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Measurement of Air Kerma Rate for Cs-137 Using Different Ionization Chambers

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Measurement of Air Kerma Rate for Cs-137 Using Different Ionization Chambers Sudan Academy of Science (SAS) Atomic Energy Council Measurement Of Air Kerma Rate For Cs-137 Using Different Ionization Chambers By Khalid TagElsir Ahmed Mohammed B. Sc. (Honors) in biomedical physics Elneelain University (2008) A Thesis Submitted to the Sudan Academy of Science in partial of the requirement for the Degree of M.Sc. In radiation protection Supervisor: Dr. El tayeb Abdalla Hag Musa July 2013 Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Council Measurement of Air Kerma Rate for Cs-137 Using Different Ionizing Chambers By Khalid TagElsir Ahmed Mohammed Examination committcc ______ Title_____________________ Name______________ Supervisor_________ Dr. Eltayeb Abdalla Hag Musa External examiner Prof.Dr. Mohamed Osman Sid Ahmed DEDICATION To my parents To my brother and sister To all my friends To ail whom I love ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Most of all thanks are due to Allah the most helper and most merciful. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. El tayeb Abdalla Hag Musa for his invaluable guidance and continuous support and encouragement. 1 would like also, to express my gratitude and thanks to the staff of SSDL lab for hospitality and co-operation special thanks to Mr. Ayman Abd elsafy, Ali Mohamed Ali and Bodour Emam for their help , valuable advices encouragement and support in the laboratory work. Iwould like to express my gratitude and sincere appreciation to Miss.Mona Siddig Mohammed Numairy (UMST) for her invaluable guidance and continuous support and encouragement, without her help this work have never been accomplished. 1 would like to express my deep thanks to Mr. Abubaker Bashir Ahmed for his great help in data analysis. Lr n r [\/i o h m ei Special thanks to Mr. Elmigdad Mekki, Mr. Babilivv* iTiauiiiv; uu and the staff of Faculty of Engineering (UMST) for their great help and discussion. Thanks also extended to Mr. Abed clftah Abdalla, Miss. Rufida Elbushra and the staff of physics lab (UMST) for their help and support.Iwould like to thanks my friends Mohammed Abdelgadir, Ahooud Elrashid for their help and support. This study received financial support from University of Medical Sciences and Technology (UMST). II ABSTRACT Due to the importance of radiation doses in medical field quality assurance should be established in order to maintain a reasonable balance between the puipose of application and exposure. I his study had been carried out to achieve quality control lor protection based on air kerma rate. Measurements were performed by using Cs- i 37 for the comparison of two working ionization chambers in the secondary standard dosimetry laboratory of Sudan. Spherical Ionization Chamber LS-0! 1000 cc S/N 912 and Farmer ionization chamber 2675A 600cc S/N 0511, respectively. The results obtained from this study have been represented as mean and their standard deviations shown in most cases remains at 5% uncertainty. Comparison between-kinetic energy released per unit mass in air rate (air kerma rate) were obtained by using spherical ionization chamber LS-01 1000 cc S/N 912 and results have been determined using inverse square law. The differences have been represented as means and standard deviations with significant P-value less than 0.05. Spherical ionization chamber gives accurate, reproducible results with acceptable uncertainty which is more suitable for calibration of radiation detectors. Ill اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺤﻰ ع أ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺠ ﺮ ﻋﺎ ت اا ﻹ ﺷ ﻌﺎ ﻋﻴ ﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻧﻄﺒﻰ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺿﺒﻂ أﻧ ﺠ ﺆ دة ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ أﻟ ﺤﻔﺄ ظ اﺗﺰ ا ن ﻋﻒ'ف ﻧﻔﺮ ض اﻧﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ واﻟﺘﻌﺮ ض اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻰ. أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮ دة ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﺮﻣﺎ اﻟﻬﻮاﺀ. أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﺬ ه اﻟﻘﻴﺄﺳﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤ ﺼﺪر اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻰ Cs- 137 ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻏﺮﻓﺘﻰ ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺑﻤﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮ ة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻌﻮ دا ن. اﻟ ﻐ ﺮ ﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎرﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ jLS -01 1 0 0 0 cc S/N 9 1 2ﻏ ﺮ ﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺄ ﻳ ﻦ ض ﻧ ﻮ ع A 6 0 0 cc S/N 0 5 1 1 farmer 2 6 7 5 ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺘ ﻮاﻟﻰ. اﻇﻬﺮت اﻟ ﻨ ﺘ ﺎ ﺋ ﺞ اﻟ ﻌ ﺘ ﺤ ﺼ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻨﻪ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ واﻻﻧﺤﺮا ف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎري ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﺪم ﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﺎوى 5 % . ﻣﻘﺎ١ رذة ﻣﻌﺪل ﻛﻴﺮﻣﺎ اﻟﻬﻮاﺀ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺑﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ أﻇﻬﺮت اﻹﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻰ واﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟ ﻤ ﻌﻴﺎ ر ى ﻧ ﺎ ت ﺗﺄﺛﻴ ﺮ. وا ﺿ ﺢ ( ﻗ ﻴ ﻤ ﺔ P ا ﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ %0.05) . ﻏﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻨﺄﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎرﻳﺔ اﻋﻈﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﻧﺞ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ وﻣﻜﺮرة ﺑﻨﺒ ﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻷ ﻏﺮاﻧﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻔﺎت اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ. IV LIST OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ‘......................... | I AB SPACE 11 ARABIC ABSTRACT ! HI ACKNOWLEDGEMNT j IV LIST OF CONTENTS ' V LIST OF FIGURES | XIII LIST OF TABLES I X CIIAPTERONE..................................................................................................... 1 INTODUCTION & LITRATURE REVIEW ...................................................... 1 1.1. General Introduction..................................................................................... j 1.2 Background...................................................................................................... 0 1.3. Objectives of the study............................................................................ 1.3.1 .General objectives................................................................................... ^ 1.3.2. Specific objectives: ................................................................................ 4 CHAPTER! WO................................................................................................ 2.RADIATION PHYSICS AND DOSIMETRY.............................................. 5 2.1. .Radiation....................................................................................................... ^ 2.2. types of Radiation....................................................................................... i ^ 2.3. General properties of radiation..................................................................... s 2.4. Alpha ray s................................................................................................. V 2.4.1. Alpha decay............................................................................................ 2.5. Beta ray s.................................................................................................. 2.5.1. Beta decay..................................................................................................... : 6 2.5.1.1. p-—D ecay............................................................................................. i B 2.5.1.2. Positron emission ((3+ -decay)........................................................... ! c 2.5.1.3. Electron capture (E C )........................................................................ 9 2.6. Gamma ray s.............................................................................................. 2.6.1 Nature of gamma ra y ................................................................................ 1 () D O r \ nnnloor ovm + otmn rv*Aohomci'n ,\ j .j—.. x iiv iruv/rV/Ui u.c w a c i l u m n a ai^w uum oni ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2.6.2.1 Gamma decay....................................................................................... 11 2.6.2.2.Internal conversion............................................................................... ] j 2.6.3.Isomeric Transition (IT ).......................................................................... 12 2.7.Isotopes and Nuclides................................................................................ : \2 2.7.1. Properties of Radioactive Nuclides..................................................... 2.8.Cesium-137............................................................................................... ] 5 2.9.Interaction of Gamma ray with matter................................................... , 2.9.1. Photoelectric effect.............................................................................. 17 2.9.2. Compton Effect....................................................................................... 18 2.9.3. Pair production...................................................................................... 19 2.10.Interaction of light charged particles with m atter................................. -?, u - i 2.10.1 .Interaction of electron with matter......................................................... VI 2.10.2. Positrons:................................................................................................. - - 2.11. Intensity of radiation................................................................................ 22 2.12. Radiation Dosimetry............................................................................. 2.12.1. Exposure.............................................................................................. 23 2.12.2. Absorbed’do se ............... 33 2.12.3. Equivalent d o se.................................................................................... 24 2.12.4. Kerm a...................................................................................................... 2.12.5. Radiation yield.................................................................................. 26 eu A m n D rrTtpv i ; I V JL 1 1 u . X X J i V X X i . j V J ............................................ ........................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................
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