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Violent Conflict and Regional Institutionalization: a Virtuous Circle?

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Violent Conflict and Regional Institutionalization: a Virtuous Circle? VIOLENT CONFLICT AND REGIONAL INSTITUTIONALIZATION: A VIRTUOUS CIRCLE? DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ze’ev Yoram Haftel, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved By Professor Brian M. Pollins, Advisor Professor Donald A. Sylvan _______________________________ Professor Alexander Thompson Advisor Graduate Program in Political Science ABSTRACT International institutions have attracted a great deal of attention from scholars of international relations. A cursory look at the universe of international institutions reveals immense diversity. Yet systematic analysis of institutional variation is lacking, and the sources and effects of this variation are not well understood. My dissertation examines variation in one important type of international institution, regional integration arrangements (RIAs), and its relationship with violent conflict. The theoretical chapter explores possible causal paths by which regional institutionalization affects intramural violent conflict. It points to specific institutional features that correspond to alternative causal mechanisms advanced in the extant literature. It then considers possible effects of intramural conflict on regional institutionalization. The next chapter elaborates on the concept of regional institutionalization, and presents an original dataset by coding twenty-five RIAs on this variable. This data set points to a considerable institutional variation and reveals a sizable gap between institutional design and implementation thereof. Statistical techniques and an in-depth investigation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are employed to test the hypotheses generated in the theoretical chapter. The empirical results demonstrate that some institutional features are more effective than others in reducing intramural disputes, that variation in the ii institutionalization of these features has important consequences for violent conflict, and that implementation is crucial in this respect. They also suggest that both domestic and inter-state conflict hamper regional institutionalization. Finally, they uncover a mutually reinforcing feedback loop between peace and regional institutionalization, which provides empirical support for the “virtuous circle” thesis offered in this dissertation. My findings indicate that the realist dismissal of international institutions is unwarranted, but that institutionalists should pay closer attention to the manners by which international institutions alleviate international conflict and to the implementation of signed agreements. They also suggest that violent conflict operates as a powerful constraint rather than an incentive to regional institutionalization, which in turn indicates that institutionalized international cooperation is conditioned upon matters of high- politics. At the same time, these findings show that under conditions of peaceful coexistence, international institutions can produce otherwise unrealized benefits to their member-states. iii Dedicated to Einat My toughest critic and my greatest advocate iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing this dissertation was a long, a frequently painful, and seldom a gratifying process. I have incurred many debts in this process. I acknowledge the intellectual and financial support of the Department of Political Science and the Mershon Center at the Ohio State University. While at Ohio State, I have benefited from a remarkable dissertation committee that included Brian Pollins, Don Sylvan and Alex Thompson. As a first and second year graduate student, Brian shaped the ways by which I am thinking on and pursuing scholarly research. As a dissertation advisor, he provided me with a much needed sense of direction. His guidance and comments greatly improved the quality of this dissertation. Throughout graduate school Don was always there for me. Moving from Israel to the American Midwest was challenging and confusing. Early on, Don “adopted” me, and he was never too busy to have a conversation or to give me helpful advice on academic or personal matters. Moreover, he always provided me with timely and useful comments on my writings. Alex came on board when I started to work on my dissertation. From this moment on, he thoroughly read everything I gave him, and offered priceless substantive and editorial comments. During this time we have developed a close working and personal relationship which I cherish. Along my dissertation committee, Ed Mansfield deserves special recognition. Ed sparked my interest in economic regionalism. His scholarly work inspired, served a springboard, and provided a benchmark to much of my own work and the manner by which I pursue it. After leaving Ohio State, Ed kindly v continued to read my material and to offer me invaluable feedback and encouragement, which went above and beyond the call of duty. Many other individuals made my experience at Ohio State a very exciting and enjoyable one. Among the faculty, I would like to thank Ted Hopf, Tim Frye, Randy Schweller, Kuba Zielinski, and especially David Rowe, who expanded my academic horizons and provided useful feedback on various papers and presentations. I have learned a great deal from my fellow graduate students. In particular, I thank David Bearce, Omar Keshk, Pat McDonald, Jon Pevehouse, and Kevin Sweeney. These individuals kindly shared with me their knowledge and expertise, and provided me with insightful feedback on my work. My two colleagues, Paul Fritz and Yoav Gortzak, are worthy of particular praise. Yoav and Paul read practically everything I have written in graduate school, including endless drafts of dissertation chapters. They always provided me with timely and precious comments and increased the clarity of my writing. Exchanging ideas with these extremely astute individuals greatly improved my thinking on and understating of international relations. Along the way, we have developed a very close camaraderie that carried me through graduate school. The international relations undergraduate and master programs at the Hebrew University “hooked me” on this discipline and inspired me to pursue a career in this profession. Emanuel Adler, Arie Kacowicz, Benny Miller, Alfred Tovias, and Yaacov Vertzberger deserve particular credit in this respect. I am also indebted to several people outside the academic environment. I am grateful to my parents who raised me, shaped me, and always stood by me. I also thank my siblings, my childhood classmates, and the vi greater community of Kibbutz Ze’elim for their continuous support and friendship, notwithstanding an ocean between us. Finally, I would like to thank Einat, my wife, and my two sons, Gillad and Ehud. Both Gillad and Ehud were born while I was writing my dissertation. While their appearance was hardly conducive for its speedy completion, it is impossible for me to envision my life without them. The excitement and the pleasure they brought into my life made it all worthwhile. Einat left a family, a successful career, and pretty much everything else, and moved with me to Columbus, Ohio. She was, and still is, a constant source of love, encouragement and unconditional support. Moreover, our numerous conversations and her perceptive comments on my ideas, written and otherwise, were indispensable. As without her this dissertation would not exist, I dedicate it to her with love and gratitude. vii VITA May 23, 1968……………………………. Born – Kibbutz Ze’elim, Israel 1996……………………………………… B.A. Economics, B.A. International Relations, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1998………………………………............ Master Program, International Relations and European Studies Program, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1996 - 1998……………………………… Graduate Teaching Assistant, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1998 - 2001……………………………… Graduate Teaching and Research Assistant, The Ohio State University 2001………………………………………. Teaching Assistant, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research Summer Program 2001- 2003……………………………….. Instructor, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS 1. Haftel, Yoram Z. 2004. “From the Outside Looking in: The Effect of Trading Blocs on Trade Disputes in the GATT/WTO.” International Studies Quarterly 48 (1): 121-142. 2. Sylvan, Donald A., Jonathan W. Keller, and Yoram Z. Haftel. 2004. “Forecasting Israeli-Palestinian Relations.” Journal of Peace Research 41 (4): 285-303. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Political Science Minor Field: International Relations viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………ii Dedication…………………………………………………………………………….......iv Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………....v Vita……………………………………………………………………………………...viii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………xiv List of Figures………………………………………………………………………….xvi Chapters: 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 The Effect of Regional Institutionalization on Violent Conflict – The Extant Literature…………………………………………………….......6 1.1.1 The Realist School of Thought…………………….……………….7 1.1.2 The Institutionalist School of Thought ……………………………..8 1.2 The Effect of Violent Conflict on Regional Institutionalization – The Extant Literature…………………………………………………........12 1.2.1 The Realist School of Thought ……………………...…….12 1.2.2 The Institutionalist School of Thought ……………............14 1.3 A Virtuous Circle?............................................................................17 1.4 Plan of the Dissertation……..…………………….………………………….18
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