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The Yankton Sioux Tribe: People of the Pipestone

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The Yankton Sioux Tribe: People of the Pipestone THE YANKTON SIOUX TRIBE: PEOPLE OF THE PIPESTONE, 1634-1888 By LEONARD RUFUS BRUGUIER (TASHUNKE HINZI, BUCKSKIN HORSE) Bachelor of Arts University of South Dakota Vermillion, South Dakota 1984 Master of Public Administration University of South Dakota Vermillion, South Dakota 1986 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 1993 THE YANKTON SIOUX TRIBE: PEOPLE OF THE PIPESTONE, 1634-1888 Thesis Approved: Thesis Adviser eall~f the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have many people to thank in the quest to rid myself of the ubiquitous ABD (all but dissertation) stigma. The late Dean Joseph H. Cash, Richmond Clow, Don Dahlin, Herbert Hoover, Leroy Meyer, John Milton, Professor Emeritus Herbert S. Schell, Larry Zimmerman, and Frederick Zuercher, all professors at the University of South Dakota, encouraged me to continue in higher education. W. David Baird, whose calm assurance and enthusiasm for history energizes all who come in contact with him, guided me through the tumultuous graduate school schedule at Oklahoma State University. My thanks also to the staff of Oklahoma State University's Graduate College for their unbounded patience and encouragement, Oklahoma Regents for Higher Education who helped financially, Oklahoma State University History Department members who provided compassion, assurance during nadirs, scholarships, and, of course, knowledge; and a special thank-you to Neil Hackett who took time from his busy schedule to listen to my vision. Thanks are also due to John Paul Bischoff and his extended family for proffering warm feelings, hospitality, and a · spiritual sounding board to me and my family; Richard Rohrs for exacting, exasperating, but necessary guidance in learning how to write; Mike Smith for Latino studies; and Joe Stout who, though he claims Texas as his home, is actually from Iowa, home of my grandfathers, Chiefs War Eagle, Struck By The Ree, and Theophile Bruguier. Professor Stout provided encouragement for an old Marine to keep to the iii task. Professor Donald Green, in his two semesters at Oklahoma State University, encouraged me with his Texas insights and reinforced my attention to detail. Pete Coser and family gave me their best friendship, encouragement, and prayers; they are splendid representative of Oklahoma's Indians. We became fast friends the night we swept out the Horse Barn after the 1988 Annual Indian Day's Powwow and commiserated over coffee the next two weeks about the blisters we earned. Wilcomb Washburn and Herman Viola from the Smithsonian Institution, and Robert Kvasnicka at the National Archives provided guidance during my ten-week internship in 1987. Drs. Ben Kracht and Joel Martin, Smithsonian Fellows, offered friendship and guidance while in Washington, D.C., and during the intervening years. Special thanks to many people in the various libraries, particularly Brian Wood and Jill Holmes from Oklahoma State University's Edmond Low Library, the staff of the University of South Dakota's I. D. Weeks Library, all those who facilitated the many harried requests for inter-library loan materials; My mother, L. Sybil Bruguier, who never wavered in her dreams for me, provided love, monetary gifts (which she could hardly afford), and encouraged throughout her lifetime. Grandmother Dora Shoots Off Bruguier, revered elder and storyteller who reminded me to remember Indian women. Yankton Dakota elders Grandpa Joe Rockboy, Uncle Clarence Rockboy, Uncles Melvin and Quentin Bruguier, Joe Abdo, Asa Primeaux, Dwight Dion, for passing on our history and sharing their philosophy and understanding. My tahanshi (cousin) and Akichita (veteran) Melvin Bruguier, Jr., who read portions of the dissertation and offered encouragement. Koda (friend) Stanley Jones, Jr., who like the bi' brother he iv became, always had a smile and was the best teacher I ever had. i Tahanshi Francis i "Bomana" Bernie who keeps the history alive today, and Mr. Hank Spotted Eagle, Ihanktonwan elder and tribal historian who kept the faith throughout his lifetime. The Necklace family, Grace, Martina, Parnell, Daniel, and Samuel whose prayers, telephone calls, spiritual strength, and link to Indian country while studying in Oklahoma brought serenity to our lives. Sons Tony Figueras, M.D., Shane Sundance, Gabriel Rufus Smith, Jacob Willis, and daughter Petra Helen provided me inspiration everytime I saw or thought about them. To Phyllis Chilson Bruguier, who prayed with and for me to return mentally from Vietnam, I am forever in her debt. To my in-laws Barbara and Thomas Sansom, Dick and Betty Cole, Lorraine Papin Cline, Bobby Cline, and Ruth and Roger Arms who accepted me into their family and with great enthusiasm shared stories, time, and their hospitality, I offer my deepest appreciation. Don Allen from Yankton always encouraged me. My gratitude also to the staff of the Institute of American Indian Studies who tolerated my eccentricities; to Ms Margaret S. Quintal, J.D., who took time from her studies for the South Dakota Bar examinations while expediting Institute work as Administrative Assistant, and gave me quiet time to finish this work; to Institute staff R. Bruce Chandler, Leo Bakeberg, Jr., Denise Casillas, Jim Wilson (the computer man who guided me patiently through the intricacies of various computer programs), Jeanette Goodman, and others have aided my research jn the American Indian Research Project, South Dakota Oral History Project, and the Joseph Harper Cash Memorial Library, all branches of the South Dakota Oral History Center. My kola Marty Two Bulls, graphic artist, provided help with the map~ and was always V ready for coffee, a cigarette (until he quit smoking), and comic rdlief on being an ! American Indian. Thanks also to Sharon Gray, graphic artist, willingly loaned her expertise and computer equipment for the reproduction of the figures found in this dissertation. My friend, companion, and wife Renee Sansom-Flood alloted time from her busy publishing schedule to mull over my thoughts. Her suggested revisions and recommendations added immensely to the dissertation. Most of all, I am thankful for her accomodation to my schedule as a graduate student, and for the last three years, a combination of full-time employee and student. Special thanks to the Yankton Sioux Tribe for their continued financial and moral support of a tribal member. This is one part of our shared history. Modern day leaders of the tribe still adhere to chief Struck By The Ree's philosophy of education and maintaining friendly relations with non-Indians. Chairman of my dissertation committee, Professor L. G. Moses, graciously assumed major responsibilities after David Baird left Oklahoma State University, merits singular appreciation. Dr. Moses's dedication and enthusiasm for keeping Indian participation in American history vibrantly alive both in the classroom and the literature creates a special niche for him. For that, all Indian Nations owe him a special thank you. Professors Ron Petrin, Michael Smith, and Don Brown, members of my advisory committee, taught me the whys and wherefores of North and South American ·history. I am still learning. President Betty T. Asher, Vice-president of Academic Affairs J. Steven Hazlett, my immediate supervisor, and the University of South Dakota staff have provided the ambiance, encouragement, and friendly reminders to ;ensure that this I Vl dissertation would be completed. I am an Ihanktonwan Dakota Akichita, proud of our past and confident of our future. I say prayers for all my fellow United States Marines who fell in combat and wish nothing but the best for those of us still living. Semper Fidelis, Always Faithful. Everything I have written is done to help non-Indians understand our history and to respect our ancestors. I write also to encourage future generations of Yanktons; they are destined to keep the Sacred Hoop of Life strong and vibrant. Hetchitu yedo, it is so. Tashunke Hinzi, Buckskin Horse. vu TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION . 1 II. IHANKTONWAN DAKOTA (YANKTON SIOUX), MIGRATIONS, AND LANGUAGE ....................... 7 III. THE PIPE, DAKOTA WOODLANDS CULTURE, 1634-1700 ......................................... 31 IV. NORSE, FRENCH, SPANISH, AND ENGLISH IN THE MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI RIVER VALLEYS, 1634-1763 ........................................ 61 V. EFFECTS OF IRON TRADE GOODS, HORSES, AND MIGRATION ON DAKOTA SOCIETY, 1634-1763 ............... 83 VI. PLAINS EXODUS, LEWIS AND CLARK, AND THE MAKING OF TREATIES, 1763-1856 .................. 111 VII. PADANIAPAPI, THE TREATY OF WASHINGTON, AND THE YANKTON RESERVATION, 1856-1861 ................. 152 VIII. YANK.TON SCOUTS ASSIST THE UNITED STATES. IN DAKOTA COUNTRY DESPITE UNSCRUPULOUS AGENTS, 1861-1865 ................................ 196 IX. MILITARY AGENTS, MISSIONARIES AND EDUCATION, 1865-1888 ............................. 219 X. CONCLUSION . .. 248 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................... 255 APPENDIX - TREATIES . 292 Vlll LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Migrations From North American Origins . 29 2. Migrations From Asia . 30 3. Edwin Thompson Denig and his Assiniboine Indian Wife, Deer Little Woman .................................. 112 4. Alexander Culbertson, his wife Na-ta-wis-ta-cha, and their son Joe ............. ·. ;· .......· ............. 113 5. Dakota Counties, 1862 ................................. 157 6. Yankton Indian Homes ................................
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