TUTORIAL on NEUTRON PHYSICS in DOSIMETRY S. Pomp1
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Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Outline Introduction Tissue
Outline • Neutron dosimetry Neutron Interactions and – Thermal neutrons Dosimetry – Intermediate-energy neutrons – Fast neutrons Chapter 16 • Sources of neutrons • Mixed field dosimetry, paired dosimeters F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological • Rem meters Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Introduction Tissue composition • Consider neutron interactions with the majority tissue elements H, O, C, and N, and the resulting absorbed dose • Because of the short ranges of the secondary charged particles that are produced in such interactions, CPE is usually well approximated • Since no bremsstrahlung x-rays are generated, the • The ICRU composition for muscle has been assumed in absorbed dose can be assumed to be equal to the most cases for neutron-dose calculations, lumping the kerma at any point in neutron fields at least up to 1.1% of “other” minor elements together with oxygen to an energy E ~ 20 MeV make a simple four-element (H, O, C, N) composition Neutron kinetic energy Neutron kinetic energy • Neutron fields are divided into three • Thermal neutrons, by definition, have the most probable categories based on their kinetic energy: kinetic energy E=kT=0.025eV at T=20C – Thermal (E<0.5 eV) • Neutrons up to 0.5eV are considered “thermal” due to simplicity of experimental test after they emerge from – Intermediate-energy (0.5 eV<E<10 keV) moderator material – Fast (E>10 keV) • Cadmium ratio test: • Differ by their primary interactions in tissue – Gold foil can be activated through 197Au(n,)198Au interaction and resulting biological effects -
Neutron Activation and Prompt Gamma Intensity in Ar/CO $ {2} $-Filled Neutron Detectors at the European Spallation Source
Neutron activation and prompt gamma intensity in Ar/CO2-filled neutron detectors at the European Spallation Source E. Diana,b,c,∗, K. Kanakib, R. J. Hall-Wiltonb,d, P. Zagyvaia,c, Sz. Czifrusc aHungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Energy Research, 1525 Budapest 114., P.O. Box 49., Hungary bEuropean Spallation Source ESS ERIC, P.O Box 176, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden cBudapest University of Technology and Economics, Institute of Nuclear Techniques, 1111 Budapest, M}uegyetem rakpart 9. dMid-Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden Abstract Monte Carlo simulations using MCNP6.1 were performed to study the effect of neutron activation in Ar/CO2 neutron detector counting gas. A general MCNP model was built and validated with simple analytical calculations. Simulations and calculations agree that only the 40Ar activation can have a considerable effect. It was shown that neither the prompt gamma intensity from the 40Ar neutron capture nor the produced 41Ar activity have an impact in terms of gamma dose rate around the detector and background level. Keywords: ESS, neutron detector, B4C, neutron activation, 41Ar, MCNP, Monte Carlo simulation 1. Introduction Ar/CO2 is a widely applied detector counting gas, with long history in ra- diation detection. Nowadays, the application of Ar/CO2-filled detectors is ex- tended in the field of neutron detection as well. However, the exposure of arXiv:1701.08117v2 [physics.ins-det] 16 Jun 2017 Ar/CO2 counting gas to neutron radiation carries the risk of neutron activa- tion. Therefore, detailed consideration of the effect and amount of neutron ∗Corresponding author Email address: [email protected] (E. -
7. Gamma and X-Ray Interactions in Matter
Photon interactions in matter Gamma- and X-Ray • Compton effect • Photoelectric effect Interactions in Matter • Pair production • Rayleigh (coherent) scattering Chapter 7 • Photonuclear interactions F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Kinematics Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Interaction cross sections Energy-transfer cross sections Mass attenuation coefficients 1 2 Compton interaction A.H. Compton • Inelastic photon scattering by an electron • Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) • Main assumption: the electron struck by the • Received Nobel prize in physics 1927 for incoming photon is unbound and stationary his discovery of the Compton effect – The largest contribution from binding is under • Was a key figure in the Manhattan Project, condition of high Z, low energy and creation of first nuclear reactor, which went critical in December 1942 – Under these conditions photoelectric effect is dominant Born and buried in • Consider two aspects: kinematics and cross Wooster, OH http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton sections http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=22551 3 4 Compton interaction: Kinematics Compton interaction: Kinematics • An earlier theory of -ray scattering by Thomson, based on observations only at low energies, predicted that the scattered photon should always have the same energy as the incident one, regardless of h or • The failure of the Thomson theory to describe high-energy photon scattering necessitated the • Inelastic collision • After the collision the electron departs -
Conceptual Design Report Jülich High
General Allgemeines ual Design Report ual Design Report Concept Jülich High Brilliance Neutron Source Source Jülich High Brilliance Neutron 8 Conceptual Design Report Jülich High Brilliance Neutron Source (HBS) T. Brückel, T. Gutberlet (Eds.) J. Baggemann, S. Böhm, P. Doege, J. Fenske, M. Feygenson, A. Glavic, O. Holderer, S. Jaksch, M. Jentschel, S. Kleefisch, H. Kleines, J. Li, K. Lieutenant,P . Mastinu, E. Mauerhofer, O. Meusel, S. Pasini, H. Podlech, M. Rimmler, U. Rücker, T. Schrader, W. Schweika, M. Strobl, E. Vezhlev, J. Voigt, P. Zakalek, O. Zimmer Allgemeines / General Allgemeines / General Band / Volume 8 Band / Volume 8 ISBN 978-3-95806-501-7 ISBN 978-3-95806-501-7 T. Brückel, T. Gutberlet (Eds.) Gutberlet T. Brückel, T. Jülich High Brilliance Neutron Source (HBS) 1 100 mA proton ion source 2 70 MeV linear accelerator 5 3 Proton beam multiplexer system 5 4 Individual neutron target stations 4 5 Various instruments in the experimental halls 3 5 4 2 1 5 5 5 5 4 3 5 4 5 5 Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Allgemeines / General Band / Volume 8 CONTENT I. Executive summary 7 II. Foreword 11 III. Rationale 13 1. Neutron provision 13 1.1 Reactor based fission neutron sources 14 1.2 Spallation neutron sources 15 1.3 Accelerator driven neutron sources 15 2. Neutron landscape 16 3. Baseline design 18 3.1 Comparison to existing sources 19 IV. Science case 21 1. Chemistry 24 2. Geoscience 25 3. Environment 26 4. Engineering 27 5. Information and quantum technologies 28 6. Nanotechnology 29 7. Energy technology 30 8. -
Meeting the Joint Commission's Fluoroscopy Training Requirements
Meeting The Joint Commission’s Outline Fluoroscopy Training Requirements • Overview of TJC’s recent fluoroscopy requirements Part I: Image Gently, Image Wisely and Dose Optimization • Basics of radiation units, terminology and regulatory limits • Radiation risks in fluoroscopy, their prevalence and probabilities • Physical and operational aspects of fluoroscopes Satish Nair Ph.D, CHP, DABMP Certified Health Physicist • Best practices in fluoroscopy: for patients and operators Certified Medical Physicist F. X. Massé Associates, Inc. Health and Medical Physics Consultants Gloucester, MA fxmasse.com 20th Annual SRPE Educational Conference, Las Vegas, NV April 2019 1 January 2019 Terminology Convert to Equivalent dose (mrem, mSv) X-ray , Gamma, Beta = 1 Alpha = 20 Proton = 2 Head CT Neutron = 5 to 20 Cardiac Exposure Stress Test KUB Image Gently: ‘Pause and Pulse’ resources X Ray 1 January 2019 • Annual Medical Physics evaluation of fluoroscopes • Designated Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) Measure Exposure Extremity X Ray • Dose indices stored in retrievable format: CAK or KAP - if displayed Roentgen Compare to NB Convert to R, mR, mR/h If not displayed: cumulative fluoro time and # of digital spot images Calculate Radiation Effective Dose (Whole Body Dose) • Establish radiation exposure and skin dose thresholds for adverse effects Absorbed dose to organ • Perform evaluation if exceeded these thresholds are exceeded Roentgen equivalent man Roentgen absorbed dose rem, mrem, mrem/year rad, mrad 1 July 2018 Sievert: Sv, mSv • Use of shielding -
Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Dosimetry
Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Dosimetry Slide series of 44 slides based on the Chapter authored by E. Yoshimura of the IAEA publication (ISBN 978-92-0-131010-1): Diagnostic Radiology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students Objective: To familiarize students with quantities and units used for describing the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter Slide set prepared by E.Okuno (S. Paulo, Brazil, Institute of Physics of S. Paulo University) IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Chapter 3. TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Quantities and units used for describing the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter 3.3. Charged particle equilibrium in dosimetry 3.4. Cavity theory 3.5. Practical dosimetry with ion chambers IAEA Diagnostic Radiology Physics: a Handbook for Teachers and Students – chapter 3, 2 3.1. INTRODUCTION Subject of dosimetry : determination of the energy imparted by radiation to matter. This energy is responsible for the effects that radiation causes in matter, for instance: • a rise in temperature • chemical or physical changes in the material properties • biological modifications Several of the changes produced in matter by radiation are proportional to absorbed dose , giving rise to the possibility of using the material as the sensitive part of a dosimeter There are simple relations between dosimetric and field description quantities IAEA Diagnostic Radiology Physics: a Handbook for Teachers and Students – chapter 3, 3 3.2. QUANTITIES AND UNITS USED FOR DESCRIBING THE INTERACTION OF IONIZING RADIATION -
Basic Radiation Interactions, Definition of Dosimetric Quantities, and Data Sources
Basic Radiation Interactions, Definition of Dosimetric Quantities, and Data Sources J.V. Siebers Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia USA 2009 AAPM Summer School Learninggj Objectives 1. To review and describ e the bas ics of radiation interactions for understanding radiation dosimetry 2. To review definitions of quantities required for understanding radiation dosimetry ©JVS: 2009 AAPM SS Constants Units Conversions ©JVS: 2009 AAPM SS ©JVS: 2009 AAPM SS Scope Radiation Types Ionizing Interactions can remove atomic orbital electrons Non-Ionizing Particulate Electromagnetic -electron -positron -proton -neutron -alpha -etc. ©JVS: 2009 AAPM SS Types of ionizin g radiation Direc tltly ion iz ing radia tion Direct interactions via the Coulomb force along a particles track Charged particles electrons positrons protons heavy charged particles ©JVS: 2009 AAPM SS Direct Ionization Coulombic Interaction e- A charged particle exerts electromagnetic forces on atomic Energy transfer can electrons result in the ejection of an electron (ionization) ©JVS: 2009 AAPM SS Indirectlyyg Ionizing Radiation Uncharged particles that must first transfer energy to a charged particle which can then further ionize matter Two step process Examples Elec tromagne tic radia tions: x- or γ-rays Neutrons ©JVS: 2009 AAPM SS Indirectly Ionizing Radiation Pho toe lec tr ic Effec t e- Ejec te d h electrons further ionize matter ©JVS: 2009 AAPM SS Radiant Energy R R – Total energy, excluding rest mass, carried by particles Photons: E = hν = hc/λ -
Sonie Applications of Fast Neutron Activation Analysis of Oxygen
S E03000182 CTH-RF- 16-5 Sonie Applications of Fast Neutron Activation Analysis of Oxygen Farshid Owrang )52 Akadenmisk uppsats roir avliiggande~ av ilosofie ficentiatexamen i Reaktorf'ysik vid Chalmer's tekniska hiigskola Examinator: Prof. Imre PiAst Handledare: Dr. Anders Nordlund Granskare: Bitr. prof. G~iran Nyrnan Department of Reactor Physics Chalmers University of Technology G6teborg 2003 ISSN 0281-9775 SOME APPLICATIONS OF FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION OF OXYGE~'N F~arshid Owrang Chalmers University of Technology Departmlent of Reactor Physics SEP-1-412 96 G~iteborg ABSTRACT In this thesis we focus on applications of neutron activation of oxygen for several purposes: A) measuring the water level in a laboratory tank, B) measuring the water flow in a pipe system set-up, C) analysing the oxygen in combustion products formed in a modern gasoline S engine, and D) measuring on-line the amount of oxygen in bulk liquids. A) Water level measurements. The purpose of this work was to perform radiation based water level measurements, aimed at nuclear reactor vessels, on a laboratory scale. A laboratory water tank was irradiated by fast neutrons from a neutron enerator. The water was activated at different water levels and the water level was decreased. The produced gamma radiation was measured using two detectors at different heights. The results showed that the method is suitable for measurement of water level and that a relatively small experimental set-up can be used for developing methods for water level measurements in real boiling water reactors based on activated oxygen in the water. B) Water flows in pipe. -
Survivor Dosimetry
Chapter 12 SURVIVOR DOSIMETRY Part A. Fluence-to-Kerma Conversion Coefficients George D. Kerr, Joseph V. Pace III, Stephen D. Egbert Introduction An important step in the dosimetry evaluation is to relate the radiation passing through a unit volume of a material of interest (fluence) to the energy release (kerma) in the material, which determines the absorbed dose. The fluence-to-kerma conversion coefficients or “kerma coefficients” used in the Dosimetry System 1986 (DS86) are taken from Kerr (1982). These kerma coefficients are based on body tissue compositions for Reference Man from the International Commission on Radiological Protection (1975) and Kerr (1982), the mass energy- absorption coefficients for photons from Hubbell (1982), and the elemental kerma coefficients for neutrons from Caswell et al. (1980). Hence, the kerma coefficients used in DS86 are approximately 20 years old. In order to provide an updated set of kerma coefficients for use in the Dosimetry System 2002 (DS02), a new evaluation has been completed. This new evaluation considered recently suggested changes in the composition of soft tissues of the body in ICRU Report 44 (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements 1989), the mass energy- absorption coefficients for photons by Hubbell and Seltzer (1996), and the elemental kerma coefficients for neutrons in ICRU Report 63 (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements 2000). The new DS02 kerma coefficients for soft tissue are presented as both point-wise data for use in Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations and multigroup data for use in discrete ordinates radiation transport calculations. Elemental Composition of Soft Tissue Various approximations to the elemental composition of the tissues and organs of the human body have been used in both kerma and dose calculations for photons and neutrons. -
Chapter 2: Dosimetric Principles, Quantities and Units
Chapter 2: Dosimetric Principles, Quantities and Units Set of 131 slides based on the chapter authored by J.P. Seuntjens, W. Strydom, and K.R. Shortt of the IAEA publication: Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students Objective: To familiarize the student with the basic principles of the quantities used in dosimetry for ionizing radiation. Slide set prepared in 2006 by G.H. Hartmann (Heidelberg, DKFZ) Comments to S. Vatnitsky: [email protected] IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency CHAPTER 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Radiation field quantities (also denoted as Radiometric quantities) 2.3 Dosimetrical quantities: fundamentals 2.4 Dosimetrical quantities 2.5 Interaction coefficients: electrons 2.6 Interaction coefficients: photons 2.7 Relation between radiation field and dosimetric quantities 2.8 Cavity theory IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.Slide 1 1 2.1 INTRODUCTION Radiation dosimetry has its origin in the medical application of ionizing radiation starting with the discovery of x-rays by Röntgen in 1895. In particular • the need of protection against ionizing radiation, • the application in medicine required quantitative methods to determine a "dose of radiation". The purpose of a quantitative concept of a dose of radiation is: • to predict associated radiation effects (radiation detriments) • to reproduce clinical outcomes. IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.1. Slide 1 2.1 INTRODUCTION The connection to the medical profession is obvious. The term dose of radiation was initially used in a pharmacological sense, that means: analogously to its meaning when used in prescribing a dose of medicine. -
Practical Aspects of Operating a Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory
IAEA-TECDOC-564 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF OPERATING A NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS LABORATORY A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT ISSUED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1990 PRACTICAL ASPECT OPERATINF SO G A NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS LABORATORY IAEA, VIENNA, 1990 IAEA-TECDOC-564 ISSN 1011-4289 Printe IAEe th AustriAn i y d b a July 1990 PLEASE BE AWARE THAT MISSINE TH AL F LO G PAGE THIN SI S DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK FOREWORD This boo s intendei k o advist d n everydai e y practical problems relateo t d operating a neutron activation analysis (NAA) laboratory. It gives answers to questions like "what to use NAA for", "how to find relevant research problems", "how to find users for the technique", "how to estimate the cost of the analysis and how to finance the work", "how to organize the work in a rational way d "ho"an o perforwt e qualitth m y control" givet I . s advice in choosing staff, equipment d consumableo desigt an , w nho facilitied an s s and procedures accordin neeo d availablt g an d e resources. e boo Th s designei k o discust d s problem t dealno s t wit n ordinari h A NA y textbooks, but also, in order to prevent it from being too voluminous, to avoid duplication of material described in normal NAA text books. Therefore e readeth , r will find that some materia f intereso l missins i t g from this book and it is recommended that one or two of the textbooks listed in chapter 11 be read in addition to this one. -
Measurement of Air Kerma Rate for Cs-137 Using Different Ionization Chambers
Sudan Academy of Science (SAS) Atomic Energy Council Measurement Of Air Kerma Rate For Cs-137 Using Different Ionization Chambers By Khalid TagElsir Ahmed Mohammed B. Sc. (Honors) in biomedical physics Elneelain University (2008) A Thesis Submitted to the Sudan Academy of Science in partial of the requirement for the Degree of M.Sc. In radiation protection Supervisor: Dr. El tayeb Abdalla Hag Musa July 2013 Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Council Measurement of Air Kerma Rate for Cs-137 Using Different Ionizing Chambers By Khalid TagElsir Ahmed Mohammed Examination committcc ______ Title_____________________ Name______________ Supervisor_________ Dr. Eltayeb Abdalla Hag Musa External examiner Prof.Dr. Mohamed Osman Sid Ahmed DEDICATION To my parents To my brother and sister To all my friends To ail whom I love ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Most of all thanks are due to Allah the most helper and most merciful. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. El tayeb Abdalla Hag Musa for his invaluable guidance and continuous support and encouragement. 1 would like also, to express my gratitude and thanks to the staff of SSDL lab for hospitality and co-operation special thanks to Mr. Ayman Abd elsafy, Ali Mohamed Ali and Bodour Emam for their help , valuable advices encouragement and support in the laboratory work. Iwould like to express my gratitude and sincere appreciation to Miss.Mona Siddig Mohammed Numairy (UMST) for her invaluable guidance and continuous support and encouragement, without her help this work have never been accomplished. 1 would like to express my deep thanks to Mr. Abubaker Bashir Ahmed for his great help in data analysis.