Landmark Assessment Report
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Landmark Assessment Report Date: July 9, 2020 For: Stephanie Reich, Design and Historic Preservation Planner Subject: 1626 California Avenue From: Amanda Duane, Associate Architectural Historian _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Executive Summary The property at 1626 California Avenue is occupied by a single-family residence that was moved to its present location in 1923. The property was most recently identified in the 2018 Historic Resources Inventory (HRI) Update as appearing eligible for recognition as a Structure of Merit for representing the development history of the Wilshire Montana and Mid-City neighborhoods in Santa Monica. The current property owner filed a Demolition Application with the City of Santa Monica (City) in October 2019 to replace windows totaling more than 25% of the street-facing wall. As part of the interim demolition permit review process for properties over 40 years of age, the Landmarks Commission moved at an initial hearing on February 10, 2020 that there was credible evidence in the record for a second hearing. As a result, GPA Consulting (GPA) has been retained by the City of Santa Monica (City) to prepare this Landmark Assessment Report to determine if the property is eligible for designation, and if so, under which criteria. GPA evaluated the property under the six Santa Monica Landmark criteria as well as the Structure of Merit criteria. As a result of this analysis, GPA concludes that the property does not appear to be significant under any local criteria, and therefore does not appear to be eligible for designation as a Santa Monica Landmark. The subject building does not appear to merit recognition as a Structure of Merit either. The property was previously identified as a potential Structure of Merit for its association with residential development in the Wilshire Montana and Mid City neighborhoods of Santa Monica during the 1920s. However, further analysis has revealed that the property was moved to its present location and that its ubiquity precludes it from representing a significant pattern of development as an individual resource. In addition, 1626 California Avenue is unlikely to represent part of a larger historic district due to the variety of styles, build dates, and property types in the vicinity. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1: 445 Georgina Avenue, view looking south. GPA Consulting, March 30, 2020. Introduction The purpose of this report is to evaluate the residence at 1626 California Avenue as a Santa Monica Landmark in response to a Demolition Application received by the City of Santa Monica in October 2019. The residence is located on California Avenue between 17th Street and 16th Place in the City of Santa Monica (see Figure 2). Now described as Mid-City or Wilshire Montana, this area was part of the original 1875 Township that spanned between Montana Avenue to the north, Colorado Boulevard to the south, 20th Street to the east, and Ocean Avenue to the west.1 The property is adjacent to the Green Acres Tract and ostensibly shares a development history with this nearby area. The property comprises one legal parcel (Los Angeles County Assessor’s Parcel No. 4281-004-002). 1 The area in which the property is located was not identified as being within a specific tract in the 2018 HRI; however, it is immediately adjacent to the Green Acres Tract. The Green Acres Tract is bounded by Washington Avenue to the north, 21st Street to the east, Wilshire Boulevard to the south, and 17th Street to the west. Landmark Assessment Report – 1626 California Avenue, Santa Monica, CA 2 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 2: 1626 California Avenue indicated with black outline. Base image courtesy of LA County GIS. The property was identified in the 2010 HRI as appearing eligible for recognition as a Structure of Merit as an example of the combination of the Craftsman and Colonial Revival styles. The property was identified in the 2018 HRI as appearing eligible for recognition as a Structure of Merit for representing the early development of the Wilshire Montana and Mid-City neighborhoods. Amanda Duane was responsible for the preparation of this report. She fulfills the qualifications of a historic preservation professional outlined in Title 36 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 61. Her resume is included as Attachment A. Methodology In preparing this report, GPA performed the following tasks: 1. Reviewed existing information, including the 2018 Historic Resources Inventory Update and the Demolition Application. 2. Conducted a field inspection of the property on March 30, 2020. Digital photographs of the exterior of the residence were taken from the public right-of-way during this field inspection. Landmark Assessment Report – 1626 California Avenue, Santa Monica, CA 3 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Conducted research into the history of the property. Sources referenced included building permit records, city directories, newspaper archives, genealogical databases, and historic maps. 4. Reviewed and analyzed ordinances, statutes, regulations, bulletins, and technical materials relating to federal, state, and local historic preservation designations, and assessment processes and programs to evaluate the property for significance as a Santa Monica Landmark. 5. Evaluated the property under the Santa Monica Landmark and Structure of Merit criteria. Historic Context2 Single-Family Residential Development (Overview) Despite Santa Monica’s significance as an early recreational destination, residential development was essentially dormant until the arrival of the Santa Fe Railroad in 1887, which spurred the initial residential building in “South Santa Monica” (a.k.a. Ocean Park). Although 1887 represented a building boom, by 1892, the full-time population of Santa Monica was only 2,000 people. The arrival of the first electric streetcar on April 1, 1896, and the later establishment of the “Balloon Route” from downtown Los Angeles, spurred further investment in Santa Monica real estate. A number of new subdivisions were opened during the first five years of the 20th century, and between 1900 and 1903 the resident population jumped from 3,057 to 7,208. By 1911, five electrical railway lines served Santa Monica with travel times of 30 to 50 minutes from downtown Los Angeles. The completion of major roadways to the area only increased its popularity as the automobile became a factor in Southern California growth. By 1916, building permits in the city totaled $169,000 “…almost entirely representing the building of homes for the medium class” with the construction of an average bungalow costing between $1,500 and $3,000. During the 1920s, Santa Monica witnessed a substantial population and building boom. By 1923, it was estimated that 1,500 people per month were moving to Santa Monica. Between 1921 and 1925, over 40,000 people moved to the city. Although previously known as a recreational destination, the subdivision of tracts away from the amusement zones were changing the city from a “summer cottage” environment to one where ”[b]eautiful homes of foreign and domestic architecture give the community a decidedly residential atmosphere.” Boulevard and infrastructure improvements along Wilshire, Santa Monica, Pico, and Beverly (Sunset) supported these changes. By 1926, Santa Monica boasted 11,000 homes. 2 The following, unless otherwise noted, is excerpted from Architectural Resources Group and Historic Resources Group, City of Santa Monica Citywide Historic Resources Inventory Update Survey Report (Santa Monica: City of Santa Monica Planning and Community Development, August 9, 2019). Landmark Assessment Report – 1626 California Avenue, Santa Monica, CA 4 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Catalogue and “kit” homes were popular during this period and several purveyors, such as Sears Roebuck and Company, Aladdin, and Pacific Ready Cut Homes, were erected on parcels throughout the city. In 1922, 175 Pacific Ready Cut homes alone were built in Santa Monica. As a result, in October of 1922, the company opened a new office in Santa Monica under salesman James H. Jewett. By 1924, the office was located at 531 Santa Monica Boulevard. Even after the stock market crash of 1929, residential construction in Santa Monica continued, and in 1931 a shortage of homes was reported. One of the key drivers of this shortage was growing enrollment at the nearby University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The shortage continued well into the late 1930s, this time driven by the expansion and influx of workers for the Douglas Aircraft plant. However, during World War II the cessation of building and shortage of building materials experienced around the country was felt in Santa Monica as well. Between 1943 and 1944, only 203 new dwelling units were added to the city’s housing stock. Since much of Santa Monica had been built out prior to the war, single-family residential development during the post-World War II period was largely confined to some unimproved parcels in the Sunset Park area, along with infill development throughout the city, which often replaced existing buildings. The steady demand for housing also meant that only a fraction of the postwar construction in the city was single-family residences.