CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:00 AM Page 1

CarnegieScience The Newsletter of the Carnegie Institution FA L L 2 0 1 4

EMBRYOLOGY „ GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY „ GLOBAL ECOLOGY „ THE OBSERVATORIES „ PLANT BIOLOGY „ TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM „ CASE: CARNEGIE ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION

On the Inside 6 Sacrificing Eggs for the Greater Good 9 Meat Turns Up the Heat Peru’s Carbon Quantified: 10 Economic & Conservation Boon 12 Two Planets Orbit Ancient Star CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:00 AM Page 2

CARNEGIE SCIENCE: A Beacon of L

Carnegie LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT Science

Carnegie Institution for Science y first month at Carnegie Science has been full of great 1530 P Street, NW encounters with the scientists and staff at each of the six Washington, D.C. departments and at the P Street headquarters. Every one 20005-1910 of them is carrying on a rich tradition of American 202.387.6400 discovery. I am fortunate to be following in the footsteps www.CarnegieScience.edu of Dick Meserve; no one appreciates more than I how masterfully he guided Carnegie Science through times of President dramatic changes in the scientific enterprise and through Matthew P. Scott a devastating recession.He deserves our deep thanks and certainly has mine for all Director, the help he’s given me. Department of Embryology M Allan C. Spradling The description of Carnegie Science as a beacon of light and hope, from staff scientist Acting Director, Geophysical Laboratory Andrew Steele, exactly captures my own feelings as I join this amazing institution. The George Cody world has much to gain from people who are driven by values of free inquiry, risk- Director, taking, and deep, long-term thinking. Our Carnegie people have a fascination with the Department of Global Ecology history and evolution of the universe, the Earth, and life. Universities are often safe Christopher Field harbors for unfettered exploration, but Andrew Carnegie realized that even more was Acting Director, The Observatories possible by allowing superb scientists to pursue their hopes and dreams with few Crawford H. Greenewalt Chair distractions. He was right. The breadth of amazing discoveries from Carnegie Science John Mulchaey is astonishing: the recognition of DNA as the carrier of genetic information, the Director, expansion of the universe, the jumping genes that control plant pigmentation and Department of Plant Biology Wolf Frommer explain rapid transmission of antibiotic resistance, the dramatically altered properties and behaviors of elements squeezed by the depths of the Earth, the completely new Acting Director, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism mechanisms of gene control, the exoplanets that fill the universe, and many others. Richard Carlson

Director, We can and should celebrate that history, but I am even more excited about what lies Administration and Finance ahead. The same social and organizational system of science that led to those Cynthia Allen successes is thriving. Some recently created research institutions strive to emulate Chief Advancement Officer exactly the Carnegian way of doing science: senior scientists who do experiments Rick Sherman and analysis themselves rather than delegating, small groups that vigorously debate Chief Information Officer ideas and approaches, the intellectual synergy of interdisciplinary teams, the Gotthard Sághi-Szabó invention of high technology, limited administrative and committee duties, and less Director, reliance on federal grant systems that sometimes impart short-term goals. Carnegie External Affairs Susanne Garvey scientists have been living this style of work since 1902. And free exploration works. The best way to cope with a brick wall is not to charge at it. The curious child, who Editor Tina McDowell takes a flashlight into the dark shed nearby, will find the ladder.

Science Writer Natasha Metzler Hans-Lukas Teuber, a legendary researcher and teacher of psychology at MIT, taught that the most important questions in science are those a child would ask. Where in CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:00 AM Page 3 f Light and Hope

my head are my memories? How do airplanes stay up? Where do later won them a Nobel prize. We purified a gene that codes for a stars come from and what makes them fall down? What makes receptor protein called Patched that becomes located on the waves on the beach? What colors rainbows? Do dogs have surfaces of cells in embryos. When a signaling molecule excreted emotions? Since the world turns, why can't I feel it? Can I live by certain embryo cells comes along and binds to Patched, the forever? Why do I look like my parents, kind of? How come we receiving cell is changed and will divide or change its shape. don't know when earthquakes are coming? Why do I have to However, when the gene is damaged, the signal can’t get through sleep? Can I see dinosaurs somehow? How could ice cream and birth defects occur. This signaling system is one of more than possibly be bad for me? a dozen that work together to control the formation and growth of tissues and organs. Adult scientists frequently have traits of curiosity and enthusiasm reminiscent of a Having the fly gene in hand, we looked for and child exploring the wonders of her world. As found a related mouse gene and then the with children, or the young Darwin exploring corresponding human gene. With help from the world on the Beagle, absence of dogma “TOUCH A friends, we mapped the human gene to a provides freedom to explore. Carnegie Science chromosome location and discovered that is a place where kids of all ages explore, not SCIENTIST inherited birth defects and cancer syndrome was only during the wonderful teaching programs caused by mutations in that chromosome region. of Carnegie Academy for Science Education AND YOU We proved that the syndrome is due to mutations and Math for America, but during the adult that damage the human Patched gene. We then work of the research enterprise itself. found that mutations in Patched are responsible TOUCH A for basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common Exploration science always leads to something human cancer, and medulloblastoma, the most valuable. I heartily disagree with the common CHILD.” common malignant childhood brain tumor. These division of scientific goals into “basic” and discoveries, along with work done in many other “applied.” To make progress, there must be a —Ray Bradbury laboratories, led to the invention of an FDA- way to see and investigate something that was approved drug that is now used for BCC patients not accessible before. Whether they are novel who have metastatic cancer. Thus, studying how tools for engineering and controlling genes, insect bodies form led to a therapy for the most new microscopes, giant telescopes, diamond common human cancers. Who would ever have anvils, or satellites that watch forests from space, Carnegie has predicted such a thing? Imagine proposing to a grants agency always led the way. Our cell phones became a reality because “I want to cure cancer so I’ll go look at fruit fly bodies.” physicists explored properties of materials—an enterprise that continues to have immense potential and is a major feature of At Carnegie Science hundreds of people continue to explore, to Carnegie Science. In fact, the surest way to have dramatic impact follow their own beacons of hope and light. In doing so, they are on medicine, agriculture, and our technological devices is to laying the foundations of innovations in technology, medicine, and pursue intriguing mysteries that have a “handle” to gain entry. agriculture and discovering our own human history in deep time. We are proud that our Carnegie “kids”…are ok. My own experience provides a good example of how pure exploration research leads to useful outcomes. In 1980 I began isolating genes that control the body segmentation pattern of fruit flies, i.e., that striped pattern of segments so visible on the abdomen of a yellow-jacket wasp. The genes had been identified by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus in work that Matthew Scott, President CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:00 AM Page 4

4 Image courtesy NASA Image courtesy Robin Kempster

Carnegie’s Zhiyong Wang (left) was a coauthor on the study.

Center, and U.C.-San Francisco, identified a A brake on this acceleration of new gene novel mechanism by which the strength of expression is necessary to restabilize the cells such an external signal is reduced, or attenu- at a new equilibrium. The research team dis- ated. Their work focuses on the tiny mus- covered a nuclear-localized, bimolecular sig- tard plant used as a model, Arabidopsis. naling configuration by which the braking Signaling attenuation is analogous to the mechanism is directly linked to the accelera- brakes on a car. While acceleration is desir- tor to provide simultaneous acceleration The tiny mustard plant Arabidopsis is used in able, without restraint it can be disastrous. and restraint. laboratories worldwide as a model organism. Cellular signaling triggered by external cues Light signaling in Arabidopsis involves the such as sunlight enables organisms to adapt binding of an activated photoreceptor mole- to the prevailing cule called phytochrome to a transcription conditions. When factor (a switch that controls which genes

the organism per- are turned off or on) called PIF. This bind- Image courtesy Yuri Beletsky Putting the Brakes ceives something ing destroys PIF, switching off its target that requires a re- genes. However, the researchers found that on Cellular Signaling sponse, a bucket in imposing PIF’s destruction, phytochrome brigade of chemi- is simultaneously executed, thus reducing cal signals is acti- the incoming light-signaling intensity. A team of researchers studying vated. This signaling is generally very robust “Understanding such molecular mecha- a flowering plant has zeroed in on the at first. But at some point it is necessary to nisms underlying the light response kinetics way cells manage external signals about dial it back or turn it off entirely—a re- is important for engineering crops that can prevailing conditions, a capability that is straint that falls to different, less-understood better adapt to environmental fluctuations,” essential for cells to survive in a fluctuating signaling pathways. said Wang. This bimolecular mutually as- environment. The team’s discovery, pub- In this research, Arabidopsis seedlings sured destruction (MAD) mechanism of lished in Science June 6, has potential appli- were taken from subterranean darkness into signaling attenuation appears to represent a cations ranging from agricultural to cancer sunlight, which triggered a response leading new configuration. „ research. to “rapid and extensive” redirection of gene The National Institutes of Health, the Department of Energy, Carnegie’s Zhiyong Wang, with colleagues expression—the turning on of genes—ulti- and the U.S. Department of Agriculture supported this work. at U.C.-Berkeley, the Plant Gene Expression mately resulting in familiar green seedlings. CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:00 AM Page 5

Carnegie Science | Fall 2014 5 Very Distant Galaxy Cluster Confirmed

Many of the oldest and most massive galaxies Image courtesy NASA reside in enormous, concentrated clusters. Galaxy clusters in the early universe are thought to be key to understanding the life cycles of old galaxies, but to date astronomers have located only a handful of these rare structures. The structures and star populations of massive galaxies appear to change as they age, but much about how these galaxies formed and evolved remains mysterious. New research from a team led by Carnegie-Princeton Fellow Andrew Newman has confirmed the presence of an unusually distant galaxy cluster, JKCS 041. The Image courtesy Robin Kempster Astrophysical Journal published the research. The team began studying JKCS 041 in 2006, and it has taken years of observation with many of the world’s most powerful telescopes to finally confirm its distance. The team used the Hubble Space Tele- scope to capture sharp images of the distant cluster and to split the starlight from its galaxies into their constituent colors, a technique known as spectroscopy. They found 19 galaxies at precisely the same great distance of 9.9 billion light years, the telltale sign of an early galaxy cluster. “Our observations make this galaxy cluster one of the best-studied structures from the early universe,” Newman said. A previous study using the Chandra X-ray Observatory discovered X-ray emissions in the location of JKCS 041. “These X-rays likely originate from hot gas in JKCS 041, which has been heated to a temperature of about 80 million degrees by the grav- ity of the massive cluster,” said team member Stefano Andreon of the Brera Astronomical Observatory. The largest and oldest galaxies are found in clusters, but there is a mystery about when and why these giant galaxies stopped forming new stars and became dormant. Peering back to a time when the galaxies in JKCS 041 were only 1 billion years old—or 10% of their present age— the team found that most had already entered their quiet phase. “Because JKCS 041 is the most-distant known cluster of its size, it Image courtesy Yuri Beletsky gives us a unique opportunity to study these old galaxies in detail and better understand their origins,” Newman said. Once massive galaxies enter their quiet phase, they continue ex- panding in overall size. This is thought to occur as galaxies collide with one another and evolve into a new, larger galaxy. Early clusters are suspected to be prime locations for these collisions, but to the team’s surprise they found that the galaxies in JKCS 041 were growing At top is a Hubble Space Telescope image of the center of at nearly the same rate as non-cluster galaxies. „ the newly confirmed JKCS 041 galaxy cluster, located at a distance of 9.9 billion light years. The galaxies located in the

cluster are circled. Blue circles show the few galaxies that The international team included Carnegie’s Andrew Newman and Stefano Andreon, Ginevra continue to form new stars, while yellow circles show those Trinchieri of the Brera Astronomical Observatory, Richard Ellis of Caltech, Tommaso Treu of that have already entered quiescence. the University of California at Santa Barbara, and Anand Raichoor of the Paris Observatory. This work was based on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Andrew Newman has been a Carnegie–Princeton Fellow since Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. These observations are associated with program number GO-12927, which was supported under 2013. He is pictured with one of the twin Magellan telescopes NASA contract NAS 5-26555. The agreement ASI-INAF I/009/10/0 and the Brera Astronomical at Carnegie’s Las Campanas Observatory. Observatory also supported the work. CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:00 AM Page 6

6 woman’s supply of eggs is a precious com- modity; only a few hundred mature eggs are produced, and each must be as free as possible from genetic damage. Sacrificing Part of egg production involves winnowing the egg sup- ply during fetal development, childhood, and into adulthood. Carnegie’s Alex Bortvin and postdoctoral EGGS fellow Safia Malki gained new insights into the earliest stages of egg selection, which may have broad implications for for the Greater Good women’s health and fertility. Developmental Cell reported the work. AThe most stringent egg selection takes place at the earliest stages. Even before a baby girl is born, she has already lost 80% of her initial pool of immature eggs. This phenomenon has been observed in primates, ro- dents, and invertebrates, which indicates that it has been around for a long time evolutionarily. Despite its ancient origins, little is understood Image courtesy of Safia Malki about how these selections are made. Bortvin’s team discovered that the fetal egg die-off is connected to segments of the egg’s DNA known as transposable elements or “jumping genes.” As developing eggs gain the ability to guide embryo development, transposons gain the ability to start moving. These ancient virus-like genes begin to leapfrog ୵ This image shows around the egg’s DNA producing new mutations, just as a mouse fetal ovary transposon movement causes color mutations in kernels whose eggs (green) were protected from of corn. The transposable element named LINE1 is the dying by the drug most likely transposon activated in mammalian eggs. AZT. The color blue Jumping genes can be particularly destructive in sperm identifies genomic and eggs, since much of their genetic material is essential DNA in all cells of for developing a healthy baby. Think of the genome of an the ovary. egg or sperm as a stack of papers being photocopied. To be read and understood, they have to come out of the copier in the same order they went in. Jumping genes are like pages that insert themselves at random into the stack, making reading difficult ̃ Carnegie’s Alex or even impossible. Bortvin (left) and Prior studies by Bortvin and others showed that male germ postdoctoral fellow cells—immature sperm—quash the movement of transposons, Safia Malki are unraveling the earliest minimizing mutations and ensuring high levels of sperm produc- stages of egg selection, tion. In contrast, Bortvin and Malki discovered that female mice which may have broad allow transposon movement to take place but then get rid of imma- implications for ture eggs harboring the highest number of mutations before the women’s health and mouse is even born. The team proposes that this purging process fertility. allows for the selective survival of immature eggs whose genetic material has acquired relatively few new mutations.

Bortvin’s group also discovered that the process of immature egg Image courtesy Avishay Gal-Yam of the Weizmann Institute of Science purging must be finely balanced. Overly stringent surveillance could result in excessive egg purging, too few surviving eggs, and prema- ture loss of fertility. Surveillance that is not stringent enough, on the other hand, would allow eggs with a lot of jumping gene-related

Image courtesy Alex Bortvin errors to survive, leading to a high level of birth defects. “Our findings suggest that the ovary of a newborn girl already contains both ‘good’ eggs and those destined to give rise to Down syndrome or miscarriages,” Bortvin said. “Further study may show that these ‘good’ cells are ovulated first and the abnormal ones usually come later.” Importantly, they discovered that the drug AZT, which inhibits mul- tiplication of AIDS-causing HIV virus in humans, also alters jumping gene activity in immature eggs. It is effective against LINE1 transposons. This discovery raises the possibility that the number and quality of The endowment of Carnegie Institution for Science by a CPRIT R1101 award and National immature eggs might be enhanced by drug treatment. Institutes of Health grant GM40367 supported this work. An EMBO Long-Term Fellowship, a Is this immature egg purge a blessing in disguise? Despite their McClintock Fellowship, and a Hollaender destructive power, jumping genes are also the source of genetic nov- Fellowship supported researchers. elty that can make species stronger and better suited for survival. „ CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:00 AM Page 7

The I-CORE Program\The Quantum Universe of the New Technique Sleuths Planning and Budgeting Committee and the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) and grants from the ISF, U.S.- Supernova Parent Israel Binational Science Foundation, German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development, Astronomers have long PTF team member to get a spectrum with Minerva, the FP7/European wondered Research Council, and a whether Wolf- the Keck telescope before the sun rose in Kimmel Investigator award Rayet stars propagate certain Hawaii,” Kasliwal explained. “The global supported this research. The Hubble and Carnegie– types of exploding stars (super- rapid-response protocol ensures the sun Princeton Fellowships; the Arye Dissentshik Career novae) because they are particu- never rises for the PTF team!” Development Chair and a larly large and very hot. New work When a supernova explodes, it flash grant from the Israeli Ministry of Science from the Palomar Transient Fac- ionizes its immediate surroundings, Technology, and Space; the National Science Foundation tory (PTF) team, including giving the astronomers a direct glimpse of (NSF); an NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship; and the Carnegie’s Mansi Kasliwal, is hom- the progenitor star’s chemistry. The oppor- TABASGO Foundation, the ing in on the answer: They have tunity lasts only for a day before the super- Christopher R. Redlich Fund, and NSF grant AST-1211916 identified a Wolf-Rayet star as the nova blast wave sweeps the ionization also provided support. The National Energy Research likely progenitor of a recently ex- away. So it’s crucial to rapidly respond. Scientific Computing Center, ploded supernova. Nature pub- The observations found evidence of supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. lished their work. composition and shape that aligns with Department of Energy, provided staff, computational Wolf-Rayet stars have strong that of a nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet star. resources, and data storage stellar winds and are deficient in What’s more, the progenitor star likely for this project. hydrogen when compared with experienced an increased loss of mass The intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF)—led other stars, making them easily shortly before the explosion, which is con- by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)— recognizable. Researchers think sistent with model predictions for Wolf- started searching the skies Mansi Kasliwal, a that Wolf-Rayet stars explode as type IIb, Rayet explosions. for certain types of stars and Hubble–Carnegie– related phenomena in Ib, or Ic supernovae. Yet direct evidence has Previously, when looking for a pre-ex- February. The iPTF was built Princeton Fellow, plosion star using the Hubble Space Tele- on the legacy of the Palomar was part of the been missing. Transient Factory (PTF), designed in 2008 to discovery team. The team, led by Avishay Gal-Yam of the scope, astronomers could only look over a systematically chart the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, ap- range of about 20 megaparsecs. But by us- transient sky by using a robotic observing system plied a novel observational method called ing these new tools they can increase that mounted on the 48-inch Samuel Oschin Telescope on flash spectroscopy to identify the likely pro- distance five times, allowing them to iden- Palomar Mountain near San genitor of a type IIb supernova called SN tify many more supernovae progenitors. Diego, California. iPTF is a scientific collaboration 2013cu just over 15 hours after it exploded. Shri Kulkarni of the California Institute among Caltech, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the “This supernova was discovered by the of Technology leads the PTF collabora- University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, the Oskar Klein Palomar 48-inch telescope in California. tion. PTF has discovered more than 2000 Center, the Weizmann The on-duty PTF team member in Israel supernovae during its four and a half Institute of Science, the TANGO Program of the promptly sounded an alert about this years of observations, including many rare University System of Taiwan, and the Kavli Institute for the supernova discovery, enabling another and exotic types of cosmic outbursts. „ Physics and Mathematics of the Universe.

Image courtesy Avishay Gal-Yam of the Weizmann Institute of Science While observing a galaxy known as UGC 9379 (left; image from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) located about 350 million light years away from us, the team discovered a new source of bright blue light (right, marked with an arrow; image from the 60-inch robotic telescope at Palomar Observatory). This white-hot young supernova marked the explosive death of a massive star. The team conducted a detailed study of the spectrum of colors composing the supernova’s light using a technique called “flash spectroscopy.” This study revealed the signatures of a wind blown by the aging star just prior to its terminal explosion and allowed the team to determine what elements were abundant on the surface of the dying star as it was about to explode as a supernova. The observations provided important information about how massive stars evolve just prior to their death and the origin of crucial elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:00 AM Page 8

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Car

The campus was situated in a bucolic setting a hundred years ago.

BroadBranchRoad

CampusDebutB y SHAUN HARDY “Perhaps no building being erected at the present time has excited so much interest ... as has the new edifice in progress [at Broad Images courtesy Carnegie archives Clearing land was vastly different then; Branch Road]. Certainly no structure has horses bore the brunt of the work in 1913. required so much precise care in workmanship and a thorough knowledge of building to meet The unusual structure takes shape. the delicate needs of a building of this charac- ter. It is the last word in scientific building.”

Washington Times, November 22, 1913

The gleaming modern laboratory is open for business in 1914. CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:00 AM Page 9

Carnegie Science | Fall 2014 9

Carnegie staff enjoyed a picnic on the rooftop deck in the 1920s. MEAT

pril 1, 1914, was cool and rainy, but spirits Turns Up the Heat must have been high among the staff of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM). The department started its eleventh year with a move to its new cam- nearly half a century and found pus “out in the country” in Washington, that livestock emissions increased D.C.’s, northwest fringe. by 51% over this period. The department’s expanding research program and They found a stark difference theA need for fireproof storage for its geophysical data between livestock-related emis- convinced the Carnegie trustees in 1913 to allocate sions in the developing world, $127,200 ($3 million in today’s dollars) to build it a per- which accounts for most of this in- manent home. A seven-acre tract “admirably located crease, and these emissions in de- amidst rural surroundings” near Rock Creek Park was veloped countries. Livestock-re- acquired, far from “disturbing influences” such as elec- lated emissions in the developing tric streetcar lines, for precise scientific measurements. Carnegie’s Ken Caldeira world are expected to increase go- Waddy B. Wood, a prominent Washington, D.C., archi- ing forward, as demand for meat, tect, was selected to design the new laboratory and office Eating meat contributes to dairy products, and eggs is pre- building. Just seven years earlier he had designed the Geo- climate change, thanks to the dicted by some scientists to double physical Laboratory’s headquarters, a mile to the south. greenhouse gases emitted by live- by 2050. By contrast, developed The particular requirements for DTM’s new home posed stock. New research finds that live- countries reached maximum live- special challenges. The building needed to be exception- stock emissions are on the rise and stock emissions in the 1970s and ally strong and fireproof, and its floors and walls had to be that beef cattle are responsible for have been in decline since then. “vibrationless.” The use of structural steel had to be kept far more greenhouse gas emissions “The developing world is getting b t to a minimum to reduce magnetic interference. than other types of animals. The better at reducing greenhouse Davis Construction Company broke ground in May research team, including Dario emissions caused by each animal, 1913. Working primarily in reinforced concrete and Caro, formerly of Carnegie and but this improvement is not keep- brick, the builders employed novel and sometimes diffi- now at the University of Siena in ing up with the increasing demand cult construction techniques, in particular, isolating the Italy, and Carnegie’s Ken Caldeira for meat,” said Caro. “As a result, massive floor slabs from the walls by beds of sand. Local had their results published in Cli- greenhouse gas emissions from papers followed the unusual project. “Science Structure matic Change. livestock keep going up and up in Hard on Builders,” reported the Washington Times in Carbon dioxide is the most much of the developing world.” September 1913. “There is certainly no other structure prevalent gas when it comes to cli- Of livestock-related greenhouse in this city which requires the care in building that com- mate change. But the greenhouse gas emissions; 54% came from pares with it, and it is the general belief that there is gases methane and nitrous oxide beef cattle, while 17% came from nothing exactly similar in the country.” are significant causes of global- dairy cattle. Part of this is due to On February 14, 1914, the elegant, brick Italian Ren- warming activity; they are released, the abundance of cows, but it is aissance style “Main Building” was finished. It cost in part, by livestock. Methane also because cattle emit greater $68,000 to build—in an era when the average American comes from microorganisms that quantities of methane and nitrous earned $600 a year and a typical house cost $3,000. Con- are involved in livestock digestion, oxide than other animals. Sheep stant-temperature rooms for experiments were fabri- and nitrous oxide comes from de- comprised 9%, buffalo 7%, pigs cated underground; above were three floors of offices, composing manure. These two 5%, and goats 4%. laboratories, “computing rooms” (computers were hu- gases are responsible for a quarter “That tasty hamburger is the man then), an instrument shop, library, and archives. A of these non-carbon dioxide gas real culprit,” Caldeira said. “It rooftop deck for observational work crowned the build- emissions and 9% of total green- might be better for the environ- ing. A symbolic compass rose, cast in brass and set in the house gas emissions overall. ment if we all became vegetarians, vestibule floor, branded the building for its intended The research team estimated the but a lot of improvement could mission in geomagnetic research. One hundred years greenhouse gas emissions related come from eating pork or chicken later, the building is still going strong. „ to livestock in 237 countries over instead of beef.” „

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10 Carnegie Science | Fall 2014 PERU’S CARBON QUANTIFIED: Economic Conservation& BoonImages courtesy Greg Asner

A team of researchers led by Greg Asner unveiled the first CAO laser information with satellite maps of for- high-resolution carbon map est cover, deforestation, and other environmental for the entire country of Peru. variables generated by the Peruvian Ministry of Envi- The new and improved methodology ronment’s Directorate of Land Management, the group used to make the map marks a sea change established a cost-effective means to monitor the coun- for future market-based carbon economies. try into the future. The map also reveals Peru’s extremely high eco- The new map reveals that the total aboveground logical diversity, and it provides the critical input to carbon stock of the country is currently studies of deforestation and forest degradation for 6.9 billion metric tons, but the carbon conservation, land use, and enforcement purposes. stocks vary by region and land own- The technique includes the uncertainty of carbon stores ership. The average carbon density throughout the country, which is essential for decision for Peruvian rainforests is 99 met- makers. The mapping project is a joint effort among the ric tons of carbon per hectare, Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO), led by Asner, the with the maximum density of 168 Ministry of Environment of Peru, and Wake Forest University. metric tons of carbon per hectare. Historically two obstacles have slowed accurate carbon in- The largest stocks are in the ventories at national scales. The first is the inadequate resolution northern Peruvian Amazon and of satellite mapping data, and the second is the inaccuracy of on- along the Brazil-Peru border. Re- the-ground surveys. These barriers have to be overcome to support gions of deforestation, such as policies and markets that depend on timely knowledge of where Peru’s Puerto Maldonado where carbon is stored on land. With its huge range of environments from gold mining has ravaged the area, cold Andean deserts to hot Amazonian rainforests, Peru is an ideal had low to no carbon storage. The country for advancing high-tech carbon inventories. team also assessed 174 protected areas, Asner remarked, “The international community wants to use a finding that—for every hectare of forest put into protection—an combination of carbon sequestration and emissions reductions to average 95 metric tons of carbon are stored on land, with even combat climate change. Some 15% of global carbon emissions re- more carbon sequestered below the soil surface. sult from deforestation and forest degradation, which releases car- Miles Silman, report coauthor from Wake Forest University, bon dioxide to the atmosphere as trees are destroyed. Our cost- added, “The Carnegie map is a monumental effort—from field to effective approach allows us to accurately map the carbon in this remote sensing to computation—that honestly lays out the meth- incredibly diverse country for the first time. It opens Peru’s door to ods, predictions, and their relia- An interinstitutional working agreement carbon sequestration agreements and is an enormous boon to con- bility for each hectare in Peru. It between Carnegie Institution’s servation and monitoring efforts over vast areas for the long term.” should ignite the imaginations Department of Global Ecology and the Peruvian Ministry of Environment’s The critical resolution for carbon monitoring is the hectare (2.5 of ecologists and earth scientists Directorate of Land Management supported this research. John D. and acres). It is the world’s most common unit of land tenure and policy and provide a road map for de- Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and cision makers. The report also Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation enforcement, yet very few countries have advanced their carbon funded the study. monitoring efforts at such high resolution. The team integrated adds another exclamation point Avatar Alliance Foundation, John D. field data with airborne laser-mapping technology using the to the value of protected areas. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Grantham Foundation for the Protection Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO) and coupled this with pub- If you choose carbon as your of the Environment, Gordon and Betty licly available satellite imagery to scale carbon inventories up to the currency, parks in Amazonian Moore Foundation, W. M. Keck Foundation, Margaret A. Cargill national level. The CAO sweeps laser light across the vegetation Peru are the banks, and the big- Foundation, Mary Anne Nyburg Baker and G. Leonard Baker Jr., and William R. canopy to image it in 3-D, to determine the location and size of ger the area the closer it gets to Hearst III made the Carnegie Airborne each tree at a resolution of 3.5 feet (1.1 meter). By combining the being Fort Knox.” „ Observatory possible. CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:00 AM Page 11

Carnegie and Peruvian researchers quantified the carbon stocks throughout the entire country of Peru (left); red is highest carbon, dark blue is lowest.

The Carnegie Airborne

Observatory members pose with their Peruvian partners and the airplane (right). Greg Asner is in the front row, center, in an orange vest and a black short-sleeved shirt.

These 3-D images are produced by the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, which sweeps laser light across the vegetation canopy to image it in 3-D and combines it with satellite imagery and information from the field. The image at top left shows major disturbance by gold mining in Peru (deep red). The image on top right shows Peru’s Puerto Maldonado region. The developed areas are in green. The farther away from disturbance the less damage there is to the forest, shown in red.

This image (left) shows the regular patterns of an oil palm plantation. The colors represent height from the ground. Blue is at ground level; red represents treetops. CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:01 AM Page 12

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Steve Shectman

Paul Butler

Kapteyn’s star and its planets likely come from a Pamela dwarf galaxy now merged with the Milky Way. The artwork shows characteristic streams of stars resulting from such a galactic merging event. Image courtesy Victor Robles, James Bullock, and Miguel Rocha of the University of California-Irvine and Joel Primack of the University of California-Santa Cruz. have Two Planets able p mon Pame and a ORBIT ANCIENT STAR Th NASA dreds An international team of astronomers, including five Carnegie scientists, up loud and clear,” explained lead au- Kapt discovered two new planets orbiting a very old star that is near to our thor Guillem Anglada-Escude, a former the S own Sun. One of these planets orbits the star at a distance where liquid Carnegie postdoc now at Queen Mary Earth University of London. cial, h water could exist on its surface, a key ingredient to support life. Monthly The planet called Kapteyn b might star. R Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society published the team’s work. support water. It is at least five times the star w mass of the Earth and orbits its star long Kapteyn’s star, named after the Dutch Spectrometer at Carnegie’s Las Cam- every 48 days. This means the planet is Milk astronomer Jacobus Kapteyn who dis- panas Observatory in Chile, and the warm enough for water to exist on its set th covered it at the end of the 19th cen- High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer surface. The second planet, Kapteyn c, of th tury, is the second fastest-moving star (HIRES) at the W. M. Keck Observa- is a more massive super-Earth. Its year Th in the sky and belongs to the Galactic tory in Hawaii to measure tiny periodic lasts for 121 days, and astronomers nal d halo, an extended group of stars cir- changes in the motion of the star. The think it’s too cold to support liquid enigm cling our galaxy in very elliptical orbits. Doppler effect—the frequency change water. At the moment, only a few prop- years With a third of the mass of the Sun, this of an object caused by its motion—en- erties of the planets are known: approxi- dred red dwarf can be seen with an amateur abled the scientists to deduce the plan- mate masses, orbital periods, and the suns telescope in the southern constellation ets’ masses and orbital periods. distances from their host star. By meas- globu of Pictor. “That we can make such precise uring their atmospheres using instru- likely The astronomers—including measurements of such subtle effects is a ments that are currently under develop- ets at Carnegie’s Pamela Arriagada, Paul But- real technological marvel,” said Jeff ment, astronomers will verify the times ler, Steve Shectman, Jeff Crane, and Ian Crane of the Observatories. presence or lack of water. billio Thompson—used new data from the “We were surprised to find planets “Finding a stable planetary system whic

This research was High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet orbiting Kapteyn’s star. Previous data with a potentially habitable planet orbit- “It funded by the National Science Foundation, Searcher (HARPS) spectrometer at the showed some irregular motion so we ing one of the very nearest stars in the of lif NASA, and the Carnegie European Southern Observatory’s La were looking for very short period sky is mind-blowing. This is one more plane Institution for Science. Silla Observatory, the Planet Finding planets when the new signals showed piece of evidence that nearly all stars Angl CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/6/14 8:17 AM Page 13

Jeff Crane 5 CARNEGIE ASTRONOMERS WERE ON THE Ian Thompson Carnegie’s Dave Mao led the work. DISCOVERY TEAM Lower Mantle Surprise

Image courtesy Yingwei Fei A team of scientists led by Pamela Arriagada Arc Valcano Hot Spot Carnegie’s Ho-kwang “Dave” Upper Mantle Mor Mao found that the composition of the Plume Earth’s lower mantle may be significantly Lower Mantle different than previously thought. Science published the results. have planets and that potentially habit- The Earth’s lower mantle makes up able planets in our galaxy are as com- 55% of the planet by volume and extends mon as grains of sand on a beach,” said Core from about 415 to 1800 miles (670 and Pamela Arriagada, the second author 2900 kilometers) in depth, as defined by and a Carnegie postdoctoral researcher. the so-called transition zone and the core- The planetary systems detected by This cutaway shows the internal mantle boundary. Pressures in the lower layering of Earth’s interior. NASA’s Kepler mission are usually hun- mantle start at 237,000 times atmospheric dreds of light years away. In contrast, pressure (24 gigapascals) and reach about Kapteyn’s star is the 25th nearest star to 1.3 million times atmospheric pressure (136 gigapascals) at the core-mantle boundary. the Sun—only 13 light years away from The prevailing theory has been that the majority of the lower mantle is made up of a single Earth. What makes this discovery spe- ferromagnesian silicate mineral commonly called perovskite. It was thought that perovskite cial, however, is the peculiar story of the didn’t change structure over the enormous range of pressures and temperatures spanning star. Researchers think that Kapteyn’s the lower mantle. star was born in a dwarf galaxy that was Recent experiments that simulate the conditions of the lower mantle using laser-heated long ago disrupted and absorbed by the diamond anvil cells, at pressures between 938,000 and 997,000 times atmospheric pressure Milky Way; this galactic cannibalization (95 and 101 gigapascals) and temperatures between 3500 and 3860ºF (2200 and 2400 K), set the star on a new path, making it part now reveal that iron-bearing perovskite is, in fact, unstable in the lower mantle. of the Milky Way’s halo. The team found that the mineral disassociates into two phases, a magnesium silicate per- The likely remnant core of the origi- ovskite missing iron, which is represented by the Fe portion of the chemical formula, and a nal dwarf galaxy is Omega Centauri, an new mineral that is iron rich and hexagonal in structure called the H-phase. Experiments enigmatic group of stars 16,000 light confirm that this iron-rich H-phase is more stable than iron-bearing perovskite, much to years from Earth that contains hun- everyone’s surprise. This means it is likely a prevalent and previously unknown species in dreds of thousands of similarly old the lower mantle. This may change our understanding of the deep Earth. suns and was long thought to be a “We still don’t fully understand the chemistry of the H-phase,” said lead author Li Zhang, globular cluster. This sets the most also of Carnegie. “But this finding indicates that all geodynamic models need to be reconsid- likely age of Kapteyn’s star and its plan- ered to take the H-phase into account. And there could be even more unidentified phases ets at 11.5 billion years, which is 2.5 down there in the lower mantle as well, waiting to be identified.” „ times older than Earth and “only” 2 National Science Foundation (NSF) grants EAR-0911492, EAR-1119504, EAR-1141929, and EAR-1345112 supported the billion years younger than the universe, research. This work was performed at HPCAT (Sector 16), Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory. The which is 13.7 billion years old. U.S. Department of Energy-Basic Energy Sciences-National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE-BES-NNSA) under Award DE-NA0001974 and DOE-Basic Energy Sciences (BES) under Award DE-FG02-99ER45775, with partial instrumentation “It does make you wonder what kind funding by NSF, support HPCAT operations. EFree, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by DOE-BES under grant DE- SC0001057, supports HPSynC. Portions of this work were performed at GeoSoilEnviroCARS (Sector 13), APS, supported by of life could have evolved on those the NSF-Earth Sciences (EAR-1128799) and DOE-GeoSciences (DE-FG02-94ER14466), at 34ID-E beamline, APS, and at 15U1, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. DOE- BES under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357 supported the use of the APS facility. planets over such a long time,” The Materials Research and Engineering Center program of the NSF under award DMR-0819885 also partially supported this Anglada-Escude added. „ work. Part of this work was carried out in the Characterization Facility of the University of Minnesota. CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:01 AM Page 14 Border Image courtesy Robin Kempster

14

MEMBRANES HOLD CELLS TOGETHER. They provide a barrier to nutrient transport Carnegie’s Wolf Frommer is the director of Plant Biology. and a communication platform that con- nects the outside to the cell’s interior control In centers. Thousands of proteins reside in membranes. They control the flow of select chemicals and mediate the flow of nutrients and information. Almost all of these path- ways work by protein handshakes—one Communication protein “talking” to another, for example, to encourage the import of a nutrient, to block a compound from accumulating to a toxic level, or to alert the cell’s interior to changes in the environment.

Little has been known about the relationships among membrane proteins and interior proteins. Now, a team led by Carnegie’s Wolf Frommer has revealed how membrane proteins are networked with each other and with the signaling proteins inside the cell. Science published their work. The messages conveyed to membrane proteins by signaling proteins, and vice versa, form the basis of cell communication between cells and between the organism and the outside world. The Frommer team carried out a massive screen for protein-to-protein interactions between predicted membrane proteins and predicted signaling proteins. They used the model plant Arabidopsis, a mustard green. The team performed millions of tests and discov-

Image courtesy Tie Liu ered over 10,000 interactions. The work is the first of its kind in any organism and has implications for both plant and animal sciences. Technical difficulties in studying membranes have meant that only a few cross-membrane protein-to- protein signals are known. Frommer’s team devel- oped a different process that was able to yield a greater diversity of results. The vast majority of the thousands of potential membrane protein-signaling Cells of an Arabidopsis seeding protein interactions they found had never before are shown in this image. been identified. The team’s aim was to use their new protein interaction network to identify interactions important for protein-to-protein messaging and help assign possible functions to them. “Our findings can serve as an important resource for gene discovery and will be applicable to the ani- mal kingdom, as well as to plants,” Frommer said. “In plants, it could help lead to discoveries that will improve crop yields. „

The National Science Foundation supported this work. CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:01 AM Page 15

BioEyes K-12

The General Motors Corporation presented a $5,000.00 award to Carnegie’s BioEYES K-12 predoctoral fellowship for three years TRUSTEES AND educational program on for her project on alcoholic fatty liver ADMINISTRATION September 11, 2014, to deliver disease. a two-week environmental — ᕡ Carnegie trustee Mary-Claire King, curriculum, Your Watershed, Your Christoph Lepper was a coorganizer of professor at the U. of Washington, will Backyard. The program is one of the Society for Developmental Biology InBrief receive the highly prestigious 2014 several BioEYES programs using Mid-Atlantic Regional Meeting held at Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement live zebrafish to learn about local the Johns Hopkins U. in May. Award in Medical Science “for bold, watersheds, pollution, and the — imaginative, and diverse contributions to Chesapeake Bay. „ medical science and human rights—she Fred Tan co-organized the 4th Annual discovered the BRCA1 gene locus that Practical Genomics: From Biology to causes hereditary breast cancer and Biostatistics Workshop. The Aug. workshop deployed DNA strategies that reunite was held at the department to introduce missing persons or their remains with biologists to hands-on programming, their families.” analysis techniques, and statistics. — ᕢ Carnegie president Matthew Scott officially started his new position GEOPHYSICAL Sept. 1, 2014, with a packed schedule. LABORATORY He held one-on-one meetings with staff ᕡ Carnegie trustee ᕢ Carnegie’s scientists and other personnel in the ᕦ In May Robert Hazen was the keynote meeting of the International Union of Mary-Claire King new president, Washington, area. He attended a salon speaker on mineral evolution at the Microbeam Analysis Societies (IUMAS) Matthew P. Scott event in N.Y. featuring a talk by Nobel Nordic Astrobiology Conference in held with the Microscopy & Microanalysis Laureate, astrophysicist Brian P. Schmidt. Bergen, Norway. He presented lectures 2014 conference in Hartford, CT, Aug. 2-7. The event was sponsored by five Giant at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and He presented papers on advances in high- Magellan Telescope Organization at the Goldschmidt Conference in precision analyses of geological materials (GMTO) partners on Sept. 9. Scott also Vancouver, where he was awarded and on correction procedures for met with the Chilean ambassador and fellowship in the Geochemical Society. quantitative analysis with electron Carnegie’s Miguel Roth on Sept. 16, in Hazen was named the 2014 F. Earl microprobes. He was coauthor on several Washington, D.C. In mid-and-late Sept., Ingerson Lecturer of the Geochemical other presentations. he visited with Carnegie staff at Society. He presented keynote lectures — Baltimore’s Embryology Department on the co-evolution of minerals and life Microbeam specialist Katherine Crispin and Carnegie’s Department of Global at the Gordon Research Conference on was social media coordinator for the Ecology and the Observatories in CA. Biomineralization in New London, NH, recent IUMAS-6 meeting held with the ᕣ Marnie Halpern ᕤ Steve Farber and at the Dallas Mineral Collecting Microscopy & Microanalysis 2014 Symposium. In July he conducted conference Aug. 2-7. Crispin presented a EMBRYOLOGY fieldwork in the 3.5-billion-year-old talk at the Microscopy & Microanalysis Pilbara Complex of Western Australia, 2014 and was elected as a new member Director Allan Spradling presented a accompanied by a film crew from NOVA of the Education, Outreach, and lecture at Rockefeller U. and attended TV. He also presented three talks at the Infrastructure committee for COMPRES. the 2014 David and Lucile Packard International Mineralogical Association — Foundation annual meeting. meeting in Johannesburg, South Africa, Research scientist Kadek Hemawan — in Aug. presented a talk at the New Diamond ᕣ In June Marnie Halpern and several — and Nano Carbons Conference in lab members presented their work at Andrew Steele was on sabbatical at the Chicago, May 25-29. the 11th International Conference on Max Planck Institute for Solar System — ᕥ Vanessa ᕧ Tim Strobel Zebrafish Development in Madison, WI. Science in Germany this summer and Quinlivan-Repasi Halpern was an invited lecturer and presented two talks. Steele also gave a instructor at the Zebrafish Neurobiology talk at U. Gottingen, Germany and course and symposium held at U. became a coinvestigator for the Mars ᕦ In July Bob Hazen performed Helsinki in Aug. 2020 mission on the SHERLOC fieldwork in the ancient Pilbara Complex — instrument. in Western Australia accompanied by a Yixian Zheng presented her work at — Renewed! film crew from NOVA TV. ᕧ Timothy Strobel gave a keynote The DOE renewed Carnegie’s Energy Image courtesy Bob Hazen the Ellison Medical Foundation annual meeting at Woods Hole, MA. lecture at the 2014 Consortium for Frontier Research Center, Energy — Materials Properties Research in Earth Frontier Research in Extreme In Aug. Alex Bortvin was an invited Science (COMPRES) Annual Meeting at Environments (EFree), headquartered speaker at the Gordon Research Skamania Lodge, WA, June 16-19. He at Carnegie and directed by Russell Conference on Mammalian presented the Young Investigator Hemley. EFree’s goal is to use Reproduction. Lecture at the 2014 Gordon Research extreme conditions as a means to — Conference on Research at High discover new materials ᕤ In June Steve Farber and several Pressure in Biddeford, ME, June 22-27. to address major lab members presented their work at — energy challenges the 11th International Conference on Douglas Rumble attended Professor faced by the nation, Zebrafish Development. Farber also Naohiro Yoshida’s Isotopomer 2014 principally through the presented his work in July at the meeting at Tokyo Institute of Technology design, synthesis, and Federation of American Societies for in June and presented talks on high- stabilization of Experimental Biology conference resolution mass spectrometry of the revolutionary materials “Molecular Mechanisms of Intestinal atmospheric gases N2O, O2, and CH4. for energy conversion, Lipid Transport and Metabolism” He served as visiting adjunct professor storage, and transport. in Snowmass, CO. at Dartmouth College in July and Aug. More than 200 proposals competed — — for the 32 projects. Carnegie was the ᕥ Farber graduate student Vanessa Research scientist John Armstrong only nonprofit to receive funding. Of Quinlivan-Repasi was awarded a organized and cochaired a two-day the 32, 10 projects are new, while the National Research Service Award symposium at the 6th quadrennial others are renewals. „ CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:01 AM Page 16

16 Neurtron & Xray School 2014

Changyong Park and Dmitry Popov hosted a group of eight fieldwork to assess the ecological impacts graduate students from the 2014 of Hurricane Iselle in HI. Asner and National School on Neutron and postdoctoral fellow Andrew Davies X-ray Scattering at the HPCAT worked in Africa darting and placing 16BM-D beamline, June 19-20. tracking collars on lions. Asner lab’s The hands-on training classes Dana Chadwick and the Carnegie were about high-pressure X-ray Spectranomics team carried out field diffraction experiments using a research in the Peruvian Amazon. diamond anvil cell. „ — Anna Michalak gave a keynote address to the XX International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Postdoctoral fellow Charles Le Losq Departures: Alia Awadallah, Roxane Resources held at U. Stuttgart, Germany, gave an invited talk at the Goldschmidt Bowden, Matthieu Galvez, Malcolm in June and participated in launch Conference on June 12. Guthrie, Karunakar Kothapalli, activities for the Orbiting Carbon — Subhasish Mandal, Caitlin Murphy, Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite at ᕨ Webmaster Michelle Scholtes was Susana Mysen, Manuvesh Sangwan, Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA, in July. invited to visit the Advanced Institute for Vincenzo Stagno, Xiaojing Tan, and In Apr. Michalak lab’s Jovan Tadic gave Materials Research (AIMR) at Tohoku U. Yonghui Zhou left the lab this summer. a presentation at the European Space in Sendai, Japan, to discuss research Agency’s workshop on solar-induced support in US and Japanese scientific fluorescence in Paris. In May the lab’s research institutions. She represented GLOBAL ECOLOGY Yuntao Zhou gave presentations at the the lab at the AIMR (June 23-July 2) to ᕨ Michelle Scholtes meets with 46th International Liege Colloquium on discuss administration support, µ Director Chris Field was awarded the Japanese to discuss laboratory Low Oxygen Environments in Marine, including systems and procedures. Roger Revelle Medal by the American business and systems practices. Estuarine, and Fresh Waters in Liege, Scholtes also gave a presentation on Geophysical Union. He did outreach for Image courtesy Michelle Scholtes Belgium, and at the 57th Annual lab practices. Danielle Appleby, the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Conference of the International assistant to the director, and Jeff Climate Change (IPCC) in Japan, UK, Association for Great Lakes Research Lightfield, controller, were also invited. Germany, Brazil, Norway, and Spain. (IAGLR) held at McMaster U. in — Katie Mach did IPCC outreach in Uganda Canada. In May the lab’s Jeff Ho gave HPCAT/HPSynC/NSLS/SNS and Ethiopia. She was also interviewed presentations to the UN’s Economic Jason Baker, a Ph.D. student from for 40 minutes on WNYC with Brian Leher. Commission for Europe at a workshop U. Nevada-Las Vegas, visited HPCAT — in Geneva and at the 57th Annual in May. Wesley Chang, a senior at Ken Caldeira attended the European Conference of the IAGLR. Iowa State U., joined HPCAT as a Geosciences Union General Assembly in — summer intern. Vienna in Apr. and went to Berlin for the ¹ Postdoctoral fellow Rebecca Hernandez Climate Engineering Conference in Aug. successfully defended her Ph.D. thesis. ——————————————————— He contributed an opinion editorial to — ᕩ Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) the San Francisco Chronicle in June and The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation will was interviewed by CNN World and continue support for DCO’s secretariat Motherboard.tv. Field Notes at the Geophysical Laboratory for the — next two years. In July Yael Fitzpatrick, ¸ Greg Asner presented Carnegie ᕩ In Aug. Craig Schiffries represented Airborne Observatory (CAO) carbon- the DCO at the opening ceremony of the formerly art director for the Science mapping results to the leadership of US SK-II continental scientific drilling journals, joined the DCO secretariat. Agency for International Development in project near Daqing, China; participated Robert Hazen and Craig Schiffries Washington, DC. Asner and Robin in a planning meeting for a multiwell participated in DCO Data Science Day at Martin presented new research findings deep underground laboratory in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute on June at the Hawaii Ecosystems Meeting in Songliao Basin, China; and gave talks at 5. Brad Foley, Eric Hauri, Hazen, Russell Hilo, HI, and they carried out new China U. Geosciences, Beijing, and the Hemley, and Schiffries attended the DCO Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. Workshop on Global Modeling of the Deep Carbon Cycle at the lab, June 6-7. The DCO was heavily involved in the Goldschmidt Conference in Sacramento, CA, June 8-13, organizing sessions and and speaking. Steve Shirey organized a workshop on diamonds and mantle geodynamics of carbon in Bristol, UK, July 3-4. Andrea Mangum helped organize the first DCO Summer School in Montana and Yellowstone National Park. Postdoctoral Fellow Xiaoming Liu µ Chris Field µ Katie Mach attended the DCO Summer School. The Amazon ——————————————————— Joe Berry and Ari Kornfeld (Top) Caldeira and lab members Arrivals: Kevin Hernandez, Matthew participated in a planning Lester Kwiatkowski and Yana Rawls, Olivia Reyes-Becerra, Joseph meeting for new research Nebuchina conducted ocean Romero, Brooke Sherman, and projects on the measurement biogeochemistry fieldwork in Bodega Brandon Wilfong joined the lab as of photosynthesis in the Bay, CA, in collaboration with the interns this summer. Other summer Amazon basin using new UC-Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory. interns included Saelig Khattar and satellite and atmospheric Ang Liu. Ronit Kessel and Valery sampling approaches. They (Bottom) Caldeira and Rebecca Levitas are new visiting investigators. visited research sites near Albright (shown) had a field ¸ Robin Martin ¹ Rebecca — Manaus and at Fazenda expedition at One Tree Island, Hernandez Tanguro in Mato Grosso. „ Australia. „ CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:01 AM Page 17

Carnegie Science | Fall 2014 17

Arrivals: Kai Zhu started as a postdoc modeling of galaxy formation at Weizbauer, Meng Xu, and Muh-ching Yee. in the Field and Fukami labs. The Berry “nIFTy Cosmology” in Madrid. — lab welcomed visitor Mary Whelan, an — Director Wolf Frommer gave an invited NSF postdoctoral fellow from UC- ƹ Staff astronomer Josh Simon gave keynote talk at the 2014 Plant Protein Merced. The Caldeira Lab hosted former an invited talk about dark matter at the Phosphorylation Symposium at U. postdocs Ho-Jeong Shin from Korea 3rd Dark Matter in Southern California Missouri-Columbia, May 27-30. On and Long Cao from Zhejiang U., Bala meeting on Apr. 17. On Apr. 30 he gave a July 29-Aug. 1 he attended the 25th Govindasamy from the Indian Institute Carnegie Evening lecture about dark International Conference on Arabidopsis of Science, Geeta Pershad, a doctoral matter in Washington, DC. On June 10 Research (ICAR) at U. British Columbia student from Princeton U., and Yana he gave a talk about the first stars at and was the Cell Biology Session Petri, a high school student. Asner lab The Town Club in Pasadena. Overview speaker. hosted research visitors Izak Smit from — — the South African National Parks, Carla Staff astronomer Luis Ho was appointed Winslow Briggs spoke about blue Staver of Yale U., and Colonel Xavier Distinguished Research Fellow of the light-induced proteomic changes in Molina from U. Madrid. The Caldeira Lab Chinese Academy of Sciences, and he Arabidopsis seedlings at Plant Biology welcomed two new postdocs, Rebecca received an honorary Distinguished 2014 in Portland, OR, on July 12-16. Albright and Soheil Shayegh. Professor title from Nanjing U. Ho gave — — invited talks at the 8th Joint Meeting of ƻ Arthur Grossman presented Departures: Peter Frumhoff concluded Chinese Physicists Worldwide meeting “Comparative Analysis of Three his sabbatical and returned to the Union in Singapore in June, at the Southern Planctomycete Genomes Associated China Technical Astronomy ¹ John Mulchaey Ƹ Barry Madore of Concerned Scientists in June; Marion with the Blades of the Red Alga O’Leary re-retired on July 1, switching Development meeting in Kunming, at Porphyra umbilicalis” at the May 18-23 to consulting status; Abby Bethke the Sino-China Workshop “From Dark Phycological Society of America meeting moved with her family to Illinois on Matter to Galaxies” in Xian in May, and in Portland, OR. He attended the 16th July 1 and Eren Bilir switched on July 1 at IAU Symposium 312 in Beijing in Aug. International Conference on the Cell and from Field lab/IPCC to become the He gave colloquia at Nanjing U. and the Molecular Biology of Chlamydomonas in department’s operations specialist. The Space Science Institute of Macau U. of Pacific Grove, CA, June 8-13, chairing Caldeira lab said good-bye to postdoc Science and Technology. He gave a the metabolism session and giving a Ivana Cvijanovic. series of lectures at a summer school at talk about the metabolism of U. Science and Technology of China in Chlamydomonas in the dark. Hefei. He attended the symposium “The — THE OBSERVATORIES World According to Fred Kavli” at the Ƽ David Ehrhardt attended and spoke World Science Festival in New York. at the EMBO Conference Series on ƹ Josh Simon ƺ Mansi Kasliwal ¹ Staff member John Mulchaey — Microtubules: Structure, Regulation, organized the 12th Annual Carnegie ƺ Hubble-Carnegie-Princeton Fellow and Functions, May 28-31 in Heidelberg, Observatories Lecture Series. He gave Mansi Kasliwal gave colloquia at UC- Germany. a talk at Columbia U. titled “Tracing Santa Cruz, UCLA, and U. Washington- — Baryons at the Edge of Galaxy Clusters,” Seattle. She also gave a plenary Zhiyong Wang gave a talk about light and a lecture at Pasadena Valley Hunt presentation at the Large Synoptic and hormones at a symposium honoring Club about astronomy, from Mount Survey Telescope annual meeting. Elaine Tobin at UCLA. He also gave a talk Wilson to the Giant Magellan Telescope. — at the 25th ICAR at U. British Columbia. He served as a panel chair for NASA’s Postdoctoral research associate Rik — review of its Astrophysical Data Analysis Williams presented a poster at the ƽ On July 28-Aug. 1, Kathryn Barton Program. With several postdocs, he conference Future Directions in Galaxy spoke at the 25th ICAR at U. British hosted astronomy nights at four Cluster Surveys in Paris, June 23-27. Columbia. She was also the session ƻ Arthur Grossman Ƽ David Ehrhardt Pasadena-area schools and completed He also spoke at the “X-ray View of chair and overview speaker for the a science classroom at Don Benito Galaxy Ecosystems” workshop held development session. Fundamental School for grades K-5. in Boston July 9-11. He will begin an — — AAAS Science and Technology Policy José Dinneny presented a seminar about Ƹ Senior Research Associate Barry Fellowship on Sept. 1 at the USAID in root biology and the soil environment Madore spoke about the Las Campanas Washington, DC. at the Society for Experimental Biology program to map the 100 largest galaxies Annual Meeting in Manchester, England, in the Southern Hemisphere at the June 29-July 8. He also spoke about International Astronomical Union (IAU) PLANT BIOLOGY the regulation of salt stress at the 25th Symposium 309: “Galaxies in 3-D Across ICAR at U. British Columbia. He was a the Universe” in Vienna on July 7-11. The department coorganized the Joint copresenter of the workshop “Phenomics — Cell Biology Across the Bay/American in Arabidopsis: From Phenese to Genes.” On July 20-26 he attended the Gordon ƽ Kathy Barton Staff astronomer Michael Rauch gave Society of Plant Biologists (ASCB) Local invited talks at the conference Meeting and 2014 Western Sectional Research Conference on Plant Molecular “Intergalactic Matters” in Heidelberg ASCB Meeting at Santa Clara U. May Biology in Holderness, NH, and spoke in June and at the European Week of 3-4. Chairing various sessions were about the response to the abiotic Astronomy and Space Science meeting Heather Cartwright, Jim Guo, environment session. ƾ Martin Jonikas in Geneva in July. In Aug. he attended Masayochi Nakamura, Ankit Walia, — the workshop “Lyman Continuum and Renate Weizbauer. Speakers were ƾ Martin Jonikas presented the poster Leakage and Cosmic Reionization” Ruben Rellan-Alvarez, Flavia Bossi, “High-Throughput Genotyping of in Stockholm. David Ehrhardt, Caryn Johansen, Chlamydomonas Mutants Reveals — Alexander Jones, Yongxian Lu, Neil Random Distribution of Mutagenic The George Ellery Hale Distinguished Robbins, and Thorsten Seidel. Posters Insertion Sites and Endonucleolytic Scholar Andrew Benson gave a talk on were presented by Wolf Frommer, Cleavage of Transforming DNA” at galaxy formation at the Institute for David Ehrhardt, Sue Rhee, José Chlamydomonas 2014. On Aug. 11-15 Advanced Studies in Princeton, NJ, and Dinneny, Lee Chae, Shahram Emami, he attended the Gordon Research at JPL in Pasadena. In May he gave a Jue Fan, Jianjun Guo, In-Seob Han, Conference on Photosynthesis at Mount public lecture about dark matter for the Cheng-Hsun Ho, Taehyong Kim, Snow Resort, VT, and spoke about Carnegie Observatories Lecture Series. Ricardo Nilo-Poyanco, Charlotte engineering photosynthesis. He and gave a talk on semi-analytic Trontin, Rui Wu, Chuan Wang, Renate — CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:01 AM Page 18

18 Plant Biology Hosts Interns

The department hosted summer interns for 10 weeks. Departures: Visiting researcher They worked with Thorsten Seidel left the Frommer lab mentors, attended June 30 to return to Bielfeld U., Germany. seminars, and ended Postdoctoral researcher Viviane Lanquar the program with a left Aug. 15 for a position in San Francisco. poster session on Postdoctoral graduate Zubin Huang left the work they the Grossman lab Aug. 15 to pursue a learned in the career in industry. — program. „ Postdoctoral researcher Lee Chae left the Rhee lab May 2 to become Director of Research at Hampton Creek Food in TAIR Project Briggs senior researcher, Rajnish of Plant Biology 2014. Nidhi Sharma San Francisco. Predoctoral student Khanna attended the 25th ICAR at U. presented a paper about a role of Ricardo Nilo Poyanco returned to Chile British Columbia and led the discussion abscisic acid with the KANADI gene for university, and lab assistant Caryn The Arabidopsis “Global Marketing Software Connecting family in regulating plant growth and Johansen left Aug. 1 for graduate school Information Local Foods Socially” with Wolf development. at NYU. Visiting researcher Shoulei Research (TAIR) Frommer and Winslow Briggs. — Bu departed the Wang lab May 20 to project officially — Grossman lab postdoctoral researchers return to university in China. Visiting ended June 30. Frommer lab postdoctoral associate also speaking at Chlamydomonas 2014 researcher Pierre-Luc Pradier returned Director Eva Cheng-Hsun Ho presented a poster were Claudia Catalanotti, about the role to Bordeaux U., France, from the Huala formed a about fluorescent sensors at the 25th of pyruvate-ferredoxin-oxidoreductase Dinneny lab June 12. On June 30 new nonprofit, ICAR conference at U. British Columbia. in Chlamydomonas metabolism, and postdoctoral graduate Rui Wu left for Phoenix, in Postdoctoral associate Alexander Jones Munevver Aksoy, about Chlamydomonas the Max Planck Institute in Tuebingen, Redwood City, CA, to carry on the gave a talk about visualizing long- responses to sulfur deficiency. Posters Germany, as a postdoctoral fellow. The work. TAIR group members Tanya distance transport of ABA and GA in included graduate student Tyler Jonikas lab held a farewell party for lab Berardini, Donghui Li, and Robert living plants with biosensors at Plant Wittkopp’s about a GreenCut redox technician Keith Frazer May 8; he will Muller joined Phoenix as well. „ Biology 2014. Jones also presented this protein reaction and postdoctoral be a graduate student at UC-Davis. On talk at the Gordon Research Conference researcher Ru Zhang’s about growth Aug. 7 visiting student Gregory Reeves on Plant Molecular Biology in Waterville, measurement of mutants in pooled departed for TX where he is a Ph.D. NY, July 20-25. culture to identify those deficient in candidate. The administration held a — photosynthesis and photoprotection. farewell luncheon for Turkan Eke, AP In Memory Postdoctoral associate Ruben Rellan- Also presenting posters were specialist, who departed July 31 to Alvarez attended the Frontiers in Plant postdoctoral researcher Wenqiang pursue a different career. Research workshop in Norwich, Yang, on acetate production pathways England, on July 6-9 and spoke about during the dark and the role of root function and shape and on new chloroplasts in fermentative acetate TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM imaging for root physiology at Plant production, and postdoctoral researcher Biology 2014. TingTing Xiang, about Symbiodinium Rick Carlson participated in the — transcriptome changing light levels. Mongolia project workshop at Lehigh Rhee lab curator Peifen Zhang — U. in May, co-organized a geoneutrino presented a talk about bioinformatics Postdoctoral researcher Ankit Walia, workshop at UC-Santa Barbara in resources at Plant Biology 2014. spoke at the Frontiers in Plant Research June and attended the Goldschmidt Postdoctoral researcher Jianjun Guo conference about the regulation of Conference in Sacramento and spoke about a comprehensive QTL acentrosomal microtubule nucleation associated Geochemical Society Board mapping approach at the 25th ICAR in plant cells. Postdoctoral researcher meetings in June. He participated in the at U. British Columbia. Renate Weizbauer attended Plant NASA- and NSF-sponsored Fecundity — Biology 2014 and presented a talk in of the Early Earth workshop at the Two postdoctoral researchers in Matt the Cell Biology Mini-Symposium. Smithsonian in Aug. Evans’ lab spoke at Plant Biology 2014. — — Yongxian Lu presented a talk about a Arrivals: Frommer lab postdoctoral Alan Boss attended the AAS Topical pollen gene regulating reproductive researcher Joelle Schlapfer joined the Workshop on Dense Cores in Monterey Aida Wells, receptionist/secretary isolation between maize and teosinte, lab July 1 from U. Zurich. Jessica Foret in July and presented his and Sandy at the department from 1977 to and Antony Chettoor gave a talk on started as laboratory technician July 7. Keiser’s work on the formation of binary 1999, died Aug. 9. Aida had many auxin signaling and cell proliferation Visiting researcher Ya-Chi Yu arrived and multiple protostars. In Aug. Boss friends at the department, and and survival in maize. from National Taiwan U. May 19. Soeren chaired a review at the NASA Goddard everyone during her tenure was — Gehne arrived Aug. 4 from U. Potsdam, Space Flight Center of the infrared familiar with her smiling face and In the Jonikas lab, postdoctoral Germany. Postdoctoral researcher Yuval detectors to be used in NASA’s WFIRST/ outgoing, gregarious personality. „ researcher Xiaobo Li spoke at Kaye arrived from Ben-Gurion U., Israel, AFTA space telescope, for launch in 2023. Chlamydomonas 2014 about a mutant July 1 to join the Grossman lab. David — library to transform Chlamydomonas Quint, a visiting researcher, arrived from This summer Keiser and Michael research. Leif Pallesen also gave a talk Syracuse U. June 5 to the Ehrhardt lab. Acierno joined the Carnegie Astrometric on the identification of Chlamydomonas Swiss National Science Foundation Planet Search (CAPS) team. Boss and genes involved in photosynthesis. Luke Fellow Pascal Schlapfer joined the Rhee Alycia Weinberger showed them how Mackinder presented a poster about lab June 1. The Wang lab welcomed two to perform remote observing with the localization of Chlamydomonas carbon visiting researchers from Fujian CAPS camera, on the du Pont telescope concentrating mechanism at the Gordon Agriculture and Forestry U., China— at Carnegie’s Las Campanas

Research Conference on CO2 Assimilation Wenfei Wang on June 1 and Xuelian Yang Observatory in Chile. in Plants: Genome to Biome, June 8-13 on July 1. Postdoctoral researcher Veder — at Waterville Valley Resort, NH. Garcia arrived from UC-Berkeley Aug. 8 Alan Linde was an invited lecturer for — to join the lab. Shavon Jones-Mansaw the Numerical, Experimental and Barton lab postdoctoral researcher Tie joined the IT support group for both Stochastic Modeling of Volcanic Liu presented a talk about target genes departments July 29. Processes and Hazard Field School involved in Arabidopsis leaf development — held in Iceland Aug. 22-29. at the Development Mini-Symposium — CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:01 AM Page 19

[ Hanika Rizo (in red) and former postdoctoral fellow Larry Nittler gave an invited talk at the Jonathan O’Neil (U. AAS meeting in Boston in June; an Ottawa) perform invited talk at a symposium on cosmic fieldwork in dust at the European Week of Astronomy Labrador along and Space Science in Geneva in July; with local Inuit and was appointed to the Planetary guide Tuumasi Science Subcommittee of the NASA Annack (right). Advisory Council in Aug. — In late Apr. Diana Roman ran a NSF- funded volcano seismology workshop in Anchorage, AK. She presented in a session at the Seismological Society of p Fellows Pamela Arriagada, Joleen by Johanna’s NASA Astrobiology Early America Annual Meeting, also in Carlberg, and Jacqueline Faherty Career Collaboration award. In Sept. she Anchorage. In May, she gave a BBR attended the 18th Cambridge Workshop attended and presented a poster at the ƿ Scott Sheppard and colleague Neighborhood Lecture, “The Secret on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Towards Other Earths II conference in Chad Trujillo discovered the comet Life of ‘Quiescent’ Volcanoes.” She Sun (Cool Stars 18), in June in Flagstaff, Porto, Portugal. Sheppard-Trujillo, using the CTIO conducted fieldwork at Popocatepetl AZ. Carlberg presented a poster. Faherty — 4-m telescope. The comet is volcano, Mexico, in June and July. In gave a contributed plenary talk on Brown On May 6 DTM hosted a postdoctoral currently about 13 AU from the Sun. July she also conducted fieldwork at Dwarfs at the Exoplanet Mass Boundary. fellowship workshop on “How to Write Hekla volcano, Iceland, and in Aug. — a Nature Paper” presented by Nature she attended a volcano seismology Joleen Carlberg had a last LCO senior editor Leslie Sage. workshop at Oxford U. observing run in Chile. Carlberg was — — awarded time on the Kitt Peak’s Mayall In July DTM hosted a session of the i Scott Sheppard gave a presentation 4- m telescope for Dec. 2014/Jan. 2015. Smithsonian Science Education at the Asteroids, Comets, Meteors In July she gave an invited review talk Academy for Teachers, during which conference in Helsinki in June. at the local DC/MD/VA Astrophysics Steve Shirey, Tim Mock, Marion Garçon, Sheppard, along with colleague Chad meeting at George Washington U., and Karen Smit demonstrated the Trujillo, discovered a comet, now named and in Aug. she attended the annual principles of geochronology to about 20 Sheppard-Trujillo, using the Cerro Tololo Baltimore Project ASTRO workshop. K-12 teachers from around the country. Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) — — 4-m telescope. Brad Foley gave an invited lecture on Former postdoctoral fellows Liping Qin — the coupling between climate and and Matthew Jackson received awards Steven Shirey attended the Goldschmidt tectonics at the DCO’s Workshop on at the June Goldschmidt Conference in Conference in June where he presented Global Modeling of the Deep Carbon Sacramento. Qin received the European his work with Erik Hauri on the water Cycle, held at BBR in June. He Association of Geochemistry’s content of mantle minerals in superdeep presented a poster on the initiation of Houterman’s Award, and Jackson was o Alycia Weinberger is onboard diamonds and attended Mineralogical plate tectonics on the early at the 2014 awarded the Geochemical Society’s F.W. NASA’s SOFIA airborne observatory. Society of America board meetings. He Study of Earth’s Deep Interior (SEDI) Clarke Medal. Jackson was also the and postdoctoral fellow Marion Garçon Symposium in Kanagawa, Japan, in Aug. winner of the 2014 Kuno Award of the — AGU’s Volcanology, Geochemistry, and [ Hanika Rizo presented Petrology section. a poster at the June — Goldschmidt Conference Former postdoctoral fellow (now and convened a session assistant professor in geology at U. about the Archean mantle. Maryland) Nick Schmerr was awarded Jemma Davidson, Mary the prestigious Doornbos Memorial Horan, and Marion Le Prize in Aug. at the 2014 SEDI in Voyer also presented. Kanagawa, Japan. In Aug. Rizo conducted — geological fieldwork in the Arrivals: In Aug. new staff scientist Eoarchean terrains of Lara Wagner arrived from the U. North northern Labrador. Carolina-Chapel Hill. Steve Shirey — hosted visiting investigators Andrew In May postdoctoral fellow Thomson (U. Bristol) and Karen Smit Timothy Rodigas gave talks (Gemological Institute of America). Former postdoctoral fellow Mark Behn p Hubble fellow Jacqueline Faherty at the American Museum of conducted fieldwork in the Superior and former Tuve fellow David Bercovici is shown (image left) at Cool Stars 18. Natural History, Harvard-Smithsonian Province of the Canadian Shield. In July, Center for Astrophysics, and U. Virginia. attended the June 6-7 DCO Workshop on Shirey coorganized a workshop of the Global Modeling of the Deep Carbon Former and current postdoctoral — Diamonds and Mantle Geodynamics of Cycle. Visiting investigator Leonard associates (image right) reunited at In July Origins fellow Johanna Teske Carbon group at which 40 diamond Ancuta of Lehigh U. arrived in June and the Lowell Observatory June Cool gave a talk at the Characterizing researchers met in Bristol, UK, to Aug. to collaborate with Rick Carlson on Stars 18 workshop in Flagstaff, AZ. Planetary Systems Across the HR discuss the latest findings of their Deep research in Mongolia. Former First row are Jacqueline Pamela Diagram conference at the Institute of Carbon Observatory (DCO) research. postdoctoral fellow and current visiting Arriagada, Evgenya Shkolnik, and Astronomy in Cambridge, UK. Also — investigator Jessica Warren from Jacqueline Faherty. Second row are Teske received the first “Bring One, Get o In June Alycia Weinberger flew Stanford U. arrived with students Katie Guillem Anglada-Escude, Hannah One” grant through Gemini Observatory aboard NASA’s airborne Stratospheric Kumamoto and Megan D’Errico to Jang-Condell, Steve Desch, Kaspar for travel expenses of an early-career Observatory for Infrared Astronomy collaborate with Steve Shirey, Mary von Braun, and Joleen Carlberg. observer. She went to Gemini North with (SOFIA). Weinberger and Timothy Steve Howell, Principal Investigator of Horan, and Erik Hauri. Visiting Rodigas hosted the 5th National Capital the Differential Speckle Survey investigator Kiyoshi Suyehiro Area Disks (NCAD) Meeting in July, held Instrument (DSSI) visiting instrument, (JAMSTEC) visited for ongoing at DTM; Scott Sheppard gave a talk. which validates Kepler objects of collaborative work on an earthquake — interest and characterize host star prediction program with Selwyn Sacks binarity. This travel was also supported and Alan Linde. In July Carnegie’s CarnegieScience_Fall2014_Layout 1 11/4/14 8:01 AM Page 20

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Origins fellow Johnanna Teske began as a joint DTM/Observatories fellow. Also in July and Aug. Ashraf Gafeer, a student Carnegie Alumnus and Supporter from the U. of Missouri, worked with Steve Shirey. In Aug. Dmitri Ionov (U. JAN DROWN DIES Montpellier) arrived to work with Rick Carlson on the Mongolian upper mantle. — Departures: Postdoctoral fellow Terry an Brown, staff member alumnus at the Department of Blackburn departed for a position at Plant Biology, died August 16, 2014, in Palo Alto, CA. She UC-Santa Cruz. Postdoctoral fellow Brian had been at Carnegie for almost 30 years studying chloro- Jackson departed in July for a faculty phyll, the pigment that absorbs sunlight for photosynthe- DTM staff member emerita Vera Rubin’s position at Boise State U. Also in July sis. She received her B.S. and M.S. from Cornell and then work on dark matter is featured in the MESSENGER postdoctoral fellow/visiting obtained her Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1952. She then season finale of Cosmos: A Spacetime investigator Shoshana Weider departed J worked part time as a research associate at Plant Biology. After Odyssey, titled “Unafraid of the Dark.” for London. Intern Laura Flagg departed time off to accompany her husband abroad and attend to three in July for graduate work at Northern Arizona U. following a collaboration with children, she returned to Carnegie in 1958 Alycia Weinberger. Vera Rubin fellow and became a staff member in 1960. Brown Joleen Carlberg departed in late Aug. retired from Carnegie in 1987. for a postdoctoral fellowship at Goddard Space Flight Center. After her retirement, Brown volunteered for numerous causes including writing the Web news page for the Department of Global DTM/GL Ecology. She was also very generous in her financial support of the institution. She con- Shaun Hardy participated in a tributed to Plant Biology and Global Ecology GeoScienceWorld strategic planning retreat at Sundance, Utah in May. A new science, the Global Ecology building, the campus archives was dedicated at Broad Singer Building in Baltimore, and the headquarters building ren- Branch Road in Apr. Established with ovations in Washington, D.C. She also supported instrumenta- support from the Robert and Margaret tion, the McClintock Fellowship, and the Vannevar Bush Scientific Hazen Foundation, the archives preserve Chair. The institution is tremendously grateful for Brown’s contri- a century of historic records from DTM butions to Carnegie through her research and her broad and sus- and the Geophysical Laboratory. tained support. Contributions like hers are critical for continuing — the exceptional research for which Carnegie is known. For the Visitors tour the new archives during DTM hosted incoming Carnegie president full obituary, please visit https://dpb.carnegiescience.edu/article/ a special open house in Apr. Matthew Scott’s visit to Broad Branch Road on June 18. In Aug. Gary Bors was jan-brown-passes-away-august-16th. „ appointed Broad Branch Road facilities manager. „