Journal Volume 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

INDEX

Sr. Page Name of the Research Paper Author No. No. 1. Development of Rural Road Infrastructure in : An Overview Prin. Dr. T. K. Jadhav 1-3 The Pilgrimage Tourism-Strengths And Weaknesses - Dr. M. S. Dabade, 2. 4-8 A Case Study of , () Mrs. Madhura C. Pujari Rural Housing Program in District Shri Sanjay N. Patil, 3. 9-11 Achievement of Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin Dr. Ranjit B. Pawar Morphometric Analysis of Godavari River-Sub-Drainage in Mr. Balaji B.Waghmare 4. 12-15 Marathwada Region by Using Srtm Data Set Dr. M. V. Suryawanshi 5. Tourist Attractions in Dr. Satish Parshuram Terse 16-17 6. Role of Business Communication in Tourism Industry Dr. S. A. Tambade 18-20 A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Sex Ratio in Panhala Tehsil Prof. Sunil Bhosale 7. 21-26 1991–2011 Prof. Sanjaykumar Menshi 8. Agro Tourism In Maharashtra Dr. Devidas V. Hargile 27-28 9. Scenario of Co-Operative In India Dr. D. B. Karnik 29-31 Single to Three Phase Conversion with Auto Switching System R. G. Jadhav 10. 31-35 for Agriculture Pumps S. R. Kumbhar 11. ×¾ÖÃÖÖ¾µÖÖ ¿ÖŸÖúÖ¯Öæ¾ÖᓵÖÖ úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ éúÂÖß•Öß¾Ö­Ö ›üÖò. ÖÓ›êü¸üÖ¾Ö Ø¿Ö¤êü 36-40 lkS- ,l- Ogh- ikVhy 12. f[knzkiwj dksis’oj eafnj & Ik;ZVu LFkG 41-44 MkW- vfuy fn-okMdj 13. Ekgkjk”Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoG &l|fLFkrh vkf.k vkOgkus 45-50 dWUljxzLr f’kjksG rkyqdk % vQok vkf.k okLro & ,d 14. izk- ih- ,- gqyoku 51-54 HkkSxksfyd n`”Vhdksukrqu vH;kl 15. _amR>r ~mobr Am{U ^yJmob : EH$ ghg§~§Y àm. lr_Vr e¡bOm lrYa qeXo 55-58 izk- vkj- ,l- dne

16. okLRkqf’kYikpk vnHkwr uequk & dksis’oj eafnj ¼f[knzkiwj½ izk- ,- Ogh- ikVksGs 59-61 H$moëhmnya ehamVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ a§H$mim VbmdmMo n`©Q>ZÑîQ>çm 17. àm. S>m°. S>r. ìhr. gw`©d§er 62-65 g§dY©Z Da^. ko. e. maaLI 18. n¶©Q>ZmMo dJuH$aU EaI. ASaaok Saamarava paTIla 66-68

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ACS College, Onde, Vikramgad, Palghar

Veer Wajekar ASC College, Phunde, Uran

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

Development of Rural Road Infrastructure in India: An Overview Prin. Dr. T. K. Jadhav

Sahakarbhushan S. K. Patil College, Kurundwad

Abstract : As per the 2011 census, rural areas account for 69 percent of India's total population. Therefore, improved connectivity and accessibility to rural areas will provide a vital impetus to the country's economic growth. Development of rural infrastructure in general and rural transport infrastructure in particular is very crucial in India. Rural road connectivity ensures access to critical services and opportunities, and fosters sustainable poverty reduction programs as well as employment generation through industrialization in rural areas. It is estimated that 20-30 percent of the agricultural, horticultural and forest produce gets wasted because of either inadequate rural road network or poor condition of roads, which creates an impedance for transporting such commodities for the user needs. Rural road accounts for 60 percent of the total road length in India. While the total rural road length was only 3,54,530 kilometers in 1970-71, it has increased to about 24,50,559 kilometers in recent times. These statistics corroborate the importance given to the development of rural roads as part of the overall development of the country. Furthermore, research suggests that public investment in infrastructure, specifically in the rehabilitation of rural roads, improves local community and market development. Keywords : rural development, infrastructure, rural connectivity, investment, employment etc. Introduction: Availability of adequate infrastructure in rural as well as urban areas is the sine qua non for economic development of a nation. Access to rural infrastructure has a strong positive association with rural economic development and strong negative association with incidence of poverty. It is necessary to accelerate investment in rural infrastructure to generate additional employment, create new economic opportunities, ensure delivery of related services and enhance credit absorption. All these ultimately lead to improvement in quality of life and reduce the vulnerability of rural poor. Rural Connectivity is a key component of rural development and contributes significantly in the socio-economic development of rural people by providing access to amenities like education, health, marketing etc. It has been established that investments in rural roads lifts rural people above the poverty line. The evidence also indicates that as the rural connectivity improves, the rural poverty levels come down. Improved roads can create opportunities for economic growth and poverty reduction through a range of mechanisms. Roads reduce transportation costs and the costs of consumption and production of goods and services. With easier access to markets and technology, improved roads expand farm and non-farm production through increased availability of relevant inputs and lower input costs (Binswanger, Khandker, and Rosenzweig, 1993; Levy, 1996). At the household level, road development contributes to higher productivity and demand for labour (World Bank, 2000), and improved education and health, including those for women and girls (Bryceson and Howe, 1993; Levy, 1996). The importance of infrastructure in agriculture and rural development is well documented. It is estimated that 15 percent of crop produce is lost between the farm gate and the consumer because of poor roads and inappropriate storage facilities alone, adversely influencing the income of farmers (World Bank, 1997). Construction of rural roads inevitably leads to increase in agricultural production and productivity by bringing in new land into cultivation or by intensifying existing land use to take advantage of expanded market opportunities. In addition to facilitating agricultural commercialization and diversification, rural infrastructure, particularly roads, consolidates the links between agricultural and nonagricultural activities within rural areas and between rural and urban areas (IFAD, 1995) Rural Roads Infrastructure in India : The necessity of a proper road network for the socioeconomic development of rural India and consequently the whole country was understood quite early in India. The first road development plan of 1943-61, popularly known as Nagpur Plan, looked at the road needs of the country on a long-term basis, and for the first time classified the road system into a functional hierarchy comprising National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), Major district roads (MDR),

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Other District roads (ODR) and Village roads (VR). The last two classes of roads form the rural road system in the country. The third road development plan known as Lucknow Plan (1981-2001), estimated rural road requirement for the country and had spelt out various measures to develop rural roads. This plan suggested several approaches for rural road development. These approaches include preparation of long-term master plan for rural roads; stage construction in view of the low level of traffic in the initial stage of development of a rural road; integration of rural road development plan with the other rural development programs. During all the road development plans the rural roads have received significant attention and emphasis. A number of programs were launched under several employment generation and poverty alleviation programmes of the Central and State Governments to achieve the goal of rural connectivity such as the Minimum Needs Program (MNP), National Rural Employment Program (NREP), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) etc.; but these programmes failed to achieve their desired goals. A pragmatic analysis of the past schemes reveals many deficiencies in the whole process from planning to implementation and monitoring to evaluation. There was largely a misconception that rural roads being the lowest category of roads need no elaborate design and engineering. The Ninth Five Year Plan acknowledges that several thousand kilometers of such roads were constructed in the past without proper design and engineering and hardly commensurate with the resources that were allocated to the effort. As a result, rural roads had poor geometrics, inadequate compaction of embankment and inadequate drainage, so the roads that were built were hardly all-weather roads. Consequently, these roads did not last long. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) In order to create durable and permanent assets, an adequate provision for drainage and protection works as well as quality control during construction and maintenance of assets, Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) on 25th December, 2000 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme to assist the States. The primary objective of PMGSY is to provide connectivity by way of an All- Weather road (with necessary culverts and cross-drainage structures, which is operable throughout the year), to the eligible unconnected habitations as per CoreNetwork with a population of 500 persons (as per 2001 Census) and above in plain areas. The current source of funds for PMGSY works is cess on High Speed Diesel (Rs. 0.75 / litre), budgetary support, ADB funding, World Bank funding and NABARD loan. Table 1 details the release of funds from 2000-2001 to 2013-14. A total amount of Rs. 1,11,368 have already been spent under this program including funding from World Bank and Asian Development Bank. It is increasingly essential to ensure that roads already created are systematically maintained and yield services as originally envisaged before going on undertaking more such assets. Keeping in view the asset value of the road network, PMGSY-II has been launched. The programme was conceived on sharing basis to consolidate existing rural road network by up-gradation, renewal and maintenance of the vast network already created. It would cover up-gradation of existing selected rural roads based on a criterion to make the road-network vibrant. Bharat Nirman : Bharat Nirman, one of the important Programmes launched by the Government of India in December 2005 identified six core infrastructure sectors in rural areas viz rural housing, irrigation, drinking water, rural roads, rural electrification and rural telephone connectivity. Initially, it was launched as a time bound programme of construction of rural infrastructure for implementation during the four year period 2005-09. Rural Road, one of the six components of the program with a goal to provide with an all-weather road connectivity to all eligible unconnected habitations with a population of 1,000 persons and above (as per 2001 census) in plain areas and 500 persons and above in the case of Hilly or Tribal (Schedule V) areas. The Bharat Nirman Programme envisages a massive scaling up in terms of habitation connectivity coverage, construction targets, and financial investment. Up to March, 2014 a total of 51,253 habitations have been connected out of 63,940 habitations to be connected and works for connecting 62,876 habitations have been sanctioned. Challenges of Developing Rural Road infrastructure: India has a rural road length of about 2.7 million km which is about 80 per cent of the total road network. The serviceable condition of this is crucial to the rural / agricultural growth and affording means of access to millions of rural people to social facilities viz. medical, education as also to market. Lack of maintenance affects the poor people badly as the time for access to markets and other social infrastructure is increased. Hence, the challenge lies in both expansion of the network to provide road links to unconnected habitations and at the same time maintenance of the existing vast rural road network built at huge cost to the economy over the past over fifty years. The Thirteenth Finance Commission (FC) has specifically made provision for maintenance funds for the core rural roads network including for PMGSY roads that have completed their initial five-year maintenance contracts. Among several issues to be addressed for ensuring maintenance of rural roads on sustainable basis, the most critical one are need for Government Policy, dedicated funds,

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maintenance backlog, linkage to initial construction, Maintenance Management System, institutional reforms, contract maintenance, Panchayati Raj Institutions, modernization, experience sharing etc. Conclusion: To develop the nation there is a need of construction of roads in rural India. Rural roads are the wealth of a nation, a tool for social inclusion, economic development and environmental sustainability. Rural roads link communities and their agricultural fields to the main transport system and markets. Improving rural roads improves the education level and facilities, reduces transport cost and stimulates marketing. This results in increased production and productivity, crop diversification and increased profitability. A main bottleneck for local economic development is often a limited and poor quality rural road network. Rural roads, particularly, those needed to link remote, hilly and backward settlements are hardly profitable to the private operator. Hence, without doing any major policy revamp on the development of rural road infrastructure, it is very difficult to expect private sector participation in this area and till that time Public investment must have to come in a big way and without any further delay. References:  Bell, Clive and Susanne van Dillen (2012), How does India's Rural Roads Program Affect the Grassroots? Findings from a Survey in Orissa, Policy Research, Working Paper 6167, August, , World Bank.  Bell, Clive (2012), The Benefits of India's Rural Roads Program in the Spheres of Goods, Education and Health. Joint Estimation and Decomposition. World Bank, Washington DC.  Binswanger, H. P., Khandker, S. R. and Rosenzweig, M. (1993), How Infrastructure and Financial Institutions Affect Agricultural Output and Investment in India. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 41, pp. 331-336.  Bonney, RSP (1964), The Relationship between Road Building and Economic and Social Development in Sabah, Part II and III. Road Research Laboratory Notes, Harmondsworth. Cuong, Nguyen Viet. 2011.  'Estimation of the Impact of Rural Roads on Household Welfare in Viet Nam'. Asia-Pacific Development Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2,

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

The Pilgrimage Tourism-Strengths and Weaknesses -

A Case Study of Narsobawadi, (Maharashtra)

Dr. M. S. Dabade, Head, Dept, of Commerce, SBSKPC, Kurundwad, Dist. Kolhapur Mrs. Madhura C. Pujari, Visiting Faculty, SBSKPC, Kurundwad, Dist. Kolhapur Abstract : Narsobawadi is one of the well known pilgrimage center in Maharashtra. Narsobawadi has a great potential to attract the pilgrims because of natural conditions like good and healthy environment, road connectivity, railway station near town i.e. 20 km away from destination,Vedic education (ved pathshala),variety of rural traditions, festivals etc. It has rich water resource and infrastructural facilities, calm and quiet environment, famous Shri Datta Temple, Rural background, sweet market like Pedha, Basundi, shrikhand, amrakhand etc. However, there are some problems and challenges also such as Problem of parking, toilets, tiny roads, limited area etc. are problems for pilgrims. Keywords : Strengths, weaknesses, potential, facilities, pilgrims, rural backgrounds etc. 1. Introduction : To put the matter in nutshell, there is strong potential in Narsobawadi to attract tourists only if the Government, Devsansthan Committee and local public support to develop the Narsobawadi in this regards. Though, some difficulties are there, day by day the arrival of pilgrims are increasing. It will uplift the economy of the Narsobawadi and surrounding areas and also helps to generation of employment in this area. 1.1 Tourism - Tourism is a pleasure giving activity in which a tourist spent for visiting the place and someone earn money. Tourism plays a key role in socio-economic progress through creation of jobs, enterprise, infrastructure development and revenue earnings. Tourism has great capacity to generate large scale employment and additional income source to the skilled and unskilled. Tourism consist many innovative concepts like rural tourism, health tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, agro-tourism, monsoon tourism, pilgrimage tourism etc. 1.2 Pilgrimage Tourism - Pilgrim is different from being a tourist. For a tourist travel is an end in itself. For a pilgrim travel is a means to an end. Pilgrims with pilgrimage tourism is one of the fastest growing tourism in the world. Pilgrimage tourism offers tremendous opportunities of generating revenues earnings, foreign exchange and providing employment. Today all countries of the world are striving to develop pilgrimage tourism in big way. Pilgrimage tourism earns over 3.5 trillion worldwide. For India, it is presently the third largest export industry but our share in world tourist inflow is only 0.37 percent. Besides economic, the social and environmental gain of tourism were also significant. It brings better understanding between different nations and civilizations. Likewise it helps in protecting environment old monuments and culture. This paper investigates pilgrimage tourism and its strengths and challenges. For that a case study of Narsobawadi is taken. Narsobawadi is famous state level pilgrimage center. The Pilgrimage tourism seems to be a new concept but it is not a new phenomenon. Based on the literature review and interviews conducted with various stakeholders in various countries, A pilgrimage tourist is someone who visits a specific place out of the usual environment, with the intention of pilgrimage meaning and/or growth, without any overt religious compulsion, which could be religious or non-religious in nature, but within the Divine context, regardless of the main reason for travelling. In tourism marketing, almost all authors agree that pilgrimage tourists play the most significant role. 1.3 Narsobawadi - Narasimhawadi commonly known as Narsobawadi or Narsobachi Wadi is a small town in Tehsil in , Maharashtra. Narsobawadi gets its name from the presence of 'Shri Narasimha Saraswati', the Purna Avatar of Lord Dattatreya. With a lot of archaeological value this became a major pilgrim spot for many Shri Dattatrey devotee. Also, there is a confluence of the two rivers Panchganga and Krishna. 4 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

Narasimhawadi is famous for the Hindu temple of Shri Narasimha Saraswati (1378–1458). Shri Dattatreya in his Narasimha Saraswati incarnation is believed to have lived here for as long as 12 years. (Ref. Shri Gurucharitra). The life story of Shri Narasimha Saraswati, his philosophy and related stories are described in Shri Guru Charitra. There are no images or idols here which show his presence. But there are two padukas or slippers which immortalize his great avatar. Festivals celebrated in Temple are Datta Jayanti, Narasimha Saraswati Jayanti, Gopal Kala Utsav, Sripada Srivallabha Jayanthi, Dakshin dwar Sohla in which water flows from North gate to South gate through temple. 2. Objectives : 1. To know the strength of Narsobawadi as pilgrimage center. 2. To know the weaknesses before Narsobawadi. 3. Limitation : The study area is limited to Narsobawadi hence the data relates to Narsobawadi only. 4. Methodology : This paper is based on primary data as well as on secondary data. Primary data is collected by researchers by visiting the place, by taking personal interviews etc. The secondary data is collected through various sources like research papers, newspapers, Articles, websites and books. 5. Profile pf Narsobawadi - Study Region : Narsobawadi is famous holy place as state level .It is situated in Shirol tehsil. And in Kolhapur district. It is situated on the confluence of Krishna and Panchaganga. The population of the Narsobawadi is 4168.The Grampanchayat of Narsobawadi is established in 1945.It covers 418 hector land. The land used for agriculture purposes is 393 hector. Sugarcane, soybean, groundnut, banana, jawar etc. are major crops. Brinjals, cucumber, green vegetables, carrots are very special. Guava and banana are also famous. Nirmal Gram, Saint Gadgebaba, Lokrajya, Yashvant Grampanchayat, Tantamukt etc are some important awards achieved by Narsobawadi grampanchayat. Many tourists come to Narsobawadi from whole Maharashtra, and . Nearly 15000 to 20000 tourists come to Narsobawadi at weekends. The transportation condition is very good. Railway connectivity, buses facility can increase the arrival of tourists. is near to Shirol. There is an enough road and rail connectivity in urban – rural areas to travel in rural areas. is a railway junction near to Shirol. is another railway station near Shirol. Overall transportation facility, water resources, infrastructural facilities, climatic condition, fertile agricultural land, various crops, industrial areas create the potential in Shirol tehsil for development of Narsobawadi. 6. Strengths : 6.1 Lord Shree Datta temple-Narsobawadi is famous for Shree Datta Temple. Many tourist come to Narsobawadi for this purpose. It is situated on the confluence of 2 rivers namely Krishna and Panchaganga. The environment and scenario of the temple attract the tourist most. 6.2 Variety of festivals-Some of the popular festivals that are celebrated in the temple are Datta Jayanti, Narasimha saraswati Jayanti, Gopal Kala Utsav, Sripada Srivallabha Jayanti. Krishnaveni utsav etc. Many pilgrims come to Narsobawadi for those festivals. More than 2 lacs pilgrims visited Narsobawadi for Datta Jayanti festival every year. 6.3 Total agricultural land under cultivation is 393 hector. Major crops -sugarcane, groundnut, tobacco, soyabean, Jawar etc. 6.4 Rich water resource-It is situated on the banks of two major rivers called as Krishna and Panchaganga which increase the glory of Narsobawadi. 6.5 Famous for vegetables-‘Krishna kathchi vangi and kakdya’ (Brinjals and cucumber) are very famous in whole Maharashtra. Shirol taluka is known as vegetables provider in Maharashtra. 6.6 Availability of Mineral drinking water system at very cheap rate-Pilgrims can purchase 1litre mineral water only in one rupee and refrigerated 1 litre of mineral water for 2 rupees only. Mineral water systems helps to keep the health of the tourist safe. 6.7 Availability of multipurpose halls at cheap rates-There are so many halls for various family functions. The rent of hall, expense of food and other expenses for arranging the programs are less as compared to cities. So many people preferred to arrange their family function in Narsobawadi. 6.8 Good Hospitality management-The people of Narsobawadi are very hospital in nature. The food and other services given to pilgrims are very good.

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6.9 Government Peyjal yojana (purified drinking water system)-In 2016 the government scheme of safe drinking water is started in Narsobawadi so the water supplied to Narsobawadi is purified under the scheme. So the tourist can have safe drinking the water. 6.10 Good Transportation facility- Railway connectivity, buses facility can increase the arrival of tourists. Kolhapur airport is near to Narsobawadi. There is an enough road and rail connectivity in urban – rural areas to travel in rural areas. Miraj is a railway junction near to Narsobawadi. Jaysingpur is another railway station near Narsobawadi. The availability of tar roads has contributed a lot to the development of Narsobawadi. 6.11 Nearby attractions-Kurundwad Ghat is historical spot.Shirol is famous for Shri Datta Bhojanpatra mandir and Shri Datta Sugar Co-Operative Industry. Shirol Taluka is also known as sugarcane zone, green houses, nursery, paper making industry, alcohol Industry, and jaggery making industry. In bakery products there are number of manufacturers out of these Ganesh bakery Nandani which is run by Chakote Group is very famous. Chakote group of Nandani is implementing the Organic farming project which can be visited by Tourist to know how to cultivate vegetables, flowers and other crops organically. Ganeshwadi is famous for Khava (a product from milk) industry. Khava is exported to other countries. Khidrapur is historical as well as pilgrimage place at national level. Sculpture of Khidrapur is very famous. 6.12 Milk and milk products industry.-Narsobawadi is famous for Pedha (a sweet prepared from milk).Basundi, Shreekhand, Amrakhand and Khava are very famous milk products in Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka also. Kavath Barfi, Amba barfi, Kunda barfi are also very famous. The major share of the total income of Wadi are covered by these sweet products. Sweet product market is increasing day by day. 6.13 Goshalha-In Narsobawadi, Goshala is famous for Hydroponic animals feed, production of gomutra arka etc. People can purchase Indian cow milk (A2milk). 6.14 Vedpathshala-There is Vedpathshala to teach ancient ‘Vedas’ which having much importance in the today’s hectic and stressful life. 6.15 Quility food-The food served for the breakfast, lunch and dinner is purely authentic rural Maharastrian food like pohe, upma, varan, rice, ghee curry, masala rice, chapattis, pickle, papad, bhaji and sweet like amrakhand, shrikhand, basundi etc. as Narsobawadi is a pilgrimage Non-Vegetarian and liquor is strictly prohibited in Narsobawadi. 6.16 There is possibility of water tourism between Nrusinhwadi to Khidrapur. 6.17 Boating-Boating facility is available in Krishna-Panchaganga river infront of shree Datta temple. The greenery on the banks of river attracts the tourists. 6.18 Educational facilities-The educational facilities are available from play group to engineering. 6.19 Infrastructural facility-Good roads, transportation system, banking facility, lights, water availability and accommodation facility for tourists accelerate the development of Narsobawadi. 7. Narsobawadi - Weaknesses : There are some challenges before Narsobawadi. They are as follows- 7.1. Inadequate public transport-The public transport is inadequate. Buses are irregular in timing. The number of buses is less with compare to arrival of tourists. The pilgrims had to wait for a long time after reaching the bus station to get a bus. The special busses run by the Govt. of India will start only after being filled up by the pilgrims. 7.2. Parking problem- The parking facilities are not in commensurate with the increase in number of vehicles. The existing parking grounds are not systematically and orderly arranged. So they face much difficulty while parking. Many pilgrims has to park their vehicles far away from the temple and have to walk long distance to reach to the temple 7.3. Problem of food- Most of the restaurants are in open air, so they can’t keep the edible items away from the dust and files. The profit-motivated shop owners do not attach much importance to cleanliness. 7.4. Pollution problem-The heavy rush and terrible traffic fill the place with noises, dust and dirt. Pilgrims left plastic bottles, wrappers and other wastage during the season. So it causes in pollution. This results in environmental degradation at pilgrimage centers. The ultimate impact is on the shoulders of the local people as a result it affects their health and they become ill after every season 7.5. Lack of the toilet facility is another problem for the pilgrims .pilgrims have to come across during the season in pilgrimage centers, the available toilets and sanitation facilities are not sufficient . 7.6. Unscientific disposal of sewage-It is causing severe water polluting problem. Waste water from hotels and other commercials establishments. Solid waste consisting of mainly the food waste generated at pilgrim centers 6 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

is being discharged in a hap hazard manner. Solid waste generated at pilgrim centers is being disposed near the temple. The decayed garbage is washed off during the rains in to the drainage. The solid waste management at pilgrimage center is also not satisfactory. During the recent years, solid waste collection at pilgrimage centers has improved significantly due to pilgrimage workers but on site storage facility of solid waste transport, segregation, processing and safe disposal facilities are lacking. Till recently the solid wastes collected are dumped in to the outside of the village haphazardly creating environmental pollution. 7.7 Limited area of Narsobawadi-It is the basic problem of Narsobawadi. The area cannot be increased due to two rivers around Narsobawadi. So the Narsobawadi cannot meet the increasing demand of the area according to the increase needs of pilgrims. 7.8. Unavailability of Centralized information System - There is no centralized information system about Narsobawadi. So the new visitors or pilgrims get confused due to lack of information. 7.9. Flood prone area- Narsobawadi is flood prone area during rainy season .It is blessed with 2 major rivers, but in rainy season it becomes flood prone area. In 2005, the Narsobawadi has witnessed very big flood. It has suffered big losses in that year.

Nrusinhwadi temple Krishna –Panchaganga meeting place

Sugarcane farms Khidrapur Temple

Shree data sugar co-operative industry, Shirol

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8. Conclusions and Suggestions : Narsobawadi is well known pilgrimage center in Maharashtra. Narsobawadi has a great potential to attract the pilgrims because of natural conditions and variety of rural traditions and festivals. It has rich water resource and infrastructural facilities, calm and quiet environment, famous Shri Datta Temple, Rural background, sweet market like Pedha, Basundi, shrikhand, amrakhand etc. But there are some problems and challenges. Problem of parking, toilets, tiny roads, limited area are some problems for pilgrims. Grampanchayat should have to pay attention to the need of pilgrims. Parking facility may be increased and improved. Cleanliness may be maintained by hotels and restaurants owners. Hotels can introduce cost reduction measures in like the energy saver, etc. Disaster Management department may play a crucial role in management of flood every year. Government may pay extra attention towards developing MTDC guest houses, centralized information system etc. Public transport facility may be improved and increased according to the need of pilgrims. Grampanchayat may take lead in waste management, tree plantation may help up to some extent. Shri datta dev sansthan may start clock rooms, dress changing rooms, rest shed bathrooms, pathway etc. they may arrange the facility of safe drinking water, quick darshan for old age people also. To put the matter in nutshell, there is strong potential in Narsobawadi to attract tourists only if the Government, Devsansthan Committee and local public support to develop the Narsobawadi in this regards. Though, some difficulties are there, day by day the arrival of pilgrims are increasing. It will uplift the economy of the Narsobawadi and surrounding areas and also helps to generation of employment in this area. References : 1. Mishra, Ashish K. (15 May 2011), “The Value Hunters of Aurangabad”, Forbes India. Forbes. Retrieved 30, May 2012. 2. “, a land of opportunity”, The Times of India, 20 July 2011. 3. J. S. Mishra (2004). “Mahakumbh, the Greatest Show on Earth”, Har-Anand Publications. p.17. ISBN 978-81-241-0993-9. 4. www.cencus.gov.in 5. Tourism policy of Maharashtra – 2016. 6. www.google.com 7. www.researchgate.net

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

Rural Housing Program in Kolhapur District

Achievement of Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin Shri. Sanjay Narayan Patil Assistant Professor, K. H. College Gargoti, Dist. Kolhapur

Dr. Ranjit Baburao Pawar Assistant Professor, Mahavidyalaya, Ajara. Dist. Kolhapur

Introduction : Rural development is a comprehensive socio-economic process by the government for improving the economical and social condition of the people who are living in rural area. Rural development is a strategy to bring importance of economic and social status of the poor people in rural area. As stated on agenda of the planning commission of India. Reduce the rural poverty is the prime objective of planning. Government of India has been undertaking different programs to improve wellbeing and standard of living of people. Rural housing program, as an independent program started with Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) in Jan 1996. In the view of Government’s commitment is to provide ‘Housing for All’ by 2022, the scheme of IAY has been reconstructed into Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana- Gramin (PMAY-G) in 1st April 2016. PMAY-G aims to providing a pucca house with basic amenities, to all houses households and those households living in katcha and dilapidated house, by 2022. The minimum size of the house has been increased to 25 sq. mt. with hygienic cooking space. The unit assistance has been increased up to 1.30 lakh. The immediate objective is to cover 1 crore households living in katcha house/dilapidated houses in three years from 2016-17 to 2018-19 and the target number of houses to be constructed by the year 2021-22, is 2.95 crore. The geographical factors are rainfall, climate, soil, water resources are always impact on rural economy and rural development programmes. However government of India started several programmes for remove poverty according to needs of rural people. Study Region : Kolhapur district is one of the southern districts of Maharashtra state. It lies between 150 45’ E to 170 11’ N latitudes and 730 41’ E 700 72’ E longitudes. It is bound at north by district and on southeast by district of Karnataka state. The geographical area of Kolhapur district is 7746.4 sq. km. it occupied 2.5 percent area of the state. At present, Kolhapur district have 1216 villages, 18 towns and 2 cities. According to 2011 census, Kolhapur district’s total population was 3874015 with 840240 households. From the total population 31.75 % people live in urban area and 68.25% people live in rural area. Objectives : 1. To study of the achievement of PMAY-G in Kolhapur district in the year 2017-18. 2. To analysis category wise houses from Kolhapur District in the year 2017-18. Database and Methodology : Present paper is based on the secondary data, which is collected from Kolhapur district socio-economic review 2017-18, various reference books, periodicals, newspapers, magazines and internet etc. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G) : Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana -Gramin (PMAY-G) has been launched merging with Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) in 20 November, 2016. The PMAY- G implemented guidance of Ministry of Rural Development. Characteristics of PMAY-G : 1. PMAY-G main aim is to provide beneficiary pucca house with some facilities like toilet, drinking water, electricity connection, LPG gas connection etc with the help of other schemes. 2. The size of house is 25 sq. m with hygenic cooking space. 3. Enhancement of unit assistance is from 70000 to 1.30 lakh 4. The funding ratio of central and state government is 60:40 for plane area and northern Himalayan state 90: 10. 5. Selected beneficiaries are mostly in Below Poverty Line (BPL) and verified by Gramsabha. 9 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

6. Convergence with other government schemes for provision of basic amenities viz. toilets, drinking water, electricity, clean and efficient cooking fuel, treatment of social and liquid waste etc. Table 1.1 Achievement of Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin, Kolhapur District (2017-18)

Proposed Number of Houses % to Completed Number of Houses % to Tahsil S.C. S. T. Minority Other Total Total S.C. S. T. Minority Other Total Total 84 17 191 8 3 29 Ajara 0 292 5.26 0 40 3.59 (28.76) (5.82) (65.41) (20.00) (7.5) (72.5) 174 1 34 264 35 1 1 72 Bhudargad 473 8.52 109 9.79 (36.78) (0.21) (7.18) (55.81) 32.11 0.91 0.91 66.05 121 2 35 264 16 2 13 60 91 422 7.60 8.17 (28.67) (0.47) (8.29) (62.55) (17.58) (2.19) (14.28) (65.93) 178 113 495 31 23 98 0 786 14.16 0 152 13.65 (22.64) (14.37) (62.97) (20.39) (15.13) (64.47) 22 5 22 9 2 12 Gaganbavada 0 49 0.88 0 23 2.06 (44.89) (10.20) (44.89) (39.13) (8.69) (52.17) 389 5 186 269 22 1 17 44 Hatkangale 849 15.30 84 7.54 (45.81) (0.58) (21.90) (31.68) (26.19) (1.19) (20.23) (52.38) 246 2 34 333 37 7 52 615 11.08 0 96 8.62 (40) (0.32) (5.5) (54.14) (38.54) (7.29) (54.16) 290 10 14 294 75 4 2 73 Karveer 608 10.96 154 13.83 (47.69) (1.6) (2.3) (48.3) (48.70) (2.59) (1.29) (47.40) 126 1 14 131 24 1 5 33 Panhala 272 4.90 63 5.66 (46.3) (0.36) (5.1) (48.16) (38.09) (1.58) (7.93) (52.38) 92 3 16 206 50 2 7 97 Radhanagari 317 5.71 156 14.01 (29.02) (0.94) (5.04) (64.98) (32.05) (1.28) (4.48) (62.17) 86 7 82 13 1 29 Shahuwadi 0 175 3.154 0 43 3.86 (49.14) (40) (46.85) (30.23) (2.32) (67.44) 244 50 185 210 25 13 16 48 102 Shirol 689 12.42 9.16 (35.41) (7.20) (26.85) (30.47) (24.50) (12.74) (15.68) (47.05) 2052 74 660 2761 345 24 97 647 Total 5547 100 1113 100 (36.99) (1.33) (11.89) (49.77) (30.99) (2.15) (8.71) (58.13) Source : District Rural Development Department, Kolhapur (2017-18) (Bracket fig. shows percentage to total) The table no. 1 indicate that Kolhapur district achievement of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana -Gramin in the financial year 2017-18. In this year total 1113 houses were completed under scheduled cast 345 (30.99 percent), scheduled Tribe 24 (2.15 percent), minority 97 (8.71) and other 647 (58.13), it was 20.06 percent of proposed houses 5547. In the district highest numbers of beneficiaries were Radhanagari tahsil 156. It percentage to district was 14.01 percent, but the proposed houses were 317, the target is not achieving completely. Gaganbavada tahsil only 23 houses were completed. SC categories highest beneficiaries observed in Kagal tahsil 75 its percentage of Kagal tahsil completed houses 48.70 percent in total of tahsil and Ajara tahsil only 8 beneficiaries of SC categories. The ST categories proposition was low in all tahsil because of ST categories population less in the district, in Shirol tahsil 13 beneficiaries observed. Minority beneficiaries highest observed in Shirol tahsil which was 16 houses were completed. The other cast beneficiaries high in Gadhinglaj 98 beneficiaries and Radhanagri tahsil second rank it was 97 houses.

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The proposed number of houses were 5547, under SC were 2052 (36.99 percent), ST were 74 (1.33 percent), Minority 660 (11.89 percent) and other 2761 (49.77 percent). But this target is not achieved in all tahsils of the district.

Conclusion:- 1. PMAY-G provides shelter to Below Poverty Line (BPL) people Viz. SC, ST, Minority and other caste. 2. In Kolhapur district, there was huge disparity between proposed houses and completed houses. 3. In the year 2017-18 highest houses completed in Radhanagari tahsil and low houses completion in Gaganbavada tahsil. 4. ST categories beneficiaries are low because of low population ST categories in district.

Suggestion:- 1. According to the report of Kolhapur District Socio-Economic review 2017-18 in the year 2002 was total 0.98 lakh families were under the BPL in the district. These people need such programmes. 2. There are the disparities between proposed houses and completed houses. It is need of reducing disparities.

References:- 1. Www. google.com 2. https://rhreporting.nic.in 3. Socio-Economic review Distract Statistical Abstract of Kolhapur district, 2017-18.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

Morphometric Analysis of Godavari River-Sub-Drainage in

Marathwada Region by Using Srtm Data Set

Mr. Balaji Bhimrao Waghmare, Research Fellow Dr. M. V. Suryawanshi, Assit. Prof. & Head, Dept. of Geog., Dr. B. A. M. Uni., Aurangabad. Abstract : Urbanization and heavy industrial growth has made its impact on the ecosystem and also potentially affected on environment balance. Therefore, its need to increase the watersheds conservation area as the water drought affected area has being in existence so it’s a primary goal of government to reduce the water stressed area for sustainable development. The natural resources management in a country where 70-75 % population is based on agriculture related Practices has an immense important role to play not only in providing the economic goods but also maintaining and improving productivity of agricultural fields. So it’s a necessary to better plan the natural resources such as watersheds. Ultimately it help full to plan land use, land cover and agricultural practices. To accomplish this it is essential to understand the use of the integrated techniques that is Remote Sensing and GIS. This research work is focused on to note the softness of algorithms the minute to describe the sub-watersheds, drainage topography over drainage shape, shape area, shape perimeter, drainage streams, stream length, and Stream hierarchy-network etc. In excess of these morphometric analysis or quantitative analysis also plays a major role. The results were obtained with a DEM90m resolution dataset reveals out that the watershed area was 204 sq.km. There were total 51 number of streams with cumulative stream length has 99.84 km of the characteristics of given sub-watershed topography. Keywords: SRTM, RS, GIS, Morphometric Parameters. Introduction : There are two potential techniques used to design procedures, approaches that are primarily based on remote sensing integrated with GIS. These methods have tremendous potential in sorting voluminous spatial and non-spatial data. GIS provides technological capability to develop and analyse natural resources information system for the vast agriculture countries like India. It can help in changing the concept of natural resources management, which can be based on more on current information and location oriented .Remote Sensing integrated with GIS has been efficiently used for generating integrated watershed modeling. This modern technology gives the holistic way of perception related to morphometric analysis of watersheds. The characterization of a watershed for drainage development, storage-location assessment and water harvesting so it is essential to understand the watershed characteristics like shape, stream pattern, and terrain features, etc. related parameters helps in binding whole measurement (morphometric analysis) of the shape of the proposed watershed topography. Information in this research work for experimental purpose here collected from the Consortium for Spatial Information (CGIAR- CSI) that is the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission’s (SRTM) data. This raw data retrieved from the link here i.e. http://www.cgiar-csi.org/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4- 1#download of NASA, SRTM DEM of Tagged Image file format as a Raster Dataset. The purpose of this research work is to extract the Drainage characteristics in integrated environment with the use of appropriate algorithms and to observe the functionality and smoothness of algorithms. The point to find out given Drainage characteristics here need to primarily describe the drainage topography as over drainage shape, shape area, shape perimeter, drainage streams, stream length, and Stream hierarchy-network etc. are the characteristics of drainage watershed. That being investigated characteristics are analysed by the use of morphometric analysis or quantitative analysis methods. It is used for the descriptions of the watershed topography and to minimize the watershed related issues (drought, flood). So ultimately it helps out to better plan of drainage development, storage-location assessment and water harvesting related aspects, lately for land use, land cover and agricultural related practices. This landform profile investigations is suitable for sustainable developments and significant resources plans mostly concern land cover, land use practices for water security and for food security.

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Location of Study Area : The study area for this research work is a part of the Godavari river’s sub-drainage watershed. It is localized at GahininathNagar, is a small Village of AmbadTahasilit’s part of Jalna District of Maharashtra State (India). It is located 32 KM towards the south from Jalna district headquarters and 369 KM from state capital Mumbai. The watershed area geographically located between 19° 21′ - 19° 34′ North Latitude and 75° 35′ - 75° 47′ East Longitude, Figure 1 shows the location of the study area on district map. Figure 1: Proposed Location of Study area

Methodology : The In this watershed analysis, research work the ArcGIS 9.3 software tools with extensions ArcHydro was utilized, because it is fully functional geographic data processing supportive environment, software tool. It handles Remote Sensing raster data as well as secondary sources data like toposheets, maps, etc. In this work the SRTM DEM data has been used as raw input to extract the terrain features of the given topography generally it include Area, shape, Shape perimeter, Drainage streams, Stream network, Stream hierarchy, Stream length, and watershed boundary etc. lastly applied here morphometric analysis to get the better quantitatively detail measurement of given drainage topography configurations Overview of Process Flow : The data processing aspect were obtained by use of the auto-algorithms those has been resides in Arc Hydro tool where following steps applied to investigate topography. The delineation of watershed in software environment requires using a sequence of hydrologic tools that create new output raster at each step. Generally the series of tools builds on itself by using the output raster from previous tool in the series. The process is relatively user friendly, as the tool dialog boxes prompt you to use specific raster features for the input raster features [2]. The steps of terrain processing treatments those are processed through sequential manner that being converges the way of continues surface (DEM) is processed for watershed related Figure 2: Indicating overall Process flow issues. The sequential steps were used; those are actually the hydrologic tools in the Arc Hydro environment for delineations watershed. The uses of ArcHydro tools auto-algorithms are promoted to the feature are constructed scientifically. The algorithms used for the extraction of the watershed morphometric analysis are benefitted by the speed, accuracy and standardization and got some idea that the automatic algorithm works as transpire.

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Figure 3: shows the systematic way of data processing steps

Experimental Results : This modern technology gives the holistic way of perception related to morphometric analysis of watersheds. The morphometric parameters firstly extracted from a layered of spatial feature properties that are as of attribute tables are actually generated while developing step by step feature of treatments. Once the calculations of morphometric parameters [15,16] finishes the following results were observed. See table1. The final output is capable to fit the purposes that are quantitative measurement of configuration of given topography then these results are expressed in pictorial and tubular form. Figure 4: Godavari River-Sub-Drainage Watershed Map

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Table 1: Drainage Basin Morphometry Worksheet Conclusion : In Integrated environment the drainage morphometric study is helpful in identification and characterization of given sub-watersheds. To extract the catchment characteristics in integrated environment the certain algorithms are applied. These are D8 algorithm and flow vector algorithm etc. The algorithms used for the extraction of the watershed morphometric analysis are benefitted by the speed, accuracy and standardization and got some idea that the automatic algorithm works as transpire. Through this work the natural made topography measured in quantitative approach. Catchment shape characterization three parameters were evaluated namely elongation ratio (0.05), circulatory ratio (0.2) and form factor (0.19).All these parameters values indicate that the shape is in elongation nature. The bifurcation ratio observed 1.33 and it indicate that the basin area is in flat nature. Likewise analysed the morphometric parameters such as area, length, streampattern, flow direction, perimeters, elongation ratio, circulatory ratio and form factor, by use of integrated environment to quantify the configuration of the given topography and noticed the functionality of algorithm of integrated environment. Acknowledgements I am sincerely thanks to Vision and Intelligent System Lab, Department of CSIT, Dr. BabasahebAmbedkarMarathwada University, India for providing me necessary research laboratory / facility for completion of this research work. References : [1] D. Buckeye, “Bio Diversity GIS,” 22-Apr-2014. [Online]. Available: http://bgis.sanbi.org/GIS-primer/page_10.htm. [Accessed: 25-Nov-2014]. [2] Joewheaton, “Watershed Delineation - Advanced GIS Courses: WATS USU.”[Online]. Available: http://gis.joewheaton.org/assignments/labs/lab-8---choice/lab08a/task-1---watershed-delineation. [Accessed: 25- Nov-2014]. [3] Joe, “Grades - Advanced GIS Courses: WATS USU.”[Online]. Available: http://gis.joewheaton.org/about/grades. [Accessed: 25-Nov-2014]. [4] D. Tarboton, M. David, and O. Robayo, “Watershed Delineation from Digital Elevation Models,” 07-Aug-2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro04/Introduction/Exercises/Ex4.htm. [Accessed: 26-Nov- 2014]. [5] D. Maidment, “Arc Hydro: GIS for Water Resources Workshop,”Arc Hydro Exercise 2: Upper Pearl, 03-Aug-2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro06/ArcHydro/UpperPearl/Exercise2/ArcHydroExercise2.htm. [Accessed: 26-Nov-2014]. [6] V. Merwade, M. David, and R. Oscar, “Watershed and Stream Network Delineation,” Example 4.Watershed and Stream Network Delineation.[Online]. Available: http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro07/ Introduction/Exercises/ Ex4.htm. [Accessed: 26-Nov-2014]. [7] Amit3656 and HanadiRifai, “Watershed and Stream Network Delineation.” 03-Apr-2010. [8] V. Merwade, D. Maidment, and R. Oscar, “Example Application,” 16-Jul-2005. [Online]. Available: http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro05/Introduction/Exercises/Ex3.htm. [Accessed: 26-Nov-2014]. [9] V. Merwade, “Watershed and Stream Network Delineation,”Readbag, Sep-2011.[Online]. Available: http://www.readbag.com/web-ics-purdue-vmerwade-education-terrain-processing. [Accessed: 27-Nov-2014]. [10] A. Afar, “Use of Watersheds Boundaries in the Landscape Planning,” in Advances in Landscape Architecture, M. Ozyavuz, Ed. InTech, 2013. [11] V. Merwade, D. Maidment, and R. Oscar, “Watershed and Stream Network Delineation.”, [online] Available:www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/giswr2008/Ex5/Ex52008.doc[Accessed: 27-Nov-2014] [12] ESRI, “GeoNet,” 29-May-2013. [Online]. Available: https://geonet.esri.com/thread/74853. [Accessed: 27-Nov-2014].

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

Tourist Attractions in Sindhudurg District

Dr. Satish Parshuram Terse, N. A. D. Topiwala Jr. College,

Introduction : Tourism today is the word's largest and fastest expanding Industry. The vastness of its market, unpredictability, diversity and the potential of financial and sociological rewards have made tourism one of the most fiercely competitive industry in the world. Tourism presents unparallel challenge to the economics of developing world. Its effect on creating jobs and reducing unemployment. Tourism has been paying an important role in the economic development of India and Maharashtra. Tourism is not remained only an entertainment activity but has been an Industry. Tourism is an inseparable combination of economic social and cultural issues. It has tremendous potential for earning foreign exchange, generating employment, increasing tax revenue and promoting business activities like transport and hospitality industry, Crafts, entertainment and other productive services. Objectives : 1) To highlight the attractive tourist destinations and religious places in the Sindhudurg district. 2) To Study the problems of tourism in Sindhudurg district. Tourist Attractions in the District: 1. Vaibhaivwadi Taluka - By dividing 37 villages in Gaganbawada Taluka, a separate Vaibhavwadi Taluka came to exist before 25 years. Wilh natural beauty, Napane (Sharps) waterfall, outburst (Umala) at Nadhavade and a mountain pass roads are the main tourist attractions in this Taluka. Aaynari caves from the time of Pandawas, is also the main tourist attraction. Hotel M. R. Paradise at Sharpe is providing rappelling and river crossing facilities to tourists. There are many waterfalls on Gaganbawada-Karul-Vaibhavwadi Road during the rainy season which attract the tourists in large scale. Some important tourist attractions are: a) Napane Waterfall, b) Shri Rameshwar Temple, c) Shri Kuriadevi Temple, d) Aaynari Caves 2. Devgad Taluka - Deogad is the tahasil place which situated 40 km. away from Mumbai Goa National Highway. The world famous 'Deogad Alphonso' mangoes are available here during the season. Deogad is famous for its temples, forts, fisheries. 3. Kankavali Taluka - is the central place of Sindhudurg district on Mumbai - Panajim highway. It is also one major rail head of . Due to Bhalchandra Maharaj Mutt, Kankavli is known as a place of pilgrimage. Konkan Gandhi's (Appasaheb Patwardhan) Gopuri Ashram is located at Gopuri (Wagade), just 1 km, away from Kankavli. Kankavli Town Council has been organizing 'Tourist Festival' since 2004 in the month of April every year to attract foreign as well as domestic tourists on large scale. Some important tourist attractions are - a) Bhalchandra Maharaj Math, b) Gopuri Ashram, c) Shri Rameshwar Temple, d) Ramgad, e) Shivgad. 4. Taluka - On the Mumbai-Goa National Highway, Kudal is a scenic town on the Bhangsal river side. Places of interest include the Agro Research Center and Kudaleshwar temple. Kudal is a birth place of great litterateur Shri. C,T. Khanolkar. A temple of Kudaleshwar is scenic place tor tourists. Kudal was the capital place during the period of king Chandraditya. Historical Kudal Kot, Gadi and Wada, Shri. Macchindranath temple at Pavasi are the main tourist places in this area. Some important tourist attractions are: a) Mahalaxmi Temple b) Rawoolmaharaj Math c) Manohar–Mansantoshgad d) Ranganagad e) Dream Land f) Datt Temple 5. - Malvan city situated approximately 6 km. away north of , is the prominent settlement of Malvan, virtually hidden by Palm trees. Once a maritime trading center, the place is famous for its Salt pan. 16 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

A beautifully developed coastline, Malvan is famous for the which was built by . The journey from the coast to fort takes just ten minutes. Also Malvani cuisine is well known all over India. The Marine sanctuary here covers an area of 9.25 square kilometer and is rich in coral and other sea life. Some important tourist attractions are: a) Sindhudurg fort, b) Rajkot Fort, c) Shivrajeshwar Temple, d) Tarkarli, e) Tondavali, Devbaug, Achara, & Dhamampur f) Shri Bharadeedevi Temple, g) Laxminarayan Temple, h) Scuba Diving, Snorkelling. 6. Taluka - A seaside town, Vengurla is 524 km. away from Mumbai. Vengurla's coast line is dotted with some of the exotic and virgin beaches in Maharashtra. Places of interest in Vengurla are Light House, Fruit Research Center, Vengurla's market. Devi Sateri Temple, Shri. Rameshwar Temple, Hanuman Temple, Sagareshwar Beach, Vayangani Beach, Mochemad fishing village and Beach, Vengurla port and Duch Warehouse etc. Some important tourist attractions are: a) Vayangani, Nivati, Sagartirtha, Sagareshwar. Mochemad, Shiroda, Khavana Beach b) Rameshwar, Vetoba, Navdurga & Ganesh Temple c) Natural port Vengurla 7. Taluka - Rich, artistic and cultural heritage of Sawantwadi is the lifeline of it's economy. Colourful wooden toys which are seen in most parts of India are manufactured in Sawantwadi. These local tradition going back to seven decades using simple raw material such as timber. paper-mache and laqour- The artisans of Sawantwadi create colourful toys painted with natural dyes. The local artisans are skilled in the art of painting of playing card (GanJifa), wooden and slay artifacts, jewellary and other embellishments. The painting have intricate patterns depicting royal life style as well as spiritual beliefs of the people in the region dating back almost the 7th century. Some important tourist attractions are: a) The palace Sawantwadi b) Raghunath market c) Woodn toys & Fruits d) Shipgram e) Nangartas waterfall f) Hill Resort Amboli 8. Dodamarg Taluka - Variety of birds, Wild animals, and babbles of hills gorges, rivers and beautiful scenic nature is the gift available to Dodamarg Taluka. Different activities are undertaken to develop tourism in this area. Tilari’s natural beauty is the main attraction of the tourists. Hilly area at both sides and origin of Tilari river is beautiful scenic place for the tourists. The work of Tilari project, one of the major irrigation project in the district, is going on this river since last 20 years. Maharashtra and Goa are the main beneficiaries of this project. A garden at Tilari is going to develop like Saint Dnyaneshwar garden, Mysore. Kasainath hill also attract tourists due to availability of wild animals and birds. A temple of Shri Shankar, constructsd during the period of Pandavas is also attracting tourists on large scale. During rainy season, many tourists visit and enjoy this beautiful place. The main areas like Talkat, Sasoli. Kumbral, Kolzer and Zoiambe are the famous for horticulture. Some important tourist attractions are: a) Chorla Waterfall b) Pargad Adventure Sports c) Hand-Gliding d) Rope climbingg Problems of Tourism In Sindhudurg District : a) Problem of accommodation b) Transport problems c) Parking problems d) Sanitation problems e) Narrow roads f) Problem of tourism literature and hoardings g) Problem of cleanliness of beaches h) Prohibition on drinking liquor i) Problem of guide services j) Non-availability of currency exchange facility Suggestions : 1) To develop Infrastructure Facilities in Sindhudurg district. 2) Local people should be change their attitudes. 3) Government should give Training facilities. 4) Government should prepare guide book. 5) To available of guide facility in Sindhudurg district. References : 1. Kumar Maneet : Tourism Today – An Indian Perspective, Kanishka Publishing House, Delhi, 1992 2. Punia Bijender K. : Tourism Management Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, 1994 3. Batra G. S. and Chawala A. S : Tourism Management – A Global Perspective Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1995 17 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

Role of Business Communication in Tourism Industry

Dr. S. A. Tambade

Dept. of English, Sahakarbhushan S. K. Patil, College, Kurundwad. Tal. Shirol, Dist. Kolhapur.

Abstract : Tourism emerged as the largest global industry in the 21st century. In this millennium global economy will be governed by technology, telecommunication and tourism. It has potential to create sustainable development in infrastructure and creating the good number of jobs. According to an assessment in India alone, 100 million jobs will be created by the tourism industry in the next few years. Communication is important in tourism business, industry and its various operations. Improved skills of communication both verbal and non-verbal do job more efficiently and effectively project the image of company. In this paper, an attempt is made to take a review of how communication boosts tourism industry. Keywords : Business Communication, Tourism, Tourism Promotion, Media, Sustainable Development. Introduction : In the world of business, communication is basic as well as the most important factor of organization. It is essential for the establishment, success and the growth of business. Clear, efficient and quick communication is a key to the success of any business organization. Human relations are important in achieving success with any work that will have to be done with the help of others. One’s ability to communicate with one another man and use one’s knowledge and technical skills to complete a designed work will depend upon the quantity of human relations skills that one practices. Business Communication: it’s nature : Communication is the transfer of information and ensures that messages reach the persons to whom they are sent that the receiver understands and responds as the sender of communication wants the receiver to do. It is a way of reaching others with ideas, facts, thoughts and values. Many business functions have failed because of poor communication, misunderstood messages and unclear instructions. It really plays a crucial role in the business functions of planning, organizing and controlling. It is really through communication that an executive motivate the subordinates to carry out certain specified functions, fulfill leadership roles and coordinate the efforts of people within the organization. Every business organization, whatever its business or its size is held together by communication, without which an organization cannot survive. Communication is the tool, with one can exercise influence on the others, brings about changes in the human attitudes and views, motivate them and establishes and maintains good relations with them. Communication is a process in which the sender and receiver take part. The business communication flows through the structure i.e. sender, message, encoding, channel, receiver and feedback. Definitions of Communication :  Communication is a process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. - Keith Davis.  Communication is any behavior that results in an exchange of meaning. Tourism Defined : The definition of Tourism varies source by source, person by person. There is no consensus concerning the definition of tourism. Nearly every institution defines ‘Tourism’ differently. But when it comes to explain it with the basic terms, we can sum it up as follows, “Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries which deliver a travel experience comprising transportation, accommodation, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment business and other hospitality services provided for individuals or groups traveling away from home.”

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In order to prevent the disaccords to define ‘Tourism’, UNWTO defined it as indicated below: ‘Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.’ Tourism is different from travel. In order for tourism to happen, there must be a displacement: an individual has to travel, using any type of means of transportation. But all travel is not tourism. There are three distinct elements of tourism: 1. Involvement of travel by non-residents. 2. Stay of temporary nature in the area visited. 3. Stay not connected with any activity involving earning. Tourism is, therefore a composite phenomenon which embraces the incidence of a mobile population of travelers who are strangers to the places they visit. It is essentially a pleasure activity in which money earned in one’s normal domicile is spent in the place visited. Basic Motivations for Travel and Tourism : Tourist motivations include escape, relaxation, strengthening family togetherness, wish and self-fulfillment, prestige, shopping, social interaction, freedom and entertainment, experiencing different cultures, curiosity, to go on vacations, to enrich knowledge, the needs of people, self-exploration, excitement or social interaction etc. Factors Influencing the Growth of Tourism : a) Greater affluence and more leisure for an increasing number of people, particularly in the developed countries. b) The emancipation of the young and the relatively higher wages they possess, enabling them to travel. c) Transport facilities, especially air, very much better and cheaper, and there is a high rate of car ownership. d) An enormous growth in international business necessitating travel. e) Package tours give arrangements to travel with easy mind. f) Relief from adverse climatic conditions. g) Conferences and business meetings are proliferating. Tourism Planning and Development : The need for planning arises whenever some rational thinking is required to arrive at a choice among a set of limited means so that certain ends are satisfied especially when the means are substitutable among themselves. The need for planned development is of paramount importance. The key steps I planning are- assessment of tourist demand and supply, establishing objectives, territorial planning, basic infrastructure, financial planning, human resource planning, marketing and promotion, monitoring progress and the time factor. Communication Skills and their Significance in Tourism Development in the Industry : How to develop those facets of personality which are essential for the travel and tourism business, improved skills of communication, both verbal and non-verbal do job more efficiently and effectively project the image of company. The travel and tourism business is unique in the hospitality industry in the sense that it’s product cannot be felt, touched or seen. They are only heard and experienced. Here one cannot sell tangible products but rather sell ideas and services. Value of Personal Appearance : One has to remember that this is a ‘service’ industry, where the customer is always supposed to be right. So it is necessary to focus those aspects of personality which will appeal to customers. Projecting image of company/industry is required uniformity in person’s appearances. Customer seizes you/people of industry within the first five seconds of meetings and one never get a second opportunity to make the first impression. It is essential to look at some of the physical aspects of persons who are involved in communication with customers. Regarding male his hair should be short and well-trimmed with a style that suits to the face. To look fresh and tidy he must shave everyday. A white shirt with long sleeved will be preferred. The tie should be well-knotted and should stay fit at the collar. Trousers should be simple and comfortable to wear without any fancy trappings. Jacket must complement the shirt. Wearing socks that matches the shoes is required. Shoes may be either slip ones or with laces. There is always temptation for women to be flashy because the travel and tourism business is also a show business. The hair of female if are short or medium in length, brushing them well is apt so that it stays above forehead and behind ears. The makeup of female should be subtle so that it adds a charm to the face but don’t give the impression that the face has been painted. Avoid strong and heavy perfumes which may make customers feel uncomfortable. If she is wearing a sari, a floral design with small flowers with a matching blouse gives an elegant appearance. While wearing a

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sari then choosing either sandals or slippers with heels not higher than six inches. The jewelry should be simple and to the minimum. Communication Skills : Besides, personal appearance another important aspect is personality which remarkably influences the tourism business. Communication is a process of sharing, transferring or exchanging information, ideas, views and feelings between two or more persons. It is difficult to get along without communicating with others especially in the service industry, it is just impossible. In order to make communication effective, there must be a sender and a receiver, a message, a medium and a feedback. The sender sends the message to the receiver through a medium which may oral, written or non-verbal. Similarly, the receiver responds to the sender’s message by giving feedback to the sender. For the effective communication, four basic language skills are important. According to linguists we spend about 11% of our time in writing, 15% in reading, 26% in speaking and 48% in listening. However, it is essential to overcome some common barriers which may adversely affects communication. Some common barriers are- physical, perceptual, emotional, cultural, language, gender and interpersonal barriers. For the smooth communication one has to overcome these barriers. It is important that staff members of the tourism industry are fully trained in language and communication skills. They must be comfortable with the language. They use to interact with customers. The customers must feel that their questions are both understood and answered to their satisfaction because they are not only paying for accommodation or food only but also for service. Guests should not be struggling to communicate what they want. If you are not able to relate to your customer, to understand their needs and to have a mutual dialogue your business is dead. There are also alternative ways of removing language barriers. Industries must include the practice of hiring bilingual or multilingual staff whenever possible. One or two bilingual speakers in each department are recommended. Their names must be listed and posted in each department for a quick reference for anyone who might need interpretation assistance. It may also teach how an employee deals with a tough or drunken customer. During the exercise staff are coached, criticized and complimented with a view to improving their demeanor, responses, and professional use of verbal and body language in those circumstances. Teaching effective language use and communication skills via video link can be effective as well. Technological advances have brought so many other teaching and coaching tools to the industry including social media. Conclusion : Communication plays a vital role in the growth and sustainability of tourism. Marketing of tourist destinations helps travelers make informed decisions about where to go and happens through several forms of communication, which include print, social media sites and television. The unlimited access to information has led to tens of thousands of people traveling to a destination everyday. The increase in tourism can have economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts on both local communities and entire nations. References : 1. Suhita Chopra, 1991, ‘Tourism and Development in India.’ 2. Nirmal Kumar, 1996, ‘Tourism and Economic Development.’ 3. Adair, John, 2003, ‘Effective communication’, London, pan Macmillan Ltd. 4. Bovee, C. and Barbora Schatzman, 2010, ‘Business communication Today’, P.Hall 5. Romila Chawla, 2006, ‘Tourism Marketing and Communications’, Arise Pub. New Delhi 6. A.K.Bhatia, 1982, ‘Tourism Development.’ Sterling Pub. New Delhi. 7. Romila Chawla, 2003, ‘Tourism in India’, Sonali Pub. New Delhi. 8. Jay Kandampully, 2008, ‘Service Quality Management in Hospitality and Tourism’, Jaico Pub. Fort Mumbai.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Sex Ratio in Panhala Tehsil 1991–2011

Prof. Sunil Bhosale, Research Student, SRTM University, Nanded Prof. Sanjaykumar Menshi, Head Dept. of Geog., Gopalkrushna Gokhale College, Kolhapur

Abstract : The sex ratio is usually defined as the number of females per thousand males. The sex ratio is a function of three basic factors, i.e. sex ratio at birth, differentials in mortality between sexes at different stages of life and sex selective migration (Clarke, 1960). The migration rate and occupational structure exerts influence on sex ratio, in its own turn, sex ratio has a profound effect on other demographic element like growth of population, marriage rates, occupational structure, etc. (Shyrock, 1976). The sex ratio may vary widely from one area to another and one age-group to another depending upon the age-specific mortality rates and sex-specific net migration rate. The present study based on secondary data; witch is collected from district census handbook 1991, 2001 and 2011. In this research paper village wise briefly analyze sex ratio of Kolhapur district. According to 2011 census data as compeer to state (929) and district (957); Panhala tehsil recorded 915 female per 1000 male. In this research paper Sex Ratio has been calculated at village wise; to find out ground level condition of Panhala tehsil. Key wards: Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Sex Ratio. Introduction : The concept of sex ratio is not in uniform all over the world and calculated differently in different countries In U.S.A, the sex ratio is expressed in terms of number of males per hundred females. In New Zealand, sex ratio is expressed in terms of number of females per hundred males. In India, however, the sex ratio is expressed in terms of number of females per thousand males (Roy, 2015). The sex ratio is usually defined as the number of females per thousand males. The sex ratio is a function of three basic factors, i.e. sex ratio at birth, differentials in mortality between sexes at different stages of life and sex selective migration (Clarke, 1960). The migration rate and occupational structure exerts influence on sex ratio, in its own turn, sex ratio has a profound effect on other demographic element like growth of population, marriage rates, occupational structure, etc. (Shyrock, 1976). The sex ratio may vary widely from one area to another and one age-group to another depending upon the age-specific mortality rates and sex-specific net migration rate. The Sex ratio is an important demographic indicator reflecting the socio-economic structure of any society. It is one of the best indicators of status of women in the society. Sex ratio is an index of the socio-economic conditions prevailing in an area and is a useful tool for regional analysis (Faranklin, 1956). Sex ratio of human population is one of the basic demographic characteristic, which is extremely vital for any meaningful demographic analysis. It is an index of existing socio-economic conditions of a female in any region. The knowledge of sex ratio is essential for understanding the employment and consumption patterns and social needs of a community (Trewartha, 1953). The separate data for male and female are important for various types of planning and for the analysis of other demographic characteristics, such as mortality, migration, marital status and economic etc. The balance between the two sexes affects the social and economic relationship within a community (Nandihalli and Hurakadli, 2014). The proportions of men and women in total of a society have essential bearings in as far as it affects the labour provides through marriage and fecundity. It is usually believed that if the proportion of males is higher than that of females more workers will be available. However, in relation to the sexual status of population in country, the ratio of male and female of the study region play very important role in economic development. Therefore attempt is made here to study changing pattern of sex ratio in Panhala tehsil. Study Area : Panhala tehsil is situated in the northern part of Kolhapur district. It lies between 16o 35' and 16o 54' north latitudes and 73o 48' and 74o 13' east longitudes. It is surrounded by Sangli district to the north, to the west, tehsil to the east and Radhanagari tehsil to the south. The Sahyadri ranges part of and Masai Tableland spread over in the central part of Panhala tehsil. The district has an area of 559.9 sq km and a population of

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206872 (1991), 238383 (2001) and 259417 population as per census 1991, 2001 and 2011. While the geographical area of the tehsil accounts for 7.70 percent of the total area out of the Kolhapur District. The density of population is 369, 426 and 463 persons per sq km according to 1991, 2001 and 2011 census. The headquarters of the tehsil is at Panhala. Panhala tehsil have been dived in to five circles viz. Kodoli, Kotoli, Kale, Panhala and Bajarbhogaon for administrative purposes. There are 131 villages, one Nagarparishad and one census town according to 2011 census.

It derives its importance from its past Historical associations and its present position as a great historical tourist centre. It is well connected by the only road of Kolhapur district as well as Maharashtra. Objectives : 1. To study the village wise spatio-temporal analysis of sex ratio in Panhala tehsil 2. To examine the sex ratio at State, District and Tehsil wise. Data Base and Methodology : In present research paper secondary have been used which is collected from Kolhapur district census handbook 1991, 2001 and 2011. GIS mapping techniques have been used for this research paper. For the purpose of cartographic technique QGIS software has been used. For the calculate sex ratio following equation is employed.

Where, Pf : represent number of female Pm : represents number of males The village wise distribution of sex ratio has been categories in to four category viz. Low (Below 950), Moderate (951-975), High (976-1000) and Very High (Above 1000). Analysis of the study has been made with help of the statistical techniques and on the basis of this results and conclusion are drawn. Result and Discussion : Distribution of Sex Ratio 1991–2011 - Table No 1 revels that State, District and Tehsil wise distribution of Sex Ratio from 1991 to 2011. In Fig. No 1 show that as compeer to state and Panhala tehsil sex ratio of Kolhapur district is high. In 1991 state recorded 934 female for per 1000 male, 922 in 2001 and 929 in 2011. It means that 1991 to 2001 sex ratio have been decreased from 12 female for per 1000 male but again in 2001 to 2011 sex ratio have been slightly increased from 7 female for per 1000 male.

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Table No 1 Sex ratio of the State, District & Panhala Tehsil 1991 - 2011 Sr. Year Circle No. 1991 2001 2011 1 Maharashtra 934 922 929 2 Kolhapur 961 949 957 3 Panhala Tehsil 949 921 915 Source : Kolhapur District Census Handbook 1991, 2001 & 2011

2011

Fig. No. 1 The districts have been recorded 961 female for per 1000 male in 1991 but in 2001 (949) sex ratio has been decreased from 12 Female from per 1000 male. In 2001 to 2011 sex ratio has been increased from 8 female for per 1000 male. In Panhala tehsil 1991 to 2011 sex ratio has been decreased from 949 to 915 female from per 1000 male. Panhala tehsil recorded 915 female for per 1000 male in 2011 census it is serious demographic problem. Panhala Tehsil Village Wise Distribution of Sex Ratio 1991-2011 - Table no 2 shows that village wise distribution of sex ratio from 1991 to 2011. There are 130 villages and 1 town in Panhala tehsil these villages are dived in to 5 circles viz. Kale, Kotoli, Kodoli, Panhala and Bajar Bhogaon. In fig no 2 village wise sex ratio have been categorised in to four categories viz. Low (Below 950), Moderate (951-975), High (976-1000) and Very High (1001 & Above). Table No. 2 Panhala Tehsil: Village Wise Distribution of Sex Ratio 1991–2011 Sr. Sr. NAME 1991 1991 2001 NAME 1991 1991 2001 No. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Akurde 977 1036 950 66 Malwadi 882 1071 935 2 Alave 982 1187 928 67 Manewadi 861 946 896 3 Amatewadi 1094 774 1000 68 Manwad 1061 942 1004 4 Ambarde 1012 878 983 69 Marali 917 1040 879 5 Ambavade 986 1017 595 70 Menganewadi (n.v.) 1000 769 1119 6 Apati 902 802 882 71 Mhalunge Tar Borgaon 896 986 910 7 Arale 944 760 927 72 Mhalunge Tarf Thane 882 850 884 8 Asagaon 1060 1429 1021 73 Mitharwadi 725 1095 962 9 Asurle 938 885 924 74 Mohare 963 985 919 10 Atkirwadi{n.v.) 1010 878 949 75 Morewadi(n.v) 947 926 916 11 Awali 1015 847 923 76 Motaiwadi 993 2000 913 12 Badewadi 1079 1156 924 77 Mugadewadi 986 739 1007 13 Bahirewadi 952 921 923 78 Nanundre 1061 913 988 14 Bajarbhongaon 995 1223 958 79 Navali 921 698 943 15 Bandivade 1078 888 1018 80 Navalvwadi (n.v) 844 579 836 16 Bongewadi 1204 778 1016 81 Nebapur 953 959 982 17 Borgaon 1021 837 949 82 Nikamwadi (n.v.) 891 750 896 18 Borivade 1086 978 1035 83 Nivachiwadi (n.v.) 937 1000 921

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 19 Borpadale 954 924 956 84 Nivade 962 797 973 20 Chavhanwadi 1019 1138 1000 85 Padal 938 785 907 21 Danewadi 1142 1053 989 86 Padasali 1019 920 1566 22 Darewadi (n.v.) 969 1188 957 87 Paijarwadi(n.v.) 944 929 837 23 Desaiwadi 1008 969 946 88 PANHALA 914 902 745 24 Devthane 961 971 922 89 Panhala (rural) 955 853 663 25 Dewale 1034 1028 957 90 Panore 996 888 960 26 Dhabdhabewadi 1009 1109 944 91 Panutre 1009 1078 1011 27 Digawade 936 901 957 92 Parakhandale 982 914 906 28 Gharapan 1015 1000 955 93 Parle T.thane 934 863 946 29 Ghotavade 954 859 920 94 Patpanhala 1016 1034 930 30 Giroli 959 1188 976 95 Pimple T.satave 935 756 943 31 Gogave 866 567 936 96 Pimple T.thane 983 939 979 32 Golivade 1036 1018 936 97 Pisatri 1032 1150 941 33 Gothane 1308 1154 1147 98 Pohale T.alate 948 1041 894 34 Gothe 886 1000 894 99 Pohale T.borgaon 905 778 1002 35 Gude 991 1077 925 100 Pohalwadi 1000 956 882 36 Harpavade 1002 789 993 101 Pokhale 872 770 1012 37 Injole 890 1000 1000 102 Pombre 1073 1267 938 38 Jakhale 964 1087 917 103 Porle T.borgaon 949 1232 909 39 Japhale 918 851 874 104 Punal 902 799 900 40 Jeeur 984 1607 903 105 Pushire T.borgaon 1042 1395 1059 41 K.thane 939 1007 892 106 Rakshi 961 1023 984 42 Kakhe 946 783 930 107 Salwadi (n.v.) 968 926 977 43 Kale 836 904 918 108 Satarde 869 798 870 44 Kaljawade 1076 1282 1002 109 Satave 967 874 943 45 Kaneri 930 737 912 110 Sawarde T.satave 983 956 893 46 Karanjphen 961 1314 974 111 Sawarde T.asandoli 903 958 897 47 Katebhogaon 905 918 952 112 Shahapur 906 990 953 48 Kaurwadi 993 957 886 113 Shindewadi 1167 778 952 49 Kekhale 953 816 894 114 Shindewadi 879 830 869 50 Kherivade 987 826 829 115 Sule 979 951 928 51 Khotwadi 926 841 888 116 Talewadi 1177 3250 1041 52 Kisrul 969 1000 917 117 Tandulwadi 1108 1273 1003 53 Kodavade 957 775 956 118 Telave 1000 814 986 54 Kodoli 883 888 884 119 Tirpan 915 888 930 55 Kolik 1082 709 1077 120 Undri 1031 1029 986 56 Kololi 985 1038 938 121 Utre 1046 1139 938 57 Kotoli 957 949 923 122 Vekhandwadi 1070 854 870 58 Kumbharwadi 1042 732 939 123 Wadi Ratnagiri 962 870 969 59 Kushire 1004 927 934 124 Waghave 936 915 934 60 Mahadikwadi 951 1043 1023 125 Waghurde 981 1099 967 61 Majegaon 898 1032 942 126 Walavekarwadi 941 682 891 62 Majnal 930 960 948 127 Waloli 926 807 937 63 Male 977 1003 938 128 Warnul 897 973 938 64 Malharpeth 998 838 922 129 Washi 1106 1083 1024 65 Malwadi 939 750 932 130 Wetavade 1004 1282 955 131 Yevaluj 931 965 920 Source: Kolhapur District Census Handbook 1991, 2001 & 2011

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The low (Below 950) level sex ratio are found in 49 villages in 1991, 81 in 2001 and 91 in 2011 out of 131 villages. There are bottom level 10 villages viz. Amatewadi (474), Talave (523), Navali (548), Walavekarwadi (569), Kololi (627), Pimple T. Thane (631), Nebapur (636), Kumbharwadi (655), Washi (657), Sawarde T. Asandoli (667) and Navalvwadi (667) etc. To observing the 1991 to 2011 census data of sex ratio Panhala tehsil facing very serious condition because of in 1991 there are 49 villages recorded low level sex ratio and in 2011 there are 91 villages out of 131 villages. In moderate level (951-975) sex ratio there are 21 villages in 1991, 17 villages in 2001 and 20 villages in 2011.

Fig. No. 2 In high level of sex ratio (976-1000) found in 22 villages in 1991, 14 villages in 2001 and 10 villages in 2011. The Very High (Above 1001) level of sex ratio found in 39 villages in 1991, 19 villages in 2001 and 10 villages in 2011. In 1991 Gothane (1308), Bongewadi (1204), Telewadi (1177), Shindewadi (1167) and Danewadi (1142) these are top five villages wear ratio of female for per 1000 male is very high. In 2001 Padasali (1566), Gothane (1147), Menganewadi (1119), Kolik (1077) and Pushire T. Borgaon (1059) these are top five villages are recorded more female for per 1000 male. The Padsali (1163), Meganewadi (1058), Patpanhala (1050), Atkirwadi (1034) and Pushire T. Borgaon (1030) villages are top five in 2011.

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Conclusion : 1. The sex ratio according 1991, 2001 and 2011 of Panhala tehsil (949, 921 & 915) as compeer to state (934, 922 & 929) and district (961, 949 & 957) level is very low. 2. In the state and district 1991 to 2001 sex ratio have been decreased and again 2001 to 2011 sex ratio have been increased but in Panhala tehsil 1991 to 2011 continuously sex ratio have been decreased. 3. The low level sex ratio are found in 49 villages in 1991, 81 in 2001 and 91 in 2011 out of 131 villages. It indicates that 70 Per cent of villages every decide facing very serious problem. 4. From 1991 to 2001 the sex ratio has decreased, but in Kolhapur district Collector Laxmikant Deshmukh organized by the “Save Baby Girl” campaign, due to the period 2001 to 2011, there has been a positive change in the sex ratio. Reference : 1. Kolhapur District Census Handbook 1991, 2001 and 2011. 2. Arjun Nanaware (2017): “Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Rural Sex Ratio in Kolhapur District”, Maharashtra Bhugolshastra Sanshodhan Patrika, ISSN: 0971-6785 {Impact Factor 3.687 (IIFS)} Vol. 34, No.2, pp 85-89. 3. Clarke J.I. (1960): Rural and Urban Sex Ratio in England and Wales, Tij Descriptor, Economic and Social Geographic, p. 29. 4. Franklin S.H. (1956): The Pattern of Sex Ratio in New Zealand, Economic Geography, 32, Pp.162-176. 5. Nandihalli S. S. and Hurakadli S. M. (2014): Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Sex Ratio: A Case Study of Haveri District, Karnataka, The Konkan Geographer, Vol.No.08 p.66. 6. Shyrock H.S. (1976): The method and Meterials of Demography, Academic press, New York, p.105. 7. Trewartha G.T. (1953): A Case for Population Geography, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, p.43.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

Agro Tourism in Maharashtra

Dr. Devidas Vikram Hargile, S. K. P. Sindhudurg Mahavidaylay, Malvan

Introduction : Agro tourism will bring the primary sector agriculture closer to the service sector and will attract more attention to development of rural infrastructure. Agro Tourism is defined as "Travel that combines agricultural or rural settings with product of agricultural operations ail within a tourism experiences." India is already established as one of the top tourist destination in the world. Value addition by introducing novel products like agro tourism would only strengthen the competitiveness of Indian tourism industry in global market. Agro - Tourism is an innovative agricultural activity related to tourism and agriculture both. It has a great capacity to create additional source of income and employment opportunities to the farmers. Maharashtra is one of the major tourist centers in India. Objectives : 1) To Study the Economical Benefits of Agro-Tourism Centers. 2) To Study the Social Benefits of Agro-Tourism Centers. 3) To Examine the Limitations of the Agro-Tourism in Maharashtra. Economical Benefits Of Agro-Tourism Centres : Agro Tourism has the potential to change the economic face of traditional agriculture. In Year 2009-10 the Share of agriculture in GDP was 17.5% and share of Service sector was 62-6% Agriculture sharing in 2009-10 was 8.5%, in year 2010 total tourist arrival in 2010 was 6.55 lack. Foreign Exchange earning form tourism in Rupee terms during 2010 were Rs. 64889 Crore with a growth rate of 18.17. Foreign Exchange earning in US $ terms during Dec 2010 were US $ 1558 million with 24.6% growth rate. Therefore in US $ terms also growth rate observed in 2010 was positive and substantially high. The service sector's contribution to the total employment is nearby 8.78%. The sector which was hit by global recession attracted investment of $ 5.3 billion in 2008-09 and show a growth of 2% Agro-Tourism word bring many direct and indirect benefits to the farmers and rural people-Some of the benefits are following.  Employment opportunities to the farmers including farm family members and youth.  Additional income source for the frames to protest against agriculture income fluctuations.  Farmers can improve their standard of living due to the contacts with urban peoples.  It supports the rural and agricultural development process.  Help to reduce the burden on the other traditional tourist centers. Social Benefits of Agro-Tourism Centres : Agro-Tourism is also a tourism business but it is different from the common tourism because it has a base of agriculture and rural lifestyle. Generally tourism has provided to see and enjoy the natural places as well as some heri- tages. But Agro- Tourism is a tourism which includes experiences, education and cultural transformation. Agro Tourism follows the concept "Come, pluck a fruit. Smell a flower, run in the fields, lie on the hay and be lost in rural India" Agro Tourism centers provide the following social and cultural environment to the tourists.  Cultural transforming between urban and rural people including social moral values.  It provides pollution and noise free sites for travel and tourism at rural backgrounds.  The cost of food accommodation. Recreation and travel is minimum in agro-tourism.  A family environment at the tourist place is one of the most important characteristics in the agro-tourism.  Agro-Tourism can satisfy the curiosity of urban people about sources of food plants, animals and industrial agro-raw materials.  It provides information about the rural handicraft languages, culture, traditional dresses and lifestyle.  In Agro-Tours, tourists not only see and watch agriculture farms but also they can participate in the agriculture activities and experiences the farming. 27 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

 It provides natural situation to watch, birds, water bodies etc.  Agro-Tourism could create awareness about rural life and knowledge about agriculture.  It also provides opportunities for education through experiences of farming and knowledge about the rural life including entertainment. Agro-tourism in an instrument of Urban-rural connectivity through the tours. Limitations of the Agro-Tourism In Maharashtra : The Maharashtra has a greater potential of the development of the agro-tourism centers due to the good natural and climatic conditions. But there are some problems in the process of agro-tourism development in the state. Major challenges and problems are follows;  Ignorance of the farmers regarding to the such type of activities  Presence of unorganized sector in the Agri-Tourism industry.  Lack of perfect knowledge about the agro-tourism  Weak communication skill and lack of commercial approach of the small farmers.  Lack of perfect knowledge about the agro-tourism  Weak communication skill and lack of commercial approach of the small farmers.  Many farmers have small size holding, low quality land and little or no access to credit or irrigation. Have to negotiate with consistent drought.  148 of the 355 Talukas in the state are consistently drought prone.  Lack of capital to develop basic infrastructure for the agro-tourism  Ignorance of the farmers regarding to the such type of activities.  Presence of unorganized sector in the Agri-Tourism industry.  Ensuring hygiene and basic requirements considering urban visitors. Suggesions for Development of Agro-Tourism : Agro-Tourism is a one of the business activity. So, farmers must have commercial mind and some marketing techniques for the success. For the better success in the agro-tourism you should follow the following things;  Develop a good relationship with the tourist for future business and chain publicity.  Give a wide publicity of your tourism centre by new papers, television etc. Use all possible advertisement means.  Develop your website and update time to time for attract foreign tourist,  Behave sincerely with the tourists and participate with them him.  Take their feedback and comments about the service and suggestions to more development and modification.  Develop contacts with the schools, colleges, NGOs, clubs, unions, organisations etc.  Train your staff or family members for reception and hospitality.  Understand about the customer's wants and their expectations and serve.  Develop different agro-tour packages of for different type of tourist and their expectations.  Preserve a address book and comments of the visited tourists for future tourism business.  Charge optimum rent and charges for the facilities/services on the commercial base  Do the artificially use local resources for the entertain / serve to tourist.  Small farmers can develop their agro-tourism centers on the basis of cooperative society. References : 1) Martha Glass, North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Suggestions for helping you start an agro tourism venture No vember 2004 2) Pandurang Taware, Director Sales & Marketing, Agro Tourism Development Corporation, Pune 3) Dennis M. Brown and Richard J. Reeder, ‘Agri-tourism offers Opportunities for Farm Operators’ 2004, U. S. A.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

Scenario of Co-Operative in India Dr. D. B. Karnik Associate Professor (Head, Dept. of Geography), G.K.G. Kanya Mahavidyalay, Jaysingpur

Abstract : The Indian Co-operative Movement has earned distinction of being the largest in the world. This is true in terms of membership and Co-operative network which spread over almost all the villages in the country and the number of Co- operative Societies. In our country, there are about 5.5 lakhs of cooperative Societies with membership of more than 22 crores. It covers a wide range of commercial activities and nearly 50% of them are engaged in agriculture and agriculture related matters. Nearly 70% of the Indian population being dependant on agriculture, is thus, connected with agricultural Co-operatives. Co-operatives have covered 100% of villages and 67% of rural households. Co-operative sector contributes 50% of total agricultural credit and distributes 35% of total fertilizer consumption in the Country. They are procuring 60% of total sugar-cane. They are also playing crucial role in the agro-processing sector i.e. processing of sugar-cane, milk, cotton and oil seeds etc. Dairy Co-operatives have excelled in their area of operation and have enabled India to attain top position in milk production in the world. Edible oil marketed through Co-operative channel is estimated at 50% and handloom Co-operatives account for 55% of the total out-put. But in spite of being largest movement in the world and strongest link, it faces number of challenges like lack of internal resources and poor mobilization of external resources, inadequate infrastructure, competitive tier structure, apathy of members towards management, lack of accountability increasing sickness, dormancy, low level professionalism, excessive government control, political interference, dominance of vested interest over the management, lack of human resources development, education and training. Key Words: Distinction, Dependant, Contributes, Mobilization, Strongest Link etc. 1. Introduction : India has basically an agrarian economy with 72% of its total population residing in rural areas. The rural people need lot of services in daily life which are met by village co-operative societies. The seeds of cooperation in India were sown in 1904 when the first Cooperative Societies Act was passed. Since then, the cooperative movement has made significant progress. Cooperatives have extended across the entire country and there are currently an estimated 230 million members nationwide. The cooperative credit system of India has the largest network in the world and cooperatives have advanced more credit in the Indian agricultural sector than commercial banks. The village co-operative societies provide strategic inputs for the agricultural sector, consumer societies meet their consumption requirements at concessional rates; marketing societies help the farmer to get remunerative prices and co-operative processing units help in value additions to the raw products etc. In addition, co-operative societies are helping in building up of storage go- downs including cold storages, rural roads and in providing facilities like irrigation, electricity, transport and health. Various development activities in agriculture, small industry marketing and processing, distribution and supplies are now carried on through co-operatives. 2. Objectives of The Study : 1. To study the concept of Co-operatives. 2. To study the types of Co-operatives. 3. To study the problems of co-operatives in India 4. To study the future prospects of Co-operatives in India. 3. Concept of Co-Operatives A cooperative is defined as an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. A cooperative may also be defined as a business owned and controlled equally by the people who use its services or who work at it.

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4. Types of Co-Operatives in : i. Housing Cooperatives - A housing cooperative is a legal mechanism for ownership of housing where residents either own shares reflecting their equity in the co-operatives real estate, or have membership and occupancy rights in a not-for-profit co- operative and they underwrite their housing through paying subscriptions or rent. ii. Worker Cooperatives - A worker cooperative or producer cooperative is a cooperative that is owned and democratically controlled by its "worker-owners". There are no outside owners in a "pure" workers' cooperative, only the workers own shares of the business, though hybrid forms in which consumers, community members or capitalist investors also own some shares are not uncommon. Membership is not compulsory for employees, but generally only employees can become members. However, in India there is a form of workers' cooperative which insists on compulsory membership for all employees and compulsory employment for all members. That is the form of the Indian Coffee Houses. iii. Consumers' Cooperatives - A consumers' cooperative is a business owned by its customers. Employees can also generally become members. Members vote on major decisions, and elect the board of directors from amongst their own number. iv. Agricultural Cooperatives - Agricultural Cooperatives Are Widespread In Rural Areas. In The United States, There are both marketing and supply cooperatives. Agricultural marketing cooperatives, some of which are government-sponsored, promote and may actually distribute specific commodities. There are also agricultural supply cooperatives, which provide inputs into the agricultural process. In Europe, there are strong agricultural / agribusiness cooperatives, and agricultural cooperative banks. Most emerging countries are developing agricultural cooperatives. 5. Problems of Co-Operatives in India : i. Non-Accountability - It is like if a child when given too many benefits it gets spoiled. The same is the case with cooperatives in India. The government gave too many benefits to cooperatives like reservation of items extra benefits like finance facilities so also it was also provided with other support this was a good thing to do, but then there was no further accountability which led to these cooperatives becoming more and more lethargic. Besides as there was no competition they became more and more costly they were not at all efficient and the worst part was that the government allowed them to function like this and pass on the burden of costs to consumers. ii. Vested Interest of Some People - A lot of times people who are in position in control of cooperatives are actually people who have joined cooperatives for personal gains. One of the major problems this causes is conflicting of personal interests with the interest of the cooperatives now this affects the Performance of the Cooperatives in a Negative Way. iii. Lack Of Coordination - Generally what happens in cooperatives is that different cooperatives at different level don’t coordinate this makes the work of cooperatives difficult. Coordination is the key to success of any organization. The best example for this is AMUL which works best because of Coordination. iv. Quality More Than Quantity - This is another major problem faced by different cooperatives who go in for quantity this causes a major problem because they think it’s a quick way to earn money so this basically affects the productivity. v. No Balanced Growth - The cooperatives in northeast areas and in areas like West Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa are not as well developed as the ones in Maharashtra and the ones in Gujarat. There is a lot of friction due to competition between different states, this friction affects the working of cooperatives. vi. Political Interference - Now this is the biggest problem faced by Sugar cooperatives in Maharashtra. The Politicians use the sugar coops as if they are their personal property and also they use it to their political advantage. This is the biggest problem of cooperatives as they use them to increase their vote bank. They also get their own favorites on the boards of such boards so they are on control these cooperatives. 6. Future Prospects of Co-Operatives In India :  The first and foremost improvement concerns the reorganization of primary societies so that they can function properly. For this reorganization three steps are called for: One, The weak and inefficient societies should be winded

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and merged with strong and efficient societies. It will no doubt reduce the number of societies, but this is itself not a bad thing. Otherwise the weak societies would undermine people’s confidence in the movement and cause a set back to it from a long term point of view.  Two, small societies should be merged to build a larger societies. With large amount of resources at it disposal big societies can avail certain facilities, which small societies cannot secure.  Thirdly, instead of single purpose societies multipurpose societies need to be organized superficially single –purpose societies appear to be more useful because each one would concentrate on a specified function. But experience suggest that unless problems of the people are viewed and solved in an integrated way, the cooperative movement can make only limited progress. Multipurpose societies can have a balanced view about the needs of its members and can meet them accordingly. As result the resource of such societies are utilized efficiently and at the same time members derive the greatest possible advantages from the resources placed at their disposal. During last few years the cooperative movement has gained much from the formation of such multipurpose societies. 7. Suggestions :  It has to ensure efficiency in it functioning. Therefore the importance measures are needed. Firstly, the loan from credit societies should be granted in such a manner and under such conditions that these are used productively and not misused. It is in this way that the recourses of the movement will be correctly used and their repayment is ensured. It is only then that the problem of over dues can be properly tackled.  Secondly, it is necessary to maintain close coordination of activities among different constituents of the cooperative structure: primary societies at the base, organization at the central and state levels should be right type. Their relations and the coordination among their working should be so institutionalized that they work together, mutually helping instead of opposing one another. Similarly there should be close integration among cooperative institutions, Reserve Bank, State Bank, Commercial Banks, and National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Government .But it does mean that the govt. or any other institution should adopt a patronizing attitude towards it. But there should be collaboration and coordination to promote the cooperative movement among the people.  Thirdly, it is necessary to enlist the services of trained administrators and devoted workers in order to impart efficiency to its working and humanize its functioning.. It is also essential that the procedures of work of cooperatives should be made simple, straight and convenient. The hold of the bureaucracy should be done away with. It is necessary to spread the movement as people’s movement. People should not think it as a part of the govt. or a department of the govt. People should own it and manage it. People should be educated and about the advantages of this movement. Educational institutions at various levels, radio, TV, newspapers, poster, and other mass media can be used for this purpose. Secondly, Govt. participation and support is necessary. But it should not be patronage or interference or domination. It should facilitate its growth in healthy lines. 8. Conclusion : The cooperative sector in India is the largest in the world and it plays a pivotal role in employment generation, poverty alleviation and food security. The role of cooperative sector is extremely important in agriculture sector, as it supplies agricultural credit and funds and has the potential to deliver goods and services in vital areas where state and private sectors have not been able to do very much. India has basically an agrarian economy with 72% of its total population residing in rural areas

References : 1. Alderman, Harold (1987), Cooperative Dairy Development in Karnataka, India, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington. 2. Das, Kumar (1993) Rural Development through Decentralizations, Discovery Pub. House, Delhi. 180p 3. Deb, Alok Kumar (2006), World Cooperative Movement, WWW. Cooperative Movement India. com 4. Hanumantha ,Rao C H( 2005 ),Agricultural Growth, Farm Size And Rural Poverty Alleviation In India, 398p 5. NABARD, (2000) Statistical Statements Relating to Co-operative Movement in India – 1997-98 - Part I and Part, Delhi.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018 ISSN 2277–4858

Single to Three Phase Conversion with

Auto Switching System for Agriculture Pumps R. G. Jadhav, Department of Geography, Willingdon College, Sangli (MS) - 416415 S. R. Kumbhar, Department of Electronics, Willingdon College, Sangli (MS) - 416415

Abstract : Now a days agriculture development is necessary to feed the increased population of India. India is developing country having population more than 125 cores with different geographical conditions from Himalayan region, plateau, plain, coasts, seas and ocean. So vast diversity of geographical region and climatic conditions makes farmers difficult to grow the proper crops in the particular season. The climatic conditions are also unpredictable. The natural conditions are unpredictable but man made some conditions are also now days unpredictable like electric power supply for the pumps. Power supply in India is one of the major problem. Today almost 30%shortage of power is managed by load shutdown in rural areas and get 3 phase power for only 3 to 4 hours a day for the agricultural pumps. Many time that is also difficult because of phase out of the power. In extreme conditions water shortages to the wells, ponds, channels and bore wells in the summer and one need to get the available water to the field but the three phase supply may not be available. Single phase supply is available all the time which can made use for agriculture pumps by converting single to three phase supply. Present system will convert single hase supply to three phase supply which will run the pumps in the remote areas and can fulfil the power for the pumps. Whenever three phase supply comes then the system bypass the conversion process and run on the main three phase. This helps to increase the agriculture production as well as the cost of the single line transmission is also lesser in the remote areas. This may be boon to the remote areas where three phase supply transmission is not possible and costly. Key words : Three phase power, Single phase power, pumps, single to 3 phase conversion. Introduction : The early development of the AC and DC machines taken place due to the industrial and agricultural revolution. The AC drives developed much more and dominated the industrial and agricultural applications in the present scenario. These AC drives developed with single, multi and coupled forms. The working power machine is generally based on the switching of power semiconductor devices [1] The switching of such devices are tremendously improved with advanced technology and used in the process control [2] The drives are used in variety of applications and no boundaries [3-8] are defined in present trends in the electronics. There was unpredictable growth in the power drives during the last 10 years. Now a days smaller, lighter, high performance, control and estimation technologies of induction motor drives are very fascinating and challenging which has due importance. The development of modular PC based induction motor and its parameter estimation was carried by Uplane and et.al. [9] This PC based drive found better over operational characteristics than conventional one. The fault detection method [10-13] also helped the process to operate drive without fail. The redundancy in the drive has gained importance such drives started developing. To have the better control over the process the microcontroller and the PLC based drive has designed and developed [14-17] and operated in the industrial applications. The three phase induction motor drive developed by Payak and et.al [18] with PWM techniques and its performance showed better over the previously developed drives. The drives started developing in the complex manner and the implementation of the FPGA based variable frequency drive for three phase [19-23] boosted the research using the Xilinx software. The uee of sensor techniques in the remote control ystem ha been implemented by Jadhav and et.al. [25-25] Many oher author wored on the development and conversion of power supply systems for the pump drives which also led to develop the advanced systems [26-31] While the converting the phase the transient pulses and signals are generated which are been protected by the use of snubbers [32]. System information and its working : The designed system consists of various blocks such as Controller, single phase rectifier, voltage inverter, driver, isolator, sunbber, switching system, motor, etc. are shown in Fig. 1. 32 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

Fig. 1 Block diagram of the single to three phase control pump drive. If three phase supply is available then pump can directly work with incoming 3 phase power and bypass the present designed system. Three phase supply is sensed by controller using the ac voltage sensor. If any one phase supply is off then controller will switch the motor to inverter for conversion of single to three phase conversion. The single phase AC is rectifier by rectifier and supplied to the inverter. The firing pulses of the inverter are generated by the controller using PWM technique and sufficient current is maintained by the buffer and the isolation of power and control is by isolator. Isolation gives the protection to the control circuit from the high output power switching. With proper PWM sequence three phase power is passed through the snubber where the surge and unexpected pulses are smoothened. Transient pulses are avoided which are generated during the switching of the inverter. A. Inverter Module - In the present situation the power supplied to the inverter is DC form the power rectifier. This DC power is converted in the AC form by using the inverter circuit. The inverter consists of six MOSFETs which are fired by the PWM signal generated by the controller circuit as shown in fig. 2.

Fig. 2 three phase inverter circuit The firing PWM signal controls the firing of the MOSFET. In this module, PWM firing signal controls the width of the pulse designed through the software. Three signals generated by controller circuit are used sequentially for firing of inverter source. While switching of MOSFETs, high currents or transient currents are generated which are bypassed using the snubber circuit consists of capacitor bank, inductor and transistor. The main control unit helps to control the power of the drive. Depending on the pulse width of the firing pulse, firing of the inverter takes place and proportional power is supplied to the drive. The Fig. 3 shows the implementation of inverter control.

Fig. 3 inverter control circuit

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The power supplied to the inverter is from the power rectifier. This is a built in rectifier directly used for conversion of 230V AC to DC voltage. The high voltage capacitor series banks are connected across the inverter which helps in rectifying and provides the bypass path to the AC. The transients generated during the switching are easily made ground by these capacitors. B. Snubber Module - There are always weak construction features in design of the device and present which leads to damage of the device due to the over heating. In the inverter rapid firing pulses are provided which may generate the surge pulse. To avoid the surge, capacitor and transistor circuit is used. The inductance coil is also connected parallel with this combination. The module is active during the turn off of the firing device. The snubber circuit is used in series with the load to avoid the damage of the load due to reapplication of the input pulses. C. Driver Module - Generally, the controller generated PWM control signal is insufficient to drive the MOSFET, so it is essential to increase the strength of the signal in terms of current. To do so, the buffer circuit is used. The Darlington transistor pair is used in the buffer stage to increase the required current strength. The sufficient gain for firing is achieved by buffer and amplifier complex called as driver. The opto-isolator will isolate the power circuit from the control circuit. This is used for safeguard against any damage if short circuit. The control circuit will be safeguarded using the isolator. Signal Sensing : i. Voltage sensing - The peak detector circuit is used for AC voltage sensing shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 Peak detector circuit. The sensed voltage is in the range of 0-5V, for the variation of 0-230V. After sensing the scaling is essential to get the desired result. The Fig. 5 shows the graph of input voltage and sensed voltage.

Fig. 5 Input voltage versus Measured voltage

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Current I to V Limiter sensor Converter

ii Current Sensing - For measurement of current the simple arrangement is used. Precision value resistance of 1 ohm with 100 W is connected in series with the supply and load. The voltage developed across the precision resistor is proportional to current passing through it. The developed voltage is passed through the transformer and limiter and through the ADC proper voltage is observed. The voltage across the ADC is in the range 0-5V and scaled to 0-15 Ampere. The actual current sensing block diagram is shown in Fig. 6. Further with signal conditioning circuit current is measured and appropriate decisions are taken by the control.

Fig. 6 Current sensing circuit. Results and conclusion : Single to three phase power conversion helps to get 3 phase power supply for farmers from the single phase supply. Hence farmers may use this techniques for their agricultural pumping system. Another thing is that three phase transmission at remote phase is difficult and costly so the designed conversion system is quite suitable for three phase system. The cost of the transmission of single phase is less and can be easily single phase is available. The auto switch also helps the bypass of the three phase when available. References : 1. A. P. Ghatule, S. R. Kumbhar, M. D. Uplane, Design of single phase induction motor drive and its fault detection using personal computer, International journal of research in computer Science and information technology, ISSN: 2319-5010, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2012, pp 33-37. 2. V. R. Patil , S. R. Kumbhar, Design and Monitoring of Wireless PIC Microcontroller based Three phase Induction Drive, Special Issue of Journal of Science Information ( National Journal), ISSN 2229-5836, 2012, PP147-150 3. S. R. Kumbhar and A. P. Ghatule, Microcontroller based Controlled irrigation system for plantation, International Multi-conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Hongkong, ISBN 978-988-19251-8-3, 15th March 2013. 4. T. S. Dalvi, S. R. Kumbhar and A. P Ghatule, Cloud Computing in Indian Agriculture with special reference to Sangli District, International journal of Research in Computer Science and Information Technology, ISSN: 2319-5010, Vol.-2, Issue 2(A), March 2014, pp. 20-23. 5. T. S. Dalvi, S. R. Kumbhar and A. P Ghatule, Cloud Computing in Indian Agriculture with special reference to Sangli District, International journal of Research in Computer Science and Information Technology, ISSN: 2319-5010, Vol.-2, Issue 2(A), March 2014, pp. 20-23. 6. T. S. Dalvi, S. R. Kumbhar, Need of Krushi Mitra Cloud model for Agriculture with special reference to Sangli District (MS), International Journal of Research in Computer Science and Information Technology (IJRCSIT), ISSN 2319- 5010, Vol. 3, Issue 1, Jul, 2014, pp 27-31. 7. T. S. Dalvi, S. R. Kumbhar, The study of cloud computing challenges in Agriculture with special reference to Sangli district (MS), International Journal of computer applications, ISSN 0975-8887, pp 11 –13. 8. T. S. Dalvi, S. R. Kumbhar, The present status and analytical view of willingness to adopt the Krushi Mitra Cloud in Sangli District., International Journal of recent advances in Engineering and technology, IRD, India. online 2347- 2812, Vol-3, Issue-8, 2015 9. S. R. Kumbhar, M. S. Gaikwad, M. S. Chavan and Dr. M. D. Uplane, Data Acquisition System for Simulation and On-line Parameter Estimation of Induction Motor using Computer, J. IETE, New Delhi, 2000, Vol. 41, pp. 23-28.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018 ISSN 2277–4858

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36 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

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¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ÖÖµÖ¸üÖŸÖᯙ ÖŸÖÖ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü ¿ÖêŸÖßÃÖÖšüß ú¸üŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ŸÖÖê †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ‘Ö¸üÖ•Ö¾Öôû ÖøüÖ ŸÖµÖÖ¸ü ú¹ý­Ö ŸµÖÖŸÖ ¾Öî¸üÖß“Öê ²Öã›üÖê, ‘Ö¸üÖŸÖᯙ ¸ü֏Ö, Öã¸üÖÓ“Öê ¿ÖêÖ-´Öã¡Ö, êú¸üú“Ö¸üÖ ™ü֍úŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. Æêü ãú•Ö»µÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ŸµÖÖ“Öê ŸÖµÖÖ¸ü —ÖÖ»Öê»Öê ÖŸÖ ¿ÖêŸÖߟÖß»Ö ×¯ÖúÖÓÃÖÖšüß ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸üŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ­ÖÖ¸ü¯ÖÖ׻֍êú“Öß Ã£ÖÖ¯Ö­ÖÖ —ÖÖ»µÖÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæ•Ö ¯Öãœêü ÃÖÖê­ÖÖŸÖÖ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü ÆüÖê‰ú »Ö֐ֻÖÖ. ´ÖÖ­Ö¾Öß ×¾Ö™üÖ úÖê¸ü›ü¶Ö ´ÖÖŸÖßŸÖ ×´ÖÃÖôæû­Ö ÃÖÖê­ÖÖŸÖ ŸÖµÖÖ¸ü ú¸üŸÖ. µÖÖ ÖŸÖÖ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¿ÖÆü¸üÖ“µÖÖ †ÖÃÖ-¯ÖÖÃÖ“µÖÖ Öê›ü¶ÖŸÖᯙ ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ŸÖÓ²Ö֏Öæ ׯ֍úÖÓÃÖÖšüß ú¸üŸÖ.8 µÖÖ ÖŸÖÖ׿־ÖÖµÖ ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ¿ÖêŸÖÖŸÖᯙ ¯Öߍú úÖœü»µÖÖ­ÖÓŸÖ¸ü ¿ÖêóµÖÖ-´Öëœü¶ÖÓ“Öê úôû¯Ö ¿ÖêŸÖÖŸÖ ÖŸÖÖÃÖÖšüß ²ÖÃÖ¾ÖŸÖ †ÃÖê. µÖÖ´Öãôûê ¿ÖêóµÖÖ-´Öëœü¶ÖÓ“Öê ´Öã¡Ö ¾Ö »Öë›ü¶Ö ¿ÖêŸÖÖŸÖ ¯Ö›üŸÖ. ¸üÖ•µÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖÛ¿“Ö´Öêú›üᯙ ³Ö֐ÖÖŸÖᯙ ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ³ÖÖŸÖÖ“Öß ¸üÖê¯Öê ŸÖµÖÖ¸ü ú¸üµÖÖ“µÖÖ •Ö֐ÖêŸÖ úÖ™üŒµÖÖ-²Öã›üÖê ¯ÖÃÖ¹ý­Ö •ÖÖôûŸÖ. Æüß ¸üÖÖ •Ö´Öß­Ö ­ÖÖӐֹý­Ö ´ÖÖŸÖßŸÖ ×´ÖÃÖôûŸÖ. µÖÖ»ÖÖ ¸üÖ²Ö ´ÆüÖŸÖ. µÖÖ׿־ÖÖµÖ ŸÖÖÖ Øú¾ÖÖ ŸÖßôû ¿ÖêŸÖÖŸÖ ¯Öê¹ý­Ö ŸµÖÖÓ­ÖÖ ±ãú»Öê µÖêŸÖÖ“Ö •Ö´Öß­Ö ­ÖÖӐֹý­Ö ¯Öã¸üŸÖ. ¿ÖêŸÖß ¯Ö֝Öß ¯Öã¸ü¾ÖšüÖ : úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ ¿ÖêŸÖß Æüß ¯ÖÖ¾ÖÃÖÖ¾Ö¸ü †¾Ö»ÖÓ²Öæ­Ö ÆüÖêŸÖß. ¯ÖÖ ÆüÖ ¯ÖÖ‰úÃÖ †×­ÖÛ¿“ÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. ŸµÖÖ´Öãôêû ¿ÖêŸÖß»ÖÖ éú×¡Ö´Ö ¯Ö֝Öß ¯Öã¸ü¾ÖšüÖ ú¸üµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ÃÖÖ¬Ö­ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü ú¹ý­Ö ¯Öߍú ˆŸ¯ÖÖ¤ü­Ö ‘ÖêŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. 1. ¬Ö¸üÖê ¾Ö ¯ÖÖ™ü :- •úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖ ¯Öӓ֐ÖӐÖÖ, ¾ÖÖ¸üÖÖ, ¾Öê¤üÖӐÖÖ ¾Ö ×Æü¸üµÖêú¿Öß µÖÖ ´ÖãµÖ “ÖÖ¸ü ­ÖªÖÓ“µÖÖ ¯ÖϾÖÖÆüÖ­Öê ÖÖê¸üß ×•Ö´ÖÖÔ•Ö —ÖÖ»Öß. ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ ÃÖ¾ÖÔ ­ÖªÖ-†Öêœü¶ÖÓ­ÖÖ ¯ÖÖ¾ÖÃÖÖóµÖÖŸÖ ³Ö¸ü¯Öæ¸ü ¯Ö֝Öß ÆüÖêŸÖê. ŸµÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ŸÖÖŸ¯Ö㸟Öê ´ÖÖŸÖß“Öê ²ÖÖÓ¬Ö ‘ÖÖ»Öæ­Ö ¿ÖêŸÖß»ÖÖ ¯Ö֝Öß ¯Öã¸ü¾ÖšüÖ êú»ÖÖ •ÖÖ‡Ô. †ÃÖê ²ÖÖÓ¬Ö ¾Ö ¯ÖÖ™ü ¯ÖÛ¿“Ö´Öêú›êü ÆüÖêŸÖê. Æêü ¯ÖÖ™ü •ÖÖ­Öê¾ÖÖ¸üß- ±êú²ÖÎã¾ÖÖ¸üß ´Ö×Æü­µÖÖŸÖ úÖê¸ü›êü ¯Ö›üŸÖ.9 2. ŸÖôûß :- ÃÖ­Ö 1853 ´Ö¬µÖê ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖ »ÖÆüÖ­Ö-´ÖÖêšüß 197 ŸÖôûß ÆüÖêŸÖß. úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¿ÖÆü¸üÖŸÖ ¸ÓüúÖôêû, ¯Ö©Öôêû, ¹ý¤üŸÖߣÖÔ, ¸ü־֝ÖêÀ¾Ö¸ü ¾Ö úÖê™üߟÖߣÖÔ †¿Öß ŸÖôûß ÆüÖêŸÖß. µÖÖ ŸÖóµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ¯Ö֝µÖÖ¾Ö¸ü £ÖÖê›üß±úÖ¸ü ¿ÖêŸÖß êú»Öß •ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß. ÃÖ­Ö 1896 ´Ö¬µÖê úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖ ¤ãüúÖôû ¯Ö›ü»ÖÖ. ŸÖê¾ÆüÖ ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæü­Öß •Öã­µÖÖ ŸÖóµÖÖÓ“Öß ¯Öã­Ö²ÖÖլ֝Öß ¾Ö ­Ö¾µÖÖ ŸÖóµÖÖÓ“Öß ²ÖÖӬ֝Öß êú»Öß. µÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ׿ָüÖêôû, ¹ýú›üß, †×ŸÖÖÏê, ÃÖ¹ý›ü µÖê£Öᯙ ŸÖóµÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ¾Öê¿Ö ÆüÖêŸÖÖê.10 3. ×¾Ö×Æü¸üß :- •úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ ¿ÖêŸÖß Æüß ¯ÖÏÖ´Ö㏵ÖÖ­Öê ×¾Ö×Æü¸üß“µÖÖ ¯Ö֝µÖÖ¾Ö¸ü êú»Öß •ÖÖ‡Ô. ×¾Ö×Æü¸üß“Öê ¯Ö֝Öß ´ÖÖê™êü“µÖÖ ÃÖÆüÖµµÖÖ­Öê ¿ÖêŸÖß»ÖÖ ×¤ü»Öê •ÖÖ‡Ô. ¸üÖ•µÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖÛ¿“Ö´Ö ³ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ ×¾Ö×Æü¸üà“Öê ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÖ •ÖÖÃŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. ¯ÖÖ‰úÃÖ “ÖÖӐֻÖÖ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ ŸÖ¸ü“Ö ˆ­ÆüÖóµÖÖŸÖ ¯Ö֝Öß †ÃÖê. ÃÖ­Ö 1853 ´Ö¬µÖê ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖ 11,908 ‹¾Öœü¶Ö ×¾Ö×Æü¸üß ÆüÖꟵÖÖ. ŸÖ¸ü 1893 ´Ö¬µÖê 12,013 ×¾Ö×Æü¸üß ÆüÖꟵÖÖ. µÖÖ ×¾Ö×Æü¸üà“µÖÖ ¯Ö֝µÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ­ÖÖ¤üß ×¯Öú ‘ÖêŸÖ»Öß •ÖÖŸÖ. 4. ²Öã›üúß ¾Ö ±ú›ü ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖ :- •úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ ³ÖÖîÖÖê׻֍ú ¸ü“Ö­Öê´Öãôêû ˆ¬¤ü¸üÖ •Ö»ÖØÃÖ“Ö­Ö ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü êú»ÖÖ •ÖÖ‡Ô. ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ ­ÖªÖÓ“µÖÖ ¯Ö֝µÖÖ“ÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖêÖ ²Öã›üúß ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß­Öê ¿ÖêŸÖßÃÖÖšüß êú»Öß •ÖÖ‡Ô. ²Öã›üúß ´ÆüÖ•Öê ¾ÖêÖ¾ÖêÖóµÖÖ ˆÓ“Öß¾Ö¸üᯙ “ÖÖ¸ü ´ÖÖê™üÖÓ“µÖÖ ´Ö¤üŸÖß­Öê ­Ö¤üß“Öê ¯Ö֝Öß ¿ÖêŸÖß»ÖÖ ×¤ü»Öê •ÖÖ‡Ô. ²Öã›üúß´Öãôêû 30-40 ±æú™ü ˆÓ“Öß¾Ö¸üᯙ ¿ÖêŸÖß»ÖÖ ¯Ö֝Öß ×¤ü»Öê •ÖÖ‡Ô. ¾ÖÂÖÖÔŸÖᯙ •Öæ­Ö ŸÖê ­ÖÖê¾Æëü²Ö¸ü µÖÖ ÃÖÆüÖ ´Ö×Æü­µÖÖŸÖ“Ö ²Öã›üúß“Öê ¯Ö֝Öß ¿ÖêŸÖß»ÖÖ ¤êüŸÖÖ µÖê‡Ô.10

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ׯ֕úÖÓ¾Ö¸üᯙ ¸üÖê•Ö : ¿ÖêŸÖú-µÖÖ­Öê ´ÖÖêšü¶Ö ú™üÖ­Öê ׯ֍ú¾Ö»Ö껵ÖÖ ×¯ÖúÖÓ¾Ö¸ü ¾ÖêÖ-¾ÖêÖôêû ¸üÖêÖ ¯Ö›üŸÖ. µÖÖ´Öãôêû ¿ÖêŸÖú-µÖÖ“Öê ŸµÖÖÆüß úÖôûß ´ÖÖêšü¶Ö ¯ÖÏ´Ö֝ÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ­ÖãúÃÖÖ­Ö ÆüÖê‡Ô. ŸµÖÖ úÖôûß ×¯ÖúÖÓ“Öê ­ÖãúÃÖÖ­Ö ™üÖôûµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¸üÖÃÖÖµÖ׭֍ú †ÖîÂÖ¬ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü êú»ÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖ ­Ö¾ÆüŸÖÖ. ×­ÖÃ֐ÖÔ éú¯Öê­Öê“Ö ×¯ÖúÖÓ¾Ö¸üᯙ ¸üÖêÖ Öê»Öê ŸÖ¸ü šüߍú ­ÖÖÆüß ŸÖ¸ü ¿ÖêŸÖú-µÖÖÓ“Öê ¯ÖÏ“ÖÓ›ü ­ÖãúÃÖÖ­Ö ÆüÖê‡Ô. •¾ÖÖ¸üß¾Ö¸ü ד֍ú™üÖ, •ÖӐִµÖÖ, ÖÖêÃÖÖ¾Öß Æêü ŸÖ¸ü Ö¾ÆüÖ¾Ö¸ü ŸÖÖÓ²Öê¸üÖ ¾Ö ²ÖÖ•Ö¸üß¾Ö¸ü ¿Öë›üÖ ­ÖÖ¾ÖÖ“ÖÖ ¸üÖêÖ ¯Ö›üŸÖ †ÃÖê. ´ÖÖ¡Ö µÖÖ úÖôûÖŸÖ ˆÃÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ¸üÖêÖ ¯Ö›ü»µÖÖ“Öê ˆ¤üÖÆü¸üÖ ÃÖÖ¯Ö›üŸÖ ­ÖÖÆüß. µÖÖ׿־ÖÖµÖ ×¯ÖúÖÓ¾Ö¸ü ™üÖêôû¬ÖÖ›üß ¯Ö›üŸÖ. µÖÖ´Öãôêû ׯ֍úÖÓ“Öê ¯ÖÏ“ÖÓ›ü ­ÖãúÃÖÖ­Ö ÆüÖê‡Ô.11 ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ¾Ö ŸµÖÖ“Öê •Öß¾Ö­Ö : úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü וֻÊÖŸÖᯙ ÃÖ¾ÖÖÔŸÖ •ÖÖÃŸÖ »ÖÖêúÖÓ“ÖÖ ˆ¤ü¸ü×­Ö¾ÖÖÔÆü ¿ÖêŸÖß¾Ö¸ü“Ö ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. Æêü ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ´Ö㏵֟¾Öê ãúÖ²Öß ÆüÖêŸÖê. •Öî­Ö ؍ú¾ÖÖ Ø»ÖÖÖµÖŸÖ ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß †ÖôûŸÖê, ‡“ֻ֍ú¸Óü•Öß, ú™üúÖêôû, ¸üÖµÖ²ÖÖÖ ¾Ö ׿ָüÖêôû ³Ö֐ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. Ö›üØÆü»Ö•Ö ¯Öê™ü¶ÖŸÖ •Öî­Ö ¾Ö ÆüÖ²Ö¸ü •ÖÖŸÖß“Öê ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ÆüÖêŸÖê. ²ÖÎÖ´ÆüÖ ¾Ö ´Ö¸üÖšêü þ֟Ö: ¿ÖêŸÖÖŸÖ úÖ´Ö ú¸üŸÖ ­ÖÃÖŸÖ. ¿ÖêŸÖ´Ö•Öæ¸ü֍ú›æü­Ö ¿ÖêŸÖß ú¸üŸÖ. ´ÖãÃÖ»Ö´ÖÖ­Ö Æêü ãúÖ²Öß ¿ÖêŸÖú-µÖÖ¯ÖêÖÖ ú´Öß ú™ü ú¸üŸÖ. ²Öê¸ü›ü, ³ÖÓ›üÖ¸üß, ¬Ö•Ö•Ö¸ü, ÆüÖ²Ö¸ü, úÖêôûß ¾Ö ´ÖÆüÖ¸ü Æêü ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ¾Ö úÖ¸ü֐Ö߸ü »ÖÖêú †Ö¯Ö»ÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ ÃÖÖÓ³ÖÖôæû­Ö ¿ÖêŸÖß ú¸üŸÖ. ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæÓü“Öê ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ×ÆüŸÖÖ“Öê ¯Öϵ֟­Ö :- '¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ÃÖãÖß ŸÖ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖ ÃÖãÖß' µÖÖ ÃÖã¡ÖÖ­Öê ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæü­Öß ¿ÖêŸÖú-µÖÖ“µÖÖ ×ÆüŸÖÖÃÖÖšüß úÖµÖÔ êú»Öê. 2 ‹×¯ÖÏ»Ö 1894 »ÖÖ úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖ“Öß ÃÖã¡Öê ÆüÖŸÖß ‘ÖêŸÖÖ“Ö ¿ÖêŸÖß ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö­ÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ³Ö¸ü פü»ÖÖ. úÖ¸üÖ ¿ÖêŸÖß ÃÖã¬ÖÖ¸ü»µÖÖ׿־ÖÖµÖ ¿ÖêŸÖú-µÖÖ“Öê ¤üÖ׸ü¦ü¶ ­Ö™ü ÆüÖêÖÖ¸ü ­ÖÖÆüß ´ÆüÖæ­Ö ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæü­Öß ˆÃÖÖ“ÖÖ ¸üÃÖ úÖœüÖÖ¸üÖ ¯ÖÖ¸Óü¯ÖÖ׸üú »ÖÖêÖÓ›üß ‘Ö֝ÖÖ ¾Ö ´ÖÖê™êü­Öê ¯Ö֝Öß ¤êüµÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖֵ߯ÖÕŸÖ ŸµÖÖ­Öß ­Ö¾Öê ¯ÖϵÖÖêÖ ¸üÖ²Ö¾Ö»Öê. 1 •Öæ­Ö 1895 ¸üÖê•Öß ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæü­Öß ‹ú †Ö–ÖÖ¯Ö¡Ö úÖœæü­Ö †ÃÖê ïÖ™ü êú»Öê úß ‘Ö֝µÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ÆüÖŸÖ ÃÖÖ¯Ö›üÖÖ¸ü ­ÖÖÆüß †Ö¸ü ÃÖÖ¯Ö›ü»ÖÖ“Ö ŸÖ¸ü ŸµÖÖÃÖ ‡•ÖÖ ÆüÖêÖÖ¸ü ­ÖÖÆüß †¿ÖÖ ŸÖ-Æêü“Öß ŸµÖÖŸÖ úÖÆüß µÖÖÓס֍ú µÖ㌟Öß ŸÖÖ¸üßÖ 1 •ÖÖ­Öê¾ÖÖ¸üß 1896 †ÖŸÖ úÖêÖß ¿ÖÖê¬Öæ­Ö úÖœü»µÖÖÃÖ, •µÖÖ“Öß µÖ㌟Öß ÃÖÖê¯Öß, £ÖÖê›üŒµÖÖ Ö“ÖÖÔŸÖ ÆüÖêÖÖ¸üß ¾Ö ¯ÖÃÖÓŸÖ †¿Öß šü¸êü»Ö ŸµÖÖÃÖ “ÖÖӐֻÖê ²ÖÖßÃÖ ¤êüµÖÖŸÖ µÖê‡Ô»Ö.12 ÃÖ´ÖÖ¸üÖê¯Ö : '¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ÃÖãÖß ŸÖ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖ ÃÖãÖß' µÖÖ ÃÖã¡ÖÖ­Öê ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæü­Öß ¿ÖêŸÖú-µÖÖ“µÖÖ ×ÆüŸÖÖÃÖÖšüß ²Ö¸êü“Ö úÖµÖÔ êú»Öê. ¿ÖêŸÖú-µÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ×ÆüŸÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¾Ö ŸµÖÖ“Öê ˆŸ¯Ö®Ö ¾ÖÖœüÖ¾Öê ´ÆüÖæ­Ö ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæü­Öß ¿ÖêŸÖß´Ö¬µÖê ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ¯ÖϵÖÖêÖ êú»Öê. ¯ÖÖ ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæÓü“µÖÖ ¯Öæ¾Öá †ÃÖê ¯Öϵ֟­Ö —ÖÖ»Öê ­Ö¾ÆüŸÖê. ¯ÖÖ¸Óü¯ÖÖ׸üú ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß­Öê“Ö ¿ÖêŸÖß êú»Öß •ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß. '×¾ÖÃÖÖ¾µÖÖ ¿ÖŸÖúÖ¯Öã¾ÖᓵÖÖ úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ éúÂÖß •Öß¾Ö­Ö' µÖÖ ×¾ÖÂÖµÖÖ“µÖÖ †­ÖãÂÖӐÖÖ­Öê ¿ÖÖê¬Ö ‘ÖêŸÖ»ÖÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖ ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö ¹ý¯ÖÖ­Öê ÖÖ»Öß»Ö ×­Ö¸üßÖÖ ­ÖÖë¤ü×¾ÖŸÖÖ µÖêŸÖß»Ö. 1. •úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ •Ö´Öß­Ö ˆ¢Ö´Ö, ´Ö¬µÖ´Ö ¾Ö Æü»ÖŒµÖÖ ¯ÖÏŸÖß“Öß †ÃÖ»Öß ŸÖ¸üß ŸµÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ¯ÖύúÖ¸ü“Öß ×¯Öêú •Ö×´Ö­Öß“µÖÖ úÃÖÖ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ‘ÖêŸÖ»Öß •ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß. ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæü­Öß “ÖÆüÖ-úÖò±úß, ²Ö™üÖ™üÖ »Ö֐־֛ü ú¸üµÖÖ“ÖÖ ¯ÖϵÖÖêÖ êú»ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. 2. ¿ÖêŸÖß“Öß ´Ö¿ÖÖÖŸÖ ú¸üµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¯ÖÖ¸Óü¯ÖÖ׸üú †¾Ö•ÖÖ¸üÖÓ“ÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖêÖ êú»ÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ.

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3. ¯Öߍú ˆŸ¯ÖÖ¤ü­Ö ˆ¢Ö´Ö µÖꝵÖÖÃÖÖšüß úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¿ÖÆü¸üÖ“µÖÖ †ÖÃÖ¯ÖÖÃÖ Öê›ü¶ÖŸÖᯙ ¿ÖêŸÖú¸üß ÃÖÖê­ÖÖŸÖÖ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü ú¸üߟÖ. ¸üÖÃÖÖµÖ׭֍ú ÖŸÖ ¾Ö †ÖîÂÖ¬ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü êú»ÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖ ­Ö¾ÆüŸÖÖ. 4. ׯ֍úÖ­ÖÖ ¯Ö֝Öß ¤êüµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖ ²Öã›üúß ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü êú»ÖÖ •ÖÖ‡Ô. 5. •úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ ¿ÖêŸÖú-µÖÖÓ“Öß †Ö٣֍ú ¯Ö׸üÛã֟Öß ±úÖ¸ü “ÖÖӐֻÖß ­Ö¾ÆüŸÖß. £ÖÖê›üŒµÖÖŸÖ ×¾ÖÃÖÖ¾µÖÖ ¿ÖŸÖúÖ¯Öæ¾ÖᓵÖÖ úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ éúÂÖß •Öß¾Ö­Ö Æêü ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ™ÒüÖŸÖᯙ ‡ŸÖ¸ü ³Ö֐ÖÖŸÖᯙ éúÂÖß •Öß¾Ö­ÖÖ¯ÖÏ´Ö֝Öê“Ö ÆüÖêŸÖê. ¯ÖÖ ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæü­Öß ´ÖÖ¡Ö úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¸üÖ•µÖÖŸÖᯙ éúÂÖß •Öß¾Ö­ÖÖŸÖ ²Ö¤ü»Ö ú¸üµÖÖ“ÖÖ ¯Öϵ֟­Ö êú»ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ : 1. •úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü •Öò—Öê×™ü†¸ü (1886), ¯Öé. 223. 2. Administration Report of the for the year 1883-84 to 1893-94. 3. Graham D. C. - Statistical Report on the Kolhapur state, Pg. 25. 4. ´ÖÖê›üú ²ÖÖ. ¯ÖÏ. - úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¯ÖÏÖŸÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ‡×ŸÖÆüÖÃÖ, ¯Öé. 25. 5. Graham D. C., Ibid, Pg. 27. 6. •ãú»Ö•ú•Öá ´Öß•ÖÖ, ²Ö. ׿Ö. •ãú»Ö•ú•Öá - ÁÖß ¿ÖÖÆæü ”û¡Ö¯ÖŸÖà“Öê †£ÖԍúÖ¸üÖ. 7. •úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü •Öò—Öê×™ü†¸ü (1883), ¯Öé. 232-233. 8. Ibid. 9. Patil P. C. - Regional Survey of Economic Resources, India, Kolhapur, 1950, Pg. 53-54. 10. Ibid - Pg. 54-55. 11. ´ÖÖê›üú ²ÖÖ. ¯ÖÏ. - úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ¸ü ¯ÖÏÖÓŸÖÖ“ÖÖ ‡×ŸÖÆüÖÃÖ, ¯Öé. 18. 12. •ÖÖ¬Ö¾Ö ¸ü´Öê¿Ö - »ÖÖêú¸üÖ•ÖÖ ¿ÖÖÆæü ”û¡Ö¯ÖŸÖß, ¯Öé. 307.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

f[knzkiwj dksis’oj eafnj & Ik;ZVu LFkG lkS- ,l- Ogh- ikVhy] - ds- ikVhy egkfo|ky;] dq:anokM xazFkiky lgdkjHkw”k.k ,l izLRkkouk % Ik;ZVukP;k n`”Vhdksukrwu fopkj djrk egkjk”Vªkyk ,sfrgkfld] lkaLd`frd o /kkfeZd iajijk ykHkyh vkgs- egkjk”Vªkr tkxfrd fdrhZps iqjkrRo vo’ks”k] izkphu eanhjs u;ujE; leqnzfdukjs] iOkZrh; LFkGs] ?kunkV taxys bR;knh v’kh vusd izdkjph Ik;ZVu vkd”kZ.ks vkgsr- Ik;ZVu fodklkr ,sfrgkfld ?kVdkaukagh eksB;k izek.kkr egRo vkgs- iwohZP;k dkGkph ykyh rh rsFkhy f’koeanhj Eg.ktsp dksis’oj eanhjkeqGs egkjk”Vªkr th cksVkoj ekst.;kbrdh HkO;] lokZax lqnj vkf.k lqizfl/n eafnjs vkgsr R;kiSdh gs fBdk.k vfr’k; egRokps Bjys vkgs- lnj ‘kks/kfuca/ke/;s ;k ,sfrgkfld Ik;ZVu LFkGkps egROk Lo”V dsys vkgs- rlsp Ik;ZVukeqGs f[knzkiwj xkokpk >kysY;k fodklkpk vkkysykk fodkl Li”V dj.ks- f[knzkiwj ,sfrgkfld ik’oZHkweh % f[knzkiwj gs ,d NksVsls xko dksYgkiwj ftYg;krhy f’kjksG rkywD;kr vkgs- ;kps izkphu uko ^dksIIkn* vls gksrs- f[knj[kku ukokP;k ljnkjkus xko rkC;kr ?ksrY;keqGs ;k xkokl f[knzkiwj vls uko iMys vkgs- f[knj[kkukps oa’kt vlysys eksdk’kh gs bukenku ?kjk.ks vktgh f[knzkiwjkr vkgs- d`”.kk unh vkf.k frpk >kysyk laxe rlsp nf{k.kokfguh vlysyh d`”.kk unh ;k xkoh mRrj okfguh >kY;keqGs ;k fBdk.kkyk fo’ks”k egRo izkIRk >kys vkgs- ;k xkokyk egRo vkys] ‘kksHkk izkIr >kyh rh ;sFkhZy dksis’oj eanhjkeqGs ;”V frFkZaph iq.;Hkweh Eg.kwu dksis’oj ijhlj vksG[kyk tkrks- lu 2006&07 e/;s egkjk”Vª Ik;ZVu fodkl egkeaMGkus ;k xkokyk Ik;ZVu {ks= Eg.kwu tkfgj dsys- R;keqGs vkt

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f[knzkiwj xko gs ,d Ik;ZVu {ks= >kys vkgs- lqV~VhP;k fno’kh vusd Hkkxkrwu Ik;ZVd ;k {ks=kyk HksV nsr vlrkr-

f[knzkiwj eafnj ijhljkpk udk’kk %

dksis’oj eanhj & f[knzkiwj rk- f’kjksG] ft- dksYgkiwj % f[knzkiwj xkokr vl.kkÚ;k ;k dksis’oj eanhjkeqGs xkokyk xsY;k ngk o”kkZr ,d osxGh vksG[k fuekZ.k d:u fnyh vkgs- lk/kkj.kr% cÚ;kp ‘krdkiklwu jkT; o dsanz ‘kklukus ;k eanhjkdMs iw.kZi.ks nqyZ{k dsys gksrs- vxnh ,o

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;s.kkj ukgh- ;k fu.kZ;keqGs xkodjh o ‘kklukr okn fuekZ.k >kyk v[ksj gh canh gVo.;kr xkodÚ;kauk ;’k vkys- dksis'oj eanhj % dksis’oj eafnj gs okLRkw’kkL= o f’kYidyk ;kapk euksgj laxe vkgs- lqekjs nhM gtkj o”kkiwohZ f’kYidyk d’kh cgjkyk vkyh gksrh- R;kph lk{k nsr gs eafnj vtwu vHks vkgs- xkHkkÚ;kr f’kofyax o ckgsjhy eaMikr uanh vls loZ lk/kkj.k Lo:Ik lxG;k ‘kadjkP;k eafnjkr vlrs ijarw bFks rls ukgh- [kkyhy pkj oSf’k”V;iw.kZ izdkjkus gs eafnj brjkais{kk fujkGs vkgs- laiw.kZ Hkkjrkr gs ,deso vkgs- 1½ xkHkÚ;krhy osxGsi.k & ;sFks xkHkkÚ;kr izos’k dsY;koj izFke n`”Vh tkrs rh fiaMhP;k leksj vlysY;k ,dk ‘kkGq[ksoj gks; rh fo”.kwph izfrdkRed izfrek /kksis’oj fgph maph f’kofyaxkis{kk FkksMh tkLr vkgs- xkHkkÚ;kr nksu fyaxkph LFkkiuk dsysyh vkgs- ,d dksis’oj o nqljk /kskis’oj- iwokZfHkeq[kl eafnjkrhy xkHkkÚ;kr e/kkse/k f’kofyax o R;kP;k iwoZsyk ykxqup fo”.kw :okrhy fyax LFkkiusekxs ,d ikSjkf.kd izFk fuxMhr vkgs- bFks f’kofyax n’kZukiwohZ fo”.kw n’kZu gksrs- 2½ uanh ulysyk lHkk eaMi & f’kon’kZu ?ks.;kiwohZ izFke uanhps n’kZu ?ks.;kph ijaijk vkgs- ijarw ;sFkhy eaMiky uanh ukgh- R;kykgh ikSjkf.kd ik’oZHkweh vkgs- 3½ LoxZ eaMi & eafnjkP;k ekaM.khr loZlk/kkji.ks vkrhy xkHkkjk o R;kyk ykxqu lHkkeaMi vlrsk- ijarw dksis’oj eafnjkr lHkkeaMikyk ykxwu LoxZeaMikph jpuk vkgs- brj= Dofpr vl.kkÚ;k LoxZeaMi ekaMuhr dksis’ojpk LoxZeaMi loksZRre vkgs- LoxZ eaMikckgsj 24 gRRkhph eqG jpuk gksrh- R;kiSdh vkt 11 gRRkh vkt igko;kl feGrkr- gk LoxZeaMi 40 [kkackoj mHkkjysyk vwlu pkj izeq[k fn’kkauk pkj izos’k}kj vkgsr- vkdk’kkP;k fn’ksus 13 QqV O;klkps xok{k vlwu R;kP;k [kkyh cjkscj R;kpk ekikph 13 QqV O;klkph v[kaM jaxf’kyk vlwu R;kP;k Hkksorh 12 [kkac orqZGkd`rhr vkgsr- gs [kkac [kkywu oji;Zar fofo/k v”Vdksuh] pkSdksuh] Ik”Vdks.kh o xksy vkdkjkauh ?kMfoysyh Qqys ikus] osyh] i{kh ;kaP;k u{khdkekaus ltoys vkgsr- [kkackoj vl.kkÚ;k ykdMh rqG;kr vlrs rs dke bFks nxMh f’kyka[kaMoj dksjysys vkgs- 4½ vizfre f’kYi oSHko & eafnjkP;k ckgsjhy cktqus nso nsork o L=h&iq:”kkaph th f’kYi iV~Vh eafMr vlrs fryk ujiV~Vh Eg.krkr- ujiV~Vh[kkyh ;k eafnjkyk xtiV~V vkgs rh brj= dqBsgh c?kk;yk feGr ukgh- xtiV~Vph f’kYis vR;ar ckjdkbus dksjysyh vkgsr- gRRkhoj clysyh nsork] R;kaph vkHkw”k.ks] iks’kk[k] gkrkrhy vk;q/ks] vyadkj] gRrhP;k nkyukP;k vusd eqnzk dykdkjkauh bFks nxMkr ftoar dsY;k vkgsr- ujiV~Vkrhy f’kYi lkSan;Zgh vuU; vkgs- bFks urZdhP;k Hkkoeqnzk vkgsr- iqtslkBh tk.kkÚ;k yyukaph iwtk lkghR;klghr f’kYis vkgsr- ok| oktfo.kkÚ;k L=h&iq:”kkaph f’kYis ekuoh ‘kjhj lkS”Vo o rRdkfyu ok|s] vk;q/ks ;kaps lqnj izn’kZu bFkZ vkgs- uanhPkh f’kYis vkgsr- v’o] cksdM] ojkg] edj] es”k] efg”k] vkack] dktw] dsGh] Ål] nzk{k?kM] deG] dnZG rlsp vkack o dSjh vlk lqLr Qjdgh f’kYikr vkgs- lqLr iMwu vl.kkÚ;k ikulikZiklwu lGdu /kko.kkÚ;k likZph f’kYisgh bFks vkgsr- u[kf’kdkar vkHkw”k.kakuh uVysyh ;qorh] /;kuLFk ;ksX;kaP;k eqrhZ] uSlfxZd lkS”Vo iznf’kZr dj.kkÚ;k uXu r:.kh] fnxacj voLFksrhy Jkodkaph f’kYis] ckljh oknukrhy vksBkaph Bso.k] HkksxkG oktorkuk QqxysY;k xkykaph xksybZ] gkMkpk lkaxkMk rlsp ek.klkrhy lkjs Hkkokfo”dkj bFks nxMh f’kYikrqu izdVys vkgsr- Nrkojhy dke rj ykdMh ok’kkoj dsysys lqrkjdkep okVrs- ys[kukr eXu

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vlrkukph ,dkxzrk ;sFks vkgs- uanhP;k xG;krhy /kkarwaph o lqrkph vkHkw”k.ks eu eksgwu Vkdrkr- dkysyk fodkl % 1½ eafnjkeqGs xkokyk ns’kHkjkrp uOgs rj tkxfrrd ikrGhoj ,d uohu vksG[k feGkyh- 2½ Ik;ZVd vkf.k brj yksdkaP;k HksVheqGs xkokr gkWVsy o brj y?kq|ksx ;kauk pkyuk feGkyh- 3½ ‘kklukus xkokr ,d HkO; ewf>;e o HkDr fuokl cka/kysys vkgs- rlsp jLrs fufeZrh gh dsyh vkgs- 4½ eafnjke/;s ^foBh&nakMw*] ^dV;kj dkGtkr ?kqlyh*] ^ejkBk Vk;xj* bR;knh fp=iVkaP;k ‘kqVhaxeqGsa xkokps ukao ns’kLRkjkoj yksdfiz; >kys vkgs- 5½ xkokrhy r:.k xkbZM Eg.kwu gh eanhjkP;k ekfgrh}kjs jkstxkj izkIr djhr vkgsr- 6½ HkO; eqf>;eeqGs cjsp dk;ZØe] jktdh; lHkk xkokr ikjiMr vkgsr- ;keqGs eanhjkPkk ukoykSdhd gksr vlwu xzkeiapk;rhP;k mRiUUkkr Hkj iMr vkgs- 7½ leksjhy dukZVd jkT;krhy lheso:u f[knzkiwj iwykP;k ekx.khyk vkrk ;’k vkys vkgs- yodjp iqykph fufeZrh pkyw gksbZy- 8½ rlps lgyh] {ks=HksV o HkDr ;keqGs lqV~VhP; fno’kh xkokr yksdkaph ;stk vlrs- 9½ toGp unh vlysus iapk;r lferh f’kjksGh ;kapsdMwu cksVhaxph O;oLFkk dsyh vkgs ;krqugh xkodÚ;kauk pkaxyk jkstxkj feGkyk vkgs- lekjksi % dksis’oj eafnj gs okLrq’kkL= o f’kYidyk ;kapk euksgj laxe vkgs- f’kYidkjkauh bFks f’kYikP;k ek/;ekrwu vusd lans’k fnys vkgsr- vankts nhM gtkj o”kkZiqohZph laLd`rh ;k eafnjkrhy f’kYikrwu dGrs- ;sFkhy LFkkiR;&dksS’kY;kyk HkkofoHkksj dj.kkÚ;k f’kYikuk rksM ukgh- T;k vklrarkr gs mHkkjys xsys rks ijhlj Hkjkowu Vkd.kkjk vkgs- gs lkj izkphu Hkkjrh;kauh mHka dsysya dykoSHko lokZuk igkoa R;kapk vH;kl djkok] tkLrhr tkLr Ik;ZVd ;k Ik;ZVu LFkGkdMs vkdf”kZr Ogkosr- ;klkBhp gk ‘kks/kfuca/k- lanHkZ lwph & 1½ pksFks jkepanz xksfoan & ^f[knzkiwjph eafnjs* Hkjrh;kaph izkphu nsu] 3 jh vko`Rrh] :Deh.kh izdk’ku] 2012- 2½ nsxyqjdj xks- c- & dksIks’oj ¼f[knzkiwj½ eafnj vkf.k eqrhZ] Lusgy] iq.ks] izFke vko`Rrh] 2016- 3½ f[knzkiwj fodklkph ekfgrh & Jh ;quwl Qdhj] jghoklh fo|kFkhZ] f[knzkiwj- 4½ xqxy fodhihM;k & f[knzkiwj-

44 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

l|fLFkrh vkf.k vkOgkus Ekgkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoG & MkW- vfuy fn- okMdj - vkSlk ft- vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx izeq[k] Jh dqekjLokeh egkfo|ky;] vkSlk] Rkk ykrwj ¼egkjk’Vª½

**HkkaMoynkj vkf.k JfedkaP;k la?k’kkZrwu lgdkj mn;kyk vkys- ;qjksik/;s HkkaMoynkjkdMwu lkrR;kus Jfedkaph gks.kkjh “kkjhfjd o vkfFkZd fiGo.kwd ;krwup lkRkR;kus rsFkhy Jfedkph gks.kkjh v/kksxrh Fkkaco.;klkBh jkWcVZ vksosu ;kaP;k lgdk;kZus o JfedkaP;k ftn~nhus lgdkj mn;kyk vkyk- ekuokyk Li”kZ dj.kkÚ;k loZp vkfFkZd xjtk Lofu/khrwu lk/; dj.;klkBh lgdkjkus cG fnys- 19 O;k “krdkr mn;kyk vkysyk lgdkj HkkaMoy”kkgh o lkE;oknh vFkZO;oLFkkuk Ik;kZ;h O;oLFkk Eg.kwu 20 O;k “krdke/;s txHkjkrY;k loZ ns”kkrhy 98 VDds [ksM;ki;Zar iksgkspyk o lgdkjkpk oVo`{k fuekZ.k >kyk- tkxfrdhdj.kkuarj ek= [kktxh {ks=krhy Li/kkZRedrk o lkoZtfud {ks=krhy Hkz’Vkpkjkpk lq:ax lgdkjkyk ykxyk- lgdkjh {ks= orZekukr m/noLr gks.;kP;k ekxkZoj vkgs- loZlkekU;kaP;k fodklklkBh lgdkj fVdfo.ks xjtsps vkgs-^^ izLrkouk % 18 O;k “krdkr baXyaMe/;s vkS|ksfxd Økarh lq: >kyh- ifj.kkeh mRiknukr izpaM ok< >kyh- cktkjisBkpk foLrkj >kyk- HkkaMoy”kkghus osx ?ksryk- HkkaMoy”kkghP;k uQs[kksjh o`RrheqGs Jfedkaps o xzkgdkaps “kks’k.k gksÅ ykxys- ;krwup leku mfn~n’Vs vlysY;k O;Drhuh vkiys vkfFkZd mfn~n’V lk/; dj.;klkBh lgdkjkpk ekXkZ iRdjyk- jkWcVZ vksOksu ;k fxj.kh ekydkP;k lgdk;kZus baXyMe/khy jkW”kMsy ;sFks 28 fo.kdj dkexkjkauh 1844 yk lgdkjh rRokoj bfDoVscy ik;ksfu;lZ lkslk;Vhph LFkkiuk dsyh- ;k xzkgd HkkaMkjkps O;ogkj O;oLFkkiu lgdkjh rRokoj gksrs- ;qjksikrhy gh lgdkjh pGoG vfr”k; osxkus teZuh] phu] tiku] LohMu] MsUekdZ] dWuMk] bVyh] vk;ZyaM] bZL=kbZy] Hkkjr v”kk fofo/k jk’Vªke/;s lq: >kyh- Hkkjrke/;s lqekjs 150 o’kZ fczVh”kkaps jkT; gksrs- laiUu Hkkjrkrhy laiRrh prwj fczfV”kkauh O;kikjkP;k ek/;ekrwu o jkT; d:u iq.kZr% yqVyh 17 O;k o 18 O;k “krdkr Hkkjrkr izpaM fuj{kjrk] nSoHkksGsi.kk] va/kJ/nk] nkfjnz; izpaM gksrs- ;kosGh Hkkjrkrhy “ksrdÚ;kaph vkfFkZd fLFkrh vR;ar nqcZy gksrh- “ksrhps eksleh itZU;ekukojhy voyafcRo lkrR;kus iM.kkjs nq’dkG o vo’kZ.k ;keqGs miftfodslkBh lkodkjkdMwu vfrmPp O;ktnjkps dtZ ?;kos ykxr vls- ,fddMs “ksrhrhy mRiknu vo’k.kkZeqGs vR;ar vYi gksr vls] rj nqljhdMs lkodkjkps vfr mPp O;ktnjkps dtZ] dtkZph ijrQsM ulY;kus pØok< O;kt ;k i/nrhus rs QsM.ks v”kD; Ogk;ps- ;kosGh lkodkj “ksrdÚ;kaP;k nqcZyrspk xSjQk;nk ?ksÅu Lor%P;k ukokoj tehuhpk ekydh gDd d:u ?;k;ps o dCtk djk;ps ,okysyh n;fu; voLFkk ikgwu Hkkjrkr “ksrdÚ;kaP;k fodklklkBh fczVh”k ljdkjus 1822 e/;s foY;e osMjcuZ] 1892 QzsfMªd fudksYlu] 1900 e/;s ,MoMZ bR;knh lfeR;k LFkkiu dsY;k- rlsp 1901 e/;s nq’dkG lferh LFkkiu dj.;kr vkyh- ;k loZ lferhus vH;kl d:u ljdkjyk f”kQkjlh ekaMY;k o 1904 e/;s Hkkjrkr ifgyk lgdkjh dk;nk vfLRkRokr vkyk- 1904 uarj ek= laiw.kZ Hkkjrkr lgdkjkP;k foLrkjkpk osx ok

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1½ egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGhpk ,sfrgkfld ekxksok ?ks.ks- 2½ egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGhpk {ks=fugk; vH;kl dj.ks- 3½ egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGhph izxrh vH;kl.ks- 4½ egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGh leksfjy vkOgkukapk vH;kl dj.ks- 5½ egRoiw.kZ fu’d’kZ dk<.ks- Lka”kks/ku i/nrh % izLrqr “kks/kfuca/kklkBh izkeq[;kus f}rh; lkeqxzhpk vk/kkj ?ks.;kr vkyk vkgs- ;ke/;s izkeq[;kus fofo/k “kkldh; o fue”kkldh; izdk”kuk}kjs izdkf”kr xzaFk ekflds] ikf{kds] lkIrkfgds] orZekui=s bR;knhpk vk/kkj ?ks.;kr vkyk vkgs- ns”kkrhy lgdkjh pGoGhe/;s egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGhps ;ksxnku vR;ar egRoiw.kZ vkgs- ns”kkrhy brj jkT;kP;k rqyusr egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGhpk bfrgkl vfr”k; le`/n vkgs- jkT;Hkjkr izR;sd ftYg;kr izR;sd xkok&xkoke/;s fodklkP;k loZp {ks=kr lgdkjh pGoG o`/nhaxr gksr xsyh- MkW- /kuat;jko xkMxhG] oSdqaBHkkbZ esgrk] th-ds-xks[kys] foB~Bynkl Bkdjlh] foB~Byjko fo[ks ikVhy] HkkÅlkgc fgjs] olarnknk ikVhy] ;”koarjko eksfgrs] HkkÅlkgsc Fkksjkr] th-ds-nso/kj] MkW- iatckjko ns”keq[k] ckiwjkoth ns”keq[k bR;knhuh lgdkjh pGoGhP;k jksiV;kps oVo`{k cuo.;kr egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fnys- uOgsprj]vkiys laiw.kZ vk;q’; fuLokFkhZ o lkekU; yksdkaP;k fodklklkBh O;rhr dsys- ;krwup egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoG] d`f’k{ks=] fcxj d`f’k {ks=] foi.ku laLFkk] mRiknd laLFkk] x`gfuekZ.k laLFkk] izfØ;k laLFkk] dkexkj laLFkk] okgrwd laLFkk] xzkgd laLFkk] iriqjoBk laLFkk] bR;knh {ks=kr lgdkjh rRokoj le`/nfjR;k dk;Z d: ykxY;k ifj.kkeh egkjk’Vªkrhy “ksrdjh] lkekU; ukxfjd osxosxG;k dkj.kkauh lgdkjk”kh tksMyk xsyk o R;kaph vkfFkZd mUurh lk/; gksÅ ykxyh- ;keqGs yksdkaP;k thouekukpk ntkZ lq/kkj.;kl enr >kyh-lgdkjkrwu egkjk’Vªkrhy yksdkauk Lokoyach cu.;kl o dkVdljhrwu fodkl dj.;kl izsfjr dsys- Lod’Vkrwu HkkaMoy mHkkj.kh d:u izxrh lk/; dj.ks ;kps cG lgdkjkus fnys- tkxfrdhdj.kkuarjP;k dkGkr ek= cgqjk’Vªh; daiU;kph Li/kkZRedrk] ns”kkrhy jktdkj.kh yksdkapk lgdkjkrhy ok

ojhy lkj.kho:u egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGhph izxrh y{kkr ;srs- lu 2001 Ik;Zar lgdkjh pGoGhph fLFkrh dkgh {ks=kr mRd`’V vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- R;kuarj ek= lgdkjkP;k dkgh {ks=kr v/kksxrh gksr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGhph izxrh % 2016 P;k rqyusr Rki”khy 1961 2015 2016 2017 2017 e/khy “ksdMk cny laLFkk ¼la[;k½ 31535 225721 196907 195301 ¼&½ 0-8 lHkkln ¼yk[k½ 42 535 530 525 ¼&½ 0-9 Hkj.kk Hkkx HkkaMoy & 20721 19946 19714 ¼&½ 1-2 ;kiSdh jkT; “kklukps & 3635 3601 3898 8-3 [ksGrs HkkaMoy ¼dksVh½ 3261 343691 363256 363878 0-2 Bsoh ¼dksVh½ 76 167114 169425 174196 2-8 LFkwy dtZ ¼dksVh½ & 139360 147376 140044 ¼&½ 5-0 rksV;krhy laLFkk ¼la[;k½ & 53982 36329 36493 0-5 ;s.ks dtsZ ¼dksVh½ & & 151432 145742 ¼&½ 3-8

vk/kkj & lgdkj vk;qDr o fuca/kd lgdkjh laLFkk ;kaps dk;kZy; egkjk’Vª “kklu iq.ks] ;kapk vgoky 2017- ojhy lkj.kho:u egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh laLFkkph izxrh y{kkr ;srs- lu 1961 e/;s egkjk’Vªkrhy fofo/k lgdkjh laLFkkph la[;k 31565 gksrh rj ;k laLFkkrhy lHkklnkph la[;k 42 yk[k gksrh- rlsp ;k laLFkke/khy Hkkx HkkaMoy 53 dksVh :Ik;s gksrs- lnj o’khZ ;k laLFkke/;s ,dq.k 76 dksVh :Ik;kaP;k Bsoh gksR;k rj [ksGrs HkkaMoy 326 dksVh :Ik;kaps gksrs- lu 1961 e/;s egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh laLFkkauh 95 dksVh :Ik;kapk dtZ iqjoBk dsyk gksrk- lu 2015e/;s egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh laLFkkph la[;k 225721 brdh gksrh- rj lu 2017 e/;s ;kr 195301 Ik;Zar ?kV >kY;kps fun”kZukl ;srs- egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh laLFkke/khy lHkkln la[;k lu 2015 o lu 2017 e/;s vuqØes 535 o 525 yk[k vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- lu 2015&2017 e/;s egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh laLFkkae/khy ,dw.k Bsoh vuqØes 167114 o 174196 dksVh :Ik;s gksR;k- rj lgdkjh laLFkkps LFkqy dtZ lu 2015 o lu 2017 e/;s vuqØes 139360 o 140044 dksVh :Ik;s gksrs- lu 2015 e/;s egkjk’Vªkr 53982 lgdkjh laLFkk rksV;kr gksR;k ;k laLFkkuk lnj o’khZ 9294 dksVh :Ik;kaPkk rksVk >kyk gksrk] rj lu 2017 e/;s egkjk’Vªkrhy 36496 lgdkkjh laLFkk rksV;kr gksR;k- rlsp R;kauk 8344 dksVh :Ik;kapk rksVk >kyk vkgs- lu 2015 e/;s ,dw.k lgdkjh laLFkkph 144748 dksVh :Ik;kaps ;s.ks dtZ gksrs- rj lu 2017 e/;s 145742 dksVh :Ik;s;s.ks dtkZr ok< >kY;kps fnlwu ;srs- FkksMD;kr egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGhpk vH;kl dsyk vlrk- egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh laLFkke/;s] R;kP;k lHkkln la[;se/;s] laLFkse/khy Bsohe/;s [ksGR;k HkkaMoYkke/;s lkrR;kus izfrdqy ifj.kke gksr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-

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Ekgkjk’Vªkrhy foHkkxkoj lgdkjh laLFkk % v-Ø- foHkkx ekpZ 2017 ekpZ 2018 Okk< ¼VDds½ 1- eaqcbZ foHkkx 39377 39864 1-24 2- dksd.k foHkkx 41760 43746 4-78 3- Ukkf”kd foHkkx 19104 19319 0-58 4- Ikq.ks foHkkx 32437 33016 1-42 5- dksYgkiwj foHkkx 18829 19093 1-40 6- vkSjaxkckn foHkkx 8893 8678 &2-75 7- Ykkrwj foHkkx 9351 9164 &2-69 8- vejkorh foHkkx 8114 8028 &1-6 9- Ukxiwj foHkkx 8969 9252 3-99 ,dw.k 195301 198252 &

vk/kkj & lgdkj vk;qDr o fuca/kd lgdkjh laLFkk egkjk’Vª jkT;]iq.ks ;kaps i= ojhy lkj.kho:u egkjk’Vªkrhy ,dw.k lgdkjh laLFkke/;s ok< gksr vlyh rjh rh vleku gksr vlY;kph y{kkr ;srs- dksd.k] dksYgkiwj] ukxiwj o eqacbZ o iq.ks foHkkxkr lgdkjh laLFkke/;s ok< >kY;kps fnlwu ;srs- ;k myV vejkorh] vkSjaxkckn o ykrwj foHkkxkrhy lgdkjh laLFkkP;k la[;sr ?kV >kY;kps fun”kZukl ;srs- egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGh leksjhy vkOgkus % egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh {ks=kus fodklkP;k osxosxG;k {ks=kr izpaM izxrh dsyh vkgs- d`f’k] iriqoBk] eRL; O;olk; dkexkj x`gfuekZ.k] vkjksX; fo.kdke vkS|ksfxd bR;knh {ks=ke/;s rlsp xzkeh.k Hkkxkr jkstxkjkP;k izpaM la/kh fuekZ.k d:u fodklkyk pkyuk fnyh vkgs- tkxfrdhdj.kkuarj ek= lgdkjkoj vR;ar izfrdqy ifj.kke fuekZ.k >kys vkgsr- orZekukr lgdkjkleksj vlysY;k dkgh vkOgkukaph mdy iqkyh- txHkjkrhy izpaM eksB;k vkdkjkP;k laLFkk Hkkjrkrhy izR;sd {ks=kr uohu ra=Kku ?ksowu inkiZ.k dsY;k- ;kiqkyk- R;keqGs orZekukr 40 VDdsis{kk vf/kd lgdkjh laLFkk iw.kZr% fnokG[kksjhr xsY;k vkgsr- 3½ vdk;Z{ke O;oLFkkiu & Ekgkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh {ks=krhy deZpkÚ;kauh cnYkR;k dkGkcjkscj uohu ra=Kku iqjs”kk izek.kkr vkRelkr dsys ukgh- R;kpcjkscj vkgs R;k euq’;cGkpk rlsp lalk/kukPkk foRrh; {ks=kr vFkok mRiknu o izfØ;k dk;kZr dq”kyrsus okij dsyk ukgh- R;keqGs lgdkjh {ks=krhy ,dosGh vR;ar ukoktysYks izpaM mRiknu{ke vlysys] izpaM jkstxkj iqjoBk dj.kkjs] fodklkyk pkyuk ns.kkjs] loZlkekU;kaps cG vlysys vusd ;qfuVl mnk- lk[kj dkj[kkus] dkiM fxj.;k] MkYkMk

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mRiknu laLFkk] iriqjoBk dj.kkÚ;k laLFkk] nqX/k mRiknu laLFkk fnokG[kksjhr fu?kkY;k- ;kyk vdk;Z{ke O;oLFkkiu tckcnkj vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- R;keqGs lgdkjh {ks=krhy O;oLFkkiu lq/kkj.ks gs ,d eksBs vkOgku vkgs- 4½ uSlfxZd izfrdqyrk & mRiknu o izfØ;k {ks=kr dk;Zjr vlysY;k fofo/k lgdkjh laLFkkoj uSlfxZd ladVkpk izHkko iMrks- vfrfjDr itZU;ekukeqGs d`f’k ekykph uklkMh gksrs- rj d/kh itZU;ekukP;k vHkkokeqGs dPpkekykp miyC/k gksr ukgh- R;keqGs lgdkjkrhy vusd mRiknu laLFkke/;s mRiknu {kerk vlwu lq/nk R;kpk okij gksr ukgh- ifj.kkeh fLFkj [kpZrj pkywp vlrks o ;krwu lacaf/kr laLFkkps fnokGs fu?krs- 5½ vfo”okl & orZekukr lkrR;kus fnokG[kksjhr pkyysY;k lgdkjh laLFkk lHkklnkP;k ukokoj ijLij dtsZ mpyus] pkyw mRiknu laLFksrhy ;a=lkeqxzh [kjkc nk[kowu Hkaxkjkr fodwu Vkd.ks] foRrh; lLFkke/;s vFkok mRiknu laLFkke/;s lHkklnkP;k Bsohpk xSjokij dj.ks vkf.k R;krwu lkrR;kus rksV;kr tk.kkÚ;k laLFkkps izek.k okkyk R;k izek.kkr ek= xq.kkRed fodkl >kyk ukgh- lgdkjh {ks=kr eksB;k izek.kkr tkLr mRiknu {kerk vlysY;k laLFkkaph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- ijarq R;k ;”kLoh >kY;k ukghr- vdk;Z{kerseqGs lacaf/kr mRiknu laLFkkauk mRiknu [kpZ Hk:u fu?ksy ,osi ?;koh rlsp ;k lgdkjkus dk;Z dsys vkgs- orZekukr R;kleksj vusd vkOgkus vkgsr- rs nqj d:u O;oLFkkiu lq/kkjys rj ns”kkP;k xfreku fodklkyk vk.k[khu pkyukp feGsy-

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fu’d’kZ % izLrqr “kks/k fuca/kkP;k vH;klkrwu dkgh egRoiw.kZ fu’d’kZ dkkys- ifj.kker% cnyR;k dkGkcjkscj lgdkjkus vkiY;k mRiknu ra=kr o O;oLFkkiukr lq/kkj.kk u dsY;kus l/;fLFkrhr egkjk’Vªkr toGikl 40 VDds lgdkjh laLFkk iw.kZr% rksV;kr vkgsr- 3½ egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoGhus lq:okrhP;k dkGkr izpaM izxrh dsyh 98 VDds [ksM;ki;Zar lgdkj iksgkspyk R;kuarj ek= jktdkj.kkpk lq:ax ykxwu lgdkjh {ks=kr Hkz’Vkpkj] cstckcnkji.kk] vdk;Z{kerk izpaM okkyh vkgs- 5½ fo[ks ikVhy] /kuat;jko xkMxhG] oSdaqBHkkbZ esgrk] olarnknk ikVhy] HkkÅlkgsc Fkksjkr] iatkcjko ns”keq[k] HkkÅlkgsc fgjs] bR;knh yksdkauh T;k rGeGhus lgdkj {ks= egkjk’Vªkrp uOgsrj ns”kHkjkrhy nqcZy o oafprki;Zar iksgkspfoys o nqCkZykauk lgdkjkP;k izokgkr ?ksÅu R;kapk fodkl lk/; dsyk- lgdkjkpk oVo`{k cufoyk ;k oVo`{kkP;k eqGk 21 O;k “krdkr Hkz’Vkpkjkus] vdk;Z{kersus] cstckcnkji.kkus dqjrMwu iw.kZr% gk oVo`{k dkslG.;kP;k ekxkZoj vkgs- loZ lkekU;kP;k fodklklkBh ;krhy fdM nwj d:u ;k oVo`{kkyk vk.k[khu cG ns.ks xjtsps vkgs- lanHkZlqph % 1½ egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjh pGoG ,dk n`’Vh{ksikr & 2010&11- 2½ egkjk’Vªkph vkfFkZd ikg.kh] 2016&2017- 3½ Hkkjr 2017] vFkZ o lkaf[;dh lapkyuky; Hkkjr ljdkj uoh fnYyh- 4½ izk-eksgu ljkQ] izk-vkpk;Z] xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk o lgdkj] fo|k izdk”ku] ukxiwj- 5½ ih-vkj dqyd.khZ] lgdkj rRo vkf.k O;ogkj] fiaiGkiwjs izdk”ku] ukxiwj- 6½ Ogh-Vh-pkS?kqys] ds-th-iBk.k]lgdkjkph eqyrRos] dkWfUVusUVy izdk”ku]iq.ks 7½ MkW- xks-l-dker] lgdkj rRo] O;ogkj o O;oLFkkiu] fo|k izdk”ku] iq.ks- 8½ ,-vkj- [ksMdj o izk- vk”kksd taxs] lgdkj rRo vkf.k O;ogkj] esgrk ifCyds”ku gkÅl] iq.ks- 9½ lgdkj vk;qDr o fuca/kd dk;kZy; iq.ks ;kapk vgoky & 2016&17- 10½ ;kstuk & fofo/k vad 11½ dq:{ks= & fofo/k vad

50 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

dWUljxzLr f’kjksG rkyqdk % vQok vkf.k okLro & ,d HkkSxksfyd n`”Vhdksukrqu vH;kl izk- ih- ,- gqyoku] lgdkjHkw”k.k ,l- ds- ikVhy egkfon;ky;] dq:anokM] rk- f’kjksG] ft- dksYgkiwj lkjka'k % f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/khy tehu] ik.kh] gokeku] fids ;kapk ri’khyokj vH;kl dsY;kl ;sFkhy vkS”k/k Qokj.kh fdaok jklk;fud [krs okijY;keqGs dWUlj is’kaVP;k la[;sr ok< gksr vkgs vlk ,d fopkj izokg izcG cuysyk fnlrks- ;k fopkj izokgkph yksd ;sFkhy iznqf”kr ik.kh] vkS”k/k Qokj.kh;qDr QGs] Hkkthikyk [kkY;kus dWUlj gksrks vkf.k R;keqGsp dWUlj is’kaVph la[;k okkysY;k la’kks/kuke/;s vkS”k/k Qokj.kh ;qDr Hkkthikyk [kkY;keqGs dWUlj gksrks gs fl/n >kysys ukgh- ijarq nqf”kr ik.;keqGs fdaok ;k fo”kkjh jklk;fud ?kVd nzO;s ekuokP;k ‘kfjjkr xsY;keqGs ekuokph jksxizfrdkjd ‘kDrh deh gksowu vusd ?kkrd vktkjkauk fuea=.k feGrs gs ek= 100 VDds [kjs vkgs- nqf”kr ik.kh fdaok vkS”k/k Qokj.kh ;qDr QGs] Hkkthikyk [kkY;kus dWUlj gksr ulrk rjh f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/khyp uOgs rj laiw.kZ Hkkjroklh;kauh lq/nk vkiyk xzkeh.k Hkkx lqtyke] lqQyke] fujksxh o ‘kkLor cuok;pk vlsy rj ‘ksrdÚ;kauh ;k jklk;fud [krs] jklk;fud vkS”k/ks] fdVduk’kds] r.kuk’kds ;kaP;kiklqu Qkjdr ?ksoqu R;kapk okij gGwgGw deh deh djr ;soqu ‘kkLor uSlfxZd i/nrhP;k ‘ksrhdMs vkY;kl ,dq.kp Ik;kZoj.k O;ofLFkr jkgqu ekuoh thoukcjkscjp ltho Lk`”Vhgh fujksxh jkghy- f’kjksG rkyqdk dWUlj;qDr >kyk vkgs ;k vQok iljfo.;kis{kk f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/khy HkkSxksfyd lR; ifjfLFkrh tk.kqu ?ksoqu ;sFhky ‘ksrdÚ;kaps izcks/ku] tutkx`rh d:u fu;af=r ik.;kpk okij] fBcdflapu] lsanzh; [krkapk okij ;k xks”Vhapk okij dsY;kl fuf’prp f’kjksG rkyqdkp dk; laiw.kZ d`”khiz/kku Hkkjr ns’k lqtyke lqQyke gksbZy vkf.k i`Fohps j{k.k dsys tkbZy- izLrkouk % ekxhy dkgh fnolkiklqu fofo/k orZeku i=ke/kqu f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/khy dWUlj fiMhr ¼is’kaV½ :X.kkph ekfgrh Nkiwu ;sr vkgs- f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/;s 12 rs 15 gtkj dWUljps is’kaV vkgsr- f’kjksG rkyqD;kyk dWUljpk foG[kk iMr pkyysyk vkgs- rsFkhy ‘ksrhe/khy Hkkthikyk] QGHkkth] Ål gh fids eksB;k izek.kkr ?ksryh tkrkr- ijarq d`”.kk] iapxaxk ;k un;k eksB;k izek.kkr iznqf”kr >kysY;k vkgsr- ;k un;kaP;k ik.;ke/;s dkgh ?kkrd jklk;fud ?kVd lkiMysys vkgsr- ;sFkhy Hkkthikyk o QGHkkthoj vrksukr fdVd uk’kds o brj VkWfud ln`’; vkS”k/kkapk okij dsyk tkrks- ‘ksrhe/khy r.kkpk uk;ukV dj.;klkBh fofo/k ?kkrd jlk;ukapk okij dsyk tkr vkgs- R;keqGs f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/khy QGHkkth] ikysHkkth [kk.;k ;ksX; jkfgyh ulqu dWUlj ln`’; y{k.ks vkikV~;kus okkysys vkgs- rsFkhy ‘ksrdjh jklk;fud [krs vkf.k fdVduk’kds] r.kuk’kds o VkWfud ln`’; vkS”k/kkapk fdrh okij djrkr\ R;kpcjkscj fdVduk’kds o r.kuk’kdkapk 51 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

vfr okijkus r;kj >kysyk Hkkthikyk [kkY;kus ekuokyk dWUlj gksrks dk\ vkf.k lokZr egRokph ckc Eg.kts l/ku f’kjksG rkyqD;kyk HkkthikYkk fo”k;d cnuke d:u lsanzh; vUu/kkU;] Hkkthikyk mRiknd ‘ksrdjh&O;kikjh vkiyk Qk;nk dj.;klkBh dkgh dqfVy Mko jpr vkgsr dk\ mijksDr iz’ukph mRrjs HkkSxksfyd n`”Vkdksukrqu ‘kks/k.;kpk iz;Ru izLrqr ‘kks/kfuca/kke/;s dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- 1½ f’kjksG rkyqdk HkkSxksfyd ik’oZHkweh & egkjk”Vªke/khy dksYgkiwj ftYg;ke/khy l/ku rkyqdk Eg.kqu f’kjksG rkyqD;kph vksG[k vkgs- ;k rkyqD;kps ,dq.k {ks=QG 507-07 fd-eh- brds vkgs- ;sFkhy ikolkps izek.kgh [kqip pkaxys vkgs- 160-37Þ rs 160-52Þ mRrj v{ko`Rr vkf.k 240-27Þ rs 740-42Þ iwoZ js[kko`Rr dksYgkiwj ftYg;kP;k ,dw.k {ks=QGkP;k 6-15 tehuhps {ks=QG f’kjksG rkyqD;kps vkgs- fyax&xq.kksRrj 941 vlqu yksdla[;sph ?kurk 707 ¼2001½ vkgs- f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/;s ,dq.k 54 xkos vlqu nksu uxjikfydk vkgsr- d`”.kk o iapxaxk ;k nksu -eh- vlqu 40 HkkSxksfyd {ks= O;kiysys vkgs- ;k eq[; un;k okgu vlqu d`”.kk unhpk iwoZ fdukjk 65 fd % un;kcjkscjp okj.kk o nq/kxaxk ;k nksu un;kgh f’kjksG rkyqD;kyk le`/k dj.;kl dkj.khHkwr BjysY;k vkgsr- dksYgkiwj ftYg;ke/khy f’kjksG rkyqdk gk l/ku o le`/k rkyqdk gks;- d`”.kk] iapxaxk] nq/kxaxk o okj.kk ;k ckjkekgh nqFkMh Hk:u okg.kkÚ;k un;k ;k rkyqD;kyk ykHkY;k vkgsr- ikolkps gh izek.k vfr’k; pkaxys vkgs- jk/kkuxjh o dkGEekokMhP;k /kj.kkeqGs brj rkyqD;kizek.ksp f’kjksG rkyqdk le`/k >kysyk vkgs- ‘ksrh ;skX; ckxk;rh tehuhps izek.kgh [kqip pkaxys vkgs- R;keqGs ;k rkyqD;kr Ål ;k izeq[k fidkcjkscjp Hkkthikyk] QGHkkth b- uxnh fidkaps gh mRiknu ;sFks ?ksryss tkrs vkf.k ;kp Hkkthikyk] QGHkkthlkBh ¼mnk- dq:anokMph okaxh½ f’kjksG rkyqdk laiw.kZ egkjk”Vª izfl/n vkgs- ;kp f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/kqu VksEkWVks] okaxh] dksch] IykWoj] fejph b- QGHkkthph laiw.kZ xqtjkr] e/;izns’k] vka/kzizns’k] rkfeGukMw b- jkT;ke/;s ‘ksrdjh la?kkekQZr fu;kZr dsyh tkrs- dWUlj d’kkeqGs gksrks ;k fo”k;h txHkjkrhy 90 ‘kks/k fuca/kke/;s Li”Vrk ukgh fdaok Bksl iqjkok ukgh- ek= dks.kR;kgh xks”Vhpk vfrokij gk ekuoh ‘kfjjklkBh ?kkrd B: ‘kdrks- f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/;s [kjks[kj dWUlj is’kaVps izek.k tkLr vkgs vkf.k R;klkBh fdVd uk’kds fdaok fofo/k jklk;fud vkS”k/kkapk vfrokij dkj.khHkwr vlY;kl ‘kkL=h; iqjkok ukgh- ;kckcr dsoG vankt O;Dr dsys tkr vkgsr- ijarq gh fuf’pr la[;k feG.;klkBh ?kjks?kjh tkoqu izkekf.kdi.ks LkOgsZ dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- 2½ MkW- lqHkk”k vkBys & ;kaP;kers dWUlj jksxkyk dkj.khHkwr Bj.kkÚ;k vkarjjk”Vªh; ikrGhojhy la’kksf/kr laHkkO; ;knhr fdVduk’kkdkapk lekos’k ukgh- izek.kkckgsj fdVduk’kds iksVkr xsyh rj R;kps vU; nq”ifj.kke gksrkr- i.k fidkoj fdVduk’kus QokjY;keqGs dWUlj gksrks gs Eg.k.ks pqdhps vkgs- 3½ myV jklk;fud [krs] vkSn;ksfxdj.k ;kaP;keqGs Hkkjrkr gjhr dzkarh ?kMwu vkyh- i.k ts”B ‘kkL=K MkW- e/kqdj ckpqGdj ;kauh EgaVY;kizek.ks jklk;fud [krkpk o vkS”k/kkapk vfrokij gk ,dq.kp Ik;kZoj.kklkBh ?kkrd Bjrks- f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/khy dWUljpk izpkj&izlkj tks eksB;kizek.kkr dsyk tkr vkgs ;kfo”k;h ldkG isije/;s iq

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eqGkr 60 - 30 dWUlj % dWUlj d’kkeqGs gksrks] dks.kR;k dkj.kkeqGs gksrks gs vn;ki Li”V >kysys ukgh % gk rack[kwtU; inkFkkZP;k lsoukeqGs gksrks- en;iku] cqj’khtU; inkFkZ] vuqoaf’kdrk b- dkj.kkeqGs dWUlj gksrks- dksG’kkaph [kk.k] ykdqM] fxj.khe/khy /kqG ;keqGs gh dWUlj gksow ‘kdrks- f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/khy HkkthikY;kph cnukeh gksr vkgs- ;kl lsanzh; ‘ksrh dj.kkjs tckcnkj vkgsr] rs yksdp dWUljph vQok iljor vkgsr- - R;kpcjkscj 100 canh vlysyh vkS”k/ks ljkZl cktkjkr feGrkr % ‘ksrh lsanzh; gksow ‘kdr ukgh vls er doBslkj ;sFkhy ‘ksrdjh lq’kkar ekus ;kauh ekaMysys vkgs- ‘ksrdjh la?kVusps usrs Hkxokujko dkVs ;kaP;k ers dsoG f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/khy Hkkthikyk [kkY;kus dWUlj gksr vkgs- dWUljP;k :X.kkaph la[;k okikV;kus okkys vkgs- R;keqGs ‘ksrhgh ukfid gksowu ekuokph jksx izfrdkj ‘kDrh deh gksbZy- 2½ Hkkthikyk ueqU;ke/;s jklk;fud fo”kkjh ?kVd feGkys vkgsr- ;keqGs ‘ksrdÚ;ke/;s vkS”k/k Qokj.kh laca/kh tutkx`rh dj.;kph xjt vkgs- lkjka’k jk;pwj ;sFkhy d`”kh la’kks/ku laLFksus dk

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 deh fnolkr tkLr mRiknu] R;klkBh jklk;fud [krs] jklk;fud ?kkrd vkS”k/kkapk okij R;keqGsp ‘ksrdjh dqVqqac dWUljP;k foG[;kr lkiMr vkgs- ojhy loZ dkj.kkeqGsa fdaok mijksDr lanHkkZuqlkj ekuokph jksxizfrdkj ‘kDrh deh gksowu dWUlj lkj[kk vktkj gksrks- vkS”k/k Qokj.kh dsysY;k Hkkthikyk [kkY;kus dWUlj gksr ulY;kckcrps ;qDrhokn & fdVduk’kds QokjysYkk Hkkthikyk [kkY;kus dWUlj >kY;kps txke/;s dqBsgh fl/n >kysys ukgh R;keqGs f’kjksG rkyqD;ke/;s jklk;fud vkS”k/kkP;k vfrokijkus dWUlj :X.kkaph la[;k >ikV;kus okkys vkgs- 3½ deh osGsr] deh {ks=QGke/;s tkLrhr tkLr mRiUu ?ks.;kP;k gO;klkiksBh jklk;fud [krs o VkWfud ln`’; vkS”k/ks] fdVd uk’kds] r.k uk’kds ;kaPkk eksB;k izek.kkr okij gkssrkuk vk

१) वत्तृ पत्र े – सकाळ, पुढारी इ.

२) रायचूर वव饍यापीठाचा अहवाल

३) महाराष्ट्र आरो嵍य ववभागाचा अहवाल

४) मा. आमदार उ쥍हास पाटील याांचे कॅ ꅍसर शिबीर वत्तृ ात

५) शिरोळ तालुका गँझटे ६) मुलाखती

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018 ISSN 2277–4858

_amR>r ~mobr Am{U ^yJmob : EH$ ghg§~§Y

àm. lr_Vr e¡bOm lrYa qeXo ghmæ`H$ àmÜ`mnH$, _amR>r {d^mJ, ghH$ma^yfU Eg. Ho$. nmQ>rb _hm{dÚmb`, Hw$ê§$XdmS

àñVmdZm :$ ^maVmV doJdoJio ^m{fH$ àXoe AmhoV, _hmamï´> hm _amR>r ^m{fH$ g_mOmMm àXoe Amho. _hmamï´> hm X{jUoVrb eodQ>Mm àXoe hmo`. hm ^yn«Xoe ^m¡Jmo{bH$ÑîQ>çm CÎma d nyd© aoIm§e `m_Ü`o gr{_V Pmbobm àXoe AgyZ `mMr npíM_ gr_m Aa~r g_wÐmbm {^S>Vo. Va nyd©gr_m _Ü`àXoembm {^S>Vo. X{jU gr_m Am§Y«àXoe d H$Zm©Q>H$ `m AZwH«$_o VobwJy Am{U H$ÞS> ^m{fH$ àXoem§Zm {_iVo d CÎma gr_mhr JwOamV Am{U _Ü`àXoe `m amÁ`m§Zm {_iVo. Aer _hmamï´>mMr {dñVrU© gr_m AgyZ hr gr_maofm _hmamï´>mÀ`m A§VJ©V aMoZoZo {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bobr Amho. `m aMZoMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ÑîQ>çm H$mhr CnàXoe nS>bobo AmhoV. Ogo gmJa, ZÚm, nd©V, S>m|Ja `m§À`m_wio _hmamï´>mbm BVa ^m{fH$ àXoem§nmgyZ ñdV§Ì ApñVËd àmá Pmbo Amho, Ë`mà_mUo {d{dY àH$maMr O_rZ, hdm_mZ d nO©Ý`mMo {^Þ à_mU `m Z¡g{J©H$ ~m~t_wio _hmamï´>mVhr ^m¡Jmo{bH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ago CnàXoehr {Z_m©U Pmbo AmhoV. X{jU-CÎma ngaboë`m gømÐrÀ`m am§Jm_wio _hmamï´>mMo H$moH$U d Xoe Ago XmoZ à_wI Z¡g{J©H$ {d^mJ Pmbobo AmhoV. Vmnr-nyUm© Imoao hm _hmamï´>mMm Xwgam CnàXoe Va dYm© d¡ZJ§Jm Imoao hm {Vgam Z¡g{J©H$ CnàXoe _mZbm Jobm. Mm¡Wm CnàXoe åhUOo JmoXmdar H¥$îUoMo Imoao. `m CnàXoem§ZmM AZwH«$_o 1) H$moH$U 2) Xoe qH$dm npíM_ _hmamï´> 3) ImZXoe 4) {dX^© 5) _amR>dmS>m Aer àXoedmMH$ Zmdo {Xbr Jobr AmhoV. `m àXoem§_YyZ ~mobbr OmUmar _amR>r ^mfm `m àXoem§À`m ZmdmZoM AmoiIbr OmVo. Ë`m§ZmM _amR>rÀ`m à_wI ~mobtMm _mZ {_imbm Amho. _amR>rÀ`m ~mobr : _hmamï´>mÀ`m {dñV¥V ^yàXoemV ngabobm d _hmamï´>m~mhoahr ñWm{`H$ Pmbobm _amR>r g_mO Or ^mfm ~mobVmo Ë`m ^mfobm AmnU _amR>r åhUVmo. na§Vw, _hmamï´>mV gd©Ì gma»`mM ñdê$nmMr _amR>r ~mobbr OmV Zmhr Va _hmamï´>mÀ`m _amR>r g_OmVyZ _amR>rÀ`m doJdoJù`m ~mobr ~mobë`m OmVmV. `m ~mobr åhUOoM ""ì`dhmamV Á`m§Mm Ho$di ~mobÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ_`m©{XV qH$dm gm_m{OH$ dV©wimV dmna hmoVmo, Ë`m§Zm ~mobr Ago åhUVmV.''1 _amR>rÀ`m ~mobtMm Aä`mg n{hë`m§Xm Om°O© {J«Ag©Z `m ^maVr` gd}jU H$aUmè`m B§J«O Am`.gr.Eg. A§_bXmamZo Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr 1898 Vo 1927 `m H$mimV "qbp½dñQ>H$ gìh} Am\$ B§{S>`m'Mo 1 Vo 9 I§S> àH$m{eV Ho$bo. Ë`mVrb gmVì`m I§S>mV ~mobr~m~V Aä`mg _m§S>bm Amho. Ë`m§Zr _amR>r ^mfoMo 1) X»IZMr _amR>r, 2) dèhmS> Am{U _Ü`àmVm§Mr _amR>r Am{U 3) _Ü` d CÎma H$moH$UmVrb _amR>r Aer éno _mZbr hmoVr. na§Vw, AmOÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo Vr Anyar R>aë`m_wio _amR>rÀ`m ~mobtMo dèhmS>r, A{hamUr, S>m§Jr Am{U H$moH$Ur Ago à_wI àH$ma nS>bobo AmhoV. `m{edm` `m à_wI ~mobtÀ`mhr AZoH$ Cn~mobr Aä`mgVm `oVmV. _amR>rÀ`m `m ~mobr ~mobUmè`m àXoemVrb ""ì`ŠVr Á`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemV amhVo d Á`m g_mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ nmVirda X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma H$aVo Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m bmoH$ ì`dhmamVrb ~mobrbm (Ë`m àXoemVrb) ~mobr Ago åhUVmV.''2 Aem ~mobr nwÝhm {VÀ`m àXoemV qH$dm {VÀ`m JQ>mV gd©Ì gmaIr ~mobbr OmVoM Ago Zmhr. Aem ~Xb hmoD$Z ~mobë`m OmUmè`m ~mobrÀ`m énmbm ñWm{ZH$ ^oX åhUVmV. Aem ñWm{ZH$ ^oXm§VyZh Zì`m ~mobr OÝ_mbm `oVmV.

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~mobr ^yJmob : ~mobr {dkmZmMr "~mobr ^yJmob' hr AÜ``ZemIm Geographical Dialectology hr 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V ApñVËdmV Ambr. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_maofm§À`m AmYmao ^mfm^oXm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmar hr AÜ``Z emIm Amho. `mV XoemÀ`m {d{eîQ> ^mJmV ~mobbr OmUmar ^mfm åhUOo ~mobr' `m ì`m»`oZwgma ~mobrMm {d{eï> àXoemZwgma Aä`mg H$aUmar "~mobr {dkmZ' hr emIm Areal Linguistics åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. VgoM jo{Ì` gd}jUmÀ`m AmYmao ^mfm~XbmMo ZH$meo V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© `m kmZemIoVyZ Ho$bo OmVo. ""EImÚm àmVm§Mr Or ^mfm åhUyZ g_OVmo Vr H$moR>da Am{U H$er ngabobr Amho Am{U {VZo H$moUVr Am{U H$er ê$no YmaU Ho$bbr Amho, `m {OkmgoVyZ Omo Aä`mg gwê$ Pmbm Ë`mbm "^m{fH$ ^yJmob' Ago åhUVmV.''3 H$moUË`mhr ^mfoMr H$er {ZpíMV AmIrdaoIrd gr_mjoÌo ZgVmV, Varhr EH$ ^mfm ~mobUmè`m§Mm àXoe g§nyZ Xwgar doJirM ^mfm ~mobUmè`m§Mm àXoe gwê$ Pmbm Amho, Ago Xe©dUmar gr_mjoÌo AgVmV. ""^mfm{dkmZmÀ`m {d{dY emIm§n¡H$s Á`m emIo_Ü`o Aem ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm^oXm§Mm nÕVeranUo Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo, {Vbm "~mobr-^yJmob' (Dialect Geography) Ago åhUVmV.''4 Aem ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm^oX AgUmè`m ^mfm§_Yrb gr_maofm AË`§V Vab, gyú_ AgVmV. Ë`m {ZpíMVnUo gm§JVm `oV ZmhrV. _hmamï´>mÀ`m gr_maofodarb bmoH$ Amnë`m eoOmaÀ`m àmVm§Mr ^mfm ~mobV Agë`mZo _amR>r-H$mZS>r _amR>r-JwOamVr, _amR>r-qhXr, _amR>r VobJw Aer {Û^mfm ~mobUmao d _amR>r _mV¥^mfm AgUmao bmoH$ AmT>iVmV. _amR>rÀ`m ~mobr d ^m¡Jmo{bH$Vm : _hmamï´>mgma»`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ÑîQ>çm {dñVrU© Agboë`m joÌ\$imÀ`m àXoemV _amR>r ^mfm gd©Ì EH$mM énmV dmdaV Zmhr. Va {VMr {R>H${R>H$mUMr àmXo{eH$ éno {Za{Zamir AmhoV. VgoM _hmamï´>mV AZoH$ Y_©, OmVr, n§W, AZoH$ O_mVr B{VhmgH$mimnmgyZ dmg H$ê$Z AmhoV. Ë`mZwgmahr ^mfoMo ^oX nhmd`mg {_iVmV, Ago Agbo Var _amR>rÀ`m à_wI ~mobtMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ÑîQ>çm Agbobo ghg§~§Y Aä`mgUo hm àñVwV emoY{Z~§YmMm {df` Amho. dèhmS>rMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ {dñVrU© Amho. ~wbT>mÊ`mÀ`m npíM_ KmQ>mÀ`m nwT>nmgyZ åhUOoM ~wbT>mÊ`mÀ`m nyd}H$Sy>Z dèhmS>rMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ gwê$ hmoVo. ho joÌ _Ü`àXoemÀ`m X{jU ^mJmn`ªV ngabobo Amho. dèhmS>r ~mobrÀ`m joÌ_`m©{XV E{bMnya, ~¡Vwb, {edZr, ~mbmKmQ> `m àXoem§Mo X{jU ^mJ Am{U ZmJnya, dYm©, M§Ðnya, ^§S>mam, dUr, dm{e_, AH$mobm `m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoem§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Aem `m "dèhmS>' àm§VmV Or ~mobr ~mobbr OmVo {Vbm "dèhmS>r' ~mobr Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. `m ~mobrMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemZwgma 1) KmQ>mdaMr dèhmS>r ~mobr 2) KmQ>mImbMr dèhmS>r ~mobr Aer XmoZ éno {XgVmV. `m{edm` ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Zwgmahr ZmJnwar, hi~r, ~mbmKmQ>r> Ago ^oX nhmd`mg {_iVmV. VgoM OmV, Y§Xm, O_mV `mZwgmahr Pmanr, Hw$U~r, nmodmar Ago ^m{fH$ ^oX ho ^m¡Jmo{bH$VoMmM ^mJ åhUyZ Aä`mgVm `oVmV. A{hamUr (ImZXoer) ~mobr : ImZXoe `m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemdê$ZM ImZXoer ~mobr Ago Zm_dmMH$ Pmbo Amho. ImZXoemVrb Am^ra (AmOMo Ahra) bmoH$m§À`m Vm|S>r AgUmar ~mobr åhUyZ Vrbm A{hamUr ~mob Ago Zmd nS>bo Amho. ~èhmUnya, Ywio, OiJmd, Zm{eH$ {OëømÀ`m CÎmaoMm ^mJ Aem VrZ {Oëøm§À`m {dñV¥V àXoemda hr ~mobr ~mobbr OmVo. Ywio {Oëhm hm àm_w»`mZo A{hamUrMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ H|$Ð àXoe _mZbm OmVmo. A{hamUrMo "~mJbmUr' d "Z§Xwa~mar' Ago àmXo{eH$ ^oX AmhoV. "~mJbmUr' ~mobr Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb ~mJbmU, H$idU, _mboJmd `m VmbwŠ`mV ~mobbr OmVo. Va "Z§Xwa~mar' Z§Xwa~ma, VimoXo `m ^mJmV ~mobbr OmVo. OmVr O_mVrZwgmahr nmdar, {^„r, bmS>{e¸$s Ago Cn^oXhr Ë`m-Ë`m àXoemV Pmbobo Amho. S>m§Jr ~mobr hr _amR>rÀ`m ~mobr g_yhmn¡H$s EH$ ~mobr Amho. gÜ`mÀ`m JwOamV amÁ`mVrb S>m§J `m ZmdmZo AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemV ~mobbr OmUmar hr ~mobr A{hamUrer g§b¾ Aer ~mobr Amho. A{hamUrÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ _`m©XoVrb àXoe S>m§JrÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ_`m©Xobm nyd}H$Sy>Z {^S>bobo AmhoV. "S>m§J' hm

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O§Jb qH$dm AaÊ` `m AWu `oUmè`m "Xm§J' `m eãXmMm An^«§e Agmdm Aer ì`wËnÎmr àm. H¥$.nm§. Hw$bH$Uu 5 XoVmV. "S>m§J' ho àXoedmMH$ d bmoH$dmMH$ Zmd AgyZ `m àmXo{eH$ Zmdmdê$ZM VoWo ~mobë`m OmUmè`m ~mobrbm "S>m§Jr' ~mobr Ago Zmd nS>bo Amho. S>m§J hm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoe JwOamV d _hmamï´> `m§À`m gr_m^mJmV npíM_og Amho. hm àXoe gw_mao 650 Mm¡ag _¡b joÌ\$iMm AgyZ Vmo S>m|Jami d XmQ> O§Jbm§Mm Agë`mZo VoWrb hdm_mZ {df_ Amho. `m àXoemV {^„, H$moH$U, dmabr, Hw$U~r, H$mWmoS>r BË`mXr O_mVtMr bmoH$g§»`m Amho. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[agr_m nmhVm S>m§Jr ~mobrMm n[aK hm _moR>m Agë`mMo bjmV `oVo. H$moH$Ur ~mobr : H$moH$Ur hr _amR>rÀ`m ~mobr g§X^m©Vrb dmXJ«ñV ~mobr hmo`. hr ~mobr npíM_KmQ> Am{U Aa~r g_wÐ `m§À`m_Yrb Aé§X S>m|Jami {H$ZmanÅ>rMm ^yàXoe "H$moH$U' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo. VoWo hr ~mobr ~mobbr OmVo. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ MVw:gr_m nm{hë`mg X_U hr `m àXoemMr CÎmagr_m, Jmoì`mÀ`m VoaoImobMm ^mJ qH$dm åh¡gya amÁ`mMm ^mJ OoWo g_wÐmbm {_iVmo, VoWn`ªVMm ^mJ `m àXoemMr X{jUgr_m hmo`. `m àXoemV R>mUo, Hw$bm~m, am`JS> ho {Oëho, Va _w§~B© d {VMr CnZJao, aËZm{Jar {Oëhm, Jmodm d Jmoì`mÀ`m X{jUoH$S>rb WmoS>m ^mJ Aem EHy$U ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoe ngabobm Amho. àXoemdê$ZM `oWrb ~mobrbm "H$moH$Ur' ho àmXo{eH$ Zmd nS>bobo Amho. `m àXoemVrb H$moH$UrMohr Eo{Vhm{gH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ÑîQ>çm 1) CÎma H$moH$Ur, 2) _Ü` H$moH$Ur, 3) X{jU H$moH$Ur Aer VrZ ê$no {XgVmV. àmXo{eH$ \$moS> Ho$ë`mg X_U ho amOmnyan`ªVÀ`m ^mJmV åhUOo aËZm{Jar nmgyZ daÀ`m nÅ>rV "CÎma H$moH$Ur' ~mobbr OmVo. hr _amR>rbm OdiMr ~mobr Amho. Jmoì`mÀ`m da gmd§VdmS>r ^mJmV d d|Jwb}, _mbdU, aËZm{Jar n`ªVÀ`m ^mJmV "_Ü` H$moH$Ur' ~mobbr OmVo. Va CÎma H$moH$Ur Am{U X{jU H$moH$Ur `m§Mm Xwdm OmoS>Umao ho én Amho. H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ`m WoQ> X{jUoV, åhUOo Jmodm Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$mMm CÎma ^mJ, `m àXoemV "X{jU H$moH$Ur', ~mobbr OmVo. `m{edm` àmXo{eH$ ^oXm§À`m A§VJ©V ~mUH$moQ>r, KmQ>r, _mdir, b§J_oídar, Hw$S>mir, Jmo_§VH$s BË`mXr ñWm{ZH$ Cn^oX hmoVmV. VgoM g_mOmVrb {^Þ {^Þ ñVam§Zwgma, OmVrZwgma-{MËnmdZr, Jm¡S> gmañdVm§Mr ~mobr, R>mH$ar, Hw$U~r ~mobr Ago ~mobr^oXhr nhmd`mg {_iVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, _amR>rÀ`m ~mobtMm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm àW_ _hmamï´>mMm d Ë`mÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmMm Aä`mg H$amdm bmJVmo. H$maU ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmZwgma bmoH$m§Mo amhUo, OJUo, ~mobUo, Cƒma Adb§~yZ AgVmV d Ë`mZwgmaM Ë`m§Mr åhUyZ Img ~mobrhr Aä`mgVm `oVo. Ë`m-Ë`m àmXo{eH$VoZwgmaM Ë`m§Mr ~mobr {dH${gV hmoVo. AÞYmÝ`, eoVr, nO©Ý`, hdm_mZ `m KQ>H$m§daM Ë`m§Mm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d joÌr` {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo. åhUyZM _amR>rÀ`m ~mobtMm Aä`mg hm ^m¡Jmo{bH$Vobm AZwgê$ZM H$amdm bmJVmo. VgoM ~mobtÀ`m gr_maofmhr ^m¡Jmo{bH$VoZwgmaM Aä`mgVm `oVmV. {ZîH$f© : 1. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmZwgmaM _amR>tÀ`m ~mobr {ZpíMV Pmboë`m AmhoV. 2. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[agr_m§Zr ~Õ AgUmè`m ~mobr ì`dhma-{d{Z_m`mMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ dmnaë`m OmVmV. 3. _amR>rÀ`m ~mobtMm Aä`mg Ho$di _amR>r ^mfonwaVm _`m©{XV Z amhVm g_mOemómÀ`m AZoH$ {df`mV§J©V H$aVm `oVmo. Ogo B{Vhmg, bmoH$gm{hË`, amÁ`emó, Y_©emó, ^m¡{VH$emó d ^yJmob `m§À`m Aä`mgmH$aVm _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. 4. _amR>rÀ`m ~mobr øm àXoedmMH$ ZmdmZr AmoiIë`m OmV Agë`mVar ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ dèhmS>r, A{hamUr (ImZXoer) S>m§Jr, H$moH$Ur Aer ~mobtMr Zm_{ZX}eZo nhmd`mg {_iVmV. 5. _amR>rÀ`m ~mobr d ^yJmob `m§Mm ghg§~§Y hm K{Zð> Agë`mZoM ~mobtMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ A{YH$ _hÎdmMo AgVo.

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g§X^© gyMr : 1. Hw$~oao dg§V d Hw$bH$Uu gwbjUm : "^mfm {dkmZ n[aM`', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, àW_md¥Îmr - Owb¡ 2003, n¥ð> H«$. 104. 2. gmoQ>o Xo. J. : "d¡X^u ~mobrMm eãXH$moe' (CÚmoX²KmV : gwaoe S>moiHo$), gmoQ>o gm{hË` àH$meZ g§ñWm, dYm©, àW_md¥Îmr - 1974, n¥ð> H«$. 27. 3. _mbeo g. J. : "^mfm{dkmZ n[aM`', nÙJ§Ym àH$meZ, {ÛVr`md¥Îmr - \o$~«wdmar 2005, n¥ð> H«$. 84. 4. CnamoŠV n¥ð> H«$. 86. 5. nw§S>o X. {X. : "gwb^ ^mfm{dkmZ', ñZohdY©Z npãbqeJ hmD$g, nwUo, àW_md¥Îmr - 6 \o$~«wdmar 1996, n¥ð> H«$. 156.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

okLRkqf’kYikpk vnHkwr uequk & dksis’oj eafnj ¼f[knzkiwj½ izk- vkj- ,l- dne] Hkwxksy foHkkx izeq[k] lgdkjHkw”k.k ,l- ds- ikVhy egkfo|ky;] dq:anokM izk-,- Ogh- ikVksGs] l - ds- ikVhy egkfo|ky;] dq:anokM gdkjHkw”k.k ,l izLrkouk % f[knzkiwj ;sFkhy iwjkru ,sfrgkfld eafnj vlysys dksis’oj gs f’ko eafnj iwohZ nsofxjhpk jktk ;kno fla?k.k ;kus b- l- 1205 e/;s cka/kyk R;kp cjkscj dksYgkiwjph vackckbZ eafnjkrhy izR;sd nxMkoj vfr’k; mRd`"V i/nrhus dksjho dke d:u dq’ky dyk dqlj n’kZoyh vkgs- g;k enhjkph jpuk gh iq.kZ okLrq’kkL=kizek.ks dsysyh vkgs- dksis’oj eanhjkps pkj foHkkxkr dsysys vkgsr- 1½ LoxZeaMi 2½ lHkkeaMi 3½ varjkG d{k 4½ xHkZx`g rj eanhjkP;k nksUgh cktwyk nxMke/;s dksjho gRrh vkgsr- eanhjkP;k xkHkkÚ;kr f’ko fiaM vkgs- eanhjkP;k [kkackojrh o ckgsjhy cktql vusd nsoh&nsorkaP;k eqrhZ dksjysys fnlrhy- dk;Z{ks= % dksYgkiwj ftYg;krhy f’kjksG rkyqD;krhy f[knzkiwj ;sFks iwjkru dkGkrhy ,sfrgkfld eanhj vkgs- f[knzkiwjkrhy dksis’oj eanhj o tSu eanhj ;kno dkGkrhy jktk fla?k.k ;kus b- l- 1205 e/;s cka/kys vkgs- dk;Zi/nrh % ojhy fo"k;kl vuql:u eh vkH;kl dj.;klkBh f[knzkiwj ;sFkhy dksis’oj eanhjkyk HksV nsowu rsFkhy eanhjkph LFkkiuk] eanhjkph jpuk] HkkSxksyhd jpuk] ;k lxG;kaph lfoLrj ekfgrh rsFkhy iqtkjh ;kaps dMwu ?ksryh- f[knzkiwjyk ;s.;klkBh ekxZ % f[knzkiwj] rk- f’kjksG] ft- dksYgkiwj ;sFks ;s.;klkBh rhu ekxkZapk okij dsyk tkrks- 1½ lkaxyh → t;flaxiwj → dq:anokM → vfdokV → jktkiwj → f[knzkiwj 2½ dksYgkiwj → bpydjath → ikpeSy → ?kksljokM → nRrokM → VkdGh → f[knzkiwj 3½ fpDdksMh → vadyh → ekatjh → f’kjxqIih → tqxwG → f[knzkiwj fufj{k.ks % dksis’oj eafnj vkrqu ckgs:u dykf’kYikuh vyad`r dsysys vkgs- ckg; fHkarhyxrph dykf’kYikph ekaM.kh rhu Fkjkar fdaok foHkkxkr dsysyh vkgs- rhugh Hkkx HkjxPPk dykf’kYikuh eMoysyh vkgs- ik;kP;k pkSFkÚ;kyk xtjktkph izHkkoG ,dk fof’k"V jkaxsr pkjgh cktwauh cloysyh vkgs- R;kP;k xG;krhy xt?kaVk xtvkHkq"k.ks vizfre dykdkjhus eMoysyh vkgsr- R;akuh vkiY;k

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ikBhoj /kkj.k dsysY;k nsonsork R;kaps nkfx.ks] oL=] vyadkjkaps lkt 'k`axkj fofo/kkaxh dykdqljhpk ;sFks izR;; vk.kwu fnysyk vkgs- nwlÚ;k Fkjkr 'kDrh nsork] iq’kqi{kh] nsokxauk fo"kdU;k] ukxdU;k] fi’kkP;k ;ksuhrhy dkgh f’kYis ;Fkklkax lkdkjyh vkgsr- Jh dksis’oj eafnjkps pkj foHkkx % 1½ LoxZ eaMi 2½ lHkk eaMi 3½ varjkG d{k 4½ xHkx`g 1½ LoxZeaMi & LoxZeMi eq[; eafnjkiklwu foyx voLFksr cka/kysyk vkgs- ;k LoxZ eaMikph cka/k.kh xksykdkj vkgs- 36 QqVkpk O;kl] 36 [kkac ;k LoxZ eaMikr vkgs- gs 36 [kkac rhu jkaxsr vkgsr ;k LoxZeaMikP;k e/;koj 14 QqV O;klkP;k dkG;k jaxkph xksykdkj v’k izpkaM 'khyk vkgs- LoxZ eaMikyk iwoZ] nf{k.k fn’ksyk lHkkeaMikps izos’k}kj vkgs- izR;sd pS= eklkP;k izfrinsyk LoxZ eaMikP;k ;k vkdk’k xolke/kwu lq;kZph dksoGh fdj.ks FksV dksis’ojkP;k f’kofiaMkoj iMrkr- eanhjkrhy izR;sd [kkackoj fofo/kkaxh dykdqljh d:u lkSan;kZps eqykes paqcjklkj[kh mBkonkjk vkf.k ns[k.kh ?kMfo.;kr vkyh vkgs- laiw.kZ lHkk eaMikyk ,d la?k rqG;kP;k vk/kkjkoj lk/ks tksM d:u vkf.k pkSd ?kMowu ekF;kps nxMh vkPNknu NrkP;k Lo:ikr cufo.;kr vkys vkgs- 3½ varjkGd{k & dksi'oj eanhjkP;k varjkG d{kkyk n’kZuh nksu LraHk vkgsr- ;k varjkG d{kkph ykach 20 QqV o :anh 20 QqV v’kh vlwu gk varjkG d{k pkSdksuh vkgs- ;k varjkG d{kkP;k nksUgh cktql t; vkf.k fot; vls }kjiky vkgsr- varjkG d{kkP;k nksUgh cktwl lIrekr`dkaps nksu f’kYiiV vlysys fnlrkr- 4½ xHkZx`g & varjkG d{kkyk ykxqu vlysY;k xHkZx`gkrgh v’kkp izdkjP;k eqrhZ fHkarhyk v/kZorqGkdkj pcqrÚ;koj NksVs&eksBs ,dw.k vBjk uo;kSouk f’kYihr d:u cloysY;k vkgsr- fu"d"kZ % f[knzkiwj xkokrhy ,sfrgkfld dksis’oj eanhj okLrqf’kYikPkk ,d vnHkwr vlk uequk vlwu vfr’k; dq’ky dykdqlj vkf.k vHkwriwoZ jpuk ;kus uVysys eanhj vkgs-

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lanHkZ xazFk % 1½ f[knzkiwjps eanhj & MkW jkepanz xksfoan pksFks 2½ Jh {ks= dksis’oj eanhjkph ekfgrh & Jh xtkuujko gqn~nkj 3½ f[knzkiwjps dksis’oj eafnj & lkS- vydk Hkjr dqyd.khZ

61 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 21

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

H$moëhmnya ehamVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ a§H$mim VbmdmMo n`©Q>ZÑïm> g§dY©Z

àm. S>m°. S>r. ìhr. gw`©d§er, Eg.Ho$.nmQ>rb _hm{dÚmb`, Hw$é§XdmS >gmam§e : H$moëhmnya ehamVrb a§H$mim Vbmdmg H$moëhmnyaMr Mm¡nmQ>r åhUyZhr g§~moYbo OmVo. H$moëhmnyaÀ`m àojUr` {R>H$mUm§_Yrb EH$ _hËdnyU© ñWi Amho. H$moëhmnya_Yrb àojUr` ñWi åhUyZ a§H$mim VmbmdmMm àm_w»`mZo C„oI H$amdm bmJob. nU dmT>Ë`m àXwfUm_wio a§H$mim VbmdmVrb nmUr Xy{fV Pmbo Amho. `m àXyfUmbm Amim KmbÊ`mgmR>r VgoM `m VbmdmMo g§dY©Z Am{U gwemo^rH$aU H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho. H$moëhmnyaMm a§H$mim Vbmd Agmo AWdm _hmamï—>mVrb BVa Vbmd AgVrb; Ë`m-Ë`m ehamMr Agbobr hr Vbmd àXyfUmÀ`m {di»`mV gmnS>br AmhoV. hr ObnUu _Zwî`~i dmnê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r {d{dY godm^mdr, {ZgJ©ào_r g§KQ>Zm doimodoir nwT>mH$ma KoV AgVmV. ObnUu H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$Z àíZ gwQ>Uma Amho H$m? _wimV ObnUu `m nmÊ`mV PnmQ>çmZo dmT>Ê`mMo à_wI H$maU Amho, Ë`m nmÊ`mV gmoS>bo OmUmao gm§S>nmUr. `mMm àdmh Wm§~Ê`mg _hmZJanm{bH$m Am{U g_mOgodr g§ñWm XmoKohr A`eñdr R>abo AmhoV. VbmdMm Aä`mg, Ë`mMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo EH$ ñdV§Ì emó Amho. ^maVmV Vù`m§À`m gd©g_mdoeH$ Aä`mgmMm {df` åhUyZ `mH$S>o H$Yr ~{KVboM Jobobo Zmhr. Vbmd àXy{fV Pmbobr AmhoV ho J¥{hV Yê$ZM Ë`mVë`m àXyfH$m§Mr _mÌm KmVH$ _`m©XonbrH$S>o H$er Jobr EdT>çmdaM g§emoYZ gr{_V amhVo. VbmdmÀ`m ^modVr AJXr bmJyZ Agbobr bmoH$dñVr, Ë`mVyZ {ZKUmao Am{U WoQ> Vù`mbm OmD$Z {_iUmao gm§S>nmUr, JUnVr {dgO©Z, {Z_m©ë`m Ago AZoH$ KQ>H$ `m Vbmdmbm emn R>abo AmhoV. ObnUu H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMo à`moJ Va gmVË`mZo Mmby AmhoV, nU Vbmd H$mhr {Od§V hmoV Zmhr. H$maU EH$M Amho, Vo åhUOo Vù`mbJVÀ`m Agboë`m bmoH$dñVrVrb gm§S>nmUr Ë`mV gmoS>Vm H$m_m Z`o. hr ObnUu H$mT>Ê`mMr `moOZm Z am~dVm A{YH$ {dñV¥V {dMma H$ê$Z ObnUu H$m`_Mr Zï> hmoB©b qH$dm nwÝhm dmT>UmaM Zmhr Aer `moOZm am~dbr nm{hOo Aem {d{dY Cnm` `moOZmMr JaO Amho. Ë`m_wioM `m emoY {Z~§YmgmR>r ""H$moëhmnya ehaVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ a§H$mim VbmdmMo n`©Q>ZÑïm> g§dY©Z'' hm {df` {ZdS>bm Amho. CÔoe : ""H$moëhmnya ehaVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ a§H$mim VbmdmMo n`©Q>ZÑïm> g§dY©Z'' `m {df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo àñVwV emoY{Z~§YmV Imbrb C{Ôï>m§Zm AZwgéZ Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. 1. a§H$mim VbmdmMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hËd {deX H$aUo. 2. a§H$mim Vbmd n`©Q>Z ñWimÀ`m g_ñ`m Aä`mgUo. 3. a§H$mim VbmdmÀ`m g§dY©ZmgmR>r OZOmJ¥Vr H$aUo. 4. a§H$mim n`©Q>Z ñWimÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Cnm``moOZm gwM{dUo. g§emoYZ nÜXVr d _m{hVr ómoV : àñVwV emoY{Z~§YmgmR>r àmW{_H$ d {ÛVr` gm_J«rÀ`m Cn`moJmVyZ AMyH$ _m{hVr g§H${bV H$éZ Ë`mMr gd©H$f _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. àmW{_H$ _m{hVr ehamVrb Z¡{gJ©H$ _hËd bm^boë`m a§H$mim Vbmd n`©Q>Z ñWimbm àË`j ^oQ> XoD$Z d ñWm{ZH$ OZVoer MMm© H$éZ {_idbr. àmW{_H$ _m{hVr àmá H$aV AgVmZm n`©Q>Z ñWimÀ`m gd© O_oÀ`m ~mOy, H$_VaVm (CUrdm) AmXr ~mOy gd© gmYmaU[aË`m VnmgyZ `mo½` nÜXVrZo

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_m§S>boë`m Amho. pÛVr` gm_J«r hr H$moëhmnya eha n`©Q>Z AmamIS>m, gm§p»`H$r Ahdmb, _hmZJanm{bH$m Ahdmb, {Oëhm gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ g_mbmoMZ, goÝgog h°ÊS>~wH$, J°{PQ>oAa, {d{dY g§X^© J«§W BË`mXrVyZ àmá Ho$bo. g§H${bV Ho$boë`m àmW{_H$ d {ÛVr` gm_J«rMo emór` ñdénmV g§ñH$aU H$éZ {díbofU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. {df` {ddoMZ : H$moëhmnya eha ho EH$oH$mir Vù`mMo eha åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo. 24 nojm OmñV Vbmd AgUmè`m ehamV gÜ`m 2-3 Vbmd {e„H$ AmhoV. KZH$Mam, _yVu d {Z_m©ë` {dgO©Z, Ia_mVr Q>mH$ë`mZo ho Vbmd _wOdbo Jobo. Vbmd d n`m©daU{df`r AZmñWm, {Z`moOZmMm A^md, dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m Am{U Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m ~m~t_wio ho àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbo AmhoV. `m_wio Agbobo Vbmd XoIrb _¥V hmody bmJbo AmhoV. _wOdboë`m Vbmdm§À`m OmJoda gÜ`m ~g ñWmZH$, ^mOr _§S>B©, dmhZ Wm§~o Pmbo AmhoV. EH$m VbmdmMo énm§Va ObH«$sS>ogmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. a§H$mim, bjVrW©, hZw_mZ d H$moQ>rVrW© Vbmd ho àXwfUJ«ñV AgyZ Vo ObnUu ì`mßV AmhoV. hr gd© Vbmdm§Mr {R>H$mUo O¡d {d{dYVoÀ`m d n`m©daUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hËdmMr AgyZ darb gd© VbmdmV gm§S>nmUr {_giUo, OZmdao d dmhZo YwUo, H$nS>o YwUo, H$Mam Q>mH$Uo, ~moqQ>J, _yVu d {Z_m©ë` {dgO©Z AmXr_wio _moR>çm à_mUmV àXwfU hmoVo. a§H$mim Vbmd a§H$mim XwYmir Zmë`mÀ`m nmUbmoQ> joÌmV B.g. ghmì`m-gmVì`m eVH$mV eham§_Ü`o ~m§Yboë`m _§{Xao, VQ>~§Xr, Kao, dmS>o `mgmR>r H$mT>boë`m XJS>mÀ`m ImUr Xaå`mZ hm Vbmd Amho. nyduÀ`m H$mir hm Vbmd åhUOo EH$ _moR>r XJS>r IU hmoVr. `m n[agamV {eënemim Agmdr Am{U gmVì`m eVH$mV Pmboë`m ^yH§$nmZ§Va ImUr_Ü`o AZoH$ {R>H$mUr ^oJm nS>bm Am{U ^yJ^m©Vrb VoWo nmUr nmPéZ Vbmd V`ma Pmë`mÀ`m Zm|Xr AmT>iVmV. a§H$mim `oWo a§H$^¡admMo _§{Xa Amho, a§H$^¡ad _§{XamÀ`m ZmdmdéZ `m Vbmdmbm a§H$mim Ago Zmd àM{bV Pmbo. 1877 gmbmV H$adra g§ñWmZmVrb 4 Wo {edmOr `m§Zr a§H$mim gwYmaUm _mo{h_ hmVr KoVbr Am{U VbmdmMr CÎma ~mOy, nyd© ~mOy 4 {Xem§Zm 4 KmQ> ~m§YyZ, 30 Vo 35 \y$Q>mMr VQ>~§Xr H$éZ `m VbmdmMo ñdén ~Xbbo. `m H$m_mgmR>r Vã~b 6 df} H$m_ gwé hmoV.1887 Xaå`mZ `m n[agamV XJS>r ~§Ymam KmbÊ`mV Ambm d VbmdmMo nmUr ehambm nwadÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm. _mÌ npíM_oH$S>rb VQ>mn`ªV nmUr nmohmoMy eH$V Agë`mZo Vr `moOZm \$ma H$mi dmnamV ZìhVr. `mM H$mimV VbmdmÀ`m CÎmaoH$S>o 500 _r A§Vamda OZmdao, H$nSo YwUo d A§KmoirgmR>r {deof aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. YwÊ`mÀ`m Mmì`m åhUyZ AmOhr AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m `m {R>H$mUr VbmdmMo nmUr CVmamZo `oVo. VbmdmMo àXyfU Z hmoVm dmnabobo nmUr nwÝhm eoVrgmR>r OmV hmoVo. 125 dfm©nydu Agm {dMma H$éZ Ho$bobr hr aMZm AmO n`m©daUr` dmagmñWi Amho. VbmdmVrb {Od§V Pao `m_wio `m VbmdmV H$Yrhr H$moaS>onUm Ambm Zmhr.Ë`mMm H$mhr à_mUmV AmOhr dmna hmoV Amho. 3620 _rQ>a bm§~rÀ`m {^§Vr Xaå`mZ 107 hoŠQ>a Obme` d Ë`m g^modVr 1100 Mm¡._r. AgyZ VbmdmMr Imobr 30 _rQ>a n`ªV Amho. 435141 KZ_rQ>a BVH$o nmUrgmR>m `oWo hmoV AgyZ Ë`mn¡H$s 2745042 KZ_rQ>a nmÊ`mMm dmna H$aVm `oVmo. VbmdmMo nmdgmù`mVrb OmñVrMo nmUr dmhÿZ OmÊ`mgmR>r gm§S>dm d eoVrbm nmUr XoÊ`mgmR>r PS>nogh dmQ> Amho. a§H$mim Vbmd n`©Q>Z ñWimÀ`m AmH$f©U a§H$mù`mMm n[aga ^ì`Vo~amo~aM Z¡g{J©H$ gm¡X`mªMm AmH$f©U Amho. XmoZ-VrZ {H$bmo_rQ>a {ÌÁ`oMm hm ^ì` Vbmd Ë`mMr Imobr A§XmOo nñVrg \y$Q> Amho Ë`mÀ`m n[aKmda WmoS>m ^mJ dJiVm ~m§Yrd XJS>r Mm¡nmQ>r Amho. Ë`m_wio a§H$mù`mbm \o$ar Kmbm`Mr Agbr Va Vã~b nmM Vo ghm {H$bmo_rQ>a H$amdr bmJob. CÝhmù`mV VbmdmVrb nmÊ`mMr nmVir KQ>ë`mda Vmo ~è`mn¡H$s Iwbm hmoVmo. hr EH$ ^ì`XJS>r dmñVy Amho. g§Ü`m_R>mV _w»` {edqbJ, Z§Xr Amho. VbmdmÀ`m CÎma {H$Zmè`mda em{bZr n°bogMr ^ì` Am{U AmH$f©H$ dmñVy Amho. `m àmMrZ dmñVy{edm` amOKmQ>, _Zmoao, nXnW CÚmZ, ~JrMo, _wbm§gmR>r IoiUr, Zm¡H$mZ`Z, KmoS>çmdaMr>, ImÚnXmWm©À`m JmS>çmMr aobMob Ago gmao AmH$f©U nhmd`mg {_iVo. Xadfu `oWo `oUmè`m ñWbm§V[aV nú`m§_wio {ZgJ©ào_r§Zm Zmhr Vbmd ^yai KmbVmo. a§H$im Vbmd H$moëhmnyaÀ`m àojUr` ñWimVrb EH$ _hËdnyU© A§J Amho. VbmdmÀ`m H$mR>mda dmñVyH$boMm EH$

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Aà{V_ Z_wZm åhUyZ em{bZr n°bog C^m Amho. Joë`m H$mhr dfm©V `m n°bog_Ü`o ^maVmVrb hm°Q>ob ì`dgm`mVrb EH$ AJ«oga J«wn _m\©$V hm°Q>ob em{bZr n°bog _Ü`o énm§Va hmoD$Z H$moëhmnyaH$S>o `oUmè`m n`©Q>H$m§Zm EH$ AmH$f©U dmT>bo Amho. `m n[agamV ^obnwar, g±S>drO, H$moëhmnyar ^Or, dS>m, {eVno`, nmUrnwar, aJS>m n°Q>rg, {\$aVo hm°Q>ob AmXr {d{dY N>moQ>r _moR>r ImÚnXmW© CnhmaJ¥ho gwé H$éZ VéU gw{ejV ~oH$mam§Zm amoOJma d ì`dgm` {Xbm Amho. N>moQ>o _moR>o \o$ardmbo, ^S>§K, e|JXmUo, \w$Jo, H$Ugo gmaIo {dH«$oVo AgVmV. a§H$mim Vbmd n`©Q>Z ñWimÀ`m g_ñ`m d {dH$mgmgmR>r Cnm``moOZm Jobr AZoH$ df} OZmdao-H$nS>o- dmhZo YwUo, A§Kmoi H$aUo, JUnVr _yVu {dgO©Z `mM~amo~a VbmdmÀ`m nmUbmoQ>joÌmVyZ `oUmè`m gm§S>nmÊ`m_wio nmÊ`mMo àXwfU Pmbo Amho d JmimMo à_mU dmT>bo Amho. VbmdmÀ`m X{jUoH$S>rb gaZmB©H$ dgmhV, Xoe_wI hm°b, XodH$a nmU§X, gmZoJwéOr dgmhV Aem Mma Zmë`m§_YyZ `oUmao gm§S>nmUr drZm à{H«$`m WoQ> VbmdmV {_giVo. n[aUm_r nmÊ`mV YwbrH$aUmMo, Zm`Q>—>oQ>, \$m°ñ\o$Q>Mo à_mU dmT>Vo. Zm`Q—>oQ>, \$m°ñ\$oQ> `m_wio dma§dma ObnUu d eodmi dmT>Vo. Ë`mÀ`m AmÀN>mXUm_wio nmÊ`mVrb {daKiboë`m àmUdm`y Mo à_mU H$_r hmoVo Am{U O¡{dH$ àmUdm`yMr JaO dmT>Vo. Aem H$mimV VbmdmVrb _mgo _¥Ë`wÀ`m KQ>Zm KS>boë`m {XgyZ `oVmV. `m gd© ~m~tMm Aä`mg H$éZ VbmdmÀ`m g§ajU, g§dY©ZmgmR>r H$mo._.Z.nm. Zo à`ËZ gwé Ho$bo AmhoV. H$mo._.Z.nm. Zo H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m amï—>r` Vbmd g§dY©Z `moOZoH$S>o àñVmd _§Oya H$éZ 8.65 H$moQ>r én`m§Mm {ZYr {_idbm Amho. Ë`m {ZYrVyZ VbmdmVrb Jmi H$mT>Uo, ObnUr° H$mT>Uo, hÔ {ZpíMV H$éZ g§ajH$ H$R>S>m ~m§YUo, OZOmJ¥Vr H$aUo, _yVu {Z_m©ë` {dgO©Z Hw§$S>, {ZgJ© _m{hVr H|$ÐmMr {Z{_©Ur H$aUo hr H$m_o nyU© Ho$br AmhoV. gm§S>nmUr di{dÊ`mMo H$m_ AÚmn AnyU© Amho. VbmdmVrb nmÊ`mMo {Z`{_VnUo n¥W…H$aU Ho$bo OmV Zmhr. gm§S>nmÊ`m {df`r VmËnwaË`m Cnm` `moOZm Vbmdm_Ü`o gÜ`m em_ gmogm`Q>r `oWyZ `oUmè`m AmoT>çmìXmao {_giUmao gm§S>nmUr n§n H$éZ \w$bodmS>r Zmë`mV gmoS>Ê`mV Ambo Amho. Xoe_wI hm°b d gaZmB©H$ dgmhV `oWyZ `oUmao gm§S>nmUr H$ƒm ~§Ymam H$éZ AmS>dbo Amho. VbmdmV {daKiboë`m àmUdm`yMo à_mU dmT>mdo `mgmR>r `m§{ÌH$ ~moQ> KoVbr AgyZ {VMo H$m_ _mÌ {Z`{_VnUo gwé Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oV Zmhr. VgoM {ZgJ© n[aM` H|$Ð ~m§YyZ V`ma Pmbo Agbo Var Ë`mMm dma gwé Pmbobm Zmhr. Ahdmb gmbmV gm§S>nmUr VbmdmV {_giy Z`o `mMr I~aXmar åhUyZ Xoe_wI hm°b, gaZmB©H$ dgmhV `oWyZ `oUmao gm§S>nmUr d nmoË`mMo VmËnwaVo ~§Ymao H$éZ AS>{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho. í`m_ gmogm`Q>r `oWyZ {_giUmè`m nmÊ`mMm Cngm H$éZ dmhÿZ ZoUmar dm{hZr XwéñV H$éZ KoÊ`mMo d {VMo H$m_ nyd©dV gwé Ho$bo Amho. VgoM nmohÊ`mÀ`m IUrV dmT>bobr àXyfUmMr nmVir H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ŠbmoarZ S>mog d ~moQ>rMm dmna Ho$bm Jobm hmoVm. VbmdmV 12,000 KaJwVr d 300 nojm A{YH$ gmd©O{ZH$ _wË`mªMo Xadfu {dgO©Z Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. ehamVrb n`m©daUdmXr d gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m à`ËZmVyZ {Z_m©ë` d _yVu a§H$mim VbmdmV {dg{O©V H$é Z`o `mgmR>r `eñdr n«`ËZ Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r nyaH$ Aer ^y{_H$m H$mo._.Z.nm.Zo KodyZ Vm§~Q> H$_mZ `oWo {dgO©Z Hw§$S> V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. VgoM BamUr IU hm n[aga _moR>çm _yVu d {dgO©ZmZ§Va ZmJ[aH$m§Zr naV Ho$boë`m _yVuMo {dgO©Z H$maUm§gmR>r gÜ`m Ë`m_Yrb Jmi dmT>bm AgyZ Vmo H$mT>Uo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m{edm`À`m {R>H$mUr _yVuM d {Z_m©ë` {dgO©ZmMr gmo` ìhmdr åhUyZ H$mhrb R>odUo d {dgO©ZmZ§Va {Z_m©ë` {dgO©Z Jmoim H$éZ Ë`mnmgyZ IV {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. n`©Q>Z ñWimÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Cnm``moOZm : 1. Vbmd n[agamV KmU, H$Mam, Ia_Vr, àXw{fV KQ>H$, gm§S>nmUr, _yVu d {Z_m©ë` {dgO©Z BË`mXr KQ>H$ Q>mH$Ê`mda nyU©V… {Z~ªY KmbyZ `m n[agamMo Z¡g{J©H$ AmH$f©Uo A~m{YV amhÊ`mgmR>r gd© nmVù`mda à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. 2. Vbmd n[agamV d¥jmamonU, g§dY©Z H$éZ n[aga gwemo^rH$aU H$amdo. 3. a§H$mim Vbmd n[agamV F$Vw_mZmZwgma {d{dY ñWbm§V[aV njr AmT>iVmV. Ë`m_wio n`©Q>H$m§Zm Ë`mMm AmZ§X KoVm `oB©b `mgmR>r njr {ZarjU H|$Ðo d {ZgJ© n[aM` H|$Ð H$m`m©pÝdV H$amdo. 4. Z¡g{J©H$ n`©Q>ZñWimÀ`m n[agamVrb Xw{_©i dZñnVtMr d njm§À`m _m{hVrMo \$bH$ bmdmdoV.

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5. n`©Q>Z ñWimMm {dH$mg gmYV AgVmZm VoWrb Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrMm èhmg hmoUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoD$Z H$amdm. 6. n`©Q>H$, {ZgJ© Aä`mgH$, {ZgJ©ào_r AmqXgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ ñWim§À`m {R>H$mUr _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r à{e{jV JmB©S>Mr ì`dñWm H$amdr. 7. Z¡g{J©H$ n`©Q>Z ñWimMr _m{hVr {d{dY àgma _mÜ`_mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$éZ Ë`m ñWim§Zm à{gÜXrg AmUmdo. 8. d¥jmamonU H$aUo d O¡d {d{dYVog ~mYm nmohmoMUma Zmhr Agm H¥$Vr AmamIS>m V`ma H$aUo. 9. nmÊ`mMo Z_wZo KodyZ n¥W…H$aU H$aUo. 10. VbmdmÀ`m H$mR>mdarb A{VH«$_Uo H$mTy>Z \$oardmbo d Q>nè`m§Mo `mo½` {Z`moOZ H$aUo. 11. naVmim `m n[agamMo g§ajU d g§dY©Z hmoB©b H¥$Vr AmamIS>m V`ma H$aUo. {ZîH$f© : a§H$mim n`©Q>Z ñWimÀ`m {R>H$mUr n`©Q>H$m§Zm àXwfUmÀ`m g_ñ`m àH$fm©Zo OmUdVmV. VgoM àXwfUmÀ`m H$maUm_wio Z¡g{J©H$ O¡d{d{dYVoMm èhmg hmoV Amho. `m ~m~tMm Aä`mg H$éZ VbmdmÀ`m g§ajU, g§dY©ZmgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo Omdo. Vbmd n[agamV Z¡g[J©H$ Am{YdmgmV {d{dY njr AmT>iVmV. gmYmaUV… Zmoìh|~a Vo \o$~«dmar `m H$mbmdYr_Ü`o ñWbm§VarV njr _moR>çm à_mUmV a§H$mim Vbmd n[agamV nhmd`mg {_iVmV. na§Vw `oWo njr {ZarjUmgmR>r gw{dYm qH$dm _mJ©Xe©H$ CnbãY ZmhrV. `m {R>H$mUr _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r à{e{jV JmB©S>Mr ì`dñWm H$amdr. ñWimÀ`m {R>H$mUr {d{dY d¥j XoIrb AmT>iV . d¥jm§Mo g§dY©Z H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgyZ d¥jamonZ XoIrb H$aÊ`mV `mdo. a§H$mù`mÀ`m ~mOyZo KmQ> ~m§YUo, Jmi H$mT>Uo, O¡d{d{dYVm {dH${gV H$aUo,JUoe_yVu {dgO©ZmgmR>r ñdV§Ì ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo, KZ H$Mam ì`dñWmnZ AmXr H$m_o H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. `m H$m_m§_Ü`o gd©gm_mÝ`m§Mm gh^mJ ¿`mdm. BË`mXr a§H$mim n`©Q>Z ñWimÀ`m g§dY©Z d {dH$mgmgmR>r Cnm``moOZm H$aÊ`mV `mdo. g§X^©gyMr : 1. {Oëhm gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ g_mbmoMZ (2012). 2. H$moëhmnya {Oëhm n`©Q>Z AmamIS>m (2012). 3. H$moëhmnya n`m©daU gÚpñWVr Ahdmb (2012-13). 4. VmO amdV (2002) - ""n`©Q>Z {dH$mg Ho$ {d{dY Am`m_'', Vj{ebm àH$meZ, ZB© {X„r. 5. S>m°. OZ_mohZ ZoJr (2004) - ""n`©Q>Z {dH$mg'', Vj{ebm àH$meZ, ZB© {X„r. 6. nmQ>rb ìhr. Oo. (2006) - ""nmb A^`maÊ`mMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d n`m©daUr` Aä`mg''.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 21, Nov-Dec. 2018

ISSN 2277–4858

n¶©Q>ZmMo dJuH$aU Da^. ko. e. maaLI • BaUgaaola ivaBaaga p`mauK vasaMtrava naa[-k gavh.[insTTyauT Aa^f AaT-sa A^MD saaoiSayala saayansaosa naagapUr , , EaI. ASaaok Saamarava paTIla • saha.p`aQyaapk, rajaYaI- SaahU klaa va vaaiNajya mahaivaValaya, $kDI ija.kaolhapUr p`stavanaa : Aajacyaa QaavapLIcyaa yaugaat manauYyaalaa dOnaMidna kamaatUna qaaoDI ivaEaaMtI imaLavaI va punha navyaa jaaomaanao Aaplyaa kamaasa sau$vaat kravaI yaa hotUnao manauYyaamaQyao ivaivaQa sqaLaMnaa BaoTI do}na AanaMd imaLivaNyaacaa p`ya%na haot Aaho. ivaivaQa naOsaiga-k, Qaaima-k, eoithaisak, saaMskRitk, sqaLaMnaa sahkuTuMba ikMvaa ima~ pirvaarasaaobat BaoT do}na AanaMd va &ana imaLivaNyaacaa p`ya%na haot Asatanaa idsauna yaot Aaho. idvasaoMidvasa ivaivaQa sqaLaMnaa BaoTI doNaayaa pya-TkaMcaI saM#yaa vaaZt Aaho. %yaamauLo pya-Tna ha ek ]Vaoga banalaa Aaho. pya-TkaMnaa ivaivaQa sva$pacyaa saovaa sauivaQaa ]plabQa k$na doNyaasaazI Anaok ]Vaogaacaa ivakasa haotanaa idsaUna yaot Aaho. pya-Tna Aqa- va vyaa#yaa : pya-Tna mhNajao p`vaasa ikMvaa Ba`maMtI haoya. p`vaasa ikMvaa Ba`maMtI hI SaaoQa GaoNao, iSakNao, AByaasa krNao, vyavasaaya va AanaMdasaazI haot Asatao. ‘eka izkaNaapasaUna dusa•yaa izkaNaI p`vaasa krNao va maUL izkaNaI zraivak kaLanaMtr prt yaoNao yaasa pya-Tna mhNatat. pya-Tk Aqa- va vyaa#yaa : pya-Tnaamaqyao pya-Tk ha p`mauK GaTk Aaho. pya-TkaiSavaaya pya-Tnaalaa kaoNatahI Aqa- raht naahI. jaao AanaMd ]pBaaogaNyaasaazI p`vaasa krtao tao pya-Tk haoya ikMvaa AanaMdasaazI, KajagaI kamaasaazI, AaraogyaasaazI, vyavasaayaasaazI p`vaasa krNaarI vya@tI mhNajao pya-Tk haoya. pya-Tnaacao vagaI-krNa (p`kar) : pya-Tnaacao Qaaima-k, eoithaisak, saaMskRitk, kRYaI, Aaraogya, p`akRitk, SaOxaiNak, k`IDa, pirYada ivaYayaI pya-Tna Asao ivaivaQa p`kar Aahot.

1) Qaaima-k pya-Tna • p`acaIna kaLapasaUna sauK va samaRQdI p`aPtIsaazI manauYyaamaQyao Qaaima-k vaR%tI inamaa-Na JaalaolaI Aaho va Qaaima-k sqaLaMnaa BaoTI doNyaasa p`arMBa Jaalaa. p`%yaok Qamaa-tIla laaok itqa-Tnaasa jaavaU laagalao. BaartamaQyao AsaM#ya tIqa-sqaLo Aahot. ivaivaQa saaQausaMtaMcyaa samaaQyaa, dova - dovataMcaI maMidro, dgaa-, gau$War, caca- ASaa izkaNaI saNa, ]%sava, }$sa, yaa~a, kuMBamaoLo, vaarI [%yaadIsaazI maaozyaa saM#yaonao Baaivak Aqavaa pya-Tk BaoTI dotat. 2) eoithaisak pya-Tna • p`acaIna kaLapasaUna eoithaisak GaTkaMcaa pya-Tnaavar p`Baava Aaho. eoithaisak GaTkamaQyao ikllao, rajaQaanyaacaI izkaNao, vastUsaMga`halayao, yauQdBaUmaI, smaarko ASaa ivaivaQa izkaNaaMnaa doSaatIla tsaoca prdoSaatIla pya-Tk BaoTI dotat.

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3) saaMskRitk pya-Tna • saaMskRitk jaIvanaacaa AanaMd lauTNao ha pya-TkaMcaa mau#ya ]dd\oSa Asatao. maanavaacyaa saaMskRitk caalaIrItI mah%vapUNa- maanalyaa jaatat. klaa va saMskRtIcaa saMgama saaQaNaaro mahao%sava Anaok izkaNaI Aayaaoijat kolao jaatat. saMgaIt, naR%ya ASaa ivaivaQa mahao%savaasa pya-Tk BaoTI dotat. yaaiSavaaya ivaivaQa iSalpklaa va ica~klaa pahNyaasaazI pya-Tk maaozyaa saM#yaonao p`vaasa krtat.

4) kRYaI pya-Tna • SaotI ha maanavaacaa p`mau#a vyavasaaya Aaho. vaogavaogaLyaa doSaatIla SaotI, SaotI ]%padnao, SaotIcao p`kar, ivaivaQa fLo, BaajaIpalaa yaacao &ana imaLivaNao yaa hotUnao pya-Tna haoto. [s~a[-la doSaatIla SaotI pahNyaasaazI jagaBaratIla pya-Tk toqao vaarMvaar BaoTI dotat. yaaiSavaaya huDa-paTI-, SaotkyaaMcao rahNaImaana, baOlagaaDyaaMcyaa Saya-tI, baOlagaaDItUna forfTka maarNao ASaa karNaamauLo kRYaI pya-Tna idvasaoMidvasa vaaZt Aaho. 5) Aaraogya pya-Tna • Aaraogya pya-Tna hI saMklpnaa saamaanyapNao ek Aaraogya saovaa mhNaUna kaya-rt Aaho. jao p`vaasaI eka izkaNaahUna dusa•yaa izkaNaI jaovha p`vaasa krtat, tovha %yaaMnaa %yaa izkaNaI Aaraogya ivaYayak saovaa imaLNao AavaSyak Asato. BaartamaQyao AfgaaiNastana, baaMglaadoSa, BaUtana, naopaL, paikstana, maaladIva AaiNa maQya pUva- AaiSayaa doSaatIla laaok Aaraogya pya-Tnaasa Baartat yaotat. p`acaIna va maQyayaugaIna kalaKMDat BaartamaQyao prdoSaI pya-TkaMnaa ivanaamaUlya va maaoft Aaraogya saovaa idlyaa jaat hao%yaa. jagaatIla Amaoika, ba`aJaIla, hMgaorI, Baart, malaoiSayaa, maoi@sakao hI raYT/o Aaraogya pya-TnaasaazI p`isaQd Aahot. Baartat ]cca va AnauBavaI Da^@Tr AsalyaamauLo BaartakDo jagaatIla javaLpasa 50 doSaatIla Aaraogya pya-Tk AakiYa-t Jaalyaacao idsaUna yaoto.

6) p`akRitk pya-Tna • pya-TkamaQyao p`akRitk ikMvaa BaaOgaaoilak GaTkaMcao AakYa-Na AiQak Asato. p`akRitk saRYTI saaOMdyaa-caa AanaMd GaoNyaasaazI pya-Tk GanadaT va ihrvyaagaar jaMgalaakDo AakiYa-t haotat. Anaok jaNa jaMgala safarI krtat. yaaiSavaaya qaMD va Aalhaddayak hvaamaanaacaI izkaNao, samaud` iknaaro, QabaQabao, saraovaro, garma paNyaacao Jaro ASaa p`akRitk izkaNaI pya-Tk BaoTI dotat.

7) SaOxaiNak pya-Tna • p`acaIna kaLapasaUna p`isaQd Asalaolyaa iSaxaNa saMsqaaMt jagaatIla ivaVaqaI- va saMSaaoQak p`vaoSa Gaot Asat. %yaamaULo jagaatIla SaOxaiNak saMsqaasauQda pya-Tnaacaa mah%vaacaa Baaga maanalaa jaatao. p`acaIna kaLI BaartatIla naalaMda, txaiSalaa, kaMcaI hI ivaVapIzo jagap`isaQd haotI. jagaBaratIla Anaok ivaVaqaI- yaoqao iSakNyaasaazI yaot. [MglaMDmaQaIla Aa^@safaoDkoMiba`ja va AmaoirkotIla ha^vaaD- hI ivaVapIzo pya-Tna ivakasaalaa hatBaar laavalaolaI Aahot. tsaoca SaOxaiNak saMsqaaMtIla vaO&ainak p`dSa-nao, vastUsaMga`halayao yaaMnaa ivaVaqaI-, saMSaaoQak BaoTI dotat. 8) vyavasaaya pya-Tna • yaa pya-TnaamaQyao kovaL vyavasaaiyakanao p`vaasa kolaolaa Asatao. yaa~a, ja~a va p`dSa-nao ASaa izkaNaI ivaivaQa p`karcao vyaavasaaiyak Aaplaa vyavasaaya krNyaasaazI jaatat. doSaivadoSaatIla vyaavasaaiyak vyavasaayaainaima%t eka izkaNaahUna dusayaa izkaNaI jaat Asatat. jaovha to naivana p`doSaamaQyao jaatat. tovha to toqaIla pya-Tna sqaLaMnaa BaoTI dotat. va Aaplaa vaoL [tr pya-Tkap`maaNao manaaorMjanaamaQyao vyatIt krtat.

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9) k`IDa pya-Tna • jagaatIla maaozyaa k`IDa spQaa-McyaavaoLI kahI pya-Tk jagaBar p`vaasa krIt Asatat. Aa^ilaimpk spQaa-, AaiSayaa[- jaagaitk k`IDa spQaa-, Toinasa va ha^kI spQaa-, fuTbaa^la spQaa-, ik`koT spQaa- ASaa spQao-vaoLI k`IDap`omaI ek~ yaotat. %yaamaULo pya-Tna ivakasaalaa caalanaa imaLto.

10 ) pirYadaivaYayaI pya-Tna • Anaok izkaNaI SaOxaiNak, vyaaparI, saamaaijak, rajakIya, eoithaisak [%yaadI ivaYayaasaMbaMQaI raYT/Iya va AaMtrraYT/Iya patLIvar ASaa pirYadaMcao Aayaaojana kolao jaato. yaa pirYadavaoLI pya-Tk jyaaizkaNaI jaatat tovha toqao javaL Asalaolyaa pya-Tna koMd`aMnaa mhNajaoca eoithaisak sqaLo, QabaQabao, iSalpo, ABayaarNyao, QarNao, qaMD hvaocaI izkaNao [%yaadIMnaa BaoTI dotat. ASaa p`karo manauYya ivaivaQa karNaamauLo eka izkaNaahUna dusayaa izkaNaI p`vaasa krtao va pya-Tnaacaa ivakasa haotao. saMdBa- : 1) p`a.ko. e.KtIba – pya-Tna BaUgaaola 2) p`a. iva{la GaarpUro - pya-Tna BaUgaaola 3) BaaiTyaa e. ko. – TuirJama [na [MiDyaa 4) vamaa- AMjalaI – Baart mao pya-Tna ivakasa AaOr saMBaavanaae

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