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Gender Equality and the Labor Market: Cambodia, Kazakhstan, and the Philippines

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Gender Equality and the Labor Market: Cambodia, Kazakhstan, and the Philippines GENDER EQUALITY AND THE LABOR MARKET Cambodia, Kazakhstan and the Philippines GENDER EQUALITY AND THE LABOR MARKET Cambodia, Kazakhstan, and the Philippines © 2013 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published in 2013. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9254-361-7 (Print), 978-92-9254-362-4 (PDF) Publication Stock No. RPT136185-3 Cataloging-in-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Gender equality and the labor market: Cambodia, Kazakhstan, and the Philippines. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2013. 1. Gender equality 2. Labor market I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. Note: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. Photo credit: Photo second row, right is by chinahbzyg / Shutterstock.com. All other photos are from AFP and Shutterstock. 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444 Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org For orders, please contact: Public Information Center Fax +63 2 636 2584 [email protected] Contents List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes vi Abbreviations viii Foreword ix Acknowledgments x Executive Summary xi I. Introduction 1 Kazakhstan 1 Cambodia 1 The Philippines 2 Common Themes and Challenges 3 Structure of the Report 3 II. Gendered Employment and Inclusive Growth 4 Review of Key Terms 4 Variation in Development across Countries 7 Employment Performance across Countries 9 Gender Gaps in the Labor Market 13 Labor Force Participation Gap 13 Unpaid Domestic and Care Work Gap 14 Human Capital Gap 18 Gender Gaps in Labor Market Outcomes 19 Employment Gap 19 Decent Work Gap 21 Social Protection Gap 24 Gendered Analysis of Labor Markets: Industrial Sectors 25 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing 27 Industry 33 Services 35 Entrepreneurship 38 International Migration 39 Pathways to Gender Equality in the Labor Market and Inclusive Growth 40 III. Review of Policies for Gender Equality in the Labor Market 42 National Development Goals and Macroeconomic Policies 42 High-Level Goals and Commitments to Gender Equality 42 Monetary Policy 43 iii Contents Fiscal Policy 44 Trade Policy 45 Employment Policy 47 National Women’s Ministries or Commissions and Gender Equality Strategies 47 Cambodia 48 The Philippines 50 Kazakhstan 51 Key Sector Policies 53 Agriculture 53 The Philippines 54 Cambodia 55 Kazakhstan 58 Industry and Manufacturing 58 The Philippines 58 Cambodia 59 Kazakhstan 60 Tourism 61 Cambodia 61 The Philippines 62 Kazakhstan 64 Business Process Outsourcing 65 Government Services 65 Entrepreneurship 66 The Philippines 66 Cambodia 67 Kazakhstan 69 Labor Support Policies 69 Social Protection 69 The Philippines 71 Cambodia 73 Kazakhstan 74 Training, Skills Development, and Transition to the Labor Market 75 The Philippines 76 Cambodia 78 IV. Review of Legislative Frameworks and Laws for Gender Equality in the Labor Market 80 Legislative Framework 80 The Philippines 80 Cambodia 81 Kazakhstan 82 Promoting Women’s Access to Work 83 Employment and Recruitment Services 83 The Philippines 83 Cambodia 84 Short-Term Contracts 85 The Philippines 85 Cambodia 85 Kazakhstan 86 Limiting Constraints on Work 86 Family Responsibilities 87 The Philippines 87 Cambodia 88 Kazakhstan 90 iv Contents Lack of Access to Property 90 The Philippines 91 Cambodia 91 Kazakhstan 91 Improving Women’s Conditions of Work 91 Equal Pay and Minimum Wages 92 The Philippines 92 Cambodia 93 Kazakhstan 94 Complaint Mechanisms 94 The Philippines 94 Cambodia 95 Kazakhstan 95 Labor Inspectorate 96 The Philippines 96 Cambodia 97 Social Dialogue and Trade Unions 97 The Philippines 97 Cambodia 99 V. Policy and Legislative Recommendations for a Gender-Inclusive Labor Market 100 Promoting Access to Work and Enhancing Employment Opportunities for Women 100 National Plans and Policies 100 Macroeconomic and Employment Policies 101 Gender Mainstreaming and Target Setting 101 Agriculture 101 Industry and Manufacturing 102 Manufacturing in the Philippines 102 Garment Industry in Cambodia 103 Resources and Light Industry in Kazakhstan 103 Services Sector 104 Tourism 104 Business Process Outsourcing Services in the Philippines 104 Government Services 104 Entrepreneurship for Rural Women 105 Public and Private Employment Agencies 105 Limiting Constraints on Work for Women 106 Access to Resources 106 Reducing Women’s Domestic Work and Care Burden 106 Improving Women’s Conditions of Work 107 Social Protection in the Informal Sector 107 Training Programs and Skills Development 107 Legislation and Decent Work Requirements 108 Antidiscrimination Legislation 108 Legislation on Multiple Short-Term Contracts 108 Decent Work Measures 108 Equal Remuneration and Minimum Wage Setting 109 Complaint Mechanisms and Labor Inspectorate 109 Social Dialogue and Trade Unions 110 References 111 v Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 1 Development and Population Indicators in Cambodia, the Philippines, and Kazakhstan 9 2 Most Recent Employment Indicators in Cambodia, the Philippines, and Kazakhstan 12 3 Employment Indicators, Women and Men in Cambodia, the Philippines, and Kazakhstan, Selected Years 15 4 Education Indicators in Cambodia, the Philippines, and Kazakhstan, 2000 and 2010 18 5 Average Wage and Gender Wage Gap in Kazakhstan, 2011 23 6 Average Wage and Gender Wage Gap in Cambodia, 2009 23 7 Average Wage and Gender Wage Gap in the Philippines, 2011 24 8 Distribution of Employment by Industry, Women and Men in Cambodia, 2008 28 9 Distribution of Employment by Industry, Women and Men in the Philippines, 2011 29 10 Distribution of Employment by Industry, Women and Men in Kazakhstan, 2011 30 Figures 1 Labor Force Participation Rates, Women and Men in Cambodia, the Philippines, and Kazakhstan, 2001 and 2012 14 2 Women’s Labor Force Participation Rates by Age in Cambodia, 2000 and 2010 16 3 Women’s Labor Force Participation Rates by Age in Kazakhstan, 2000 and 2010 16 4 Women’s Labor Force Participation Rates by Age in the Philippines, 2000 and 2010 17 5 Men’s Labor Force Participation Rates by Age in the Philippines, 2000 and 2010 17 6 Share of Vulnerable Employment, Women and Men in Cambodia, the Philippines, and Kazakhstan, Selected Years 20 7 Vulnerable Work Gender Gap in Cambodia, the Philippines, and Kazakhstan, 2000, 2004, and 2012 21 8 Employment Share by Economic Sector, Women and Men in Cambodia, 1998 and 2008 25 9 Employment Share by Economic Sector, Women and Men in Kazakhstan, 2001 and 2011 26 10 Employment Share by Economic Sector, Women and Men in the Philippines, 2001 and 2011 26 11 Distribution of Women’s Employment by Occupation in Cambodia, 2011 32 vi Tables, Figures, and Boxes 12 Distribution of Men’s Employment by Occupation in Cambodia, 2011 32 13 Distribution of Women’s Employment by Occupation in the Philippines, 2011 33 14 Distribution of Men’s Employment by Occupation in the Philippines, 2011 33 Boxes 1 Women’s Employment in the Garment and Footwear Industry, Cambodia 31 2 Women’s Employment in the Business Process Outsourcing Sector, Philippines 36 3 Gender-Sensitive Employment Targets and Gender Capacity Building in Rural Infrastructure Projects, Cambodia 45 4 Better Factories Cambodia Project 46 5 Gender-Responsive Economic Actions for the Transformation of Women Project, Philippines 51 6 Gender Budgets, Philippines 52 7 Women Working in Rice and Vegetable Production, Philippines 55 8 Women in Farmers’ Organizations, Cambodia 57 9 Prevention of Trafficking Strategy, Cambodia 62 10 Negros Women for Tomorrow Foundation, Philippines 68 11 Micro and Small Business Financing in Rural Areas, Kazakhstan 70 12 MyFirstJob, Philippines 75 vii Abbreviations ADB – Asian Development Bank ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations BFC – Better Factories Cambodia BPO – business process outsourcing CEDAW – Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women DMC – developing member country DOLE – Department of Labor and Employment ECCD – early childhood care and development FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GAD – gender and development GDP – gross domestic product GMAP – gender mainstreaming action plan GREAT – Gender-Responsive Economic Actions for the Transformation of Women ILO – International Labour Organization LFPR – labor force participation rate MDG – Millennium Development Goal MOLVT – Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training MOWA – Ministry of Women’s Affairs MSMEs – micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises NEA – National Employment Agency NGO – nongovernment organization NSDP – national strategic development plan NSPS – national social protection strategy NWTF – Negros Women for Tomorrow Foundation PCW – Philippine Commission on Women PDP – Philippines Development Plan PESO – public employment service
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