DOCSLIB.ORG

Appendix a Units and Constants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Appendix a Units and Constants Appendix A Units and Constants Energy 1 electron volt (eV) = 1.602 × 10−12 erg 1 kiloelectron volt (keV) = 1.602 × 10−9 erg 1 million electron volts (MeV) = 1.602 × 10−6 erg 1 joule (J) = 107 ergs 1 watt (W) = 107 ergs/s = 1 J/s 1 rad = 1 × 10−2 J/kg = 100 ergs/g 1 gray (Gy) = 100 rad = 1 J/kg 1 sievert (Sv) = 100 rem = 1 J/kg 1 horsepower (HP) = 746 W 1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 J Charge 1 electronic charge = 4.8 × 10−10 electrostatic unit = 1.6 × 10−19 C 1 coulomb (C) = 6.28 × 1018 charges 1 ampere (A) = 1 C/s Mass and Energy 1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.66 × 10−24 g = 1/12 the atomic weight of 12 C = 931 MeV 1 electron rest mass = 0.511 MeV 1 proton rest mass = 938.78 MeV 1 neutron rest mass = 939.07 MeV 1 pound = 453.6 g G. B. Saha, Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine, 335 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4012-3, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 336 Appendix A. Units and Constants Length 1 micrometer, or micron (μm) = 10−6 m = 104 Å 1 nanometer (nm) = 10−9 m 1 angstrom (Å) = 10−8 cm 1 fermi (F) = 10−13 cm 1 inch = 2.54 cm Activity 1 curie (Ci) = 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per second (dps) = 2.22 × 1012 disintegrations per minute (dpm) 1 millicurie (mCi) = 3.7 × 107 dps = 2.22 × 109 dpm 1 microcurie (μCi) = 3.7 × 104 dps = 2.22 × 106 dpm 1 becquerel (Bq) = 1 dps = 2.703 × 10−11 Ci 1 kilobecquerel (kBq) = 103 dps = 2.703 × 10−8 Ci 1 megabecquerel (MBq) = 106 dps = 2.703 × 10−5 Ci 1 gigabecquerel (GBq) = 109 dps = 2.703 × 10−2 Ci 1 terabecquerel (TBq) = 1012 dps = 27.03 Ci Constants Avogadro’s number = 6.02 × 1023 atoms/g · atom = 6.02 × 1023 molecules/g · mole Planck’s constant ( h) = 6.625 × 10−27 erg · s/cycle Velocity of light = 3 × 1010 cm/sec π = 3.1416 e = 2.7183 Appendix B Terms Used in Text Absorption A process by which the total energy of a radiation is removed by an absorber through which it passes. Accelerator A machine to accelerate charged particles linearly or in circular paths by means of an electromagnetic field. The accelerated particles such as α-particles, protons, deuterons, and heavy ions possess high energies and can cause nuclear reactions in target atoms by irradiation. Accuracy A term used to indicate how close a measurement of a quantity is to its true value. Annihilation radiation γ-Radiations of 511 keV energy emitted at 180° after a β+-particle is annihilated by combining with an electron in matter. Apoptosis A process of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells making room for new cells. 12 Atomic mass unit (amu) By definition, one twelfth of the mass of 6C, equal to 1.66 × 10−24 g or 931 MeV. Atomic number ( Z) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Attenuation A process by which the intensity of radiation is reduced by absorp- tion and/or scattering during its passage through matter. Attenuation coefficient The fraction of γ-ray energy attenuated (absorbed plus scattered) per unit length of an absorber (linear attenuation coefficient, μ) or per gram of an absorber (mass attenuation coefficient, μm). Auger electron An electron ejected from an energy shell, instead of a character- istic x-ray emission, carrying the energy equal to that of the x-ray minus its binding energy. Average life (τ) See Mean life. Avogadro’s number The number of molecules in 1 g mole of any substance or the number of atoms in 1 g atom of any element. It is equal to 6.02 × 1023. Becquerel (Bq) A unit of radioactivity. One becquerel is equal to 1 disintegration per second. Binding energy The energy to bind two entities together. In a nucleus, it is the energy needed to separate a nucleon completely from other nucleons in the nucleus. In a chemical bond, it is the energy necessary to separate two binding partners an infinite distance. G. B. Saha, Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine, 337 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4012-3, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 338 Appendix B. Terms Used in Text Biological half-life ( Tb) The time by which one half of an administered dosage of a substance is eliminated by biological processes such as urinary and fecal excretions. Bremsstrahlung γ-Ray photons produced by deceleration of charged particles near the nucleus of an absorber atom. Carrier A stable element that is added in detectable quantities to a radionuclide of the same element, usually to facilitate chemical processing of the radionu- clide. Carrier-free A term used to indicate the absence of any stable atoms in a radio- nuclide sample. Collimator A device to confine a beam of radiation within a specific field of view. Collimators may be converging, pinhole, diverging, and parallel-hole types. Collimator efficiency The number of photons passing through the collimator for each unit of activity present in a source. Collimator resolution A component of spatial resolution of an imaging system contributed by the collimator. It is also called geometric resolution. Committed dose equivalent ( HT,50) The dose equivalent to organs or tissues of reference (T) that will be received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during the 50-year period following intake. Compton scattering In this process, a γ-ray transfers only a partial amount of energy to an outer orbital electron of an absorber, and the photon itself is de- flected with less energy. Conversion electron (e−) See Internal conversion. Critical organ See Organ, critical. Cross section (σ) The probability of occurrence of a nuclear reaction or the for- mation of a radionuclide in a nuclear reaction. It is expressed in a unit termed barn; 1 barn = 10−24 cm2. Curie (Ci) A unit of activity. A curie is defined as 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per second. Dead time The period of time that a counter remains insensitive to count the next after an event. Decay constant (λ) The fraction of atoms of a radioactive element decaying per unit time. It is expressed as λ = 0.693/t1/2, where t1/2 is the half-life of the ra- dionuclide. Deep-dose equivalent ( Hd) Dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm (1000 mg/ cm2) resulting from external whole-body exposure. Dose The energy of radiation absorbed by any matter. Dosimeter An instrument to measure the cumulative dose of radiation received during a period of radiation exposure. Dosimetry The calculation or measurement of radiation absorbed doses. Effective dose The sum of the products of the committed dose equivalent to each of the body organs and tissues and the weighting factor of the corresponding organ or tissue. (He = ΣWT × HT,50) Appendix B. Terms Used in Text 339 Effective half-life ( Te) Time required for an initial administered dose to be re- duced to one half as a result of both physical decay and biological elimina- tion of a radionuclide. It is given by Te = ( Tp × Tb)/( Tp + Tb), where Te is the effective half-life, and Tp and Tb are the physical and biological half-lives, respectively. Electron (e−) A negatively charged particle rotating around the atomic nucleus. It has a charge of 4.8 × 10−10 electrostatic units and a mass of 9.1 × 10−28 g, equivalent to 0.511 MeV, or equal to 1/1836 of the mass of a proton. Electron capture (EC) A mode of decay of a proton-rich radionuclide in which an orbital electron is captured by the nucleus, accompanied by emission of a neutrino and characteristic x-rays or Auger electrons. Electron volt (eV) The kinetic energy gained by an electron when accelerated through a potential difference of 1 V. Energy resolution Capability of a detecting system to separate two γ-ray peaks of different energies. It is given by the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a given photopeak. Erg The unit of energy or work done by a force of 1 dyne through a distance of 1 cm. Fission (f) A nuclear process by which a nucleus divides into two nearly equal smaller nuclei, along with the emission of two to three neutrons. Free radical A highly reactive chemical species that has one or more unpaired electrons. Generator, radionuclide A device in which a short-lived daughter is separated chemically and periodically from a long-lived parent adsorbed on adsorbent material. For example, 99mTc is separated from 99Mo from the Moly generator with saline. Gray (Gy) The unit of absorbed radiation dose in SI units. One gray is equal to 100 rad. Half-life ( t1/2) A unique characteristic of a radionuclide, defined by the time dur- ing which an initial activity of a radionuclide is reduced to one half. It is re- lated to the decay constant λ by t1/2 = 0.693/λ. Half-value layer (HVL) The thickness of an absorbing material required to re- duce the intensity or exposure of a radiation beam to one half of the initial value when placed in the path of the beam. Internal conversion An alternative mode to γ-ray decay in which nuclear excita- tion energy is transferred to an orbital electron, which is then ejected from the orbit. Intrinsic efficiency The number of radiations detected divided by the number of radiations striking the detector.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Outline Introduction Tissue
    Outline • Neutron dosimetry Neutron Interactions and – Thermal neutrons Dosimetry – Intermediate-energy neutrons – Fast neutrons Chapter 16 • Sources of neutrons • Mixed field dosimetry, paired dosimeters F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological • Rem meters Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Introduction Tissue composition • Consider neutron interactions with the majority tissue elements H, O, C, and N, and the resulting absorbed dose • Because of the short ranges of the secondary charged particles that are produced in such interactions, CPE is usually well approximated • Since no bremsstrahlung x-rays are generated, the • The ICRU composition for muscle has been assumed in absorbed dose can be assumed to be equal to the most cases for neutron-dose calculations, lumping the kerma at any point in neutron fields at least up to 1.1% of “other” minor elements together with oxygen to an energy E ~ 20 MeV make a simple four-element (H, O, C, N) composition Neutron kinetic energy Neutron kinetic energy • Neutron fields are divided into three • Thermal neutrons, by definition, have the most probable categories based on their kinetic energy: kinetic energy E=kT=0.025eV at T=20C – Thermal (E<0.5 eV) • Neutrons up to 0.5eV are considered “thermal” due to simplicity of experimental test after they emerge from – Intermediate-energy (0.5 eV<E<10 keV) moderator material – Fast (E>10 keV) • Cadmium ratio test: • Differ by their primary interactions in tissue – Gold foil can be activated through 197Au(n,)198Au interaction and resulting biological effects
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1.2: Transformation Kinetics
    Chapter 1: Radioactivity Chapter 1.2: Transformation Kinetics 200 NPRE 441, Principles of Radiation Protection Chapter 1: Radioactivity http://www.world‐nuclear.org/info/inf30.html 201 NPRE 441, Principles of Radiation Protection Chapter 1: Radioactivity Serial Transformation In many situations, the parent nuclides produce one or more radioactive offsprings in a chain. In such cases, it is important to consider the radioactivity from both the parent and the daughter nuclides as a function of time. • Due to their short half lives, 90Kr and 90Rb will be completely transformed, results in a rapid building up of 90Sr. • 90Y has a much shorter half‐life compared to 90Sr. After a certain period of time, the instantaneous amount of 90Sr transformed per unit time will be equal to that of 90Y. •Inthiscase,90Y is said to be in a secular equilibrium. 202 NPRE 441, Principles of Radiation Protection Chapter 1: Radioactivity Exponential DecayTransformation Kinetics • Different isotopes are characterized by their different rate of transformation (decay). • The activity of a pure radionuclide decreases exponentially with time. For a given sample, the number of decays within a unit time window around a given time t is a Poisson random variable, whose expectation is given by t Q Q0e •Thedecayconstant is the probability of a nucleus of the isotope undergoing a decay within a unit period of time. 203 NPRE 441, Principles of Radiation Protection Chapter 1: Radioactivity Why Exponential Decay? The decay rate, A, is given by Separate variables in above equation, we have The decay constant is the probability of a nucleus of the isotope undergoing a decay within a unit period of time.
    [Show full text]
  • An Atomic Physics Perspective on the New Kilogram Defined by Planck's Constant
    An atomic physics perspective on the new kilogram defined by Planck’s constant (Wolfgang Ketterle and Alan O. Jamison, MIT) (Manuscript submitted to Physics Today) On May 20, the kilogram will no longer be defined by the artefact in Paris, but through the definition1 of Planck’s constant h=6.626 070 15*10-34 kg m2/s. This is the result of advances in metrology: The best two measurements of h, the Watt balance and the silicon spheres, have now reached an accuracy similar to the mass drift of the ur-kilogram in Paris over 130 years. At this point, the General Conference on Weights and Measures decided to use the precisely measured numerical value of h as the definition of h, which then defines the unit of the kilogram. But how can we now explain in simple terms what exactly one kilogram is? How do fixed numerical values of h, the speed of light c and the Cs hyperfine frequency νCs define the kilogram? In this article we give a simple conceptual picture of the new kilogram and relate it to the practical realizations of the kilogram. A similar change occurred in 1983 for the definition of the meter when the speed of light was defined to be 299 792 458 m/s. Since the second was the time required for 9 192 631 770 oscillations of hyperfine radiation from a cesium atom, defining the speed of light defined the meter as the distance travelled by light in 1/9192631770 of a second, or equivalently, as 9192631770/299792458 times the wavelength of the cesium hyperfine radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Γ Ray Spectroscopy and Investigations of Environmental Radioactivity
    Experimental γ Ray Spectroscopy and Investigations of Environmental Radioactivity BY RANDOLPH S. PETERSON 216 α Po 84 10.64h. 212 Pb 1- 415 82 0- 239 β- 01- 0 60.6m 212 1+ 1630 Bi 2+ 1513 83 α β- 2+ 787 304ns 0+ 0 212 α Po 84 Experimental γ Ray Spectroscopy and Investigations of Environmental Radioactivity Randolph S. Peterson Physics Department The University of the South Sewanee, Tennessee Published by Spectrum Techniques All Rights Reserved Copyright 1996 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ....................................................................................................................4 Basic Gamma Spectroscopy 1. Energy Calibration ................................................................................................... 7 2. Gamma Spectra from Common Commercial Sources ........................................ 10 3. Detector Energy Resolution .................................................................................. 12 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 4. Compton Scattering............................................................................................... 14 5. Pair Production and Annihilation ........................................................................ 17 6. Absorption of Gammas by Materials ..................................................................... 19 7. X Rays ..................................................................................................................... 21 Radioactive Decay 8. Multichannel Scaling and Half-life .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 7. Gamma and X-Ray Interactions in Matter
    Photon interactions in matter Gamma- and X-Ray • Compton effect • Photoelectric effect Interactions in Matter • Pair production • Rayleigh (coherent) scattering Chapter 7 • Photonuclear interactions F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Kinematics Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Interaction cross sections Energy-transfer cross sections Mass attenuation coefficients 1 2 Compton interaction A.H. Compton • Inelastic photon scattering by an electron • Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) • Main assumption: the electron struck by the • Received Nobel prize in physics 1927 for incoming photon is unbound and stationary his discovery of the Compton effect – The largest contribution from binding is under • Was a key figure in the Manhattan Project, condition of high Z, low energy and creation of first nuclear reactor, which went critical in December 1942 – Under these conditions photoelectric effect is dominant Born and buried in • Consider two aspects: kinematics and cross Wooster, OH http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton sections http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=22551 3 4 Compton interaction: Kinematics Compton interaction: Kinematics • An earlier theory of -ray scattering by Thomson, based on observations only at low energies, predicted that the scattered photon should always have the same energy as the incident one, regardless of h or • The failure of the Thomson theory to describe high-energy photon scattering necessitated the • Inelastic collision • After the collision the electron departs
    [Show full text]
  • On the First Electromagnetic Measurement of the Velocity of Light by Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch
    Andre Koch Torres Assis On the First Electromagnetic Measurement of the Velocity of Light by Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch Abstract The electrostatic, electrodynamic and electromagnetic systems of units utilized during last century by Ampère, Gauss, Weber, Maxwell and all the others are analyzed. It is shown how the constant c was introduced in physics by Weber's force of 1846. It is shown that it has the unit of velocity and is the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge. Weber and Kohlrausch's experiment of 1855 to determine c is quoted, emphasizing that they were the first to measure this quantity and obtained the same value as that of light velocity in vacuum. It is shown how Kirchhoff in 1857 and Weber (1857-64) independently of one another obtained the fact that an electromagnetic signal propagates at light velocity along a thin wire of negligible resistivity. They obtained the telegraphy equation utilizing Weber’s action at a distance force. This was accomplished before the development of Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light and before Heaviside’s work. 1. Introduction In this work the introduction of the constant c in electromagnetism by Wilhelm Weber in 1846 is analyzed. It is the ratio of electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge, one of the most fundamental constants of nature. The meaning of this constant is discussed, the first measurement performed by Weber and Kohlrausch in 1855, and the derivation of the telegraphy equation by Kirchhoff and Weber in 1857. Initially the basic systems of units utilized during last century for describing electromagnetic quantities is presented, along with a short review of Weber’s electrodynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Electron-Positron Pairs in Physics and Astrophysics
    Electron-positron pairs in physics and astrophysics: from heavy nuclei to black holes Remo Ruffini1,2,3, Gregory Vereshchagin1 and She-Sheng Xue1 1 ICRANet and ICRA, p.le della Repubblica 10, 65100 Pescara, Italy, 2 Dip. di Fisica, Universit`adi Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy, 3 ICRANet, Universit´ede Nice Sophia Antipolis, Grand Chˆateau, BP 2135, 28, avenue de Valrose, 06103 NICE CEDEX 2, France. Abstract Due to the interaction of physics and astrophysics we are witnessing in these years a splendid synthesis of theoretical, experimental and observational results originating from three fundamental physical processes. They were originally proposed by Dirac, by Breit and Wheeler and by Sauter, Heisenberg, Euler and Schwinger. For almost seventy years they have all three been followed by a continued effort of experimental verification on Earth-based experiments. The Dirac process, e+e 2γ, has been by − → far the most successful. It has obtained extremely accurate experimental verification and has led as well to an enormous number of new physics in possibly one of the most fruitful experimental avenues by introduction of storage rings in Frascati and followed by the largest accelerators worldwide: DESY, SLAC etc. The Breit–Wheeler process, 2γ e+e , although conceptually simple, being the inverse process of the Dirac one, → − has been by far one of the most difficult to be verified experimentally. Only recently, through the technology based on free electron X-ray laser and its numerous applications in Earth-based experiments, some first indications of its possible verification have been reached. The vacuum polarization process in strong electromagnetic field, pioneered by Sauter, Heisenberg, Euler and Schwinger, introduced the concept of critical electric 2 3 field Ec = mec /(e ).
    [Show full text]
  • Uranium Fact Sheet
    Fact Sheet Adopted: December 2018 Health Physics Society Specialists in Radiation Safety 1 Uranium What is uranium? Uranium is a naturally occurring metallic element that has been present in the Earth’s crust since formation of the planet. Like many other minerals, uranium was deposited on land by volcanic action, dissolved by rainfall, and in some places, carried into underground formations. In some cases, geochemical conditions resulted in its concentration into “ore bodies.” Uranium is a common element in Earth’s crust (soil, rock) and in seawater and groundwater. Uranium has 92 protons in its nucleus. The isotope2 238U has 146 neutrons, for a total atomic weight of approximately 238, making it the highest atomic weight of any naturally occurring element. It is not the most dense of elements, but its density is almost twice that of lead. Uranium is radioactive and in nature has three primary isotopes with different numbers of neutrons. Natural uranium, 238U, constitutes over 99% of the total mass or weight, with 0.72% 235U, and a very small amount of 234U. An unstable nucleus that emits some form of radiation is defined as radioactive. The emitted radiation is called radioactivity, which in this case is ionizing radiation—meaning it can interact with other atoms to create charged atoms known as ions. Uranium emits alpha particles, which are ejected from the nucleus of the unstable uranium atom. When an atom emits radiation such as alpha or beta particles or photons such as x rays or gamma rays, the material is said to be undergoing radioactive decay (also called radioactive transformation).
    [Show full text]
  • 1.3.4 Atoms and Molecules Name Symbol Definition SI Unit
    1.3.4 Atoms and molecules Name Symbol Definition SI unit Notes nucleon number, A 1 mass number proton number, Z 1 atomic number neutron number N N = A - Z 1 electron rest mass me kg (1) mass of atom, ma, m kg atomic mass 12 atomic mass constant mu mu = ma( C)/12 kg (1), (2) mass excess ∆ ∆ = ma - Amu kg elementary charge, e C proton charage Planck constant h J s Planck constant/2π h h = h/2π J s 2 2 Bohr radius a0 a0 = 4πε0 h /mee m -1 Rydberg constant R∞ R∞ = Eh/2hc m 2 fine structure constant α α = e /4πε0 h c 1 ionization energy Ei J electron affinity Eea J (1) Analogous symbols are used for other particles with subscripts: p for proton, n for neutron, a for atom, N for nucleus, etc. (2) mu is equal to the unified atomic mass unit, with symbol u, i.e. mu = 1 u. In biochemistry the name dalton, with symbol Da, is used for the unified atomic mass unit, although the name and symbols have not been accepted by CGPM. Chapter 1 - 1 Name Symbol Definition SI unit Notes electronegativity χ χ = ½(Ei +Eea) J (3) dissociation energy Ed, D J from the ground state D0 J (4) from the potential De J (4) minimum principal quantum n E = -hcR/n2 1 number (H atom) angular momentum see under Spectroscopy, section 3.5. quantum numbers -1 magnetic dipole m, µ Ep = -m⋅⋅⋅B J T (5) moment of a molecule magnetizability ξ m = ξB J T-2 of a molecule -1 Bohr magneton µB µB = eh/2me J T (3) The concept of electronegativity was intoduced by L.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1706.03391V2 [Astro-Ph.CO] 12 Sep 2017
    Insights into neutrino decoupling gleaned from considerations of the role of electron mass E. Grohs∗ Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA George M. Fuller Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Abstract We present calculations showing how electron rest mass influences entropy flow, neutrino decoupling, and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) in the early universe. To elucidate this physics and especially the sensitivity of BBN and related epochs to electron mass, we consider a parameter space of rest mass values larger and smaller than the accepted vacuum value. Electromagnetic equilibrium, coupled with the high entropy of the early universe, guarantees that significant numbers of electron-positron pairs are present, and dominate over the number of ionization electrons to temperatures much lower than the vacuum electron rest mass. Scattering between the electrons-positrons and the neutrinos largely controls the flow of entropy from the plasma into the neu- trino seas. Moreover, the number density of electron-positron-pair targets can be exponentially sensitive to the effective in-medium electron mass. This en- tropy flow influences the phasing of scale factor and temperature, the charged current weak-interaction-determined neutron-to-proton ratio, and the spectral distortions in the relic neutrino energy spectra. Our calculations show the sen- sitivity of the physics of this epoch to three separate effects: finite electron mass, finite-temperature quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects on the plasma equation of state, and Boltzmann neutrino energy transport. The ratio of neu- trino to plasma-component energy scales manifests in Cosmic Microwave Back- ground (CMB) observables, namely the baryon density and the radiation energy density, along with the primordial helium and deuterium abundances.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
    Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • RAD 520-3 the Physics of Medical Dosimetry
    RAD 520 The Physics of Medical Dosimetry I Fall Semester Syllabus COURSE DEFINITION: RAD 520-3 The Physics of Medical Dosimetry I- This course covers the following topics: Radiologic Physics, production of x-rays, radiation treatment and simulation machines, interactions of ionizing radiation, radiation measurements, dose calculations, computerized treatment planning, dose calculation algorithms, electron beam characteristics, and brachytherapy physics and procedures. This course is twenty weeks in length. Prerequisite: Admission to the Medical Dosimetry Program. COURSE OBJECTIVES: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of radiation physics for photons and electrons. 2. Demonstrate an understanding of the different types of radiation production. 3. Demonstrate an understanding of radiation dose calculations and algorithms. 4. Understand brachytherapy procedures and calculate radiation attenuation and decay. 5. Demonstrate an understanding of the different types of radiation detectors. 6. Demonstrate an understanding of general treatment planning. COURSE OUTLINE: Topics 1. Radiation physics 2. Radiation generators 3. External beam calculations 4. Brachytherapy calculations 5. Treatment planning 6. Electron beam physics COURSE REQUIREMENTS: Purchase all texts, attend all lectures, and complete required examinations, quizzes, and homeworks. Purchase a T130XA scientific calculator. PREREQUISITES: Admittance to the Medical Dosimetry Program. TEXTBOOKS: Required: 1. Khan, F. M. (2014). The physics of radiation therapy (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer 2. Khan, F.M. (2016). Treatment planning in radiation oncology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer 3. Washington, C. M., & Leaver, D. T. (2015). Principles and practices of radiation therapy (4th Ed). St. Louis: Mosby. Optional: (Students typically use clinical sites’ copy) 1. Bentel, G. C. (1992). Radiation therapy planning (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
    [Show full text]