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14 Moringa (Moringa Oleifera) and Related Species

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14 Moringa (Moringa Oleifera) and Related Species LOST CROPS of AFRICA volume II Vegetables Development, Security, and Cooperation Policy and Global Affairs THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Program and staff costs for this study came from the U.S. Agency for International Development, specifically USAID’s Bureau for Africa with additional support from the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. Additional funding was received from the Presidents Committee of the National Academies. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-10 0-309-10333-9 (Book) International Standard Book Number-13 978-0-309-10333-6 (Book) International Stardard Book Number-10 0-309-66582-5 (PDF) International Standard Book Number-13 978-0-309-66582-7 (PDF) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 93-86876 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334- 3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org PANEL ON AFRICAN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES NORMAN BORLAUG, Chair, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico City, Mexico ANTHONY CUNNINGHAM, School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia JANE I. GUYER, Department of Anthropology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA HANS HERREN, Millennium Institute, Arlington, Virginia, USA CALESTOUS JUMA, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA AKINLAWON MABOGUNJE, Development Policy Centre (retired), Ibadan, Nigeria BARBARA UNDERWOOD, National Eye Institute (retired), Sun City, California, USA MONTAGUE YUDELMAN, Woodrow Wilson Visiting Fellow, Washington, DC, USA PROGRAM STAFF MARK DAFFORN, Study Director NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Consulting Author and Scientific Editor F. R. RUSKIN, Editor (through 1994) ELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior Secretary (through 1994) BRENT SIMPSON, MUCIA Intern (1994) DON OSBORN, MUCIA Intern (1993) MOLLY MUGNOLO, MUCIA Intern (1992) v CONTRIBUTORS When the idea for a project on native African food plants was first mooted, more than 1,000 people nominated their favorite grains, fruits, nuts, vegetables, legumes, and other plants. All told, over 100 species were suggested for inclusion. Indeed, the numbers and the enthusiasm were so high that we decided to produce separate volumes on grains, vegetables, and fruits. We certainly are grateful to all who helped launch the program, but the following are the ones who especially provided the technical details and insights that created the chapters of this particular book. AFRICA DOSSOU FIRMIN ADJAHOSSOU, Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques; Universite Nationale du Benin, Cotonou, Benin JAMES ALLEMANN, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa PAUL O. ANEGBEH, ICRAF-IITA-IFAD Agroforestry Project, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Onne, Nigeria D.J.M. ANNEROSE, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Adaptation a la Secheresse, Bambey, Senegal BEATRICE ANYANGO, Department of Botany, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya ASIAN VEGETABLE RESEARCH CENTER, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania KINGSLEY AYISI, Department of Plant Production, University of the North, Sovenga, South Africa SUNDAY P. BAKO, Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Samaru, Nigeria JULES BAYALA, INERA/DPF, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso JEAN-MARC BOFFA, ICRAF, Kampala, Uganda EDOUARD G. BONKOUNGOU, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso REMIGIUS BUKENYA-ZIRABA, Department of Botany, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda CENTRE NATIONAL DE SEMENCES FORESTIERES, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso FABEON CHIGUMIRA, Horticultural Research Centre, Marondera, Zimbabwe FELIX D. DAKORA, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa OLANREWAJU A. DENTON, National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria IDRISSA DICKO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso EMMANUEL V. DOKU, Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana VERA DOKU, Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana ROGER ELLIS, Agricultural Research Council, Lynn East, South Africa vi KLAUS FLEISSNER, Mahene Research Station, Ombalantu, Namibia JEAN-MARIE FONDOUN, Institut de la Recherche Agricole pour le Développement, Yaoundé, Cameroon FRANCIS N. GACHATHI, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya BARBARA GEMMILL, University of Nairobi and Environment Liaison Center International, Nairobi, Kenya DONALD E. GREENBERG, Tulimara (Pvt) Ltd, Chispite, Harare, Zimbabwe INSTITUT SENEGALAIS DE RECHERCHES AGRICOLES, Parc Forestier de Hann, Dakar, Senegal MARIANA JOOSTE, Agricultural Research Council, Lynn East, South Africa SAMUEL K. KARIKARI, Botswana College of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana DAVID O. LADIPO, CENRAD, Ibadan, Nigeria ELISSAVETA O. LOUTCHANSKA, Agostinho Neto University, Luanda, Angola PETER LOVETT, Legon, Accra, Ghana STANLEY MATEKE, Veld Products Research and Development, Gaborone, Botswana MABOKO SMPOSI, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the North, Sovenga, South Africa MOUHOUSSINE NACRO Laboratoire de Chemie Organique appliquee, Ouagadougou University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso OUSSEYNOU NDOYE, CIFOR Regional Office, Yaounde, Cameroon N. QUAT NG, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria AMADOU NIANG coordinateur de SLWA/ICRAF Bamako, Mali ALBERT NIKIEMA, CNSF, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso JONATHON C. OKAFOR, Tree Crops and Tropical Ecology Consultants, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria O.O. OLUFAJO, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria ADENIKE OLUFOLAJI, National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria MEL OLUOCH, AVRDC Africa Regional Program, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania MARY O.A. ONYANGO, Maseno University College, Maseno, Kenya DOV PASTERNAK, ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Niamey, Niger NAT &PATRICIA QUANSAH, Morondava Centre, Morondava, Madagascar JACK REEVES, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria SIDY SANOGO, Programme Ressources Forestières Sikasso, Mali HABY SANOU, Programme Ressources Forestières Sotuba, Mali PIETER SCHMIDT, Tropenbos Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon FRANK J. SENKONDO, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania ABU SESAY, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Kwaluseni, Swaziland KALLUNDE SIBUGA, Department of Crop Science and Production,
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