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Practical Aspects of Operating a Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory

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Practical Aspects of Operating a Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory IAEA-TECDOC-564 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF OPERATING A NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS LABORATORY A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT ISSUED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1990 PRACTICAL ASPECT OPERATINF SO G A NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS LABORATORY IAEA, VIENNA, 1990 IAEA-TECDOC-564 ISSN 1011-4289 Printe IAEe th AustriAn i y d b a July 1990 PLEASE BE AWARE THAT MISSINE TH AL F LO G PAGE THIN SI S DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK FOREWORD This boo s intendei k o advist d n everydai e y practical problems relateo t d operating a neutron activation analysis (NAA) laboratory. It gives answers to questions like "what to use NAA for", "how to find relevant research problems", "how to find users for the technique", "how to estimate the cost of the analysis and how to finance the work", "how to organize the work in a rational way d "ho"an o perforwt e qualitth m y control" givet I . s advice in choosing staff, equipment d consumableo desigt an , w nho facilitied an s s and procedures accordin neeo d availablt g an d e resources. e boo Th s designei k o discust d s problem t dealno s t wit n ordinari h A NA y textbooks, but also, in order to prevent it from being too voluminous, to avoid duplication of material described in normal NAA text books. Therefore e readeth , r will find that some materia f intereso l missins i t g from this book and it is recommended that one or two of the textbooks listed in chapter 11 be read in addition to this one. e authorTh s represen a widt e rang f o experience e with biological, environmental, geological d industriaan , l samples n contexti , s from basic research to commercial analytical service. Their backgrounds also range from universit o governmentat y l research institut d privatan e e enterprise. Their summed experience exceed e timth se since Heves d Levy'an y s first publication on activation analysis; nevertheless, other workers in the field may not agree with all the statements made herein. It is their hope that this publication will be of value, both in respect to practical aspects of running a modern NAA laboratory, and in recommending relevant application a tim n ei s with abundant analytical techniquea d an s requiremen well-foundea r tfo d cost/benefi activitiesl t al rati r fo o . EDITORIAL NOTE In preparing this material press,the for staff Internationalofthe Atomic Energy Agency have mounted paginatedand originalthe manuscripts givenand some attention presentation.to The views expressed necessarilynot do reflect those governments ofthe Member ofthe States or organizations under whose auspices the manuscripts were produced. The use in this book of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities institutions delimitationand the of or theirof boundaries. The mention specificof companies theirof or products brandor names does implynot any endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 7 . 2 PRINCIPLE INSTRUMENTAF SO L NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS ...........9 . 2.1. Historical background ............................................................................9 . 2.2. Characteristic f neutroo s n activation analysis ................................................9 . 2.3. Sensitivities available with NAA .............................................................. 18 . 3 POTENTIAL APPLICATION ECONOMIF SO SOCIAD CAN L IMPORTANCE ......0 2 . 3.1. Major applications ................................................................................ 20 3.2. Other applications ...............................................................................9 2 . 4. IRRADIATION FACILITIES ........................................................................ 33 4.1. Research reactor types ..........................................................................3 3 . 4.2. Sample encapsulation ............................................................................ 37 4.3. Irradiation sites ...................................................................................3 4 . 4.4. Irradiation in modified flux ..................................................................... 47 . 5 COUNTIN DATD GAN A PROCESSING FACILITIES ......................................0 5 . 5.1. Typical counting systems .......................................................................0 5 . 5.2. Semiconductor detectors ......................................................................... 51 5.3. Basic electronics .................................................................................5 6 . 5.4. Multichannel pulse height analyzer (MCA) ................................................. 81 5.5. Data processing ..................................................................................5 8 . 5.6. Automation ........................................................................................8 8 . 5.7. Choic f locatioeo n ...............................................................................3 9 . 6. RELATED TECHNIQUES ..........................................................................6 9 . 6.1. Delayed neutron activation analysis ..........................................................6 9 . 6.2. Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis .................................................. 99 6.3. Measurement of environmental radioactivity ................................................ 99 7. MAKING NAA AVAILABLE TO THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMUNITY ......................................................................1 10 . 7.1. Identification of possible consumers .......................................................... 101 7.2. Collecting background informatio identificatiod nan f applicationno s .................4 10 . 7.3. Consultation with potential consumers ....................................................... 104 7.4. Mode f providino s serviceA gNA s ..........................................................5 10 . 7.5 Cost analysis ...................................................................................... 108 . 8 ORGANIZATIO WORF NO K ......................................................................5 11 . 8.1. Staff ................................................................................................5 11 . 8.2. Sample bookkeeping and coding .............................................................. 116 8.3. Sample preparation ..............................................................................9 11 . 8.4. Standards ........................................................................................... 126 8.5. Irradiation procedures ........................................................................... 128 8.6. Decay ..............................................................................................6 13 . 8.7. Measurements ....................................................................................8 13 . 8.8. Data processing ..................................................................................8 14 . 8.9. Reporting ........................................................................................... 150 . 9 QUALITY ASSURANCE ............................................................................6 15 . 9.1. Nee r qualitdfo y assurance ....................................................................6 15 . 9.2. Methods for quality assurance ................................................................. 156 9.3. Assignement of uncertainty ..................................................................... 161 9.4. Location of sources of errors .................................................................. 163 10. RADIATION PROTECTION ........................................................................ 169 11. SUGGESTED READING ............................................................................. 172 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 175 APPENDIX A. TABLES FOR NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS ......................... 193 Introduction .............................................................................................3 19 . Reference Introductioo t s n ...........................................................................6 19 . Table I. Thermal neutron cross-sections and resonance integrals .......................... 197 Table II. Cross-sections averaged in a 235U fission neutron spectrum ..................... 202 Table III. Radioactive isotopes arranged by atomic number .................................. 203 Tabl . GammeIV a rays arrange energy db y day 1 (t, < /)2 ..................................1 22 . Table V. Gamma rays arranged by energy (t1/2 > Iday) .................................... 228 Tabl . RecommendeeVI d gamma ray r analysifo s theid an s r interferences hours5 (t, /< 2 ) ..........................................................................8 23 . Table VII. Recommended gamma ray r analysifo s theid an s r interferences (5 hour days7 t< s1/ < 2) .............................................................0 24 . Table VIII. Recommended gamma rays for analysis and their interferences (t1/2 > 7 days) ............................................................................ 243 Reference tableo t s s ...................................................................................8
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