panjer£, etc. They do not use milk or curd until it has been offered Castes: at the shrine. Of the 5th of the second half of Baisakh, Maghar and BMdon Kh'ras. special offerings are made there. The sidh .•..vas a Khira wko used to fall asleep while grazing his cattle. One day his head was cut off by robbers, but he pursued them for some yards, and the spot where he fell is now his shrine, and though the Khiiras have left Khandur the sid!~ is still wor~ shipped. Uppal} the ancestor of the Kharoras, lived in Baragaon of Patiiila, a Muhammadan village, which he ruled. V"heri he went to pay in the revenue at the treasury he got himself recorded as its owner, and in their resent- ment the people murdered him . His wife gave birth to a son, on her way to her father's house, on a hard piece of ground (kharora) whence the name Kharauda or Kharora. The Koks derive their name from their first home They came from Kokas in Mandawar tahsil of Alwar and are found in BawaJ . The Laur trace their origin to Lalhora, a place of uncertain locality. They are found in Bawal . The Man claim to be descendants of Raja Bine Pal , who came from Jaisalmir. The Varaha or Varya claim the same descent . The Mans sank to Jat status by adopting karewa. PannI Pal had four sons-Parwga, Sandar, Maur, and Khamala: Paraga's descendants founded Ghorela, Balho, Burj, Agwar, Manan in the Dhanaula ilaqa and Burj Mansayan in this State: Maur's descendants founded Mauran. ... The Nehras are found in Bawal . They claim to be an offshoot of the Chhatrias, who left Gadgajni wh en it was the scene of conflict. They wor· ship the dev£ and Bandeo, whose shrine is at Raipur about a mile from Bawal . Bandeo was the son of a Brahman, and one day a mer chant passed him carry- . ing bags of sugar. Bandeo as ked the merchant what they contained and he said' salt,' so when he op ened them he found only salt, but on his supplicat- ing Bandeo it became su gar again. Cotton stalks are not burnt at his shrine and people perform th e first tonsure at it . The Nehnis do not smoke. The Phulsawals derive their descent from Bechal} a famous warrior, whose four sons were sent in turn to defend the gate (~hulsa) of a fort, whence the name Phulsawal . They ordinarily worship the goddess Bhairon, and perform the first tonsure of their children at Durga's shrine in the Dahmi £laqa of Alwar . The Rahals also claim Rijput descent, becoming Jats by adopting widow remarriage. Their ancestor was born on the way (rah) when his mother was taking her husband's food to the field. They wear a janeo at marriage, but remove it afterwards, and reverence a sal£'s shrine at Hallotali in Amloh nizamat. The Swanch clan claims descent from Had Singh, a Chauhan Rajp6t, who lost status by marrying a wife of another tribe. They are found in BawaI . Sohals. The Sohals derive their name from Sohal Singh , th eir eponym. Rathfs. Originally Rajputs, the Rathis in some way lost sta tu s and became Jats . They rever e Bandeo , 347 [PART A. The Takas are of unknown origin . Bhagwan Dis, the saint, was a CHAP . I, C. Tokas and his descendants are called SwamI, but marry among Jats. 0 -'-t. escnp Ive. Other Jat tribes are the Bhullars, Dhaliwals, Dhillons, Phogats and POPULATION. Sethas . Tribes and Castes: T'ne M"mas aref ound' In Bl 'twa. 1 Thf'y calm l' d escen tram f S' angwi:tr.~ OthTakas,J t T 'bo . Tawar l, a Brahman :md grandson of Mfr Raja Ad . As elsewhere they er a '9 " are habitual thieves, but if a Mini is made chaukidar of a village no other Minb. Mfna will rob it. Hence rise two occupational groups-one of village watchmen, th e other of cultivators; and the former will only take daughters from the latter, though they may smoke together , Both have septs named after the place of ori gin, and in Bciwal the gat found is called Papd from Paproda in Jaipur. They perform the first tonsure at Rai Sur in that State . At a betrothal contract, a barber, a Brahman and a Ranaks (Hindu Miras f) are sent to the house of the boy's father . The Ranaks marks a tilak on his forehead, getting Rs. 16 as his fee, the Brahman and the Nai receiving Rs. 4 with a curtain and Rs. 3 respectively. Lagan is sent shortly af ter. An auspicious day is fixed by a Brahman and other ceremonies performed. Like all profes sional thieves the Minas are devotees of DevL On all occasions, and even when starting on a raid, they offer her sweetmeats. On the birth of a son they distribute food in the name of Puna, a sati of their family, whose shrine is at Mehrat in Jaipur, and the wom en si ng songs . Th ey do not use the first milk of a milch animal until some of it has been given to the paroh z"t and offered to the goddess. They do not wear kanch bangles as this was forbidden by the sntt. They eat meat and drink liquor, worship the pfpal and Sltla. They wear no janeo . in Nabha there lives a Muhammadan Jhlnwar, the chi ef votary of Jhfnwars. Kalu Bhagat and head (cltaudhr f) of all the Jhinwars, both Hindu and MuhamlT'adan , in the State. The occupations of the Jhinwars are very various. Some have now taken to selling jhatka goat's flesh, but the Hindu Sultanl Jhinwars avoid eating meat so killed. The Ncibha ]hfnwars claim to be of the N arania group, which does not eat, smoke or intermarry with the Buria group. The Herts found in Biiwal are said to be of equal rank with Chuhras; HerCs. and though they do not remove filth, they eat dead animals. Tbey do not take water from the Chuhra, Dh CHAP. I, C. gats, but each abstains from drinking water given by the other, and they do DI t' not intermarry. They also live by making winnowing baskebs, etc., and escr p lye. resemble the Heds in all respects. POPULATION. Khatik is a term applied to those who dye goat's skins. The Tribes and Khatiks are Hindus and are regarded as bigher than the Charnars because Casles : they do not eat dead animals, though they use meat and liquor. They say Khatlks. that when the occupations were assigned, Brahma ordered them to live by three things, a goat's skin, the bark of trees and lac, so they graze cattl e and dye hides with bark and lac. Chamars and ChUhnis drink water given by them, while Hindus and Muhammadans do not . Though a menial tribe, their priests are Gaur Brahmans, wbo officiate in the phera and kt'yia ceremonies. They are found in Bawal and. claim descent from the Chhatris. Their gats are named after the places whence they emigrated. and the Khatiks of Bawal are called Bagris because they came from Bagar. Those of the Bairiwal, Ra~wal and Khichi gats are numerous and avoid only one got in marriage . They also practise widow marriage. They worship Bhairon and Sedh Masani . Their women do not wear a nose ring. They perform the first tonsure ceremony of their children at Hajipur in Alwar, where there is a shrine of the goddess. On marriage they also take the bride and bridegroom to worship at the shrine. Their gUTUS are Nanak-panthi Sikhs, and they are subordinate to the Dera at Amritsar, but in spite of this they do not act on the principles of Sikhism. The Khatiks of PMI and Amloh are Muhammadans, but on conversion they did not relinquish their occupation, and so they are called Khatiks. Men of other tribes joined them owing to their occupation, and hence there are two classes of Muhammadan Khatiks in thes e nizamats, viz., the Rijput Khatiks and the Ghori Pathan Khatlks. These two classes marry among themselves. The Chaaba The Chauba Brahmans, who are confined to the Bawal niEamat, are Brahmans. of the Mitha branch of the Chaubas. They have the same gotras as the other Brahmans and are divided into 29 sasans, 'Qiz.- I. Rajaur. II. Ratha. 21 . Sahana. 2. Pandf. 12. Salltar. 22. Rasaniu. 3· Sunghan . 13. Birkhman . 23. Kaskiia. 4. Gadur. 14. Panware. 24. Ganar. 5. Saunsatia. IS. Misser. 25. Vias. 6. Sunian. 16. Kanjre. 26. Jaintiia . 7· Koina. 17. Bharamde. 27. Mathriia. 8. Sarohne. 18. Phakre. 28. Jain Satie. 9· Ajme. 19. Mithia. 29. Pachure . 10. Agnaia. 20. Nasware. They only avoid their OWll sasan in marriage . The Mitha3 ar e gene- rally paroMts of the MaMjans, Ahirs and Jats, but they also take service. There is also a sasan (Mandolia) of the Dube Gaur Brahmans in BawaI . The Mahratta Mahratta Brahmans, a relic of the Mahratta supremacy, are still found Brahmans. in the Bawal n£zamat. The Gaurs were. it is said, constrained by the Mahratta conquerors to consent to intermarry with them. These Mahratt~ Brahmans first settled here in the Mahratta service and now regard paroh,- tat as degrading. There are also a few in Charkhf and Didri in ]fnd terri- tory and in the town of Rewarf, but they are mainly found in Gwalior . They use the Hindi and Persian characters, but do not learn Sanskrit or teach it to their children lest they should be80me parolzits. The Chaur The Chaurasi Brahmans of Bawal nizamat call themselves GaursJ Ilrahman,. but though they are allowed to drink or smoke from a Gaur's hands, no Gaur will take water or a huqqa from them, Their origin 34 9 [ PART A. is thus describe d. When Raja Jamnaja i summoned th e Ga ur Brahma ns CH AP . I.C. from Beng al, an er udite Rishi, Katayan by nam e, ac co mp an ied the m ". and wa s cho sen, as th e mo st learned of the company, to take th e DeSC ri pt ive. rOle of Br ahma on the occasio n of a yaga or sacrifice. To sust ain this POPULATION . part the Rishi ha d to wear a mask of fou r face s, whence his de sce nda nts Tribes and ar e ca lled Ch au rasi, or th e four- fa ce d (f rom the Sans kr it ris a, a face). Castes: They sub seq ue nt ly diss ent ed fro m the Ga urs on th e que sti on of dakkshin a The Chanr', ! (mon ey given as alm s), but it is not known why they are in ferior to Brahmans. th em, though th eir nume ri cal in feriorit y may account fo r it. Anoth er grou p of Bra hmans in Baw c: .lis the Hariana , wi th whom the The Harictna Gau rs also dec lin e to dri nk or smoke. Th ey are cult iva tors , a fa ct Brahmans. whi ch may ex pl ai n their inf eriority . They are mainly found in Jaip ur, Alwa r and Bhartp ur. There are a few Pu shk arn as in the tow n of Bawal, belong in g to the The Pu sh kar. Sahwaria saran. They engage in no occu patio n save priest ly ser vi ce in na s. th e templ es of Pus kha rji and asser t tha t they had been spec iall y crea ted by Bral zma to worshi p in his temp les, an d hence th ey ar e so named ; tqey do not assoc iate with the Gaurs in any way . Th e Rajp uts are divided into three ra ces (ba ns ) Suraj -ba nsi (sol ar), The Riij pul s. Cha ndar-b ansi (lu nar) and Agni -kul or Bani gh. ba nsl . Ea ch bans is again divid ed int o klza np s, each klta np into nak hs, an d each nakh , it is said , into gats. The Ag ni -- kul have fo ur branc hes , (£) th e Solan khi, or '16- handed'; (z'i) the San khla blowi ng sa nkl t or shell; tii i) the Pra mara or Punwar (whose an cest or had no arms); an d (iv ) the Cha uhan, th e' four -han de d,' also cal led the Ch at r- bhuj . The ep ony m of the lat ter had two son s, -S ika nd, wh os~ desce ndants are found in Bawal, and Bh al , wh ose desce nd ants inhabit the Ba gar. 1 Sikand had 12 so ns, ea ch of whom found ed a sepa rate na kh, thus:- (I) Alan Deo-ji, epon ym of the Cha uhan Rajp uts in Bawal, fou nd- ed th e Alanot na M. (2) Hard al-ji found ed th e Ha da na M. (3) Deo -j i founded th e Dewara na kh. (4) Su ra j Mal founded the Adsongra nak h. (5) Bala-ji founded the Bali a na kh . The (6) Khenchi, (7) Narman, (8) Bhag, (9) Bargala, (10) Dasotra , (ll) Basotra and (12) Kahil nakhs are named after his other sonto. The Chauhan s form an exogamous group. Thos e of Bawal nizamat ar e Alanot by na kk and Bach by got, Bachash having bee n their ancestor. Like Sihand's des- cendants they worship Asawari DevI , whos e templ e is at Samber in Jaipur. Bhal's descendants worship Jibbi Devi of Khandaila. The descendants of Sikand worship Bhirgwa Godawari Nadi, wear a three-stringedjaneo, and spe. cially follow the Sham , Veda- Every khanp of thes e Rajputs has a tree as its dhari, i.e., its members do not cut or use it. Thus the Rajputs of Bawal ni samat do not cut the asa paltZ tree. Prior to the period of Rajput supre- macy Ba :wal, including the modern tahs JIs of Rewarf and Kot Qasim with a " part of Jaipur, was ruled by Bhagra, a Jat, whence it is still called B higota. The Rajp6ts of this tract are followers of a Muhammadan saint 35° NABHA S'fATE.] CHAP~ I. C. whose shrine is ;at Nangal Teju in Bawa! . 1hey avoid the us e of liquor and use kalfU flesh, bu t preserv~ the belief in sa lis. A man may not visit Descri pt ive. his fathe ·r-in .;1 ,a~' 's hou se unless invited and given a present of ornaments . POPULAfI ON. The muklii:/J/ a. \ is :: consi dered unnecessary when the partie s are young. Tribes and Of the var .ious . br an ches of the lunar race the Badgujar, Khachhwaha Ca stes: and Shaikhawat -: lihr rnp s have a common descen t. The former claim des- Th e Raj puts. cen t fro m Lahu, son of Rim and Sl ta an d the Kachhwaha's ancestor was crea ted by Balmf k out of kush gr,3.ss .Kalaji, a Kachhwaha, had a son by the favour of Shaikh Burhan-u d-din, the Muhammadan saint, and so his descendants are ca ll ed Sh aik hawats . They have 36 nakhs, including the Ratnawat (descenda nts of Boa iro n- ji), Dunawat, Chand awat and Kh achh- rolia, of which the first is found in this State , though only in small \lum bers. Ra tnawat women do not use the spi nning whe el or grind corn, and th e men would rather starve than eat flour ground by their women. Thos e who do so are excommunicated . All the Shaikhawats are fol lower s of Sh aikh BurMn-ud-din, whose shrine is at Jaipur. Th ey bind a skin round a child's wais t and only us e hala I fle sh according to the Shaikh 's behests. Kachhwahas and Shaikh aw ats do not intermarry , being th e descen da nts of one ancestor . Th e Ba dgu jars now marry with the Ka chhwahas, but not so th e Shaikhawat s. This used not to be th e ca se ; but since they migrated to Rajp utan a it has been the custom. A Kac hhwa ha chief set the example by marrying a Badgujar gi rl whom he met when hun ting a ti ge r. Lunar branch es found in this St ate are the Jaclu and Tunwar RajpUi s. Th e fermer are desc ended from }add u, one of th e fiv e sons of Raja Jajati, 5th in descent from th e moon. They have a numb er of naklzs, of which the Muktawat (so called because Sri Kris han , th eir ancestor , wo re a mu kot or crown) is found in this State. Th ey ar e disciples of Atd, from whom their got is derived, and avoid marriage with the Bhattfs, who are a bran ch of their tribe. Tari s, the ancestor of the Tun wars, wa s the se cond son of Raj a Jajati; they are ag ain divided into tra Ms and gots , thou gh Jad du and Tunwar descend from a com mon ancestor, ye t th ey int er marry with one anothe r, but Tunw ar an d Ja tas do not int er marry .Onc e a Tu nw ar Raja had a son who was born with long ha ir and the pand its warned him th at th e boy endangered his life. so he was abandoned in th e dese rt. A Lata Brahman , how ever , declared that the birth was auspi ciu us to the Ra ja , so he had th e child traced . Be was found she ltered by a hawk's (ch it) wings; one of the. follower s of the Raja thr ew an arrow at the bird, it flew away, and at th e pl ac e wher e it ali ght ed a temple was erected to the bird as the god dess ChEla . The boy was na med Jatu or 'long- haired ,' and his desce ndants av oid kill ing a chit and worship the goddess. Thei r special parohits are Brahmans of the Lata go t. Rajputs pride thems elv es in the title of Thakur . Those born of slave girls are said to be of the Sur etwc il got and are also cal led Da ro ghas. Unlike other Hindus, Rajput women often wear blue cl oths, but they do not wear ka nc h or silver bra cele ts, only ivory ones. The women av oid flesh and li quor , but not so th e men . The y wil l take wat er from the skin of a Muham- madan saqqa or water-ca rr ier. Marriage is consummated witho ut waiting for the mukla7 tJ a and sometim es the pai r meet in the hou se of the gi rl's petrents. The bride is no t sent back to her home three or four days after the wedd ing, and she is no t allowed to visit her pare nts until the bhor.J cere - mony has been per fo rme d, whi ch take s place some tim e aft er the wedding . But a wife goes to he r parents ' hou se for her fi rst confineme nt . Earl y marriage is no lon ger pract ised. CHA PT ER II.- ECONOMIC · -- )'o E-- Section A.-A gric ult ure. THE general cond iti ons und er whic h agric ult ure is ca rried on in the PMI· CHAP. II. A. kian States have bee n describ ed in the Pati ala and ]ind Gazette ers ,l and need Economic . not be recapitul ated here. Th e th ree Stat es arc so clo se ly connected geogra- phi cally and ra cially th at wh at has been said of the Sang rur tahs il of Jfnd AOR ICU LTURIZ. hold s good of the Amloh and PMI nz'zam l't ts of Nabha , wh ile the Baw al General nz" sdmat of Na bha whi ch lies on th e con fi ne s of Ra]'put ana shares al l th e cha- agrIcultural conditions. ra cteris tics of the Dadr f tahsil of Jind and the Narnau l nz'z amai of Patiala . As to soils littl e mor e nee d be said. Daka r, rauslZ and bht td are th e Soil ,. pr evailing soils. In Amloh n£aama t st agna nt wa ter is foun d lying on kalla r, a hard soil impregnat ed with soil which gro ws litt le or no thi ng wh en it is dr y, but pr od uc es a go od crop of rice whe re the wa ter lies. In nz"zam ai Amlo h an d Phal cult ivated la nd is cal led bhendar, wa ste being call ed ba nna or rlta ira , well-land sen ju and Mra Y:i maru . Little attention is paid to rotati on of crops. Certain sequ enc es how- Rot a.tion of ever are obs erved-s ugar ca ne and cotton always su cce ed on e anot her .2 crop~ . Wheat is sow n eith er in land whi ch has lai n fallo w for six month s or in land whi ch has ju st born e a maize crop. Th e id ea is tha t th e manure whi ch is ) ind is pensabl e to a goo d cro p of mai ze has not bee n exh austed and will help to rais e a wh ea t cro p. In the Janga l gra m is sown after mai ze and v£c e z,ers d. Man ur e is in di spen sabl e to se ver al of th e most valu able crops . Su ga r- Manure. cane needs all the manure it can get, as much as fiv e bullock cart s, or about 10 0 ma und s a b£f!ha, be ing giv en. For cotton the ground is ma nured befo re sowin~ and the seeds th ems elv es are wr apped in cow-dung. Maize is alway s so wn on man ur ed la nd. Whe at is man ured as soon as it app ear s in th e bl ade. Rape see d is of te n so wn in man ur ed land , but manure is not in- di spens abl e to it . Tobac co is said to nee d as much manure as maize. Vegetables gener all y get both wat er and manur e. Th e proport ion of the populati on en gaged in or dependent upon agri · Popul at:on en- culture is shown in Tabl e 17 of Part B. In point of fact th e St ate is ga ged in agricul- entirely agricu lt ural . Well-to-do farm ers have their own perm anent farm tu re. serva nts , and need no assistanc e from out sid e. Poor er men take partn ers or employ fiel d labou rer s at har vest-tim e.Partnerships are common in Phu l, rare in Amloh , an d unknown in B:iwal . In PMl the generality of cultiva- tor s are unabl e to cope with th e work unaided. In Amloh , a country of wel ls, men have shar es in a well and cultivate their own holding s when th eir turn for the water come s. The sam e system obtains, though to a s,maller extent, in Bawal ,3 There is no particular class of field labourers in this State , but general Field labourers. labourers are employed for cutting the harvest by the zamindars. The wages of labour are given in Tabl e 25 of Part B. Sugarcane and cotton are the most importiJ ,nt crops on irrigated land, Principal though th e actu al area under wh eat is three times that of Cane and cotton staples. combined. The canal lands of Phul are largely sown with cane and maize in the kharH and wheat in the rab!. Amloh, though it has little canal irrigation, has many more wells than PMI and grows equally good crops. The best cane , however, is grown in PM! . Bawal which has little irrigation grows mainly kharlf crops and rabi crops needing little water such as gram and sarson, but if the winter rains are favourable, a fair wheat crop is raised lSee above, pages 93 and 263. 2This is in contrast to the custom in Patiala, where ca .ne and cotton are never allowed to succeed one another (6ee above, page 98). 3 Fo~ agricultural partnerships see Patiala Gazetteer, page 99. 35~ NABHA STATE.] CHAP. II A. in Bawal . The be st wheat is'grow n in PMl . On unirrigated land in all three -' tahslls jowrir, mung, moth, gram , cotton, gowara, etc., are lar gely grown. Economic. Various sort~ of cane are grown in the State. The best is called chan ; AGRICULTURIl. it is red in colour and grows to a gr ea ter height than th e ot her var ieties , Principal staples . and the knots are further apart . Th e juice is sweeter and th e can e giv es S garcane a larger yield . Dohlu is a yellow can e with close knots , yie lding le ss juic e U• than chan, but more than the third vari ety, ghorru, wh ich is hard, full of knots and generally inferior. Can e covers 2 per cent , of the cultivated area . Cotton. which covers the same area , is gener ally sown on well-lands , and especially on n£aicnalu, as it needs manur e as well as water. Cot ton is generally uniform in kind and quality, but in some parts of nt '/uzmat PM} maUgiri cotton is so wn. Maize ac counts for 7 per cent of the cult iv ation. It is not gr own in Bawal tahsll as it ne ed s pl ent y of wa ter. Two kinds of mai ze are so wn here ,-tpe white and th e ye llow. The yellow pr oduces a swee ter grain. The best ma ize is gro wn in PM! . Wheat is grow n on 15 per cent . of the cul ti vate d area. In Bawal, where it is call ed !! eh/t n, it is spari ng ly sown, as th e rainf all ther e is sca nty and unc ert ain, Th e Ph ll l ni zamat has rain enoug h to gro w wh eat on barani soil , bu t in Amloh it ;s ge nerall y grown on well -land. Very little wh eat is ea ten by th e sam ind ar s thems elv es as it fe tches a goo d pri ce. Red wh ea t is the on ly kind known in Ba wa l, but bet ter varietie s are som e- times tri ed in Ph til and Amloh . Barl ey tak es th e place o~wheat in Bawal, where th e few wells there " are devot ed to its cultivation: 8 per cent . of th e tot al area cult iva te d is under barl ey. Sarson is grown on 2 per ce nt . of th e cul tivated are a- a larg e per cent- acr e for this crop. It is gro wn en tirel y fo r sale eith er in th e form of oi l or s~ed . It does be st on virgi n so il, an d hence it is al way s th e first cr op to be sown on new ly cultivated la nd. ['Jow ar is grown throughout the State, and compris es nearly 10 per cent. of th e cul ti vation. It is nev er grown on kh ud land s .. 'J owar is large- ly grown as fodder (cha rrt) , but land, which used to yi eld geo d ;owar cr ops, is said to have beco me less productiv e since can al irrig' ltion was introdu ced , canal wat er apparen tl y less ening the fertility of th e soil . . Btf ,jr6, is the staple crop of the dry lands of Bawal, and is grown on 20 per cent. of th e cultivated area of th e State. It is grown in PM 1, but hard- ly at all in Amloh, where the land is too fertil e to be wasted on Mjra. In Bawal it forms the principal food of th e people, and to a less ext ent it is eaten in PM! . Bajra is sometimes sown mixed with mung and moth . Gram (chola) does well on sandy soil and accounts for 16 per cent. of the total cu ltivation. It is grown in aU three tahslls. ~ , Pulses-mung, mask , moth , etc.-are chi efly grown for cattle. Tobacco and Tobacco covers 155 acres in the State. It is tr ansplanted in Phagan and vegetables. cut in Jeth. It requires (requent watering and as much manure as maize . Brackish wa ter is good for it. Vegetables ar e grown chiefly in town s by Aralns and other market gard eners Onions and carrots, however, are some - times grown in vill ages as th e zam£"d rf ,r is fond of them and carrots ar e ver y good for ca ttle. Carro t see ds are us ed medicinally. Carrots cover ne arly I per cent. of the to tal cultivation. Onions are transplanted, water- ed and manured muc h in the same way as tobacco. Somet imes canaway (aj'llJain) and carrots ar e SO wnbet ween rows of onions. Garlic (lahson) is sown in town s, but rarel y in villages as the people do not care for it. Aere llg e of. The ac reage of th e principal crop s is shown i'n the following state- prhl.cip:Ll cr ops. ment:~ I ------1 --- 1 I Sug al'Caue 6,55 0 6,550 Wheat 39,40 2 Mai ze 18,066 18 ,066 Ba rley 21,32 3 Cotton 5,6 00 97 5,697 GojdM (mixe d 3,9 41 wh ea t and gram ). 10 t!1&r 1,567 7,954 9,521 Be,ra (mixed 2,98 6 wheat and ba rley) , Cltarr{ 3,3° 2 12,136 15 J4.,8 Gram 11 ,60 8 Bdjra 1,136 51,548 52,68 4 Sarson (r apesee d) 1,680 Mu ng, moth, ma slt, ch Q'/J)(Ila and 2,351 39.651 42,002 gowara. Hempor san 653 20 673 354 Nfl-BHA STATE. ] ~H AP . n. A. V\ Thenthe crops appear above th e ground th ey are fenced round in Ec onomic. Amloh with br anches of ki kar or ber . In Bawal hedg es are made of a kind of reed call ed Fencing is almost unknown in Ph6 .l, AG RICULTURE. pa ta. Land alienat ion. Th e Niibh a Stat e was in ad vance of th e res t of the province in imposi ng restriction s up on the ali enati on of agri cultur al land to the non -a gricultu ral . classes. In 18 89 A. D. th e Khatr is, Brahmans an d tr ading cla sses, who were not them selve s cultiv ator s, we re forbidd en to acq uire la nd by mort gage or pu rcha se , on ly cultivators (ka sht kar) being author is ed so to acq uire land . In 189 2 a furth er amendme nt was introdu ce d, by whi ch alienatio n was onl y permi tt ed withi n the cas te (q aum) to whi ch the al ienor belo nge d, aliena .tion to a. per son of . an oth er ca st e (ghai r. kuj) bein g proh ibi te d. Exist ing mor tga ges we re mainta in ed . The ali ena tio n of land to any pe rson no t res iden t in the St at e was also prohi bit ed in 1874, except on the con- dition th at sec urity wa s fur nished th at the ali enee woul d take up hi s abo de in the State. Agricultura l Few hor se s or pon ies are re are d in th e St ate , thou gh some are raise d sto ck. in PMl niZl xm at an d so ld at th e ca ttl e fairs . The hor ses of the Janga l T(lble 22 of Part B. tra ct use d to be well kn own {or the ir st re ngth, but the breed has degenera ted. Horses. .Th e St ate maintain s ~ta lli ons in this niz amat at Phtl l and Lohat Bad! . SIn 'll ? and goa ts. Shee p are of less va lu e than goats beca use the ir milk is not use ab le. Goa ts yie ld up to four sers of milk and th ei r pr ice has risen {rom Rs. 2 or Rs. 3 to Rs. 7 or Rs. 8, ow ing to the in creasing tr ade in thes e an im als. Th e goats of Baw al are sup erior to those of th e oth er ni samats , beca use the re is ampl e fodd er in the ree ds (p(f, [a) on which goats chiefl y li ve in that nz'z am at. Came ls. Ca mels are ke pt larg ely in ni zam ats Phul and Ba,'; 'al, bec ause in tho se I tra cts they are use d for plou ghing and fo r the transp or t of grain, the natu re of the cou nt ry preve ntin g the use of car ts. Fowls and pigs . Fowls and pigs are on ly kept by Chuh r:5 s, wh o pr ize the latter an im al and usu ally mak e pr esents of it in stead of a came l or hor se at a wed din g. Th e val ue of a pi g is as mu ch as Rs. 9 or Rs . 10, bu t the re is no attem pt to fee d the an ima ls and th ey are left to forag e for th emse lves on th e ou tski rt .s of th e vill ages an d towns. Digeases of Dis ease carrie s of! large nu mbers of cat tle. Wh en cat tle fall ill the cattle. owne rs res ort to ch ar ms (fO lIa) in st ead of regular treatment . Some of th e co mmone r disea ses a.nd na ti ve methods of treating the m are de scribe d belo w:- Gal ghotua-S .ve llin gs in the throat: for this the cattl e are given hot ghi and milk, and th e sw el lings are caut eris ~d wi th a hot iron. Chhawa, .-Pains in th e ribs, accomp 2. nied by difficulty in breathing. Co ws are branded on the flank, whil e buffa 1.oes ar e rubbed with aj waz' n and sal t. R01'a or Hur £-Foot and mouth disease. The feet are bath ed with hot oil, pr eferably oil in which a lizard has been boiled. Meantime boiled ric e is off ered to some god . Sondi.- This is an insect that lives in cha,,£, which is said to be fat al to catt le if they eat it. The di~ .eas e is speedily fatal, but if the an imal should linger, ashes ar e dissolved in wat er and given it to drink. Chapla-;-:Is . a blister on th e pal ate" caused usually by eating sharp st alks. Ghz IS rubbed on th e place . ; Chapka-Spittle trick le s from the .!animal's mouth and his strength . goe s. A mixt ure of gur an d ajwaz 'tz 'is given. 355 Cattle fai rs. [ PAR T A~ '\ Mu ll or diar rhre a-Ba rle y flour mixed with water is give n. CHAP. II,A. Lakw a is a form of par alysis . Spiri ts are pour ed down the animal's Eco nomic . throat. AG RI CULTUIlB. Th e table in Dise ases of th e margin shows cattle . th e princip al. cattle Ani mals Valu e in Cattle fai n. sold . rupees . fairs held in the Sta te. Th e two ------fairs in ni zamat Phul are attend ed H, OOO } 22, 000 to by pe opl e from Asa uj 28th to 11 ,000 23, 000 the ot her St ate s K6.t ik. and Fero zepo re, 42023 Rawal pindi , Jul- lun dur and oth er 5,00,000 Dis tr ic ts. Bul - loc ks ar e most ly ~ 3, 00 ,00D sold , but cows, 5 cam els an d po nies also change hands. As many as 30,000 people att end th e fair at Jai to, but that at Ph ul is only visi te d by a fifth of th at numbe r. Rewa rds ar e given to the bi ggest purch as ers and to those dealers who ex hibit th e best bred animals . Th e St ate als o supp li es food to the wrestler s who atte nd a? d awards pri .zes to th em. Sun d£ pakh £ is als o play ed. Th e two faIrs in ni zamat Aml oh, at Na bl1a and Amloh itself, are eac h att ende d by abou t 5,000 peopl e. Th ey re semb le th ose of th e Ph lil niza rnat in all res pe cts. The tw o fair s at Mahasa r in niz amat Bilwal arc very an ci ent ins titu- tions. Bullo cks in large numb ers are sold , som e Rs. ~,oo Jooo ch anging han ds yea rly at th e two fair s. Th e State levi es a toll of 6~ annas on every animal sold . Abo ut 1,000 peopl e att end each fair. Amloh ni za mat is irrig ated large ly by wells , but pa rtly also by ca nal s. Ph ti l has 110wells, bu t mo re canal -irrig ation than Amloh. Bawal ha s no ca nal s and ve ry few wells.The percentage ~~lo h ~~ of irri gat ion on the cult ivated area of the thr ee Baw al 21 niza ma ts is shown in th e margin. . The Sirhind Can al irrigates part of th e State. It s construction was Canals , 1'~. sanctioned in 1870, and it was divided into 100 shares of which Nabha bdhds,etc. owns 3'168. The State contribut ed Rs. 12,71,713 up to th e end of the year 1902 -0 3 towards th e cost of construction. The canal was formally opened on th e 24th Novemb er 1882. Th e main channel serv es two branch es belong- ing to the Brit ish Gov ernment , viz., the Bhatinda and Abohar Branches, which flow through the Ph61 nz'zamat, and Feeder NO.1, which supplies 36 per cent . of the total water to the Phulkian Stat es. Of th is 36 per cent. Nabha owns 8·8 per cent. Thi ,s feeder runs from Man- pur to I Bhartala , where it divides into two branch es, (t) the Kotla Branch irrigatin g lands in nz'zamat Phol, and (z'i) Feeder No. 2 irrigating the Amloh n£zamat. This fee der No. 2 on reaching ,the Roth ! bridge is divided into two branches,-(,) Feeder No. 3 and (ii) the Ghaggar ~ranch ; but though these branches pass through the State they do not irrigate any of its villages. Feeder No . 3 is that which 'goes to Patiala and the Ghaggar Branch is that which flows 'south of the capital of the State at a distance of one mile. The 35 6 NABHA STATE. ] numbers of feeders and in the State are given below :- CHAP. II, A. t'ujMhUs Number -- --- Economic. ------' =-c=- ---;~I - Rr£jbdhds. nu~ber of Nizamat. AGRICULTURE. .or mmors. . mmors. Irrigation. Feeders and 1 Kotla Branch (nizdmat Dhanula Nizama' "efib4hds: Phlll). Phul . Ditto UpH Ditto. Ditto Badhar Ditto. Ditto Ditto. 5 Ditto Pedol Kalan Niz amat Amloh. 6 No.2 Feeder (nizdmat N<1bha 2 I to 2 Ditto. Amloh) . 7 Ditto Roth! 3 I to 3 Dit to. 8 Ditto KotH 3 I to 3 Ditto. 9 Ditto Molugwlkl 7 I to 7 Di tto. When water in Feeder No. 2 first reached the Rothi bridge, a meeting was held there at which His Highness the Raja was present . The following statement shows the irrigated area, receipts and expen. diture in connection with the canal :- IRRIGATED AREA IN pakka '\i bighas. , "• Year A. D. Receipt s. Expendi - .- Nizamat Nizamat ture . ,- , TotaT. Phil! . Amloh. --- . ------Rs_ Rs. 1886.87 ...... 8,348 2,211 10 ,559 4,911 [,21,497 1887.88 ...... 1I,l91 3, 1°5 14,296 4,828 67,864 1888·8g ...... 9,883 2,896 12,779 37,3 69 66,222 1889-90 ...... 2,912 16,102 41,724 30 ,325 - 13,190 1890'91 ...... 24,761 5,069 29,830 69,000 52,699 1891-92 ...... " . 29 ,433 3,395 32,828 70,74 1 ~8,218 I89a -g3 ~ 44,602 18,603 ." '" ... 15,381 3, 08 3 18 ,464 ..... 1893'94 ...... ~ 16.928 4,1E8 21,116 48,569 25,739 •.... 16 2 02 1894-95 ...... 15,57 2 2,726 18 ,298 45, 9 3 ,4 - 45,018 189s·g6 ...... 36,209 7,213 43,422 24,533 1896'97 ...... 51,157 JI ,507 62,664 95,858 23,929 1897'9 8 ...... 44,499 21,331 65,83 0 1,37,013 46,448 18 98'99 ...... 41,937 9,947 51,864 1,06,591 32,977 1899.1900 ••• ...... 44,337 '7,'50 61,487 1,47,17 0 51,06 5 1900'01 ...... 29,374 8,514 37,888 92277 35,197 --- -- Total ... -...... 10,26,841 ---6,57,718 35 ,7' [PART A. The re are two Wls, one at Th Uf j a he igh t of ten feet, an d the other at CHAP. II, .A. Harigarh, a heig ht of eight fee t. The forme r is at mil e 4 -;- 25 05 of the E' .' Ghaggar and tL e latter at mile 37 of the Kot la Br anch resp ectively. At conomlC. these two places there are two flour mills, eac h with 10 mill- stones. These AGRICULTURE. were constructed at the requ est of the Niibha Stat e. Rs. 18 ,739 were Irrigation. spent on the ThU f mill and Rs. 15 ,84 9 on that at Hari ga rh mill . The State recei ve s interest on this su m from Gov ern ment at the rat e of Flour mills. Rs. 6-8-0 per cent . per annum. Th e St ate, on the ot he r hand, pays rent to Governm ent quarterly acc ording to the averag e auction rates of similar mills in the Sirhind Can al Circl e of the mills. The leases of the mills are auctioned every year by th e State. The Northern India Canal Act is in forc e as regards the canal revenue. Canal law. Cases of tre spass, et c. , on the canal within Nci bha territory are dealt with by the Stat e officials. Sixty~ vill p.ges in nizu mat PMl ar e irr igat ed by the Abohar and Villages irrigated BhatindaBranche s, whi ch bel ong to the British Go ver nment. Th e distri- by British ,aj- bu tion of 'wa ter is manage d by th e Stat e patw aris , who also coll ect th e bUhas . wate r-r ates on beh alf of th e British Gove rnment . The re ceipts less 5 per cen t. for coll ection, etc. ) ar e rem itted ha lf-ye arly to th e Ludhi ana tr ea sury . Th e followin g stat ement 5hows th e rllj 'bahas with their leng th and th e Sta te villag es irri gate d by them . ~~ ~ :I < n M ~.' , :< l 0 ::c ~~.~: aQ' (; 0 ~ ::.::r ~ c: :1 > . :l" O· ... 0 :a C1Q~ •• ... ? c: C/l"': ~ 3 I ~I>. (') - !" - '"•• ".1>. '" '" ? ======_======_.:. = ~ = = .= ---,, " '_ = :- =:: = - ::-_-: .= '==- - - ..__ .-'C_-:c..=_ :-'=.. :-' :-;=:'-----:0'= --=-== =~======~ 'AVERAGE ANNUAL IRR ICA Tt O:-l I _._ . . __ LE_:-I•.G._TH_LY_T: -<. ·G_._ WITHl:-l TH E ST ATE. 'or. , . _ .'__ ~ !~~ _NEF~~i .KA ~H DI ~.R!lJU" :~\RY . 1 \ \ .: I To ! Di ffe rence of Total len gt h. ; ~ . . I leng th. .n ~ -I- ! ! <:.2 1 , I . :: : . : : : I I I_ Z Sehnaajo Mr :::::::::a~y-._. j-- . --- \/ --- -- i----- I---- i--- \----- \------I I\I Ile s. Feet Miles .Feet . ~Jiles. Fett .: i\1 ,1es.Fcc!. i Dire ct q 1 ,100 ' 1 4 l, 6~5 0 54 5 !) i I ! II 5 ~:: :::I ::::~: : '1 6,: 4;: II 0 ::: "I i Do . ... I 16 1,588 16 3,76 5 0 2,177' 16 3,985 16 4.2291' 0 2M ' I ! ,~ 3 4.485 , ; 16 4, 452 17 Sr 6 0 1,3 64 iI 17 4,540 18 47 68 I 228 !I '9 1,75 8 19 3 .400 0 r,6.p II 20 1,777 20 2,756 0 979 ' 2 1 13 2 1 97 1 I 0 958 j liEnor 0.4 - , r\ 8 4 .042 82 81 1 I Do, do. 9 5 '5 9 935 420 : ,. ",951 I 9 1,570 9 4,217: -? ' _<4' ~I ,i \ ! I I Hea d. :2 6 00 ' Coo I ( i ! I 4 23 0 : 1,53 2 : ( 2,66·3 i 2 ~ I i Do . do. 5J6 , t. i Do, NO.7 4,735 . 2SS 4 I\I Do, No.8 1,180 0 2,260:) ~r Do . do. 2 7 1 0 0 3, 235 ~ 2 3,412 ~ '~ I 4 44 20 I 2,92J. ~ I r L I 242 I 35' 0 '3 < c '3' i '! ... I ... I ... ' r _ ••• _j -!-·~ I--~ 2 .1 SJ -. .-. I-.·-.l~-\-·--1, 666 : -- i ------,- - --1 I . Bhad in er Major Dist ti butar ". Dir ect '" :.1,900 ; 19 4.606 I 10 70 G, 10 70r:! 5 I I I I lIIi nor NO ·3 1,453 1 o 2.047: 0 2,04 7 I Do. NO.4 1,00 6 i 2 1,99 -1-! r . l.,) 9 ~ 4 II Do. KO.4r Ban ch 235 ! :J 2,7G5! 3" 7(,: \ ~ I I Do. No .5 ! , 45 <0 \ 4: 50:I 5 I 814 ______-:. . 1 1 --- \ I ..: :;'OJ .., (") :: ;.,.. , :> ("l'J ;-ciQ . :;.- Cl (' ) O'Q :c 0' Q; u ;n0 ~ 0 (l ) ~ .:r !!:. c('J ;: l :to '" AVERAGE ANNUAL IRRIGATION I.YIN GWITHIN THE STAT E. ~ LENGTH ..s DON8 FROM E~CH DISTRIBUTARY • 'J> I .... 0.= 'ij; 0 NAME OF DISTRIBUTARY. REMARKS . :E Di ffe rence of .. T ota lle ngt h. ¢lijj Kharff. Rabi . Total . Q From To length. ...0 ,.~ ~ Cl ~ Z z ----- .------~ •..... - Miles. Fee t. Miles. Fe et. Mil es. Fe et. I Mi les. Feet. ~"'\ ShadlJlel' Majo •• Dist, 'jbutal'y- ~. concluded...... Tail . 2,COO 4 2,000 3 612 ~ Head. 4 :s 2,218 Do. NO .7 Do. 3 2,218 3 2,2 18 3 3 802 Do. NO.7 Branch Do. Tail . 3,000 3,oCO 2 419 Do. No.8 Do. 4 1,040 4 1,040 4 1, 010 2 830 6 3,75 0 8 2, 260 3,510 35 1o 2 678 Minor NO.3 Branch I I 2,043 4,0 00 0 J,957 a 1,9 57 259 Do. NO.4 do. Head. Tail. 2 3,000 2 3,000 2 926 Do. do. do. 3 4'9271 3 ...... 1,482 ---.---- ...- -- ..: ------_ ~,664 3 /-. _------=-1-'''- 1-'''- - 9,489 < Q DhipdU Majo r Di str ih ;, ear y. ~ >Z. ;: Direct ... IS 2, 087 19 4,589 4 2,S02 4 2,502 3 J,31!) : :;. He ad. 2 1,815 2 1, 8r s 2 1.815 :3 123 •• Ta il. ") ~. Do. 3 SOD 3·s00 I ~ <:l-. Do . 0 3,3 84 i 0 3.384 ~ 1.374 - 0 4.939 ~ 2.470 4.05 0 0 1.555 5 J Phl ll Major Distr ibutal'Y, Dire ct 4 1,9 29 4 2.850 0 921 'I Do. 4 4.450 J2 53 4 . 7 J,084 I ~ 4,224 6 Do. ... J2 1,995 J2 2, 172 0 177 I Do. ...\ 12 2,752 12 4,804 0 2,C 42 J tl1 (") ~.:;" txI ...•. > :::!:! .::• - c:> liQ' ilO 0 :c ~~~. ~. n 0;] :> I'D := .:r c: O· •.. 0 ~ i& ii . ::' -I rJ)~ c: 3 I~ Pi 1> , !'l'" - s~ r' .» Statement slz owe-"t Br iti slt RdjMh((s irrigating /V dblza Sla te village s and thei r length in the ~ta!e-continu ed. AV& RAGE ANNU AL IRRIG ATION D JN It FR OM E AC H DIST RIBUT ARY , Diff erence of Tota l leng th. ".- 0 Khadf Ra bi . Total . length . .<: >2 ~ I E,~~'" ='.~ I ".~"< 1 - ~ ------_ ._------=------...• ----- '" Pht H JI1aj o~Di' st.,ibt, · "'t t~''y.- conclud e1. ~. I I Miles. Feet . Miles. Feet. Mi les . Fee t. Miles Feet . .•~. ~- Minor NO.3 ... 1 Head . Tail . 5 3,500 5 3,500 31 1,2 39 :t Do . NO .4 Do. Do. 4 I,O~O if ',0 00 1,242 ·· .. 1 3\ Do. r-i"o ': Do. 2 2.700 2 2,7°0 2 2, 700 2 543 Do . !\c. ( Do. 0 3,54 0 0 06 ° 3,549 354° Mehr aj Bra lch Do. 0 1,83 0 0 1,830 0 183° 2 --~.-.,-- - --,-..--- -:--::-I--·- ~:'-:-~-- --::- I _T_o _t _a l_.B~ ha_t_ in _d_a _D_ iV _i_si_ ·o.nI ·=I="'_ ':=1-97 3948 ' 3 ' 1_---J "."3 .. j.Jaitu Major Distributary 6 1,720 2,870 l 2,340 Do. do . 9 1,2 80 4.470 5 II Hea d. 1,0 00 Raota Majo r Dist ributa ry Do. do. <":I Minor NO .3 '9 Do . NO.4 8 l 2, 43 I Do. NO.5 3,000 o 58 0 420 I Head . 4 2,905 0 2,9 5 I Mar! Major Dist ribu tar y 1,385 ',385 i Minor No.8 3,316 I) ____ 1__ I-~-- , o 4700 6 1,310 (to 17 3 ,000 ta il ) 21 "'" Propos ~l t 0 abandon this Head . :2 vid e Super- 336 int e I I din g Engin e e r' s No 356. dated Min or No . I R6iko t Di ..stribu ,\ I,UO 18th Febru. ta ry . ar y 19 04. ~E ·~ .. > rt1 ~ - Q 0 :c lO:·~ ~ 0!!! 0 ::=.~ ::J > ..... ci" c... cr ., .,.. AVER AGE ANN UAL IRRIGATION LENGTH LYING WITHIN TH ESTAT B. l>.O ~ DO NE FR OM EA CH DISTR IBUTARY. ':; c 0 .•.. '0; NAMI! OF DISTRIBUTARY. 0 REMARKS, :E ....., Q Difference of .•.. Fr om To To ta l le ng th. .,1: Khad f. Rab i. Total. 0 length • .oS'.o •• s't; E :I ' ~ co Z Z ------. ------Bha tin da Branch- con ~hde d. -- Miles. Feet. Miles . Fe et . 1\1ires. Fee t. I Miles Fee t. "I i I 'l:l " KaUs Majo r Distributary ... He ac l. I 2,160 I 2,16 0 I 2,16 0 I ...... 368 ~~ ;:., ~ Kalian clo. do. ... Do. 2 SO 2 50 2 50 1 ...... 38 1 zI .!:!., ~ ------Q - -- < Tot al Lu dbhina Division ... :0: ...... 19 62 9 12 ...... 35°5 < :c Cl :> ----_ . - - ~ ------GRAN D TOT AL ...... 153 62 ...... 6 813 \ 3 ,79 9 j In Amlo h wa ter is found 26 fee t be1cw th e sur fac e. Th e Persi an wheel or nar, .at is the common est ap par atus, and is cai culated to irr igate a ma xi- Economi c. mum of ten bz' ghas per wheel . Over 26 pe r ce nt. of th e tota l area of th is tahs il is ir ri ga ted by wells . In PMl th e little we ll ir rigation the re is is done AGlll<:ULTUItl. by th e rope and bucket or chars a. Onl y 2 per cent . of th e cultivation is ir- Ir rig ati on . rig ated fro m wel ls, and the wat er-lev el varie s from 50 to I So feet bel ow the Well •. surf ace .In Sawal wa ter is ge nerall y found 75 feet down , and the rope and bucket is con~equentty mor e in us e tha n th e Pe rsian wheel . 7 pe r cent. of the cultivation in Sawa l is irri gat ed from wel ls . The cost of a well may be ro ughly est imat ed at Rs. 1,000 . The state me nts fol lowing sho w the number of wells, and the dC[lth at which wat er is foun d. 366 NABHASTATE. ] Economic. AG ll.ICULTURIt. Irrigation. Charsas and harrat, ,, I I We lls with We lls with WeUs Wi th ! Wells wit h Weli. with Wei ls wi th I one cha rsa two charsas fo ur ch ars as Tot al. I O; \e charla two chana s fou r ch arsQs Tot al. or one or two or fp ur I or ona or two or fo ur harr al. ha rral s. harr at s. I ------1------1- -- 1 Phi ll 81 130 I 32 ' 243 26 13, •• • 39 ,I ------\------,I I 402 \ 1,06 5 l.s S2 738 I I I Cha rsa s CI Harr at, Ha, ., ats ! j Ha rrat, I Haffu tt \ 11 arrat, 'I' 397 36 4 , I 761 ',027 673 I, I i I I I I 1 1 ------(-- 1------1-- 1 -- "I I :I I ". 1 " ". ,.• 1 J I I I Char sa, \ Char,a, CAN'as II 378 908 I 414 \ , \ Har rat, Baf f"t, 761 '\' I 1.7°0 NABHA ST ATE . j (r op e and bu cke t) and har ra ls (Persi an whetl) . CHA P.ll tA. Ec on omlo. AaltICUI ,TUU . Ir ri gation . Chrr ,f'sa,s and ' na rr atl . We lls wi th Wells wit h Well s wi th one charsa tw o ,haTsas (our ,harsas Depth to Average Number of i or Doe or two or four Total. water. cost of well. bPa llr\of I Pe r on e Per on e harral. har ratl. ha rrG1J. u 0(; s. r ,harIa or I harrat . .. .11 . ______. I,__ ~ 1I - i I I I 3' I '8'! 50 to 150 IRs. 300 to 4 pairs of : feet. IRe . 1,40 0. bull ocks : ---- . -- ,-- 1--- :f -- --1---- I, f I I 2245 '.14 0 I 3,3 85 26 1 Rs . 300 to 11 . I 1 ! i ". "', I CharS"~'4 1 Ch""'''i0 3 Charsa; '4 ~r~~~ ;.O e' t· 11 ~n :fI~ ~~~ I to a ,harsa. I Hal 'ral s l1arralt I' Ranal S ,I ITwo pairs ! 1,4 '4 1,031 2,46J of bullo ck s I to a har ral. I --1, -- .\-- :1------,--I 1I-- I I J.t ,.05G Fr om 102 From 7 II to i" fee t. Ro. 80 0 to I Rs.Itz oo . 1 1 -- 1------I I 2.788 ,.8' 9\ r06 i 4. 7'3 I I, I !I Ch arsas 1 1.3 64 ! ! I 1 368 NASH" STATE . ) CHAP.lltB. StJtlmut show z' ngthe depth of wells to the wate r.lev el and the dtp th Economic . of water in II well an d the lJverage areJ ir ri gat ed by wells. AGll1CULTUai. Ini,ation , Avera ge area Wells. Average dept h Depth of water. in bighas to water . irriga .ted oy a well. 1 Ph6 ! 'M I 124 44 4 2 Dha -naul a 7° 13 3 Lollat Bad! 26 :: I 20 Dil1lpura 89 I 17 4 4 I 5 Jllita 12 25 4 5 I Tena nt s Part B shows the extent of the cu ltivat ed area. Of .ad rent. Total area the total area of the St at e in bighos Per cen t. 24' 75 pe r cent. is held 1>y 11M",. tenants, as sh own in the mar ~ By oc cupa ncy te nants .•• 59.7 36 966 gi n. The rema ining 465,02 3 By ten ant s at ·w ill .•. 91, 186 14'8 bighas or 75'~5 per ce nt , of By tenants pay ing no rev enue who hold land th e total are a is held by self- on dharmartk or in cu lt iva ting pro pr ietors . 1ie u of servi ce Land is genera lly leased on th e Nam anl (about 15th Ju ne or Jeth sudt ika ds M) either en paym ent of (1) bat M, at var ious rate s; (2) cash, also at va rio us ra tes; or (3) sab ti re nt s. Bat M is lev ied thus: wh en th e gra in has been thres hed out the ten ants no tify the own er an d pay th e kamins' due s out of the heap in hi s pres enc e. Th e remaind er then is div id ed into shar es , the grain in pi tch ers , and th e str aw in punds (hea d- loa ds ). Batd i var ies from t or trd to -frt hs or !th. Ba tdi is rar ely ta ke n in the Bawal nizam at " wh en taken th e ra te is usually ird and only the grai n is div id ed, but no t th e straw. which be lo ngs . to the ten an t. Baldi is lar ge rly pa id by tenants-at-will, occupan cy tenants generally payin g in cash. Half batM is common in niz amat Phul an d !rd or fths in ni za mat Amlob. Ca~h rents are realized in four way s- (1) So me tenants on ly pay the Stat e rev enue to the landlord. (a) Some ; in addition to the revenu e, pay a cash rent to the landlord , (3) Other s pay a fixed lu mp sum as rent . (~.) Other s pay a fixe d cash rent per 6ig"~ or ac re. 369 [PART A. Most of the tenants in mza mat Bawal pay cash rent either ill CHAP.II,C. a lump sum (chak ata) or at a fi xe d ra te per bigl ta or at revenue rate Economic. without mdli k ••:z a. Most tenant s in the I?h61 and Amloh nizamats RaNTS. WAGIlS pay a fixed mrJ./iktfna beside s the State revenue, but no such tenants are to 'AND PRieRS. be found in Bawal . Cash ren t re al ized according to the kind of crop is call ed sob';, e.g., the proprie tor realizes rent at fixed cash rates on tobacco, Cash rents. onions, etc . The tenants who pa y no revenue are those who hold land in dharmQ rth or sankalp from the own er "r in li eu of servic e. Th e rents for the best lands in Amloh and Biw al per' igha kham ar e as follows :- The State possesses no minerals of importance. The sto ne mines at Kant! hill in n;samat BAwal produce a little copper ore, but experience has 37° NABHA STATE.] CHAP. II. F.• ShOWI) the cost of working to be pro llibitive, and mining has be en aba ndoned. The stone of a quarry in mEamat Bc iwal is ext ensively used in buil ding . It Economic. j,s subject to a State tax of ann2S 4 per 100 maunds A kind of ston e M-iQes and called silZ is found in the BehaH hill s, which is seen at its best in many . minerals. State buildings, and its use has in creased during the last few yea rs . Kankar mines are found in sev eral vill ages. It is larg ely used in buildi ng and in met all ing roads, and is al so exported in consid erabl e quantiti es by contractors. Two vill ages -Chahilan and Lakha Si ngh \yala in ni za mat Amloh-··produc e stone-kan ka •.,. sl abs ,of which ar e said to weigh two maunds , and mea sure , 2' X I ~/. Saltpetr e is found more or less throu ghout iI:e foll owi ng vill ages :- The St ate is ent ir ely ag ric ultur al. Arts and crafts only ex ist to sup ply local needs . Th e Amlo h nl z.f, mat has a lo cal reputat ion fo r j! habdw and mH . Da ris ar c made in th e towns of Amloh an d Nabha, but th ey arc sol d loca ll y, neit her th eir qu ali ty no r th eir qua ntit y wa rra nting any atte mpt Ginn ing to exp ort them . Th ere is a cotto n-ginnin g fac tory at Nabha town, and th e fa=to ry. co tto n whe n ginne d is exp ort ed to Amb -nl a. A co tton press has also been erect ed re ce ntly at Govind garh . Th ere is a pre ss calle d th e Durga Pr cs s at N£l bh a. It prints } in Gur- mukh l and Urd u, State pap er s and Gurmukhi book s, but not books for sa le. Th e Stat e ex port s grai n in consider abl e qua ntit ies, and it s admini str ati on bas establish ed markets at Jaitu, Phul , Nabh a and Bahadur Singhwala, th e largest bein g that at Jaitu, under the sup ervisi on of a sp ecial office r called the Afsar Mandl at each place. This officer, with th e aid of th e chaudh, zs of th e ma nd t, deci de s all cases, ci vi l and crimin al, whic h ari se in the market . These places are all on the Rajpum-Bhatinda line, exc ept Jaitu, on the North-Wester n Railw ay betw een Bhatinda and Fero zepo re and Bahadu r Si nghwala in the Ludhiana -Dhuri.J akhalline . Mark et plac es . have been co ns tructed at each of these st ations by the tr aders, th e Stat e pr oviding sit es on favour able terms and exempting the marts from tolls (za kat ) for a certain period . Besides grCl:in,gzZr , shakll r and cloth ar c also brought into these mandts for sale . The export of raw cotton has, how ever, bee n dimini sh ed by the establishment of a cotton mill at Na bha near the rail way station, and cotton is here mild e, ginn ed by pl achinery and then ex port ed, chiefly to Ambala . . Th e amount of oil manu fact ured in the Sta te is insufficieut , althoug h so rs ?n is grow n and export ed on a' cons id era bl e scale. , The St ate admini s- trat ion has, ho wev er , est abli shed a stea m oil-press at Jaitu. 37 1 [ PART A. CHAP.II.G. Economic. The State co ntains '";3 miles of metalled and 35 of unmetallcd roads' MEANS ' Olf The metalled roads ar c- COMMUNICATION. Nabh a-Patiala- I '1 mil es: mu ch used by carts and lkkas, though Roads. mo st of th e traff ic goes by the railway . Nabba-Kotl a-18 mil es- see Pati,ll a Gaz ett ee r, pa ge 134. Nabha-Khanna-24 mil es: passes through th e hea d-quarters of n£za m'1t Amloh and Bh ci.dson tl l(~ l1a, and joins the Grand Trunk Road at Kha nna . Amloh-Go vindga rh-s mil es : first constru cted wh en th e railw ay station was at Jasrin . After th e station was clcsed, th e ek ku traffi c gr eatl y decreased, but car ts, elc ., continued to us e it. 5. Nabha·Thui Canal wat er mill-3 mil es. 6. Dhan aul a-Da rn(lb raihva y station-6 miles 7. Phi ll, app ro ac h to ra ilw ay station-4 mil es. The foll owing are th e unmeta ll ed roads:- •. Ba wal-K anina-32 mil es. 2. Bawal- Bir Jh ahna-3 miles . The State contains no cH lk bun galows , but Uier e are old fas hion ed Stl" c(,£s at (() Niibha town , which contains three old san Us, and a fourth has rece ntly been con struct ed ne ar th e railw ay station; (2) Amloh, where the sot'c1 z is int ended esp ecially for zamin dars att eridin g the courts th ere-- clzrIrpti is, bedd ing and fo od are provided; (3) Dhanaula, where there are sim ilar arrang ement s; (4) Bawal , wher e th ere are a pakka sarai ' and two old kaclzefu£ sardiJ, where Bhatiar as, etc ., attend travellers; and (s) Bhads on. The main line (Peshawar to Delhi) of the North-Western State Rallw ays \ Railway passes through an outlying part of the State near Govindgarh between Khanna and Sirhind stations, and formerly had a station at Jasran , which was abolished, and a new one has now been built at Govindgarh. Dhablan , Nabha and Phill are th e stations on the Rajpura-Bhatinda branch line which is owned by th e Patiala State, though worked by the North· \V este rn Railw ay Administration. Nabha owns no part of' th e line: Bahadur Singhwala is th e only station in th e State on the Ludhiana~ DhUrf -Jakh al branch line. Jaitu station is on the ReW .1ri-Feroz eporel branch of the Rajputana ·Malwa Railway, which also pass es through Baw al' .,t"zama t with a station at BawaHown. On the Rewari-Phul era lin e there is a st ation at Atheli. Most of the rail borne traffic from the S'; at e consist s· of grain from the markets at Phl .il and Jaitu. The Postal Department ; which is und er the control of tt; e Mf.~ Post C[} ict !. Alzenshi, is managed by a ~ostmaster-Gen eral . who s~ office is ' ,at Nabha. The head post office is ' at N ,CHAP. II. G. the arms of the State -are supplied by Government to the Sta te at cost E -. price, and are recognized by the Imperial Post Office when posted within the conomlc •. State for inland correspondence only. These stamps are distinct from MEANS OF the State service labels which are used for State correspondence, posted to COMMUNICATION. places outside the State, State correspondence within its own borders being Post Office. carried without stamps, There are full facilities for money-orders, the commission on which is credited to the State. There are three head offices in the State,-one at Nabha, the others at Jaitu and Bawal . The Nabha head office keeps its accounts with the head office, AmMla, and Jaitu with Ferozepore, while Bi wal clears its account through Delhi. !elegraph There are no telegraph lines in the State, except those on the va rious .;l nes. lines of railway, CHAP TE RIlL- ADMI NISTRA TIVE. THE St ate of Nabha is no w. divid ed into three nt "zdmats ,-Phu), Amloh CHAP. III. A. and Bli wa! . Admlnistra- 1. The n:zama t1 of Phul is divided for admi nistr ativ e purpo se s into tive. five Polic e cir cles or tha naj, vz"z .- Administrative (r) Dialpu ra, co mpr I.Sin.g t 1 le nart 1 lern part 0f th'e mam area 0f divisions. niZII 11tJ ;;t Phul . Ni~ ti mal PMl. (2) Phul , com prisi ng it s centra l port ion . (3 ) Dhan au la, com pri si ng its ea st ern par t with th e outl yin g tr ac t round Bandher on the south and the vill ages of Maur and Dhilwan on the no rt h-west . (4)Jaitu , com pri sing the vi lla ges of that pargana. (5) Loha t Bad!, comprisi ng th e villag es of th at pargan a. 2. The niz am at of Am loh is Jiv id ed into thr ee thanas an d an outpost N:zall lnt (< hauk i), viz. - Aml on. (I) Am loh, com pr ising the northern part of th e Amloh nt "zamat. (2) Bh adson, co mprisi ng its central part. (3) Nab ha, compri sin g its so ~thern extr emi ty, "'lth th e 8 outlyi ng vil lag es rou nd Galbat tJ to the wes t of Nabha and that of Fatehpur to th e south- ea st. (4 ) Cha uki Bar ag ion or Deh Kalan , comprising th e IS outlyin g vill age s round Bha lwan, th e th ree villages of Baragaol1, Fa tehpur and Ras hdarwala, wi th the isol ated vi llag e of Pedn i. 3· The IHw alni za mat is divided into three th t£PJas,-Bawal, Kant i Niz,fmal Bawal. and Kanin a. Ther e are 12 zails in the State and the zaild&rs are supervised by Za ild cirs. a sp eci al offi cia l. The offic e of zai /dar is no~ her~ditary and is pur ely honor ary. The app oin tm en ts are made on con sid eratIOns of personal ab ility , local influence. and servic e Lo the State. Th e zaild ars' duties are to ass i~ t th e State officials in the prevention and detection of crime j to convey th e orders of the Government to the residents in their respective sails; to pro- tect public buil dings and boundary pillars, and give notice when they nee d repair; to look after indigent widows and orphans, and to act as local commission ers in petty cas es concerning lands, wells, etc. Section B.-Civil and Criminal Justice. ,"Each ni za mat has a District Court over which the Nazim- presides. Criminal Subordinate to him is the court of the Naib·Nazim. Superior to the Nazim's Justice. Court is th e A dr£ '0 t Sadr: above that the /jUs-i-i1lt'a, consisting of three Tabl e 34 of judges ; and highest of all the ljltu-z-KMf, over which the Raja presides. Pa,t B. The lowest court, that of the /I Iuib-Nuzim, can impose sentences not exceeding one year's imprisonment or fine not exceeding Rs. 50 or take security for good conduct up to Rs . 50 in amount for a period not exceed- ing six months . Th e nTzumat Courts have power to impose sentences not ex ceeding th re e year s' imprisonment, fine not exceeding Rs. 500, whippil!g 374 NABHA STATE. ] CHAP. III. E. not exceeding six stripes' or security up to Rs. 200 for a pe riod not ex:. ceeding tw o yea rs . The Sadr Adalat may impos e fi ve ye ars' imprison .. Adminlstr aN tive. ment, Rs. J ,000 fine, 12 stripes and demand secu rity for go od beha vi ou r up to Rs . J ,0 00 or impose impr isonmen t in defau lt up to two year s. Th ere CIVIL AND is a city magist rate ca lled the Ndz b·Ad:Uati at hea d-qu arters with th e CRIMINAl. JusTies. powers of a Nazim. The Ijlas-i -Kha s has absolut e pow er to impos e any se ntence of death, imprisonment, ba ni shment from St ate territo ry, fine or Cr iminal Jus ti ce. confiscation of property. The TahsHdars also exer cise crimin al pow ers in cases of criminal trespas s (by infr ingement of bound aries, etc. ), impo sing a fine not exceed in g Rs. 25 or in default six months' imprisonment. Railway cases . occurring on the Ni\bha part of the Rajpur a-Bh atinda lin c, arc heard by the Railw ay Magistrat f"s, i.e., the District Mag istrat es of Ambala and Ludhiana. Ci vi l Ju.t ice. For civi l cascs · th ere is a Munsiff in each niz arnaf, with app eal Tab le 3S rf l'al 't E. to the ntzam at Court . In Na bh a it self civil cas es go to the N,o ba c Acid !,.t Sadr , with appeal s to th e Adalat 'Jadr. The Mu ns if f tri es civi l cases up to Rs, 1,000 in valu e. For all others th e nlzamat Court is the co urt of original jurisdic ti on. Revenue The Tahsll c1ar tries petty re venue cas es up to Rs. 10 0 in valu e, all ca~e s. others going to th e n£zamat Courts. App eal s from the n'zama,t Cour t and . Tabl e 36 of the Nlaba l Ada iM Sadr lie to the S. d, Adal"t in all cas es, in clu di ng civil Part Ii. suits, but appeals on executiv e revenue ma tters go from the Distri ct Cou rt to the Diu 'Iin. Appeal s from A/la/at Slllr li e to the lil£ts-r ·- AI .i '. L'lm~ard a. £ and mutation case s ar e heard by Tahslld ars, and those trans- fer red to the n%za mat and Dfwan i are finally decid ed in th e Ijlas ·£-Khi il' . Cas es in which the offence is pun ishable with dism issa l .are hea rd by th e fjlaj -i-Kho,s. 1he Indi an Penal and Crim inal Pr oced ure Cod es ar e in fo rc e with certain modifi cation3, of which the mo st im porta nt ar e det ail ed below :- - (1) In order to check immoralit y the pol ice are au thorised to take cognisance of all ca se s of adultery or fornication without complaint. (2) In cases of rape, compensation is given to th e woman from th e property of the crimin al. (3) in cases of abductiol: of married 'women , if th e. wom an is fou~d 'to have been concealed by toe accused, he r hu sband IS remuncrateJ Jl1 cash in the same wa y. 'L (4) In Case s of th ~ftJ cri minal breac h .of tru.st or fraud , th e lo s~ i.s m~d e go od horn the criminal s property, summanly, wIthout re sort to a CI Vi l SUIt . (5) In cases of homicide not amou nting to murd~r, il~ ~dditioll to th ~ punishment imposed on the offender, the murd ered man Sh ell' 15 compensat ett from the offendcr's property. (6) In all criI T;inal cases the complainant can appeal, eve:l if th e accused is acquitted. 375 [PART A. Frivolous and vexatious acc us ations are dealt with under Section CHAP.III~C. 21 I, Indian Pena} Cod~ .. Similarl y: p~rju ry is punished on the spot. without Admirili,tra .. the formality ot obtammg per mI ssI On to prosecute under Sect Ion 195· tive. Extradition treaties exist betwee n Nabha and the States of Patiala, CIVIL ANI> lind, Faridkot, Alwar, Jaipur, Loha ru and Dujlina . The Civil Procedure CRIMINAL Cod e is in for ce in Nabha State, the only modification being that the JUSTICR. period of lim itation for suits fer a debt is 6 years in the cas e of subjects Codes of Law of the St ate, 9 yea rs fo r subjects of Pat iala or Jind , and 3 years for British subj ect s. Th e system of reg istration is based upon that in British Tndia ; but Registration. certain modifications hav e been int roduced . Th e rule formerly in force which re quir ed the own ership of the prop erty to be inv estig ated prior to regi stration has now bee n abro ga ted, ex cept in certain ca ses in which. th e order of the Darb f.r has been given before a dee d is reg is ter ed. The following ar e the chi ef modific ations:- 1. No secon d mo rtg age-de ed rel~tin g to property in land is register ed unless ;llld until ' the firs t has been redeemed , nor is any deed reg ister ed if it dea ls with land 011 which any arre ars dt: e to th e Stat e remain unpaid. 2. No dee d of adopti on of a son is registered unless it has been duly sanct ioned in civil court. 3. No mort gag e or sal e-deed of land is registered unless the vend or has obtained the Darb 3r's sanction through the nizamat. 4. Mort ga ge de eds which in volve a conditional sale after a fi xed term are not registered. 5. It is compulsory to Tay down a provision in all mortgage-deeds that th e mortgagee shall on receipt of not less than one-fourth of th e amount secured by the deed release a proportionat e par t of th e mortgaged land. Each Nazim is ex -officio Reg istrar in his nizamat, but in the capital this duty devolves on the !vat'b A dalati. Registration fees are levied according to the Indian Registration Act Regi5tration III of !877 and credited to the State. The fee for copying a registered fees. .t document is annas 8, and this goes to the registration clerk. -- I "The ancient system of levying the revenue in kind was in force in the Old system. N{lbha State up to 1924 Vikrami (1860 A. D.) . when a cash assessment was introduced in all the parganfls except that of Lahat Badi, in which it was not introdt:ced till 1932 Sam bat . . . The first ass essments were summary in character, but in 1930 Sambat His Highness the present Raja directed a regular settlement of the Amloh msamat to be carried out . This work was completed in 1935 31 6 NAB HASTATE .] CHA~.III. D. Samb llt,the settlem ent ope rati ons bei ng cond ucte d accordin g to the Admlnistra~ British Reven ue Law of 1848 A. D. and the rul es th ere under , and tive.the assessment was fixed for a period of 20 years. 'ln 1945 Samb at the Impressed non-judicial sheets of foolscap size ar e issued by the Stat e, th e valu e bei ng annas I, 2, 4 and 8, and Rs . -I, 2, 4. 5, 10, 50, 100 an d 500. Each sheet is signed by th e Diwun, its value being mark ed in words and fig ur es. Each bears an annual se rial number wri tten in th e top ri ght - hand corn er, with th e Sambat year in th e left-h and. Th e shee ts ar e manufa ctur ed at Na bha in the Diwl i,Ja's offi ce, and is sued by it to the Sa dr treasury, when th ey are crediten like cash rec eip ts, a monthly account bei ng render ed by the tr eas ure r to th e DifDatt. .The st amped sh eets are sol d to th e publi c by four ve ndo rs, on e at the ca pita l and one at each niza mat. Each ve ndor is paid Rs. 15 per mense m an d the former receives a co mm is- sion of 3 per cent. only . Ea ch she et sol d is regist ered in, and end orsed with , the purc haser' s name , etc . A pur chase r can, ho weve r, endorse a shee t on re-sale to a second pa rty . Ju dicia l stamps we re intro duc ed in 1902 with diff er ent colour s for the variou s departm ent s, thus :-- collec tor ate, yellow Diwa n£ (financial} gre en; crim inal, red; and in mur der ca se s, bl ack. Th e rat es for court-fees are those levi able un de r th e Britis h Cou rt Fee s Act. Ex ci se ~ Th e Exci se department is under a superi nten de nt , who has an Exc ise Tab le 41 of daro gha and four peons at ea ch n£z urn at und er him. Th e sah~ of European Pa rt D. li qu or is no t pr ohibited, but there is no shop for it s sal e in the State. The only dist illery in the State is at N:ibha it self, and the ri ght to distill cou nt ry liquor in it is leased for one ye ar, or for a term of years, to a co ntracto r who has a mo no ply of th e rig ht of sa le. The pr oof strength of the li quo r is as cert aine d by the Nriib-D iwan , and the li qu or is then bottle d in his presence in bo ttles which bear the seal of th e St ate, and the sale of liquor no t in bottl es so se aled is prohibited. The lah an is pre pared in the darogka's pr esence: Th e st ill- he ad duty Rs. A. charged is Rs. 2- 8 per imp eri al gallo n for 100° 0 100 proof Iiq uor- 0 Bottle I 4 proof liquor and Rs. 2 per gallon for 75 pr oof . Pint o II The liq uor contractor sells retail through ret ail Quarter o 6 vendors, who rec eive a commission of 5 per cent . 7S b proo f liqu or- on the sal es. The liquor is distri but ed to Bottle ••• I 0 the retail vendors throughout th e Stat e in Pint ~ ~ bottles. They are not allo wed .to ch arge mor e Quart er tha n the marginally-not ed prices to the public. Th e nu mber and loc ation of shops will be found in App endix B to this volu me. There are no shops for the sale of liquor in Bawal niza ma t. Opium aDel The poppy is not culti vated in the State; raw op ium IS import_ drugs . ed princi pally from Malw a, but also from the Sim la Hill States an d Sirmur and pr epa re d as a rule at several places , that made at PM I being reputed the best. The li ce~s es for the vend of opium , post and dru gs are sold tObet~e r, but not w~t~ those f€lf th e sal e of liquor ~ 371 [PART A. CHAP. III; E. There is no licen se for wholesale ve nd, as the export of opium and drugs is not al lowed. Licenses for retail vend are sold by auction, no duty Adm inis tra-' heing charged ove r and above th e license fee . The licenses for opium, drugs tive. and liquor are auct ione d by the D£wafl, who has authority to sell th em MI SC~ LLANE OUS fo r a year, or for a te rm of yea rs. The nu mber and location of shops RRV &~UE " fo r the sal e of opi um and drugs will be found in Appendix B to thi s Op7um and vo lum e. The B'ritish Government has prohib it ed the ' import of opium from dru gs. _ the Bawal 1Z Izama t of this State into any Br iti sh Di strict ,! and passes fo r its tran spo rt fr om that tahs il to any othe r put of the State cannot be granted. ~ An allotment of M:{ \w a opiu m is mad e ta this State .s In order to obtain a special pas s for - the ' transp ort of opiu m thr ough Br iti sh territory into the State a cer tificate is req uir ed tha t th e applicant is authorized (a) to sell opium within the State, and (b) to apply for a pas s. This ce rtificate must be signed by the Nasim of a nizam~t or by the iV aib-D fwa n at Nabha. The Po 'itica l Agent, PhUlki an Stat es, is aut ho rized to grant pe rmits for the import of M.i lwa opium on behalf of the Slate. The only munic ipality in the Sta te is that of th e to wn of Nabha. The Committe e of this mu nicipality con sis ts of 't hree nomin at~ d members ' from among the importa nt tr ade rs and bi g shop-ke epe rs of the to wn, who are honorary members re ceiving- no pay, an d' a fourth paid offi cial membe r,. who is in charg e of all the off ice WOrk co nnected wi th the munici palit y assi sted by a clerk and dal" agJuJ,s. Th ese four members ar e under the €ontrol of th e city magist rate. The con servan cy. and th e sanit ary ar range- ments ef the town ar e in charge of a he au dar ogha , cal led lJarogha-i- Saja£, unde r whom are the su!::J ·daroghas. and an est ablish ment of sw eepers, water -ca rrie rs,. et c. The muni cipa l staff is pa id fr om the 'Octr oi du ties collected In the town . The membe rs, be sid es arrangi ng with the Darogh,,-i- Sa jM, for the prop er sani tation of th e tow n, are obl ige d to see that no e.nc roach ments are made by the owners of houses on the publ ic thorough- fa res, op en spaces or co mmo n plots of land . If an y person wis hes to construct a new house or to rep air an old on e, the mem ber s mu st sat isfy them 'selves after inspe ction that no publ ic ri ghts are being inte r- fere d with. If any buildi ng or wel l appea n dange r-ous to the safety ef pas sers -b y, the me mb ers are autho rise d to pu ll down th e building or to· fil l up the well. The memb ~rs have also to see to the coll ection of any taxes tha t may be impos ed for a sp ecial purpos e such as for improving dr ainage or fi lli ng up pools. Octroi duti es are levi ed on imports. There are ~o dut ies on exports. The Oc tr oi d'ep artm ent is under the charge of a Sup erint endent calle d M unsarim Z akat wi th his darogh as, who ,are posted at the ci ty gat es to eX :lm iae al l ar ti cles brought into the town. Arti cles br ou ght by rail are impe cted at the rail way statio n. The rates are differen t for diff er ent artic le s. Fr om th e oc troi coll ec tions the police of the town gf Nii bha, the con se rvan cy and san itation est ablishment an d the mu ni cipal staff are pai d. The oc troi duties on the gra in man di s situated all certa in' pl aces such as }aito, Phu l, etc.,. are collected by the supervising lPu nja .b Exc ise Pamphlet , Part II, Sect ion ' 39 ' 2 ". II ." ,,' Section 3 [, 3,8 NABHA STATE . ] Cl -IAP. Jil, G. officers of the mand£s. The collections are daily paid over to the treasury and the returns and daily accounts showing receipts and tlve.Administra- ' payments are submitted to the l\ 'aib·Diwan. M lINlcIPALI' TIB~. The Public Works Department is conducted under the direction and supervision of an office r ca lIe d Ajsar·£·Tamfrat and is controlled by the Dfwan Sadr. The Superintendent of Repairs (called Gad: Kaptan), with a permanent staff .of mistris and masons, carries out all re pairs and makes additions to old buildings. The buildings superintende d and looked after by him are the palace, garden and residences of His Highness the Raja and the public buildings, hospital, post office and schools located in the capital of the State. For the superintendence of the public works in the ,n'zamats ther e is a separate officer called A/sar·i-Taf1l irat B(J£~ runf, whose duties are to travel from place to place and see that proper progress is beicg made in the works in the different stations, and to report after inspecting old wo rks what repairs to them ·are required. His re- ports go to the Di'i.N l1t through the officer of the Public Works Depart- ment . The roads ar e under the sup ervision of an officer called Afsar-£- Sark ,~ t, who has a permanent est abl ishment of coolies under him. His duty is to keep the roads in prop er order for the traffic. New ro ads are plann ed and laid Qut by him) and are c(}nstructed by the contract or s under his directions. The pr esent forces of the State consist of the following :- I Imperial Selvt'ce Tro :Jps. Infantry 600 officers and men, Transport 177 officers and reeD. Tr ansport animals ••• 25 8 Cavalry 150 officers and men. Infantry · 65 officers and men . Artillery 40 officers and mea. Guns 13 (xo serviceable). Armed police 581 officers and men. Police mounted 126 officers and men. Imperial Service The Imper ial Service Troop s were .prganised in 1889. They first Troop~. \., . saw service iu 18 97, when Go vernment ! empluyed them in connectil> 'l 319 [PART A. with th e disturbances in the Swat VaHey and Mohmand countries. Warn- ed on the 3rd September in that year, the regiment effected a very Admihist ra-: speedy mobiliz ati on, for it was at Pesh awar on the 8th of the same month tive. and ready to proceed with the Mohmand Field Force, to which it was attached. On the 20th of th e month it marched for the border , and from ARMY. that lime, unti l the force was broken up, the corps made exceedingly trying Imperial Service marches under severe conditions, and all officers who came in contact Troops. with it re ported the cheerfulness an d good spirit of the men . On its return from the Mohmand country tlH' :regiment was allowed three days to re fi t before marchi ng for Kohat , whe re it arrived 00 the loth October to join the Tirah Exp editionary Force. The regiment was located at Karappa until the 6th December, when it moved to Masthura and march- ed over the Sapri Pass to Jamrud. On its wa y it took part in the fighting in the Waran Valley, wh en the men elicited the praise of General Symons by their steadiness under fire and ability to move over bad ground. The corps remai ned at Jamrud until the J 3th January , when it marched, via Peshawa r, to join the Buner Field Force at Hot! Mardan. Its services were not utilised, as the enemy had sub mitted unconditionally, so it returned to Now shera to entrain, and arriv ed at Nlibha after an absence of six month s.1 The oth er war serv ice s of the State troops at differen t times have bee n detail ed in the Hi st ory Section, page s 342 if. The Poli ce Ser vic e of the Sla te com prises 37 offic ers and 797 men as de tail - Poli ce. Of ficer s •. ed in th e margin . Th e Special Sup erint end ent Tabl es 47 and 48, ••• 3/ whose services are ava ilable for th e inve stigatio~ Part B. Colonel of seri ous criII.J e in any locality , is stationed at Special Superint en den t th e capit al. There is a deputy inspector at Deput y In spector s ••• II Sergeants ••• 13 each thana, with a sergeapt, dofadar (or Dafadars ••• II madad muharrir), a tracker, II constabl es and Men 2 mounted men. The chaukf . at Baragaon ••• 797 is in charge of a sergeant and a dtlfadt1,r witIl Mounted ••• 125 1 constables, and a sergeant is attached to Foot ••• 602 the kotwuU at the capital. The auxiliary ~~:;;~:~; :::i: .(imdudf) police are stationed at the depot at . " the capital, and are available to replac~ casualties ~r vac~ncles III the thanas . They receive the same pay as th~ regular police, VIS., Rs. 6 per mensem. The Police Department is under the contro! of the Bakshi, and its executive head is the Colonel of Police. The S~a!e IS Fr ee from settlements of criminal tribes) the SanSlS, Bauria~ and Mmas bell1g all engaged in cultivation. There is a central jail, with accommodation for 500 prisoners, at fail•. the capital o.fthe State .. There is also a jail at Bawal which can accommo.:.'able 49, P.a~t8, · .date IOO .p~lsoners. Prisoners are employed on ordinary building work) and those i.n the central jail are also employed on other work such as f.arpet-,,:eavmg (both from munj and thread) and paper-making. Some- tImes prIsoners are also employed in brick-making. . . 1General Stllaft Beatson's '~History of the In :perial Service Troops of ;;:tiV8 States. II 3'80 NABHA STA TE. ] CHAP. 111, 1. Atlmln lstra,. tive. ' EDUCATIO N AND ' LI: rI lRACY . ' prescribed fees. This school teaches up to the Entrance Examination CHAP. Ill, J. 1 of the Punjab Univen: ity, English, Gurmukhl, Persian and Sanskrit -- being taught . Its st aff consists of 15 teachers, including one for fi~~inistra '" Mensuration and two for th e' option al subjects, Arab ic and Sanskrit. It is managed by a committee of leading officials in the State. Since 189 T, EDUCATION AND besides th e 4 students who passed t h e F. A. E xamination, 38 have LITERACY. pa ssed th e En trance and 89 the Middl e School Examinatio ns. Others Education> wit h the aid of stipends ha ve graduated B. A., and qualified in the Med ical and Thomason Colleges. Bawal school, formerly a maklab with a pand£t and a Per sian master, now ha s a head master and second mast er also, and this staff, though inad equa te , has succeeded 'in quali fying boys for the lVijddl~ _. Scho .QIE.x~iL 1ation. Fees are not levied from agriculturist boys. Chotian, three miles from Phul, has .a staff of five masters. The middle school at Cho ti an, three miles 'from tr .e town of PMI, is a zamindari school esta bli shed in Sambat I 1955· Into this only the sons of agriculturists are admitted with the Raja's sanction. No fees are le vie d, and the bo ys are entirely supported .and lodged in a boarding-hou se attached to the school, which is maintained from the school cess levied with the revenue. This school ranks as an anglo·vernacular middle schoel, bu t Gurmukhi is also taught . 'in it. A female teacher of Gurmukhl was appo inted to teach girls at Nabha Female educa· in 1949 Sambat (1892 A D.), and she €Ontinues to teach liurmukhi and tion. Hindi. In 1903-04 the expenditure on education was Rs. 10,159-1-6 and the .number of pupils, who in 1891 had amounted to 396, was 63j1o .~ Forme "rly the State possessed no hospitals, but Stat ~ _~a .Hms _ were "entertained and th ey us ed to treat th e sick , medic ines being given , ,gratis from the Stat e lassi -khana, if they were not obtainable from the baziirs. In Sambat 1937 Yunani dispensaries were established at the -capital and the head- quart ers of each "izamat, each having a hak im, an >lltfar or compounder and ajar rah or blood-letter. Medicines were given fr ee, Amloh. and patients were sometimes given food also. ;PhUl . In 1947 5ambat (1890 A.D.) English dispen- Dhanaula. saries ~were established at Nabha and at each Lohat Badi . ., t A f . I 't ntfJama • ew ye ars ater one was estab- ~~V.~I . lished at each thana, so that t1tere are now in .K~n H. ~!l 8.'9u~lyin~ dispensaries, at the places no~ed ,IK!lnlna. lD the rnargm. To each of them a hospital assistant and compounder are attached. The liospital at the capital is -call ed the Lansdowne Hospital as it was built to commemorate the visit of Lord Lansdowne, the first Viceroy who visited the State. The building comprises a central hall, with two wings,-one for males, the other for females . Its staff consists of a superintendent, a hospital assistant, a com1\ounder, a dr es ser and menial establishment . In -patients are dieted gratis. There is also a military hospi~l in the cantonment at Nlibha . in charge of an assistant surgeolil., with a hospital assistant, a com- pounder and menial staff . All thes e iastitutions are under the control of th e Chi ef Medical Officer at Nlibha. 38z NABHA STATE. ] CHAP. HI. J. A vaccination staff, consising of a Superintendent , with one va ccinatoi' . for each thana, was first appointed in Sambat '939 (1882 A.D. ). Small-pox t}dmIOistra .• has been much diminished, but still afflicts the people in niZa11ZQts Phcil va. and Amloh, though it is not very fatal in its effects owing to the general MID'CAL . he althiness of those tracts. V&ccination. CHAPTER IV.-PLACES-~~- OF INTEREST. AMLOH. Amloh is hard ly more than a village, but is the head-quarters of the CHAP. IV. Amloh nizamat and tahsH. Population (1901) 2.016. It lies in 30° 37' N. Places of an d 76 °,6' E., 18 miles D~rth of Nabha on the road tp Khanna. which is interest. S mile s to its north. It QOmp ri ses a bazar which lies on either side of the AmlOh. road, and a mud fort in which are the nizamal of fices. The town is entered from the south by the pakkU Bhadulthuha Gate. Close to the fort lie; the uld bazar, with some old-fashioned buildings, and in front of it is a gar ren. Amloh is an old pla .ce founded in 1763 (Sikr ami ) after the fall of Sirbind. At first a mere villa ge, it became the head- quarters of the ni zo mat and owes such importance as it has to this fact . It has no imp()rtant trade, but lately the manufacture of iron sa te s and stools has bee¥ carri ed on with success, an d these articles fo rm th~ chief exported commodities. There is a sarai, with a school an d a post office. . BAWAL. B3wal, the head-quarters of the Bawal nt'za17Zal and tahs!!, lies south of Mbha in 28°4' N. and 76°36' E. on the Rlijputana .Mlilwa line. Popula- tior (19°1) 5.739. 1t contains a stone fort, in which some State troops are quartered. Close to the fort is the Hasanpur mahalla. The outer ' part of the fort is used for th e nizamat office and treas ury, aad the police st2tion and jail are cl ose by. A st reet runs from th e srr Jh abua to th \ fort, and inside the town this street has pakka shops on each side. It leeds on up to the Katra bazar, a square surrounded by pakka shops. Tl ence a street leads to the Mati jhif, passing th roug h an old bazal' with : $ert ed shops. West of the Katra i3 a gate thr oug h which a metalled r< >:.dleads to the railway station. Outside this gat e is a pakka sarai, wih a State garden. Bawal isa town of an anci ent type. Founded int205 Bikraml by Rao Sainsmal, a Chauhan Riijput of Mandhan, now a vilage in Alwar, it was named by him after Bawa lia, the got of his pa'ohit,. Bhuja, his descendant, greatly enlarged it, and it came to be kmwn as Bhuja ka Sliwal. lhe 'Jujars of the town claim descent from Bluja. Eventua ily it fell into th e posse ssion of the Na\ ovabs of Jbajjar and thmce passed into that of Nabha . Under the Rajas of Nabha the town hill been extended, The Katra baz(i,. was built in J 9 17 Bikrami, and the fo ,t, which is still unfinished, was founded in 1932. Other buil dings , wih the garden and sar a: tank before mentioned, have an been built unc ier the Nab ha regime . It cO .ltains. "however, a mosque' built in 968 H. in the reign of Akbar, and still in good repair; also the tombs of H.mat Yusuf ::ihahid and Miiin Ahmad Shah, Darv esh. The cha/la of the Khwija Main·ud-din Sahib commemorates a visit of Hazrat Muain-ud.' din, Chishti of Ajmer, and a fair is held here on the 20th of ]amadi,us e sani . The trade of the town suffers from competitiun from Rewari , bu .t is incr easing. Grain is exported, but the only other produce consists of plums (ber) grown on grafted (patwa lldi) tre es. DHAN . ULA. Dhanaula town, the head-quarters ( the Phul fti zam at and tahsil lies 4.0 miles west of Nab ha, in 30 °17' N. l~ 75 °58' E. Population (1901) 7':H3. It is divided into sev eral agwa s and contain s a masonry fort, WI th four tow ers , The Nazim' s court is hdd in a building erected over 384 NABHA- STATE] its front gate'!!. It contains a broad court-yard, on one side of which are the female apartments. East of the fort. lies the Qilliwala Gate, whe lnce run two paved streets, one to the Hadyalawlila, the other to thd Hathf~a!a Gate. On either side of these str_eets are shops. Just inside the Hathf. wlila .Gat; ~re a f>akka. saYli~, ,post office, dispensary an~ police station. ! OutsIde l~.ISa garde~ cont~tnl,ng a tank, ~nd o,lher buIldings. Outside" the town lies the agriculturists quarter, divIded Into the Jaidan l\hll an . Jhajrian, B~ngkha( Musulman and Banehgar Jatan ag7t!ars~ The t~wd, was founded bySardar Gurdit Singb in 1775 Bikrarrif, and was !the ' capital of the State until Nabha was founded by Raja Hamir Singh. ! ]AITU. Jaitu, in the Phil) ,,;zaf1lat, lies 40 miles east of . Ferozep'ore, i ill" 30°26' N.and 74°56' E., and has a station on the NQrth-\Vestern RailwaY . line. It was founded By Jaitu, a Jat of the Sidhu got, to which its Ijnd \,, - owners belong. The place is intersected by a road, on either side of w idi , are shops, but it owes its importance to its grain market, which lies ha f a' mile from the village, and to the cattle fair held in the month of Phag,an . Outside the market is a steam oil-mill. Outside the town is a fort, i\ in :- which is a police station, and d0 5e. to it a gurdwara of the . loth ~k~ ~ Guru. Two miles to the north is the spot where Guru Govind Si, :gh , ~ wactised archery and which is still reverenced. /' I' , NABHA TOWN. I, ' The town of Nabhalies on the RajpuraBhatinda Rairway, 3z rJre~~ west of Rajpura. It is surrounded by a mud wall 8 feet broad and \\8" feet high. It' has 6 gates, Patialawala, Aloharanwala, Dol addiwala, Baur. 4~ '. wala, Mahinswala and Jatanwala named after the adjacent villages. 1e. Rtijpura-Bhatinda Railway passes by the town, the station being outsi '. theJatanwala Gate. The Ba.uninwala Gate also communicat . es with tle i' station. The grain market in th; town is near t~e Bauranwila Ga~e a,. ,~_ the cantonment near the! Doladdl Gate. Round It and at a short dIstal ' from the wall runs the chakka,. road, metalLed with stone, with a circurp I ference of almost four miles. There , are four State gardens in Nabla:. I One garden inside the town by the Patialawala Gate is called Sham B~h , i and two outside it are called the Pukhta Bagh and Mubarak Bagh.· ~re fou .rth garden behind the cantonment is called Kothi Bcigh, The Na~la . ra/Mha, which irrigates all these gardens, winds round the town. Foor of the gates are provided with tanks for th~ convenience of travelle rs .. The town has ·foursarcifr besides a pakka san;'; near the r.ailway stati~n •. One street in the town leads ta the Mahinswala and Doladdi Gates. T~is, is crossed in the centre bv another street which leads to the Patialawi!a Gate. On either side of it is a pak# . bazar with shops of aU kinds. ,\t the cross-roads is a square with shops oil each side, called the Cha\lk - hazar .frequented by vegetable and sweetmeat·sellers. This is the 'busiest part of the town. The road which leads from the Bauranwala to the Mahinswala Gate also has shops on either side. The hazar from the chauk to Patiiilawala Gate is a handsome and flourishing one. The streets and lanes of the town are clean. The roads and water drains a~e: pakkfJ.. Ekkas and carts can easily pass through the main streets. In t~e ! rainy season water collects in the neighbouring depressions, in spite oEgre~t efforts to prevent it . The low ground of the Paundusar inside the town ne:li:' . the Patialawala Gate, where a large quantity of rain water used to collect,, : has been filled up at great cost. Drinking wells are numerous and the wat¢t; is pure. In the heart of the town is tl ,1efort with af>akka rampart all rou .~d ' and four towers} one on each side. Inside, one part is Q£~upied by t~,e 385 [ ART A. Mah ala! Mubarak (Raja' s ze/ ;,atla). On the oth er sine is the Dtl>,,£ (court. CHAP. IV. ya rd) Khas and Df wa n-i·'Am, all th e offices of the capital and a small garden, Places of b~hind which is the State sta ble. ~ rar the l$ate of th e fort is the police interest. slatlOn. In the Sham t: ~gh are th e marble tombs of fo rmer Rajas. Immedi- NAB"" 'fdwM . ately he hin d th e fort is the 'sch oo l, which has :'! - spaCious hall with rootus rid ei th er side. Next to it is a park, with office of th e Ba klz shi Kh&na. The upp er rooms of BOl