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Yuanming Yuan Gardens of a Chinese Emperor Gardens of a Chinese Emperor Imperial Creations of the Qianlong Era, 1736–1796 Victoria M. Cha-Tsu Siu, RSCJ With the posthumous assistance of Kathleen L. Lodwick LEHIGH UNIVERSITY PRESS Bethlehem Published by Lehigh University Press Co-published with The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 10 Thornbury Road, Plymouth PL6 7PP, United Kingdom Copyright © 2013 by Clare Siu All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cha-Tsu Siu, Victoria M. Gardens of a Chinese emperor : imperial creations of the Qianlong Era, 1736-1796 / Victoria M. Cha-Tsu Siu. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61146-128-2 (cloth : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-61146-129-9 (electronic) 1. Gardens, Chinese--China--History--Qianlong, 1736-1795. 2. Historic gardens--China. I. Title. SB466.C52C43 2013 635.0951--dc23 2013008976 ` ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America To my father, Dr. Tchoan-pao Siu Contents List of Images ix Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xxi 1 Experiencing the Garden of Perfect Brightness (Yuanming Yuan) 1 2 Qianlong’s Garden of Everlasting Spring (Changchun Yuan) 51 3 The Garden of the Clear Ripples (Qingyi Yuan) on Longevity Hill (Shou Shan) 107 4 The Garden of Tranquil Luminescence (Jingming Yuan) on Jade Spring Hill (Yuquan Shan) 171 5 The Garden of Quiet Delight (Jinyi Yuan) on Fragrant Hill (Xiang Shan) 205 Afterword 231 Glossary 233 Selected Bibliography 251 Index 261 About the Author 267 vii List of Images BLACK AND WHITE IMAGES 1.1 Map of the Garden of Perfect Brightness’s (Yuanming Yuan) five gardens in region west of Beijing. (Siu family collection). 2 1.2 Eight-man palanquin. (Siu family collection). 2 1.3 Sleigh. (Siu family collection). 3 1.4 Route for Lantern Festival (Deng Jie), 1756, within the Garden of Perfect Brightness proper. (Siu family collection). 6 1.5 Shen Yuan and Tang Dai, imperial engraving of Ancestral Shrine in Palace of Perfect Protection (Anyou Gong) complex, eighteenth century. (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris). 7 1.6 Place by Rocks and Streams (Zuoshi Linliu) with Shared Joy Garden (Tongle Yuan). (Siu family collection). 8 1.7 Shen Yuan and Tang Dai, imperial engraving of Main Audience Hall (Zheng Da Guang Ming), eighteenth century. (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris). 10 1.8 Front and Back Lakes. (Siu family collection). 12 1.9 Map of Kangxi emperor’s Garden of Joyful Spring (Changchun Yuan) and Western Garden Annex or the Summer Palace (Xihua Yuan). (Siu family collection). 15 1.10 Map of Sea of Fortune (Fu Hai) region. (Siu family collection). 19 1.11 Theron glossy engraving of Square Pots Imperial Residences (Fanghu Shengjing). (Siu family collection). 21 ix x List of Images 1.12 Swastika-shaped Region of International Peace (Wanfang Anhe). (Siu family collection). 24 1.13 Square Pots Imperial Residence with Reflecting the Moon on Three Pools (Santan Yingyue) region. (Siu family collection). 33 1.14 Woodcut of Reflecting the Moon on Three Pools, Hangzhou, from Nanxun Shengdian. 1771. (Dumbarton Oaks Rare Book Room). 34 1.15 Garden of Perfect Brightness’s Reflecting the Moon on Three Pools. (Siu family collection). 34 1.16 Detail of Library for Gathering Fragrance (Huifang Shuyuan), glossy engraving. (Siu family collection). 37 1.17 Woodcut of Broken Bridge with Snow Residue (Duanqiao Canxue), Hangzhou, from Nanxun Shengdian. 1771. (Dumbarton Oaks Rare Book Room). 38 2.1 Map of Everlasting Spring Garden (Changchun Yuan). (Siu family collection). 52 2.2 Sketch of Imperial Residences on central isle, heart of Everlasting Spring Garden (Changchun Yuan). (Siu family collection). 57 2.3 Woodcut of Lion Grove (Shizi Lin), Suzhou, from Nanxun Shengdian. 1771. (Dumbarton Oaks Rare Book Room). 60 2.4 Map of Garden of Everlasting Spring, Lion Grove. (Siu family collection). 61 2.5 Map of Luxurious Growth Garden (Qian Yuan). (Siu family collection). 65 2.6 Map of Little Bit of Heaven Garden (Xiao You Tian Yuan) on Eternal Thought Studio (Siyong Zhai). (Siu family collection). 68 2.7 Map of Good Wishes Sceptre Garden (Ru Yuan). (Siu family collection). 71 2.8 Map of Respectful Gaze Garden (Zhan Yuan), Nanjing (model for Ru Yuan). (Siu family collection). 72 2.9 Map of Reflecting Clarity Studio.( Yingqing Zhai). (Siu family collection). 74 2.10 Map of East-West Axis including circular Palace of the Sea and Mountain (Haiyue Kaijin). (Siu family collection). 77 2.11 Map of Hall of Marshy Orchids (Zelan Tang). (Siu family collection). 85 2.12 Map of European Sector (Xiyanglou). (Siu family collection). 86 List of Images xi 2.13 Copperplate engraving of Palace of Harmony (Xieqiqu), 1786, ed. (Jardin de Flore, Paris). 89 2.14 Copperplate engraving of west side of Palace of Peaceful Sea (Haiyantang) with Horological Fountain, 1786, ed. (Jardin de Flore, Paris). 90 2.15 Detail of copperplate engraving of Needle Rock, Belvedere, 1786, ed. (Jardin de Flore, Paris). 91 2.16 Detail of the Great Fountains (Dashui Fa), design attributed to Jin Xun. (Siu family collection). 92 3.1 Reconstructed Suzhou Street, Summer Palace (Yihe Yuan). (Siu family collection). 112 3.2 Map of back (North) slope, Qianlong’s Clear Ripple Garden (Qingyi Yuan). (Siu family collection). 113 3.3 Details of Early Morning Light City (Yinhui Cheng), including engineering. (Siu family collection). 114 3.4 North slope, Clear Ripple Garden, including three-dimensional architectural and natural elements. (Siu family collection). 115 3.5 Panoramic moonlit view of Southern slope including Inherited Clarity (Kunming) Lake, Summer Palace. (Siu family collection). 116 3.6 Map of Clear Ripple Garden, early ninteenth century. [Also Garden of Harmonious Pleasure (Xiequ Yuan) today, Summer Palace] (Siu family collection). 117 3.7 Elevations in Enveloping Spring Garden (Gaichun Yuan), Clear Ripple Garden. (Siu family collection). 122 3.8 Design elements of three small unrestored Back Gardens and of Pavilion of Bestowed Pleasures (Huacheng Ge), Clear Ripple Garden. (Siu family collection). 122 3.9 Map of front (South) slope, Clear Ripple Garden. (Siu family collection). 124 3.10 Map of Clear Ripple Garden (Central Axis). (Siu family collection). 126 3.11 Bronze Pavilion (named Pavilion of the Precious Clouds) (Baoyun Ge). (Siu family collection). 129 3.12 Winter. Emperor receiving dignitary with background of Myriad Longevity Hill (Wanshou Shan), Chinese painting on glass (No.11-1936), artist unknown, circa 1803-1805, bequeathed by Amyand John Hall (Victoria and Albert Museum, London). 133 xii List of Images 3.13 Companion piece to 3.12, Concubines and emperor with borrowed view of Myriad Longevity Hill, Chinese painting on glass (No.12-1936), artist unknown, circa 1803-1805, bequeathed by Amyand John Hall. (Victoria and Albert Museum, London). 133 4.1 Map of Garden of Tranquil Luminescence (Jingming Yuan), Georges Bouillard, early twentieth century. (Siu family collection). 172 4.2 Dragon King Temple (Longwang Miao). (Siu family collection). 173 4.3 Map of Waterways, region west of Beijing. (Siu family collection). 177 4.4 Stele with Qianlong inscription of Best Spring Waters, old photograph. (Siu family collection). 179 4.5 Contemporary map of Garden of Tranquil Luminescence, based on He and Zeng, but revised according to Bouillard data. (Siu family collection). 181 4.6 Engraving of Qianlong’s Pagoda, Tower of the Sino-Tibetan Union (Hua Zhuang Haishi Ta). (Siu family collection). 185 4.7 Engraving, detail of stone carvings of Gods of War, base of Tower of the Sino-Tibetan Union. (Siu family collection). 186 4.8 Temple of Azure Clouds (Biyun Si) in Garden of Quiet Delight (Jingyi Yuan), as borrowed view. (Siu family collection). 186 4.9 Tibetan Deities, two-armed Mahakala and Vaishravana, in Grotto, detail, old photograph. (Siu family collection). 189 4.10 West sector, Garden of Tranquil Luminescence, with Temple of Holy Destiny (Shengyuan Si), Yue Shrine (Yuezong Miao), and Chan Buddhist Garden, Clear and Cool Chan Place (Qingliang Chan Ku). (Siu family collection). 190 5.1 Relief map of Garden of Quiet Delight, by Liu Qingrong, 1922. (Siu family collection). 207 5.2 Map of Garden of Quiet Delight, by Georges Bouillard, early twentieth century. (Siu family collection). 210 5.3 Diamond Throne Pagoda (Jinggang Baozuo Ta), Qianlong’s addition to Temple of Azure Clouds. (Siu family collection). 211 5.4 Carved Buddhist goddess, Sitatapatra, with victorious umbrella in stupa roof, Diamond Throne Pagoda, Temple of the Azure Clouds. (Photograph by Victoria Siu). 212 List of Images xiii 5.5 Carved Buddhist goddess, Ushnishavijaya, roof, Diamond Throne Pagoda, Temple of the Azure Clouds. (Photograph by Victoria Siu). 213 5.6 Li Shizhuo, ink painting of Temple of the Heaven and Earth (Gaotu Jingshe), the main temple of Yuhua Xiu. (Siu family collection). 224 COLOR PLATES Intro. 1 Tourist Map, Yuanming Yuan. (No copyright; for sale widely in Beijing). 141 Cover & Intro. 2 Ding Guanpeng, detail of Imperial concubines chatting about favors of the emperor [in courtyard with bonsai] (Gong fei hua chong tu), hanging scroll, colors on silk, eighteenth century. (National Palace Museum, Beijing). 142 1.1 Qianlong emperor honoring his mother. Court artists, detail from Birthday Celebrations in Palace of Benevolent Peace (Cining Yan Xi Tu), handscroll, colors on silk, eighteenth century.
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