Notes

Preface 1. Vanessa Martin, Creating an Islamic State, Khomeini and the making of new (London, 2003), p. 79. 2. Ervand Abrahamian, Radical – The Iranian Mojahedin (London, 1989), pp. 51–52. 3. W. Michael Reisman and Eric E. Freedman, “The Plaintiff’s Dilemma: Illegally Obtained Evidence and Admissibility in International Adjudication”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 76, No. 4 (Oct. 1982), p. 749. BBC, “Security expert” says Salafi group prob- ably behind Iran blasts,” BBC Monitoring Middle East [London] 14 June 2005: 1. “Iran TV says “terrorist” leader killed at Pakistan borders,” BBC Monitoring Newsfile [London] 07 Apr 2012. 4. Martin, p. 79. 5. “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan,” Islamic Revolution Document Center, , accessed July 2, 2012. “About Goodarzi and Furqan Group”, , accessed August 6, 2012. 6. Ronen A. Cohen, The Hojjatiyeh Society in Iran: Ideology and Practice from the 1950s to the Present (USA: Macmillan Palgrave, 2013).

1 Theological Approaches 1. Fred M. Donner, “Qurani Furqan,” Journal of Semitic Studies, LII/2 (Autumn 2007), p. 279.. 2. Mohammad Ratab Nabulsi, Tafsir al-Qaraa’ al-Karim—Surat al-Furqan, p. 23, , retrieved: July 3, 2013. 3. , 3:4, source and translation in: . 4. Donner, p. 280. 5. See also Mohammad bin Jarir bin Yazid bin Kathir bin Ghalab al- Amali, Abu Jaafar al-Tabari, Jama’ al-Bayan fi Taawil al-Quran, Vol. 1, article 116. 148 M Notes

6. Donner, p. 281. 7. Uri Rubin, Quran (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 2005), p. 43. [Translation of the Quran]. 8. Donner, p. 286. 9. Ibid., p. 290. 10. In other Hebrew and Aramaic religious writings (except the Bible) the root P.Q.D appears more than 17,000 times. 11. Donner, pp. 281–283. 12. Though the order is not chronical but thematic the aim is to surround this word with new and old interpretations, both Sunni and Shi’i. 13. Surat al-Forqan, al-Taba’ liHawaza al-hadi lil-Darasat al-Islamiyyah, , June 29, 2008, retrieved: July 2, 2013. Riadh Mahmmoud Qassem, Hadi Rashid Jad-Allah, “Tafsir Surat al-Furqan bial-Qarat al-A’sher al-Mutawatira,” Majalat al-Jama’a al-Islamiyyah, Vol. 16, No. 1, (January 2008), p. 211. 14. Nasser Makaram al-Shirazi, Tafsir al-Amathal fi Kitab Allah al-Manzal (The Complete Interpretation to Allah’s book [Quran]) (Musadar al-Tafsir ind al-Shi’a), pp. 224–226; 517. 15. Ibid., p. 517. 16. Ibid., p. 520. 17. Sahih al-Bukhari, 59:2. 18. Mohammad bin Jarir bin Yazid bin Kathir bin Ghalab al-Amali, Abu Jaafar al-Tabari, Jama’ al-Bayan fi Taawil al-Quran, Vol. 1, article 15. 19. Tafsir al-Barhani, Vol. 1, Article 162:5; 167:10. 20. Abu Tahir ibn Yaqub al-Fayruz Aabadi (collector), Abdullah ibn Abbas, Tanwîr al-Miqbâs min Tafsîr Ibn ‘Abbâs, surat al-Furqan, verse 1. 21. Abu Mohammad Sahl bin Abdullah bin Yunis bin Rafi’ al-Tustari, Tafsir al-Tustari, Surat al-Furqan, verse 1. 22. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr al-Suyūṭī, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Imaran, verse 4. 23. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr al-Suyūṭī, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Furaqn, verse 1. 24. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr al-Suyūṭī, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-A’nkabut, verse 27. 25. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr al-Suyūṭī, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Hadid, verse 26. 26. Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani, al-Furqan fi Tafsir al-Quran bal-Quran (: Manshurat al-Thqafat al-Islamiyyah, 1407 [1986]). 27. Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the formation of the terrorist group of Forqan”. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 28. Adrian Fortescue, “The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus.” The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 5 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909). , retrieved: August 6, 2013. Notes M 149

29. Rubin, The Quran, p. 236. Rubin’s interpretations of verse 9. 30. Sahl bin ‘Abdullāh al-Tustarī, Tafsir al-Tustari, Surat al-Kahf, verse 9. 31. John Koch, Die Siebenschläferlegende—ihr Ursprung und ihre Verbrei (Leipzig, Verlag von Carl Reissner, 1833), pp. 101–102. 32. Ibid., p. 102. 33. Abū Muhammad Abd-Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī al-Marwazī known as Ibn Qutaybah. Other sources say he lived between 828–885 ce. 34. Koch, pp. 123–124. 35. This could easily correlate with the conversion process that this region went through 309 years after Jesus’ appearance at the beginning of the first cen- tury, but it does not correlate with the original story of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus that took place between 249–251 ce. 36. Koch, 123–130. 37. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr al-Suyūṭī, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Kahf, verses 12, 22. 38. Ibn Abbas, Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn Abbas, Surat Al-Kahf, verse 22 (Jami’ alhuquq mahfuza, Beirut, Lubnan, 1992), altabaa’ alawali (first edi- tion), p. 310.

2 The Emergence of the Forqan Group 1. Hetz—7234/13, “Turgeman’s Telegram NR-200 dated 25/5/78 about the Islamic Opposition in Iran,” Israel Representation—, No. 105.1/668, May 29, 1978. Hetz—7234/13, “Protests in Iran,” Israel Representation— Tehran, No. 105.1/587, May 15, 1978. 2. Hetz—7234/13, “Iran—the Islamic Protest Movement,” Israel Embassy to Washington, May 30, 1978. 3. Ibid. 4. Hetz—7234/14, “Iran—Assessments and Suggestions,” Uri Lubrani’s letter to the Israeli Foreign Minister, July 13 [?], 1978. 5. Hetz—7234/14, “Prof. Sepehr Zabih,” Israeli Representation—Tehran, No. 101.21/946. July 17, 1978. 6. Hetz—7234/7, “Clerics that are known to A. Netzer,” July 21, 1978. 7. Hetz—7304/9, Private (on the letter paper of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Amnon Netzer to Yael Vered, August 1, 1978. 8. Hetz—7304/9, Top Secret, August 3, 1978. 9. The military government was established in Teheran and 11 other cities on September 8, 1978 for six months. 10. Hetz—7234/15, Top Secret, Report 243 from the Israeli Embassy in Washington to the Israeli Foreign Ministry, October 17, 1978. 11. Mr. Sultan Hassani Sanandaji was the second secretary of the Iranian Embassy to London, UK. 12. Hetz—7235/1, Top Secret, Moshe Gilboa to Yael Vardi, “Assumption of the CEO of Asia and Africa Desk, Mr. Sanandaji on the deteriorating situation in 150 M Notes

Iran,” Israel Representative to Tehran, No. 1503, November 29, 1978. Hetz— 7235/1, Secret, “Harmelin Tehran,” No. 335, November 28, 1978. 13. Hetz—7235/1, “Conversation with Din Fischer of Times,” from the Israeli Embassy in Tehran to the Israeli Foreign Ministry, No. 363, November 30, 1978. 14. Hetz—7234/5, The Israeli Embassy in Washington to the Israeli Foreign Ministry, “Conversation with Prof. Mervin Zonis of Chicago University,” December 11, 1978. 15. Hetz—6706/1, Confidential, 85/03/30, January 15, 1979. 16. Richard Cottam, it must be noted, was the CIA agent active during the Mossadeq crisis and the one who predicted that Khomeini would be the leader of the revolution. (Hetz—7235/6, “Iran,” Consulate General of Israel in Los Angeles, February 15, 1979.) 17. Hetz—7235/9, “Iran—the Meeting between Cottam and Khomeini,” Israeli Embassy—Washington, No. 240, January 16, 1979. 18. Hetz—6706/1, Top Secret, No. 47, 289, February 16, 1979. 19. Hetz—7235/6, “Iran—Tal with Prof. Zonis,” Israel Embassy—Washington, May 30, 1979. 20. Stefanie C. Stauffer, “Threat Assessment: Iran,” Threat Analysis Group, Department of State, Office of Security Secrets. Approved by: Bowman H. Miller, Sid T. Telford—632–2412, June 14, 1979, p. 127. 21. Ibid., p. 128. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., p. 131. 24. Ibid., p. 132. 25. Muhammad Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha,” Frontline, October 30, 2009, , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 26. Philip Dopoulos, The Associated Press, April 24, 1979. 27. Mahmood T. Davari, The Political Thought of Ayatullah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005), pp. 82–84. 28. Ervand Abrahamian, “Answers: Forqan”. , retrieved: January 6, 2014. 29. Stauffer, p. 141. 30. CIA, International Terrorism in 1979, A Research Paper, Top Secret, C03291989, PA 80–10072U, April 1980. 31. Hetz—8492/8, “Iran—Clandestine Activity,” Secret, No. 105.1/247, February 14, 1977. 32. Rassul Jafarian, Jaryan-ha va Sazman-ha-ye Mazhabi-Siyasi-ye Iran—1320– 1357 (Tehran: Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami, 1390), (Jafarian, Rassul The Religious-Political Movements of Iran—1940–1977 Notes M 151

(Tehran: The Center for Publication of Islamic Revolution Documents, 2011)), p. 775. 33. Ibid. 34. Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan, Islamic Revolution Center, , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Terror Victims Information Base about Goodarzi and the Forqan Group, , retrieved: May 3, 2011. 35. Jafarian, p. 775, n1. 36. Kordi, Goroh-e Forqan (The Forqan Group), Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami (The Center for Islamic Revolution Documents), (Tehran, 1387), (Tehran, 2009), p. 100. 37. Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan, Islamic Revolution Center, , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 38. Ibid. 39. Kordi, pp. 99–101. 40. Ibid., pp. 157–158. 41. Terror Victims Information Base, About Goodarzi and the Forqan Group, , retrieved: May 3 2011. 42. Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan, Islamic Revolution Center, , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 43. Payga-e Majalat-e Takhasosi-ye Nur, “badana-ye guruh az barnameh-ye terror bi khabar bud! ‘pendar va kerdar-e Forqan az nama-ye nazdik’ dar mizgerd-e yadavar ba se tan az a’za-ye sabaq-e in guruh”. , retrieved: April 28, 2014. 44. Ibid. 45. Ibid.

3 The Fundamental Ideology of the Forqan 1. Assef Bayat, “Shariati and Marx: A Critique of an ‘Islamic’ Critique of Marxism,” Journal of Comparative Poetics: Marxism and the Critical Discourse, Vol. 10 (1990), p. 20. 2. Ervand Abrahamian, “Ali Shari’ati: Ideologue of the ,” MERIP Reports, Vol. 102 (1982), pp. 24–25. 3. Mehbi Abedi and Mehdi Abedi, “: The Architect of the 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran,” Iranian Studies, Vol. 19 (1986), pp. 229–230. 4. Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1989), pp. 105–106. 152 M Notes

5. Abrahamian, “Ali Shari’ati,” p. 25. 6. Ibid., pp. 24–25. 7. Ibid. 8. Ervand Abrahamian, “The Guerrilla Movement in Iran, 1963–1977,” MERIP Reports, Vol. 86 (1980), p. 9. 9. Abrahamian, “Ali Shari’ati,” p. 25. 10. Abrahamian, Radical Islam, pp. 107–108. 11. Ibid., pp. 106–108. 12. Bayat, pp. 20–21. 13. Mehbi Abedi and Mehdi Abedi, p. 231. 14. Brad Hanson, “Westoxication of Iran: Depications and Reactions of Behrangi, al-e Ahmad, and Shariati,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1 (1983), p. 13. 15. Ibid. Abrahamian, “Ali Shari’ati,” p. 25. 16. Ibid., p. 109. 17. Ibid. 18. Mehbi Abedi and Mehdi Abedi, p. 232. 19. Ibid. 20. Behrooz Ghanari-Tabrizi, “Contentious Public : Two Conceptions of Islam in Revolutionary Iran: Ali Shari’ati and Abdulkarim Soroush,” International Sociology, Vol. 19 (2004), pp. 510–511. 21. Abrahamian, “Ali Shari’ati,” pp. 26–27. 22. Hanson, p. 17. 23. Ibid., pp. 13–14. 24. Abrahamian, Radical Islam, p. 112. 25. Hanson, pp. 17–18. Abrahamian, Radical Islam, pp. 112–113. 26. Ghanari-Tabrizi, pp. 511–512. 27. Iran: Update to IRN4254.E of 16 March 1990 on a group called Forqan (Forgan, Forghan), Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1999. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. BBC Monitoring International Reports. Iran security “expert” holds “Salafist” Forqan group responsible for blasts. Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, 2005. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Muhammad Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha,” Frontline, October 30, 2009. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Soharb Bahdad, “A Disputed Utopia: Islamic Economics in Revolutionary Iran,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 36, No. 4 (October 1994), p. 781n. 28. Terror Victims Information Base, “About Goodarzi and Furqan Group,” 2011. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 29. BBC, Anonymous, “Iran speaker slams reports cleric-leadership rifts as ‘mis- chief’,” Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Network 2, Tehran, [in Persian], October 19, 2010. Notes M 153

30. Payega-e Majalat-e Tahsesa-ye Nur, “badna-ye goroh az barnameh terror bi khabar bud! ‘pandar va kardar-e Forqan az nema-ye nazdik’ dar mizgard yado- var ba se tan az ea’za-ye sabaq in goroh” , retrieved: April 28, 2014. 31. Rassul Jafarian, Jaryan-ha va Sazman-ha-ye Mazhabi-Siyasi-ye Iran—1320– 1357 (Tehran: Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami, 1390), (Rassul Jafarian, The Religious-Political Movements of Iran—1940–1977 (Tehran: The Center for Publication of Islamic Revolution Documents, 2011)), p. 785. 32. Another Persian book about the Forqan Group (which, unfortunately, could not be used for this research because it was unavailable) is Mohammad Hassan Ruzitalab, Tarkib Eltaqat va Terror: Barresi-e Amalkard va Asnad-e Goroh-e Forqan (Mix of Terror and Eclectic: A Study on the Practice and Documentation on the Forqan Group) (Tehran: Markaz-e Asnad-e Enqelab-e Eslami, 1392 (2013)). 33. Ali Kordi, Goroh-e Forqan (The Forqan Group), Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami (The Center for Islamic Revolution Documents), (Tehran, 1387), (Tehran, 2009), p. 31. 34. Ibid., p. 31. 35. Ibid., p. 32. 36. Ibid. 37. Ibid. 38. Ibid., p. 33. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid., p. 34. Shariati was a Muslim intellectual who believed in a kind of cul- tural approach to enlightenment and struggle. 41. Ibid. 42. The term “gold” refers to those who have capital and are wealthy; “power” refers to those who have power against oppressed people; and “deception” refers to clergymen that try to seduce people to make them followers. 43. Kordi, p. 35. 44. Ibid. 45. Ibid., p. 36. 46. Ibid., p. 176. 47. Ibid., pp. 177–178. 48. Payega-e Majalat-e Tahsesa-ye Nur, “badna-ye goroh az barnameh terror bi khabar bud! ‘pandar va kardar-e Forqan az nema-ye nazdik’ dar mizgard yado- var ba se tan az ea’za-ye sabaq in goroh” , retrieved: April 28, 2014. 49. Kordi, p. 37. 50. Ibid., p. 38. 51. Ibid., p. 39. 52. Ali Davani, “Namaee az andisheh va a’mal-e Goroh-e Forqan: Hojjat ulIslam va almuslemin Ali Davani” (An overview of practice and thoughts of Forqan Group); Hojjatol Islam Ali Davani,” Yadavar, May 2010. , retrieved: May 1, 2014. 154 M Notes

53. Akbar Goodarzi and the formation of the terrorist group of Forqan. Islamic Revolution Center. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 54. Ibid. 55. Ibid. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid. 58. BBC, “Iran talks but enemies block talks—Friday prayer cleric,” Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, (in Persian), April 27, 2007. 59. Ervand Abrahamian, “Gale Encyclopedia of the Mideast & N. Africa: Forqan” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 60. Ibid. 61. For further details see: Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam—The Iranian Mojahedin (I.B. Tauris, 1989), who disagrees with this conception. 62. Hanson, pp. 5–10. 63. Kordi, p. 15. 64. Elisheva Machlis, “‘Alī Sharī‘atī and the Notion of tawḥīd: Re-exploring the Question of God’s Unity,” Die Welt Des , Vol. 54 (2014), p. 186. 65. Ibid., p. 190. 66. Ibid., p. 195. 67. Ibid., p. 202. 68. Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 69. Ibid. 70. Jafarian, p. 775. Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 71. Ibid. 72. Jafarian, p. 778. 73. Abrahamian, Radical Islam, pp. 119–121. 74. Machlis, p. 189. 75. Ibid., p. 206. Ali Shariati, Islam Shenasi (Islamolgy), Jild Yek, (Dars Aval va Dovom), (Tehran, 1969), pp. 47–48. 76. Machlis, p. 203. 77. Ibid., p. 206. 78. Abrahamian, “’Ali Shariati,” pp. 27–28. 79. Ibid., p. 28. 80. Terror Victims Information Base, “About Goodarzi and Forqan Group” , retrieved: May 3, 2011. 81. Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha.” Notes M 155

82. Jafarian, p. 776. 83. Terror Victims Information Base, “About Goodarzi and Furqan Group,” 2011. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 84. Thomas Kent, “International News,” The Associated Press, July 8, 1979. Thomas Kent, “International News,” The Associated Press, July 9, 1979. 85. Kordi, p. 49. 86. Ibid., p. 57. 87. Ibid., p. 58. 88. Ibid., p. 60. 89. Ibid., p. 63. 90. Ibid., p. 64–65. 91. Hetz—8386/3, “Newspapers and Media Brief,” June 2, 1979. 92. Kordi, p. 20. 93. Asnad-e Lanah-e Jasusi-e Amrica (The American Spy-den [in Tehran] Documents), Vol. 42 (Tehran: Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami, [?], Tehran: The Center for Publication of Islamic Revolution Documents), p. 122. 94. Kordi, p. 21. 95. Ali Abul Hosseini Mandhur was probably the one who invented this notion about the Forqan in his book: Tabiini az falasefe-ye siyasi, ejtema’i-ye ekhlaqi va farhangi-ye forqanism (Qom: Entesharat-e Kothar, [?]). 96. Kordi, p. 21. 97. Ibid., p. 23. 98. Ibid., pp. 24–25. 99. Ibid., p. 27. 100. Ibid., p. 29. 101. Ibid., p. 14. 102. Ibid., p. 15. 103. Ibid., p. 26. 104. Ibid., pp. 28–29. 105. This group’s leaders were , Khomeini’s son (married to al- Sadr’s niece); Sadeq Tabatabai, Deputy Premier and the government spokes- man (also married to one of al-Sadr’s nieces); Mustafa Chamran, the head of SAVAMI (the replacement of the SAVAK); and Muhammad Abu-Sharif, the head of the Pasdaran. 106. The Fadayian-i Islam of Navab Safavi. 107. Hetz—7235/7, “The inner split in Khomeini’s camp,” Israel Embassy— Washington, No. 114, September 21, 1979. 108. Terror Victims Information Base, “About Goodarzi and Furqan Group,” 2011. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 109. See “Rafsanjani: In analyzing council elections results look for realities.” , August 3, 2003. 156 M Notes

110. Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri, “Iran and the Rise of its Neoconservatives. The Politics of Teheran`s Silent Revolution,” Reprinted in 2009 by I.B Tauris & Co Ltd, p. 54. 111. For more details about the Hojjatiyeh, see my book: The Hojjatiyeh Society in Iran: Ideology and Practice from the 1950s to the Present (New York: Macmillan Palgrave, 2013). 112. Ehteshami and Zweiri, pp. 64–65. See Shi’ite supremacists emerge from Iran’s shadows, from a special correspondent Asia Times. , September 9, 2005. 113. Asghar Schirazi, The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic (London: I.B Tauris, 1997), pp. 1; 8–15; 19. 114. Mehrzad Boroujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996), pp. 80–81. 115. Ibid., p. 92. 116. For more details about Boroujerdi’s opposition to clerics’ involvement in poli- tics see my book: The Hojjatiyeh Society in Iran: Ideology and Practice from the 1950s to the Present (New York: Macmillan Palgrave, 2013), pp. 34–39. 117. Boroujerdi, p. 122. 118. Ibid., p. 120, n6. 119. Hamid Dabashi, Theology of Dicontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran (New York: New York University Press, 1993), p. 150. Daniel Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini- The Struggle for Reform in Iran (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 75. 120. H. E. Chehabi, Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism—The Liberation Movement of Iran under the and Khomeini (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990), pp. 203–204. 121. Ibid., pp. 205–208. 122. Brumberg, pp. 75–76. 123. Kordi, p. 54. 124. Ibid., p. 56. 125. Michael M. J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 157. 126. Vanessa Martin, Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran (London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2007), p. 93. 127. Ibid., p. 79. 128. Islamic Revolution Document Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan,” 1388.02.02 (April 22, 2009). , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 129. Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha.” 130. Payega-e Majalat-e Tahsesa-ye Nur, “badna-ye goroh az barnameh terror bi khabar bud! ‘pandar va kardar-e Forqan az nema-ye nazdik’ dar mizgard yado- var ba se tan az ea’za-ye sabaq in goroh” , retrieved: April 28, 2014. Notes M 157

131. Jafarian, p. 778. 132. Ibid., p. 779. 133. Ibid., p. 784. 134. Kordi, p. 62. 135. Iran: Information on a group called Forqan, active around the period of the revolution. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1990. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 136. Raymound Carrol and Anthony Allaway, “Islam vs. the Left,” Newsweek, May 14, 1979, p. 66. 137. Ali Kordi, Goroh-e Forqan (Forqan Group), Markaz Asnad Enqelab-e Eslami (The Center for Islamic Revolution Documents), (Tehran, 1387), (Tehran, 2009), p. 179. 138. Islamic Revolution Document Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan,” 1388.02.02 (April 22, 2009). , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 139. William Branigin, “Khomeini Vows Deaths Will Not Hold back Iran,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1979, p. A25. 140. Islamic Revolution Document Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan,” 1388.02.02 (April 22, 2009). , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 141. This notion is explained at the beginning of this chapter, on Ali Shariati’s ideology. 142. Islamic Revolution Document Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan,” 1388.02.02 (April 22, 2009), , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 143. Ervand Abrahamian, “Answers: Forqan.” . 144. Philip Dopoulos, “International News,” The Associated Press, July 21, 1979. 145. The Economist, “When Ayatollahs disagree; crime and punishment in Iran,” World Politics and Current Affairs, May 19, 1979, p. 15. 146. Iranian Students’ News Agency. 147. BBC, “Iranian press menu on 2 May 06,” (in Persian), May 2, 2006. 148. BBC, “Iran: Paper reviews lessons from serial killings’ case,” Hayat-e Now website [in Persian], November 22, 2001. 149. Ahmad Jalali Farahani, A Review of the Prevailing Political Situation in Iran. Gozaar, 2010, , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 150. Muhammad Sahimi, ’s Extraordinary Interview. . 151. Kordi, p. 14. 152. Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha.” 153. Jafarian, p. 777. 158 M Notes

154. Ibid. 155. Mahmood T. Davari, The Political Thought of Ayatullah Mmurtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005), p. 80. 156. Ibid. 157. Payega-e Majalat-e Tahsesa-ye Nur, “badna-ye goroh az barnameh terror bi khabar bud! ‘pandar va kardar-e Forqan az nema-ye nazdik’ dar mizgard yado- var ba se tan az ea’za-ye sabaq in goroh” , retrieved: April 28, 2014. 158. Ibid. 159. Ibid. 160. Kordi, p. 25. 161. Ibid., p. 67. 162. Ibid., p. 69. 163. Ibid., p. 71. 164. Payega-e Majalat-e Tahsesa-ye Nur, “badna-ye goroh az barnameh terror bi khabar bud! ‘pandar va kardar-e Forqan az nema-ye nazdik’ dar mizgard yado- var ba se tan az ea’za-ye sabaq in goroh” , retrieved: April 28, 2014. 165. Kordi, p. 72. 166. Ibid., pp. 73–74. 167. Ibid. 168. Ibid., p. 74. 169. Ibid., p. 75. 170. Ibid. 171. Ibid., p. 76. 172. Ibid. 173. Ibid., p. 77. 174. Monafeqin refers mainly to the Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MKO), but during the primary years of revolution, it was in use to blacken other opponents too. 175. Kordi, p. 78. 176. Ibid., p. 79. 177. Ibid., pp. 80–81. 178. Payega-e Majalat-e Tahsesa-ye Nur, “badna-ye goroh az barnameh terror bi khabar bud! ‘pandar va kardar-e Forqan az nema-ye nazdik’ dar mizgard yado- var ba se tan az ea’za-ye sabaq in goroh” , retrieved: April 28, 2014. 179. Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 180. Jafarian, p. 777. 181. Ibid., p. 781. 182. Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Notes M 159

183. Ibid. 184. Probably a chapter in his famous book: Naghdi bar Marxism (A critique on Marxism). 185. Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha.” 186. Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 187. Makkian: 25; 29; 30; 31; 32; 34; 35; 36; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46 and 53. Madinian: 24; 33; 47; 48 and 49. 188. Jafarian, pp. 781–782. Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 189. Ibid. 190. Ibid. 191. Jafarian, p. 782.

4 Acts of Terror and Assassination—The Trojan Horse Inside the Islamic Revolution 1. Iran: Information on a group called Forqan, active around the period of the revolution. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1990. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 2. Terror Victims Information Base, “About Goodarzi and Furqan Group,” 2011. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. The Associated Press, “International News,” November 2, 1979. Michael M. J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 286 n18. Political prior and after Islamic Revolution. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Muhammad Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha,” Frontline, 2009. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Mark J. Gasiorowski, “The Qarani Affair and Iranian politics,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 25, No. 4 (November 1993), p. 625. Mahmood T. Davari, The Political Thought of Ayatullah Mmurtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005), p. 82. 3. Thomas Kent, “International News,” The Associated Press, July 8, 1979. Thomas Kent, “International News,” The Associated Press, July 9, 1979. 4. Scheherezade Faramarzi, “Exploding Tape Recorder Wounded Imam,” The Associated Press, June 27, 1981. “Explosion Injures Khomeini Aide,” Herald- Journal, June 28, 1981, p. 2. “Ayatollah’s Aide Injured,” Del Rio News- Herald, Vol. 53, No. 86, June 28, 1981, p. 1. “Booby Trapped Recorder Explodes,” Ocala Star-Banner, June 28, 1981, p. 4. “Iran,” Gadsden Times, June 28, 1981, p. 11. 160 M Notes

5. Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan.” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 6. AP, “Assassins Escape After Killing Dato,” New York Times, March 10, 1921, p. 2. 7. The Baader-Meinhof gang, named after its founders Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof, 8. The Local (Germany’s news in English), “Motorcycle Used in RAF Killing Turns up in Private Garage,” October 11, 2010. , and , retrieved: September 20, 2013. 9. YNET News, “Agent Livni makes British headlines,”. , retrieved: October 3, 2013. 10. Reuters, “‘Iranian nuclear scientist killed in Tehran.’” , July 23, 2011, retrieved: January 5, 2014. JPOST.COM STAFF, “‘Der Spiegel’: Mossad Behind Iran Scientist Assassination.” , August 2, 2011, retrieved: January 5, 2014. Randy Kreider, “You’ve Made Our Nuke Scientists Human Targets, Says Iran,” , November 18, 2011, retrieved: January 2, 2014. 11. Karl Vick and Aaron J. Klein, “Who Assassinated an Iranian Nuclear Scientist? Israel Isn’t Telling.” , January 13, 2012, retrieved: January 6, 2014. David Williams, “West Blamed by Iran as YET ANOTHER Nuclear Scientist is Assassinated by Magnetic Car Bomb in the Street.” , January 12, 2012, retrieved: January 3, 2014. 12. Karl Vick, “Mossad Cutting Back on Covert Operations Inside Iran, Officials Say.” , March 30, 2012, retrieved: January 3, 2014. Nasser Karimi and Brian Murphy, “Iran Nuclear Physicist, Massoud Ali Mohammadi, Killed by Bomb,” , January 10, 2010, retrieved: January 4, 2014. 13. TIME Staff, “Is the Mossad Targeting Iran’s Nuclear Scientists?” , November 30, 2012, retrieved: January 5, 2014. 14. Globes News, “Two Shooters on Motorcycles Fired at an Army Officer in Western Iran” , January 22, 2012, retrieved: January 5, 2014. YNET, “Iran: Two Assassins Notes M 161

on Motorcycle Shot an Army Officer” , January 22, 2012, retrieve: January 5, 2014. 15. Iran Interlink, “Just Who Has Been Killing Iran’s Nuclear Scientists? (The role of Mossad backed Mojahedin Khalq, MKO, MEK, Rajavi cult)” , October 6, 2013, retrieved: January 5, 2014. 16. Michael M. J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 228. 17. Thomas Kent, “International News,” The Associated Press, May 26, 1979. 18. Rassul Jafarian, Jaryan-ha va Sazman-ha-ye Mazhabi-Siyasi-ye Iran— 1320–1357 (Tehran: Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami, 1390), (Rassul Jafarian, The Religious-Political Movements of Iran— 1940–1977 (Tehran: The Center for Publication of Islamic Revolution Documents, 2011)), p. 780. 19. William Branigin, “Khomeini Vows Deaths Will Not Hold back Iran,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1979, p. A25. 20. Baqer Moin, Komeini: Life of the Ayatollah (London: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2009) Second edition, p. 216. Edgar O’balance, Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism, 1979–95: The Iranian Connection (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 131–132. 21. Ali Kordi, Goroh-e Forqan (The Forqan Group), Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami (The Center for Islamic Revolution Documents), (Tehran, 1387), (Tehran, 2009), p. 118. 22. Mark J. Gasiorowski, “The Qarani Affair and Iranian Politics,” International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 25, No. 4 (November 1993), p. 636. 23. Stefanie C. Stauffer, “Threat Assessment: Iran,” Threat Analysis Group, Department of State, Office of Security, Secret, approved by: Bowman H. Miller, Sid T. Telford—632–2412, June 14, 1979, p. 141. Philip Dopoulos, The Associated Press, April 24, 1979. Thomas Kent, “International News,” The Associated Press, May 3, 1979. Thomas Kent, “International News,” The Associated Press, May 5, 1979. 24. Richard Tomkins, “International News,” The Associated Press, April 24, 1979. 25. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000541. 26. William Branigin, “Leading Iranian Newspaper Shuts after Attack by Khomeini,” The Washington Post, May 13, 1979, p. A11. 27. No writer attributed, “Khomeini Aide Killed,” The Harvard Crimson, May 2, 1979. , retrieved: April 21, 2013. 28. Islamic Revolution Document Center “Assassination of Ayatollah Motahhari and Teacher Day”. , retrieved: April 21, 2013. 29. Muhammad Sahimi, “Ali Motahari’s Extraordinary Interview.” , retrieved: April 15, 2014. 162 M Notes

30. Islamic Revolution Document Center, “Assassination of Ayatollah Motahhari and Teacher Day” , retrieved: April 15, 2014. 31. Moin, p. 216. 32. Stauffer, p. 139. 33. “Khomeini Aide Killed,” May 2, 1979. 34. Kordi, p. 121. 35. Stauffer, p. 139. 36. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000543, May 2, 1979. 37. “Khomeini Aide Killed,” May 2, 1979. Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha.” Mehr News Agency, Tehran, “Ayatollah Motahhari’s Ideas Can Serve as Guide for Nations,” May 2, 2011. Niloofar Kasra, Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari, Institute Iranian for Contemporary Studies Historical. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 38. Islamic Revolution Document Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan,” 1388.02.02 (April 22, 2009). . Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the formation of the terrorist group of Forqan.” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 39. Kordi, p. 35. 40. Jafarian, p. 781. 41. “Khomeini Aide Killed,” May 2, 1979. 42. Thomas Kent, The Associated Press, May 25, 1979. 43. CIA, National Intelligence Daily, Top Secret, C03015998, May 2, 1979. 44. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000545, [unknown date]. 45. Department of State, Foreign Service of the United State of America, OUTGOING TELEGRAM, AMEMBASSY TEHRAN, “Heightened Tensions after Motahari’s Assassination,” Confidential, SOC 14–2, 4611. 46. William Branigin, “Khomeini Vows Deaths Will Not Hold back Iran,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1979, p. A25. 47. BBC, Anonymous, “President Ahmadinejad Marks ‘Teachers Day’ in Iran,” IRNA, April 29, 2009. 48. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000544, May 3, 1979. 49. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000544, May 3, 1979. 50. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000540, May 3, 1979. 51. USA Department of State, “( . . . ) Report on Iran,” Confidential, USDAO/ TEHRAN [2]4577/81. Ervand Abrahamian, Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic (London: The Regents of the University of California, 1993), p. 74. 52. Department of State, Foreign Service of the United State of America, OUTGOING TELEGRAM, AMEMBASSY TEHRAN, “Heightened Tensions after Motahari’s Assassination,” Confidential, SOC 14–2, 4611. 53. CIA, National Intelligence Daily, Top Secret, C03016002, May 4, 1979. 54. Ibid. 55. CIA, National Intelligence Daily, Top Secret, C03016019, May 14, 1979. Notes M 163

56. Hetz—7235/6, “Iran,” No. 532, May 20, 1979. 57. Hetz—8386/3, “Iran Jewry,” Israel Foreign Ministry, No. 341, May 20, 1979. 58. Iran: Information on a group called Forqan, active around the period of the revolution, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1990. , retrieved: March 12, 2013. 59. Stauffer, p. 140. 60. William Branigin, “Ayatollah, Aide of Khomeini, Shot in Iran,” The Washington Post, May 26, 1979, p. A25. Thomas Kent, “International News,” The Associated Press, May 26, 1979. 61. BBC, Iran, May 28, 1979, ME/6127/i. 62. Kordi, p. 134. 63. Stauffer, p. 140. 64. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000494, May 28, 1979. 65. CIA, National Intelligence Daily, Top Secret, C03017413, May 26, 1979. 66. Stauffer, p. 141. 67. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000534, July 8, 1979. 68. The New York Times, Section A, Page 3, Column 1, Foreign Desk, July 24, 1980. 69. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000534, July 8, 1979. 70. Kordi, p. 139. 71. Davari, pp. 82–83. Sohrab Behdad, “Islamic Utopia in Pre-Revolutionary Iran: and the Fada’ian-e Eslam,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1 (January 1997), pp. 45–48. 72. Index of Memories of Martyr Haj Mahdi Araghi, The Cultural Website of Martyrdom and Sacrifice, December 12, 1997. , retrieved: May 12, 2014. 73. Ibid. 74. Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha.” 75. Islamic Revolution Document Center. “Assassination of Haj Mehdi Araghi and His Son by Forqan group” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 76. Kordi, p. 140. 77. Ali Reza Jahan-Shahi, “International News,” The Associated Press, August 27, 1979. 78. Behdad, p. 60. 79. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000536, September 19, 1979. 80. Hetz—7235/7, “The Inner Split in Khomeini’s Camp,” Israel Embassy— Washington, No. 114, September 21, 1979. 81. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000496, October 13, 1979. 82. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000495, October 22, 1979. 83. BBC, “Forqan claim assassination of West German,” October 16, 1979, ME/6246/A/9. 164 M Notes

84. Thomas Kent, The Associated Press, May 25, 1979. 85. Davari, p. 82–84. Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha.” 86. Kordi, p. 144. 87. Edgar O’balance, Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism, 1979–95: The Iranian Connection (New York: New York University Press, 1997), p. 39. 88. Davari, pp. 83–85. 89. Kordi, p. 147. 90. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000397, December 18, 1979. 91. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000395, December 19, 1979. 92. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000362, December 24, 1979. 93. Ali Davani, “Namaee az andisheh va a’mal-e Forqan: Hojjat ulIslam va almu- slemin Ali Davani” (An overview of the practice and thoughts of Forqan; Hojjatol Islam Ali Davani,” Yadavar, May 2010, , retrieved: May 1, 2014. 94. Reuters, “Aide to Khomeini Wounded by 2 Gunmen in South Iran,” The New York Times, Section A, Page 3, Column 5, March 30, 1981. 95. Kordi, pp. 148–149. 96. The Forqan were terminated at the beginning of 1980 and it is not possible that they existed on the mentioned date, June 27, 1981, at least in the original format of the group. It is important to mention that the Islamic Republic tagged revolutionary cells, especially after the establishment of the republic, as Forqanists, Monafeqin (i.e.,—the Mojahedin-e Khalq), Hojjaties etc, in order to place these organizations and movements in disrepute. 97. Islamic Revolution Document Center, “Attempt on Life of Ayatollah Khamenei,” June 27, 1981. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 98. M. Hosseini, 1981 A.D./ June, 27: Plot To Kill Khamenei Failed, The Iranian History Article. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 99. Faramarzi Scheherezade, “Exploding Tape Recorder Wounded Imam,” The Associated Press, June 27, 1981. “Explosion Injures Khomeini Aide,” Herald- Journal, June 28, 1981, p. 2. “Ayatollah’s Aide Injured,” Del Rio News-Herald, Vol. 53, No. 86, June 28, 1981, p. 1. “Booby Trapped Recorder Explodes,” Ocala Star-Banner, June 28, 1981, p. 4. “Iran,” Gadsden Times, June 28, 1981, p. 11. 100. Iran: Update to IRN4254.E of March 16, 1990 on a group called Forqan (Forgan, Forghan), Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1999. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. BBC, “Iran: Judiciary seeking ‘domestic and external hands’ behind recent killings,” IRNA, Tehran [in English], January 2, 1999. 101. Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan”. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Notes M 165

102. BBC Monitoring International Reports, Iran security “expert” holds “Salafist” Forqan group responsible for blasts, Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, 2005. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 103. BBC, “Iran’s Fars News Agency offers review of week ending on 7 Jan 06,” Fars News Agency website, Tehran [in English], January 7, 2006. 104. Islamic Revolution Document Center, “Attempt on Life of Ayatollah Khamenei,” June 27, 1981. , retrieved: February 21, 2013.

5 The CIA, SAVAK, and Mossad Connections with the Forqan 1. Ronen A. Cohen, “Iran, Israel, and Zionism since the Islamic Revolution— From Rational Relationship to Disaster and Threat,” Published in the Magazine: Iran, Israel and the Shi’ite Crescent, by the S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue, Netanya Academic College (Fall, 2008), p. 33. 2. MfS HA XXII/18537—BStU-000542, Mai 3, 1979. 3. The Globe and mail, “Iran,” May 19, 1979, p. 9. 4. BBC, “Iran,” May 28, 1979, ME/6127/i. 5. Stefanie C. Stauffer, “Threat Assessment: Iran,” Threat Analysis Group, Department of State, Office of Security, Secret, approved by: Bowman H. Miller, Sid T. Telford—632–2412, June 14, 1979, p. 140. Thomas Kent, “International News,” The Associated Press, May 29, 1979. 6. The Associated Press, “International News,” May 30, 1979. 7. The Associated Press, “International News,” October 14, 1979. 8. BBC, Tehran home service, “The Leader of Forqan,” October 19, 1979, ME/6249/A/7. 9. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000237, July 23, 1979. 10. Abbas Zamani, (Abu Sharif). Revolutionary Guard Commander: “The Danger Comes from the US Leftist Organizations.” MERIP Reports, No. 86, The Left Forces in Iran (March–April 1980), pp. 28–30. 11. Barry Rubin, American Relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran 1979–1981. Iranian Studies, Vol. 13, No. 1/4, Iranian Revolution in Perspective (1980), pp. 307–326. 12. Barry Rubin, Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 326. 13. Gunter Bathel (ed.), Die Islamische Republik Iran (Akademie-Verlag: Berlin, 1987), p. 216. 14. BBC, “Iran paper calls corps ‘Islam’s greatest guards’, slams US ‘terrorist’ remark,” Kayhan Website, August 23, 2007. 15. Mohsen M. Milani, “Harvest of Shame: Tudeh and the Bazargan Government,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1993), p. 316. 166 M Notes

16. Mahmood T. Davari, The Political Thought of Ayatullah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005), p. 82. 17. Dilip Hiro, Iran under the Ayatollahs (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 114. 18. Ali Kordi, Goroh-e Forqan (The Forqan Group), Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami (The Center for Islamic Revolution Documents), (Tehran, 1387), (Tehran, 2009), p. 190. 19. Ibid., p. 191. 20. Ibid., p. 192. 21. Ibid., pp. 192–193. 22. Ibid., p. 193. 23. The Associated Press, “Militants Vow Won’t Free Hostages without Shah,” February 21, 1980. 24. The Associated Press, “State Department Denies Iranian Charges,” March 3, 1980. The Associated Press, “Iran’s Council Says U.N. Panel Will See Hostages,” March 3, 1980. 25. William Branigin, “Splits in Iranian Council May Prolong U.S. Ordeal,” The Washington Post, March 7, 1980, p. A25. 26. BBC, “Prosecutor General on US links with Forqan,” March 4, 1980, ME/6361/A/13. 27. BBC, “Qotbzadeh’s Response to Request for Surrender of US Hostage,” March 5, 1980, ME/6362/A/6. 28. BBC, “US diplomat and the Forqan,” March 6, 1980, ME/6357/i. 29. The Associated Press, “International News,” August 15, 1980. 30. S. M. H. Adeli, “Iran’s Revolution,” The Globe and Mail, August 25, 1980. 31. BBC, “The USA and Iran: Contacts with Counter-Revolutionaries,” February 11, 1982, ME/6951/A/3. 32. Hetz—8386/3, “Newspapers and Media Brief,” May 12, 1979. 33. Hetz—8386/3, “Newspapers Brief,” Eric Roulo of Le Monde to Haaretz, [Missing date]. 34. Hetz—8408/4, “News Brief,” December 13, 1979. 35. Kordi, pp. 98–99. 36. Ibid., p. 146.

6 The Termination of the Forqan Group 1. Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan. Islamic Revolution Center, , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 2. Habilian Association, “Martyr Mohammad Kochouei,” , retrieved: May 25, 2014. 3. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000532, July 9, 1979. Notes M 167

4. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000376, October 17, [1979]. 5. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000293, January 8, 1980. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000234, January 10, 1980. 6. BBC, “Arrest of Forqan Leader in Iran,” Tehran home service, January 12, 1980, ME/6317/A/4. 7. Iraj Mesdaqi, “Forqan dar Aeeneh-ye Tarikh,” , retrieved: December 12, 2013. 8. Ali Kordi, Goroh-e Forqan (The Forqan Group), Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami (The Center for Islamic Revolution Documents), (Tehran, 1387), (Tehran, 2009), p. 15; 213. 9. About Goodarzi and Furqan Group, Terror Victims Information Base, 2011. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Edgar O’balance, Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism, 1979–95: The Iranian Connection (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 131–132. 10. Jay Ross, “Bomb Blasts Kill 6, wound 100 in Tehran Shopping Arcade,” The Washington Post, July 24, 1980, p. A28. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Iran: Update to IRN4254.E of 16 March 1990 on a Group Called Forqan (Forgan/Forghan), date: February 1, 1999, , retrieved: April 15, 2014. 11. BBC, “The Forqan in Iran,” January 21, 1980, ME/6324/i. 12. BBC, “Execution of Forqan Leaders,” May 26, 1980, ME/6429/A/2. 13. O’balance, pp. 131–132. Earleen F. Tatro, “Anti-Clerical Factions Struggling against IRP,” The Associated Press, June 29, 1981. Iran: Update to IRN4254.E of 16 March 1990 on a group called Forqan (Forgan, Forghan). Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1999, , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 14. Rassul Jafarian, Jaryan-ha va Sazman-ha-ye Mazhabi-Siyasi-ye Iran – 1320– 1357 (Tehran: Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami, 1390), (Jafarian, Rassul, The Religious-Political Movements of Iran—1940–1977 (Tehran: The Center for Publication of Islamic Revolution Documents, 2011)), p. 776. 15. Ibid. 16. Botschaft der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Embassy of the federal Republic of Germany), Tehran, Verbalnote, P 37/80, February 6, 1980. 17. BBC, “Execution of Forqan Members,” March 8, 1980, ME/6365/i. 18. MfS HA XXII/18537—BStU-000274, March 4, 1980. 19. Islamic Revolution Document Center, Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan, 1388.02.02 (April 22, 2009), , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 20. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Iran: Update toIRN4254.E of 16 March 1990 on a Group Called Forqan (Forgan/Forghan). February 1, 1999. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 168 M Notes

21. BBC, “The Forqan in Iran,” January 21, 1980, ME/6324/i. 22. IRNA, January 2, 1999. For more information about Hashemi, see chapter 7—about SATJA. 23. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Iran: Update toIRN4254.E of 16 March 1990 on a Group Called Forqan (Forghan/Forghan). February 1, 1999, , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 24. Ahmad Jalali Farahani, “A Review of the Prevailing Political Situation in Iran,” September 15, 2010, , retrieved: February 3, 2014. 25. Amir Taheri, “Impeaching Ahmadinejad,” Wall Street Journal, November 30, 2010, p. 13. 26. Islamic Revolution Document Center, Akbar and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan, 1388.02.02 (April 22, 2009). , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 27. BBC Monitoring International Reports, Iran security “expert” holds “Salafist” Forqan group responsible for blasts. Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, 2005. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. 28. BBC, “Iran TV says ‘terrorist’ leader killed at Pakistan borders,” April 7, 2012.

7 “SATJA”—Sazman-e Enqelabi-e Todehay-e Jomhory-e Islami-e Iran—The People’s Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1. Behzad Nasr, “The Galaxy of Ignorance, the Ocean of Foolishness,” Sunday, 7 Tir 1383 (June 27, 2004). 2. Anonymous IRGC officer. Personal Interview. August 9–12, 2012. 3. Retrieved from: . 4. Retrieved from: . 5. The son of Ayatollah Montazeri. He died in a bomb blast carried out by the MKO at IRP headquarters in 1981. 6. Retrieved from: . 7. The narrator is probably a member of the Tudeh Party. Retrieved from: . 8. Retrieved from: . 9. Jalaleddin was the presidential candidate for the IRP in the first presidential elections in Iran, he was also a politician, writer and former parliament mem- ber. He was the presidential candidate for the IRP in the first presidential election in Iran and afterwards revealed to the public that his nationality was Afghani so he had to resign from the candidacy. He committed murder in Notes M 169

1992, but the court found that the murder had been unintentional. He was one of the Gadhafi’s closest friends in Iran. 10. IRP Member, Member of Assembly of Expert (8–11/1979), Member of Parliament May ’80-August ’81) was killed by the MKO in August 5, 1981. 11. An Iranian philosopher who was killed probably by the Forqan Group in December 18, 1979. 12. Khamene’i’s Representative in the Iranian Martyrs Foundation. 13. An Ayatollah—One of the fighters against the Shah’s regime and he died on front line in the war between Iraq and Iran on April 26, 1984. 14. Dr. Ebrahim Esrafilian, Parliamentary representative in the first round of Iran’s parliament after the revolution. 15. Abu Hanif—A friend of Dr. Chamran and comrade of Mohammad Montazeri and from the Tawhid and Adalat Front. 16. Iranian Health Minister. 17. Iranian politician and jurist in the Guardian Council of the Constitution, and the head of the State Organization for the registration of deeds and properties. 18. Retrieved from: . Dr. Chamran was the commander of paramilitary forces in the Iran Iraq war. He also was the first Defense Minister of post-revolutionary Iran and a Member of Parliament. For further information see: . 19. Retrieved from: . 20. Jamal Yazdani, Sodur-i Enqhelab va Rabeteh-ye An ba Jang, (Tehran: Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami, Tehran: The Center for Publication of Islamic Revolution Documents): 2–4, , retrieved: January 9, 2013. 21. Retrieved from: . 22. The people who were in the tent in front of the US Embassy, but their insults against Beheshti made them very furious. 23. Like many others in this short time between the outbreak of the revolution and the first elections in January 1980. 24. In Persian Mammad is an abbreviated version of Mohammad. 25. Abadi, Davood, “Khataret-e Jabha” (Memories from the war front), , retrieved: October 15, 2014. 26. Anonymous IRGC officer. Personal Interview. August 9–12, 2012. 27. Hetz—7234/12, “PLO-Khomeini Relations,” IDF Spokesman Unit, December 5, 1979. 28. Hetz—7234/12, “Iranian Volunteers to Lebanon,” Israeli Foreign Ministry, December 6, 1979. 29. Hetz—7234/12, Secret, “Military Relations between Iran and the PLO,” Israel Foreign Ministry, December 6, 1979. 170 M Notes

30. Hetz—7234/12, “Iranian Volunteers to Lebanon?,” Report of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, the Political Research Center, December 7, 1979. 31. Hetz—7234/12, “Iranian Warriors in Lebanon,” Letter from Middle East Director to Asher Goren, December 9, 1979. 32. Hetz—7234/12, “Iranians in Syria”, Israel Foreign Ministry to Israel European Embassies, December 10, 1979. 33. Hetz—7234/12, “Iranian Volunteers to South Lebanon,” 345/10P.51, December 29, 1979. 34. Hetz—7234/12, Top Secret, “Arafat-Iran,” Israeli Embassy in London to Foreign Ministry, December 20, 1979. 35. Hetz—7234/12, “Arafat-Iran-USA,” Israel Foreign Ministry, December 14, 1979. Bibliography

Books in English Abrahamian, Ervand, Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic (London: The Regents of the University of California, 1993). ———, Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (London: I.B. Tauris, 1989). Cohen, Ronen A., The Hojjatiyeh Society in Iran: Ideology and Practice from the 1950s to the Present (New York: Macmillan Palgrave, 2013). Davari, Mahmood T., The Political Thought of Ayatullah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005). Fischer, Michael M. J., Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980). Guenter, Bathel (ed.), Die Islamische Republik Iran (Akademie-Verlag: Berlin, 1987). Hiro, Dilip, Iran under the Ayatollahs (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985). Koch, John, Die Siebenschläferlegende—ihr Ursprung und ihre Verbrei (Leipzig, 1833). Martin, Vanessa, Creating an Islamic State, Khomeini and the Making of New Iran (London: I.B. Tauris, 2003). Moin, Baqer, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah, Second edition. London: I.B.Tauris&Co Ltd, 2009. O’balance, Edgar, Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism, 1979–95: The Iranian Connection (New York: New York University Press, 1997). Rubin, Barry, Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980). Taheri, Amir, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and Islamic Revolution (London: Hutchinson, 1987).

Articles in English Abedi, Mehbi, and Mehdi Abedi, “Ali Shariati: The Architect of the 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran,” Iranian Studies, Vol. 19 (1986), pp. 229–234. Abrahamian, Ervand, “Ali Shari’ati: Ideologue of the Iranian Revolution,” MERIP Reports, Vol. 102 (1982), pp. 24–28. 172 M Bibliography

Abrahamian, Ervand, “Answers: Forqan,” , accessed: February 21, 2013. ———, “Ga le Enc ycloped ia of t he Midea st & N. A fric a: Forqa n.” , accessed: February 21, 2013. ———, “T he Guerrilla Movement in Ira n, 1963 –1977,” MERIP Reports, Vol. 86 (1980), pp. 3–15. Bayat, Assef, “Shariati and Marx: A Critique of an ‘Islamic’ Critique of Marxism,” Journal of Comparative Poetics: Marxism and the Critical Discourse, Vol.10 (1990), pp. 19–41. Behdad, Soharb, “A Disputed Utopia: Islamic Economics in Revolutionary Iran,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 36, No. 4 (October 1994), pp. 775–813. ———, “Isla mic Utopia in pre-Revolutiona r y Ira n: Nav vab Sa favi a nd t he Fada’ ia n-e Islam,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1 (January 1997), pp. 40–65. Donner, Fred M., “Qurani Furqan,” Journal of Semitic Studies, LII/2 (Autumn 2007), pp. 279–300. Farahani, Ahmad Jalali, A Review of the Prevailing Political Situation in Iran. Gozaar, September 15, 2010. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Fortescue, Adrian, “The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus,” The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 5 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909). , retrieved: August 6, 2013. Gasiorowski, Mark J., “The Qarani Affair and Iranian Politics,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Novomber 1993), pp. 625–644. Ghanari-Tabrizi, Behrooz, “Contentious Public Religion: Two Conceptions of Islam in Revolutionary Iran: Ali Shari’ati and Abdulkarim Soroush,” International Sociology, Vol. 19 (October 2004), pp. 504–523. Habilian Association, Martyr Mohammad Kachouei, June 28, 2012. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Hanson, Brad, “The ‘Westoxication’ of Iran: Depictions and Reactions of Behrangi, Al-E Ahmad, and Shari’ati,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1 (February 1983), pp. 1–23. Hosseini, M. Mir, 1981 A.D./ June, 27: Plot To Kill Khamenei Failed. The Iranian History Article. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Islamic Republic of Iran, “Iran: Information on a Group Called Forqan, Active Around the Period of the Revolution,” 1990. retrieved: February 21, 2013. ———, Isla mic Republic of Ira n, “Ira n: Update to IR N4254.E of 16 Ma rch 1990 on a Group Called Forqan (Forgan, Forghan),” February 1, 1999.

www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,IRN,,3ae6ac3347,0.html>, retrieved: February 21, 2013. Iran Interlink, “Just who has been killing Iran’s nuclear scientists? (The role of Mossad backed Mojahedin Khalq, MKO, MEK, Rajavi cult).” , October 6, 2013, retrieved: January 5, 2014. Islamic Revolution Document Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan.” , accessed: July 2, 2012. ———, “A ssa ssination of Ayatolla h Mota h ha ri a nd Teacher Day.” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. ———, “A ssa ssination of Haj Mehd i A ra g hi a nd His Son by Forqa n Group.” , retrieved: February 21, 2013. ———, “At tempt on life of Ayatolla h K ha mene,” June 27, 1981 , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Kasra, Niloofar, Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari. Institute Iranian for Contemporary Studies Historical. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Machlis, Elisheva, “‘Alī Sharī‘atī and the Notion of tawḥīd: Re-exploring the Question of God’s Unity,” Die Welt Des Islams, Vol. 54 (2014), pp. 183–211. Milani, Mohsen M., “Harvest of Shame: Tudeh and the Bazargan Government,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1993), pp. 307–320. No writer attributed, “Khomeini Aide Killed,” The Harvard Crimson, May 2, 1979. , retrieved: April 21, 2013. Political history of Iran prior and after Islamic Revolution. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Resman, W. Michael and Eric E. Freedman, “The Plaintiff’s Dilemma: Illegally Obtained Evidence and Admissibility in International Adjudication,” The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 76, No. 4 (October 1982), pp. 737–753. Rubin, Barry, “American Relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran 1979–1981,” Iranian studies, Vol. 13, No. 1/4, Iranian Revolution in Perspective (1980), pp. 307–326. Sahimi, Muhammad, “Ali Motahari’s Extraordinary Interview.” August 17, 2011 , retrieved: February 21, 2013. ———, “T he Power Behind t he Scene: K hoeiniha”, Frontline, October 30, 2009. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Terror Victims Information Base, “About Goodarzi and Furqan Group,” May 3, 2011. , accessed: August 6, 2012. 174 M Bibliography

The Cultural Website of Martyrdm and Sacrifice, “Index of memories of martyr Haj Mahdi Araghi.” 2007. , retrieved: February 21, 2013. Zamani, Abbasa (Abu Sharif), “Revoutionary guard Commander: ‘The Danger Comes from the US Leftist Organizations’,” MERIP Reports, No. 86, The Left Forces in Iran (March–April 1980), pp. 28–30.

BBC Correspondence BBC Monitoring International Reports, Iran security “expert” holds “Salafist” Forqan group responsible for blasts. Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, 2005.(21/02/13). . BBC Monitoring Middle East, “Security expert” says Salafi group probably behind Iran blasts,” [London] June 14, 2005: 1. BBC Monitoring Middle East, Anonymous, “Inflation can be lowered only through expert management Iran Speaker,” [London] December 20, 2008. BBC Monitoring Newsfile, “Iran TV says “terrorist” leader killed at Pakistan bor- ders,” [London] April 7, 2012. BBC, “Arrest of Forqan Leader in Iran,” Tehran home service, January 12, 1980, ME/6317/A/4. BBC, “Execution of Forqan Members,” March 8, 1980, ME/6365/i. BBC, “Execution on Forqan Leaders,” May 26, 1980, ME/6429/A/2. BBC, “Forqan claim assassination of West German,” October 16, 1979, ME/6246/A/9. BBC, “Iran paper calls Corps ‘Islam’s greatest guards’, slams US ‘terrorist’ remark,” Kayhan Website, August 23, 2007. BBC, “Iran talks but enemies block talks—Friday prayer cleric,” Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran [in Persian] April 27, 2007. BBC, “Iran TV says ‘terrorist’ leader killed at Pakistan borders,” April 7, 2012. BBC, “Iran: Judiciary seeking “domestic and external hands” behind recent kill- ings,” IRNA, Tehran [in English] January 2, 1999. BBC, “Iran: paper review lessons from serial killings’ case,” Hayat-e Now website [in Persian] November 22, 2001. BBC, “Iran’s Fars News Agency offers review of week ending on 7 Jan 06,” Fars News Agency website, Tehran [in English] January 7, 2006. BBC, “Iranian press menu on 2 May 06,” [in Persian] May 2, 2006. BBC, “Prosecutor General on US links with Forqan,” March 4, 1980, ME/6361/A/13. BBC, “Qotbzadeh’s Response to Request for Surrender of US Hostage,” March 5, 1980, ME/6362/A/6. BBC, “The Forqan in Iran,” January 21, 1980, ME/6324/i. BBC, “US diplomat and the Forqan,” March 6, 1980, ME/6357/i. BBC, Anonymous, “Iran Speaker Slams Reports cleric-leadership rifts as ‘mis- chief’,” Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Network 2, Tehran, [in Persian] October 19, 2010. Bibliography M 175

BBC, Anonymous, “President Ahmadinejad Marks ‘Teachers Day’ in Iran,” IRNA, April 29, 2009. BBC, “Iran,” May 28, 1979, ME/6127/i. BBC, Tehran home service, “The Leader of Forqan,” October 19, 1979, ME /6249/A/7.

Archives USA Department of State Files

Stauffer, Stefanie C., “Threat Assessment: Iran,” Threat Analysis Group, Department of State, Office of Security, Secret, approved by: Bowman H. Miller, Sid T. Telford—632–2412, June 14, 1979. USA Department of State, Foreign Service of the United State of America, OUTGOING TELEGRAM, AMEMBASSY TEHRAN, “Heightened Tensions after Motahari’s Assassination,” Confidential, SOC 14–2, 4611. USA Department of Stauffer State, “[ . . . ] Report on Iran,” Confidential, USDAO/ TEHRAN [2]4577/81.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) CIA, International Terrorism in 1979, A Research Paper, Top Secret, C03291989, PA 80–10072U, April 1980. CIA, National Intelligence Daily, Top Secret, C03016019, May 14, 1979. CIA, National Intelligence Daily, Top Secret, C03017413, May 26, 1979. CIA, National Intelligence Daily, Top Secret, C03015998, May 2, 1979. CIA, National Intelligence Daily, Top Secret, C03016002, May 4, 1979.

Bundesarchiv-Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR Botschaft der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Embassy of the federal Republic of Germany), Tehran, Verbalnote, P 37/80, February 6, 1980. MfS HA XXII/18537 MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000274, March 4, 1980. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000395, December 19, 1979. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000494, May 28, 1979. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000496, October 13, 1979. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000540, May 3, 1979. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000542, May 3, 1979. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000544, May 3, 1979. MfS HA XXII/18537, BStU-000545, [unknown date]. MfS SED-KL/3867 MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000234, January 10, 1980. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000237, July 23, 1979. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000293, January 8, 1980. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000362, December 24, 1979. 176 M Bibliography

MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000376, October 17, 1979. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000397, December 18, 1979. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000495, October 22, 1979. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000532, July 9, 1979. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000534, July 8, 1979. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000536, September 19, 1979. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000541, May 2, 1979. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000541. MfS SED-KL/3867, BStU 000543, May 2, 1979.

Israel State Archives: Ginzach Hamedina Hetz—6706/1, Confidential, 85/03/30, January 15, 1979. Hetz—6706/1, Top Secret, No. 47, 289, February 16, 1979. Hetz—7234/5, Israel Embassy to Washington to Foreign Ministry, “Conversation with Prof. Mervin Zonis of Chicago University,” December 11, 1978. Hetz—7234/7, “Clerics that are known to A. Nethzer,” July 21, 1978. Hetz—7234/12, “Arafat-Iran-USA,” Israel Foreign Ministry, December 14, 1979. Hetz—7234/12, “Iranians in Syria,” Israel Foreign Ministry to Israel European Embassies, December 10, 1979. Hetz—7234/12, “Iranian Volunteers to Lebanon,” Israeli Foreign Ministry, December 6, 1979. Hetz—7234/12, “Iranian Volunteers to Lebanon?,” Report of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, the Political Research Center, December 7, 1979. Hetz—7234/12, “Iranian Volunteers to South Lebanon,” 345/10P.51, December 29, 1979. Hetz—7234/12, “Iranian Warrior in Lebanon,” Letter from Middle East Director to Asher Goren, December 9, 1979. Hetz—7234/12, “PLO-Khomeini Relations,” IDF Spokesperson Unit, December 5, 1979. Hetz—7234/12, Secret, “Military Relations between Iran and the PLO,” Israel Foreign Ministry, December 6, 1979. Hetz—7234/12, Top Secret, “Arafat-Iran,” Israeli Embassy to London to Foreign Ministry, December 20, 1979. Hetz—7234/13, “Iran—the Islamic Protest Movement,” Israel Embassy to Washington, May 30, 1978. Hetz—7234/13, “Protests in Iran,” Israel Representation—Tehran, No. 105.1/587, May 15, 1978. Hetz—7234/13, “Turgeman’s Telegram NR-200 dated 25/5/78 about the Islamic Opposition in Iran,” Israel Representation—Tehran, No. 105.1/668, May 29, 1978. Hetz—7234/14, “Iran—Assessments and Suggestions,” Uri Lubrani’s letter to the Israeli Foreign Minister, July 13 [?], 1978. Hetz—7234/14, “Prof. Sepehr Zabih,” Israel Representation—Tehran, No. 101.21/946. July 17, 1978. Bibliography M 177

Hetz—7234/15, Top Secret, Report 243 from the Israeli Embassy to Washington to Foreign Ministry, October 17, 1978. Hetz—7235/1, “Conversation with Din Fischer of Times,” from Israeli Embassy to Tehran to Foreign Ministry, No, 363, November 30, 1978. Hetz—7235/1, Secretive, “Harmelin Tehran,” No. 335, November 28, 1978. Hetz—7235/1, Top Secret, Moshe Gilboa to Yael Vardi, “Assumption of the CEO of Asia and Africa Desk, Mr. Sanandaji on the deteriorate situation in Iran,” Israel Representative to Tehran, No. 1503, November 29, 1978. Hetz—7235/6, “Iran,” Consulate General of Israel in Los Angeles, February 15, 1979. Hetz—7235/6, “Iran,” No. 532, May 20, 1979. Hetz—7235/6, “Iran—Tal with Prof. Zonis,” Israel Embassy—Washington, May 30, 1979. Hetz—7235/9, “Iran—the Meeting between Cottam and Khomeini,” Israeli Embassy—Washington, No. 240, January 16, 1979. Hetz—7304/9, Private (on the letter paper of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Amnon Netzer to Yael Vered, August 1, 1978. Hetz—7304/9, Top Secret, August 3, 1978. Hetz—8386/3, “Iran Jewry,” Israel Foreign Ministry, No. 341, May 20, 1979. Hetz—8386/3, “Newspapers and Media Brief,” May 12, 1979. Hetz—8386/3, “Newspapers and Media Brief,” June 2, 1979. Hetz—8386/3, “Newspapers Brief,” Eric Roulo of Le Monde to Haaretz, Missing date. Hetz—8408/4, News Brief, December 13, 1979. Hetz—8492/8, “Iran—Clandestine Activity,” Secretive, No. 105.1/247, February 14, 1977.

Newspapers Articles Adeli, S. M. H., “Iran’s Revolution,” The Globe and Mail, August 25, 1980. AP, “Assassins Escape After Killing Dato,” New York Times, March 10, 1921, p. 2. Branigin, William, “Ayatollah, Aide of Khomeini, Shot in Iran,” The Washington Post, May 26, 1979, p. A25. ———, “K homeini Vows Deat hs Will Not Hold back Ira n,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1979, p. A25. ———, “L ead ing Ira nia n ne wspaper Shuts A f ter At tack by K homeini,” The Washington Post, May 13, 1979, p. A11. ———, “Splits in Ira nia n Council May Prolong U. S. Ordea l,” The Washington Post, March 7, 1980, p. A25. Del Rio News-Herald, “Ayatollah’s aide injured,” Vol. 53, No. 86, June 28, 1981, p. 1. Dopoulos, Philip, “International News,” The Associated Press, July 21, 1979. ———, The Associated Press, April 24, 1979. Faramarzi, Scheherezade, “Exploding Tape Recorder Wounded Imam,” The Associated Press, June 27, 1981. Gadsden Times, “Iran,” June 28, 1981, p. 11. 178 M Bibliography

Herald-Journal, “Explosion Injures Khomeini Aide,” June 28, 1981, p. 2. Jahan-Shahi, Ali Reza, “International News,” The Associated Press, August 27, 1979. Jay, Ross, “Bomb Blasts Kill 6, wound 100 in Tehran Shopping Arcade,” The Washington Post, July 24, 1980, p. A28. JPOST.COM Staff, “‘Der Spiegel’: Mossad behind Iran scientist assassination.” , August 2, 2011, retrieved: January 5, 2014. Karimi, Nasser, and Brian Murphy, “Iran Nuclear Physicist, Massoud Ali Mohammadi, Killed By Bomb.” , January 10, 2010, retrieved: January 4, 2014. Kent, Thomas, “International News,” The Associated Press, July 8, 1979. ———, “Internationa l Ne ws,” The Associated Press, May 3, 1979. ———, “Internationa l Ne ws,” The Associated Press, May 5, 1979. ———, “Internationa l Ne ws,” The Associated Press, May 26, 1979. ———, “Internationa l Ne ws,” The Associated Press, May 29, 1979. ———, “Internationa l Ne ws,” The Associated Press, July 9, 1979. ———, The Associated Press, May 25, 1979. Kreider, Randy, “You’ve Made Our Nuke Scientists Human Targets, Says Iran.” , November 18, 2011, retrieved: January 2, 2014. Mehr News Agency, Tehran, “Ayatollah Motahhari’s ideas can serve as guide for nations,” May 2, 2011. Ocala Star-Banner, “Booby Trapped Recorder Explodes,” June 28, 1981, p. 4. Raymound, Carrol, and Anthony Allaway, “Islam vs. the Left,” Newsweek, May 14, 1979, p. 66. Reuters, “Aide to Khomeini wounded by 2 Gunmen in South Iran,” The New York Times, Section A, Page 3, Column 5, March 30, 1981. ———, “‘Ira nia n nuclea r scientist k illed in Tehra n’,” , July 23, 2011, retrieved: January 5, 2014. Taheri, Amir, “Impeaching Ahmadinejad,” Wall Street Journal, November 30, 2010, p. 13. Tatro, Earleen F., “Anti-Clerical Factions Struggling against IRP,” The Associated Press, June 29, 1981. The Associated Press, “International News,” May 30, 1979. ———, “Internationa l Ne ws,” November 2 , 1979. ———, “Internationa l Ne ws,” October 14, 1979. ———, “Ira n’s Council Says U.N. Pa nel Will See Hosta ges,” Ma rch 3, 1980. ———, “Milita nts Vow Won’t Free Hosta ges w it hout Sha h,” Febr ua r y 21, 1980. ———, “State Depa r tment Denies Ira nia n Cha rges,” Ma rch 3, 1980. ———, “Internationa l Ne ws,” Aug ust 15, 1980. Bibliography M 179

The Economist, “When Ayatollahs disagree; crime and punishment in Iran,” World Politics and Current Affairs, May 19, 1979, p. 15. The Globe and mail, “Iran,” May 19, 1979, p. 9. The New York Times, Section A, Page 3, Column 1, Foreign Desk, July 24, 1980. TIME Staff, “Is the Mossad Targeting Iran’s Nuclear Scientists?” , November 30, 2012, retrieved: January 5, 2014. Tomkins, Richard, “International News,” The Associated Press, April 24, 1979. Vick, Karl, “Mossad Cutting Back on Covert Operations Inside Iran, Officials Say.” , March 30, 2012, retrieved: January 3, 2014. Vick, Karl, and Aaron J. Klein, “Who Assassinated an Iranian Nuclear Scientist? Israel Isn’t Telling.” , January 13, 2012, retrieved: January 6, 2014. Williams, David, “West blamed by Iran as YET ANOTHER nuclear scientist is assassinated by magnetic car bomb in the street.” , January 12, 2012, retrieved: January 3, 2014.

Books in Arabic Al-Amali, Mohammad bin Jarir bin Yazid bin Kathir bin Ghalab, and Al-Tabari, Abu Jaafar, Jama’ al-Bayan fi Taawil al-Quran, Vol. 1, article 116. Al-Amali, Mohammad bin Jarir bin Yazid bin Kathir bin Ghalab, and Al-Tabari, Abu Jaafar, Jama’ al-Bayan fi Taawil al-Quran, Vol. 1, article 15. Al-Fayruz Aabadi, Abu Tahir Muhammad ibn Yaqub (collector), Abdullah ibn Abbas, Tanwîr al-Miqbâs min Tafsîr Ibn ‘Abbâs, surat al-Furqan, verse 1. Al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad, and Al-Suyūṭī Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al- Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Hadid, verse 26. Al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad, and Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al- Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Imaran, verse 4. Al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad, and Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al- Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Furaqn, verse 1. Al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad, and Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al- Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-A’nkabut, verse 27. Al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad, and Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al- Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Kahf, verses 12, 22. Al-Shirazi, Nasser Makaram, Tafsir al-Amathal fi Kitab Allah al-Manzal (The Complete Interpretation to Allah’s book [Quran]) (Musadar al-Tafsir ind al-Shia, [?]). Al-Tustari, Abu Mohammad Sahl bin Abdullah bin Yunis bin Rafi’, Tafsir al-Tustari, Surat al-Furqan, verse 1. Al-Tustarī, Sahl bin ‘Abdullāh, Tafsir al-Tustari, Surat al-Kahf, verse 9. 180 M Bibliography

Ibn Abbas, Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn Abbas, Surat Al-Kahf, verse 22 (Jami’ alhuquq mahfuza, Beirut, Lubnan, 1992),altabaa’alawali (first edition), p. 310. Nabulsi, Mohammad Ratab, Tafsir al-Qaraa’ al-Karim—Surat al-Furqan, p. 23. , retrieved: July 3, 2013. Qassem, Riadh Mahmmoud, and Jad-Allah, Hadi Rashid, “Tafsir Surat al-Furqan bial- Qarat al-A’sher al-Mutawatira,” Majalat al-Jama’a al-Islamiyyah, Vol. 16, No. 1 (January, 2008). Quran. Sahih al-Bukhari, 59:2. Surat al-Forqan, al-Taba’ liHawaza al-hadi lil-Darasat al-Islamiyyah. , June 29, 2008, retrieved: July 2, 2013. Tafsir al-Barhani, Vol. 1, article: 162:5; 167:10. Tehrani, Mohammad Sadeqi, al-Furqan fi Tafsir al-Quran bal-Quran (Qom: Manshurat al-Thqafat al-Islamiyyah, 1407 [1986]).

Books and Articles in Persian Abadi, Davood, “Khataret-e Jabha” (Memories from the war front). , retrieved: October 15, 2014. Asnad-e Lanah-e Jasusi-e Amrica (The American Spy-den [in Tehran] Documents), Vol. 42 (Tehran: Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami, Tehran: The Center for Publication of Islamic Revolution Documents). Davani, Ali, “Namaee az andisheh va a’mal-e Goroh-e Forqan: Hojjat ulIslam va almuslemin Ali Davani” (An overview of practice and thoughts of Forqan Group; Hojjatol Islam Ali Davani,) Yadavar, May 2010. , retrieved: May 1, 2014. Jafarian, Rassul, Jaryan-ha va Sazman-ha-ye Mazhabi-Siyasi-ye Iran—1320–1357 (Tehran: Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami, 1390) (Jafarian, Rassul The Religious-Political Movements of Iran—1940–1977 (Tehran: The Center for Publication of Islamic Revolution Documents, 2011)). Kordi, Ali, Goroh-e Forqan (The Forqan Group), Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami (The Center for Islamic Revolution Documents) (Tehran, 1387) (Tehran, 2009). Mesdaqi, Iraj, “Forqan dar Aeeneh-ye Tarikh,” , retrieved: December 12, 2013. Payga-e Majalat-e Takhasosi-ye Nur, “badana-ye guruh az barnameh-ye terror bi khabarbud! ‘pendar va kerdar-e Forqan az nama-ye nazdik’ dar mizgerd-e yada- var ba se tan az a’za-ye sabaq-e in guruh.” , retrieved: April 28, 2014. Ruzitalab, Mohammad Hassan, Tarkib Eltaqat va Terror: Barresi-e Amalkard va Asnad-e Goroh-e Forqan (Mix of Terror and Eclectic: A Study on the Practice and Bibliography M 181

Documentation on the Forqan Group) (Tehran: Markaz-e Asnad-e Enqelab-e Eslami, 1392 (2013)). Shariati, Ali, Islam Shenasi (Islamology), Jild Yek (Dars Aval va Dovom, 1969). Yazdani, Jamal, Sodur-i Enqhelab va Rabeteh-ye An ba Jang (Tehran: Intesharat- eMarkaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami, Tehran: The Center for Publication of Islamic Revolution Documents): 2–4. , retrieved: January 9, 2013.

Books and Articles in Hebrew Globes News, “Two Shooters on Motorcycles fired an army officer in Western Iran.” , January 22, 2012, retrieved: January 5, 2014. Rubin, Uri, Quran (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 2005). [Translation of the Quran]. YNET, “Iran: Two Assassins on Motorcycle shot an Army Officer.” , January 22, 2012, retrieved: January 5, 2014.

Interviews An interview with IRGC’s officer, August 9–12, 2012. His name is confidential as for security reasons. Index

Abbasi, Fereydoun, 81 Baader Meinhof, 80, 160n7 Abrahamian, Ervand, 28, 49, 108 Bababik, Alireza Shah, 117 Ahedi, General Noureddin Most, 91 Baha’is, 47 Ahmadi, Mojtaba, 81 Bahman, Javad, 117 Ahmadinejad, Mohammad, 119–20 Bahonar, Ayatollah Mohammd-Javad, Ahmadi-Roshan, Mostafa, 81 54, 56, 58 Ahmadis, 47 Bahrani, Hashim ibn Sulayman, 7 Akhondism, 41–2, 51, 138 Bani-Sadr, Abul Hassan, 55, 84, 86, 89 Akhundanismi, 82 Bazargan, Mehdi, 44–5, 58, 81–2, 84, al-Asad, , 135 87, 108, 110, 123, 126, 128–31 al-Hassan, Hani, 129, 135 Baztab—Iranian newspaper, 99, 120 al-Qaedah, 99 Behesthi, Ayatollah, 26, 43, 54, 56–9, al-Raqim, 13–14 130–2, 169n22 al-Sadr, Mousa, 55, 127–9, 133, Borujerdi, Ayatollah, 57, 102 155n105 Buback, Siegfried—West Germany’s al-Tabari, 3–4, 6, 15 Federal Prosecutor, 80 AMAL, 55, 128 Bukhari, Mohammad, 6 Amini, Reza, 98, 118 Aqerlu, Hasan, 30, 117 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 28, Arafa (Mystics), 73–5 42, 81, 85, 88–94, 101–14, 150n15 Arafat, Yassir, 129, 135 Constitutional Revolution, 47, 64 Ardebili, Ayatollah Abdul Karim Cottam, Richard, 26, 150n16 Musavi, 97, 111 Aron, Raymond, 34 Dashti, Ali, 23 Asadi, Ali, 30, 117 Dastgerdi, Dr. Vahid, 128 Asgari, Abbas Dato, Eduardo, 80 Asghar Jamali Fard, Ali (known as Abu Davari, Mahmood T., 108 Hanif), 128, 131 Der Tagesspiegel—The eastern Ashura, 125 Germany Newspaper, 118 Askari, Abbas, 30, 66 Deutsche Presse Agentur (DPA), Awlaveyat-e Faqih, 60 82, 87 Ayandegan—Iranian Newspaper, 31, Die Wahrheit—German Newspaper, 94 83, 112 Donner, Fred M., 3–5 184 M Index

Entezam, Abbas Amir, 26, 84, 86, Imam Hossein University, 81 88–9 Imam Jomeh, 80 Eraqi, Ayatollah Haj Mehdi, 80 Imam-e Zaman, 124 Estabdad—Despotism, 50 , 110–12 Ettelaa’t—Iranian Newspaper, 62, 92, Iranian Freedom Movement (IFM), 58 94–5, 97 Iran-Iraq War, 98, 112, 130 Evolution (Takamal), 62 IRNA—Iranian News Agency, 98 , 92 Fadayan-e Khalq, 27–8, 120, 143 Islamic Republic Party (IRP), 56, 131–2 Fadayan-i Islam Organization, 2, 31, Islamic Revolution Documents Center 79, 92, 139–40 (IRDC), 115 Fanon, Frantz, 34 Islamic Revolutionary Council, 83, 85, Farsi, Jalal-e-din, 124, 128 87, 89, 95 Fatah, 2, 134 Islamiyum, 2 FAZ—Iranian Newspaper, 86 Fimani, Raza Ali, 81 Jafarian, Rasool, 29, 38, 44, 47–8, 62, Fischer, Din, 25 75, 117 Forqanism, 43, 52 Jahesh (Mutation), 68 Foruhar, Daryush, 98 Jalalayn, Tafsir al-, 8, 17 Jama’ al-Bayan fi Taawil al-Quran, 6 Gasiorowski, Mark, 82 Jannati, Ayatollah, 57 Gold, Bertham H., 26 Jarir, Mohammad Ibn, 13 Goodarzi, Akbar (The Forqan Jollod, Abdul Salam—Qadhafi’s Prime Leader), 29–31, 37, 39–55, Minister, 127 59–63, 65–71, 73–4, 77, Jumail, Pier, 134 110, 113, 115–17, 136, 138–40 Kachouei, Mohammad, 115 Griffin, George, 21–4 Kahfis (The Cavemen), 11, 17–19, Guevara, Che, 34 65–6, 138 Gurevich, George, 34 Kamali, Ehsan, 75 Keyhan—Newspaper, 93, 96 Hadavi, Mehdi—Chief Public Khalkhali, Ayatollah, 55 Prosecutor, 84 Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 97 Haqqaniya School, 57 Khattab, Umar bin al-, 6 Hashashinis, 79, 119, 143 Khawarej, 52–4 Hashemi, Mehdi, 99, 119, 127–9, 132, Kitab al-burhan fi tafsir al-Quran, 7 133, 136 Kitab al-Maa’rif, 5, 14 Hatami, Ali, 66, 85, 117 Koch, John, 14–16 , 53–7 Komite 5, 96 Hazrat-e Amir (Imam Ali), 72–3 Kordi, Ali, 30, 38–43, 52–5, 63, 65, Hojjatiyeh Society, 56–7, 59, 118, 137, 67, 70–1, 82, 84–5, 90, 92–3, 95–7, 143, 156n111 109–10, 113–14 Hosseiniyeh-i Ershad, 35, 38, 40, 45, 59, 140 Lubrani, Uri, 21–4 Index M 185

Madrasat Chehel-Sotoon, 29 Pahlavi Monarchy, 11, 23, 27, 29, 61, Mahalli, Jalal al-Din Muhammad bin 64, 79, 83, 102 Ahmad al-, 88 PLO (Palestine Liberation Mahdian, Hossein, 41, 80, 93 Organization), 55, 81, 129, 133–5 Mandhur, Ali Abul Hosseini, 52, PRG—’s Provisional 155n95 Revolutionary Government, 108 Manzal, Tafsir al-Amathal fi Kitab Allah al-, 5 Qarani, Mohammad Vali, 41, 73, 80, Marja’ Taqlid, 57 82–4, 86, 88–9, 112–13 Markaz Asnad Enqelab-e Eslami, 38, 113 Qasemi, Dawood, 74–5 Marxism, 28, 35–6, 45, 60–1, 63, Qotbzadeh, Sadeq, 55, 84, 86, 66–7, 69–70, 72, 108 111, 124 Massignon, Louis, 34 Mawdudi, Mualana, 38 Rafsanjani, Hashemi, 41, 54, 80, Mesbah-Yazdi, Ayatollah, 57 90–1, 111, 113 Mofatteh, Dr. Ayatollah Mohammad, Rahami, Professor Mohsen, 64 41, 43, 54–5, 58, 70, 80, 96–7, 117, Rajavi, Massoud, 130 128, 141 Razaei, Mohsen, 99 Mojahedin-e Khalq (MeK), 27–8, Red Army Faction—RAF, 81 37–8, 45, 57, 61, 67, 69, 80, 94, 118, Revolutionary Guard Corps, 91, 116, 130, 143, 158n174 119, 127, 130 Mojber, Sa’ad—Qadhafi’s ambassador, Rushanfekran—Intelligentsia, 49 129 Mokhtari, Mohammad, 98 Safavi, Navvab, 139–40 Montazeri, Hussein Ali, 42, 55, 106, Sahifeh Sajjadiyeh, 74–5 123–4, 127–9, 130–6, 168n5, 169n15 SAJAJI—Sazman-I Jonbesh-hay-I Moslem Liberation Front, 28 Azadibakhsh-i Jahan-I Islam—“The Mossad, 24, 81, 101–9, 111, 113, 143 Organization of Liberation Mossadeq Crisis, 33, 42, 58, 64, 102, Movements of the Islamic World,” 107, 150n16 80, 126 Motahedi, Mohammad, 30 Salaheddin, Mowlavi, 120 Motahhari, Ayatollah Murteza, 31, 35, SATJA—Sazman-e Enqelabi-e 41–5, 54–6, 58–62, 72, 74, 80, 83–90, Todehay-e Jomhory-e Islami-e 97, 104, 108, 112–13, 119–20, 125, 141 Iran—The Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic Nahjol-Balaghe, 53, 69–70, 72–3, 75, of Iran’s People, 89, 99, 123–9, 77, 140 131–3, 135–6, 144 Nizam-i Tawhid, 37 SAVAK, 22, 34–5, 40, 65–6, 83–4, Nueb-e-Iman, 49 87, 90, 94–5, 101–16, 143, Nuri, Hassan, 96, 117 155n105 Nuri, Mohammad, 97, 117 Sepah-e Sahabeh (The Army of the Sahabeh), 64 Omid-i Iran (Hope for Iran), Magazine Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, The, 11–12, of, 128 14–18, 149n35 186 M Index

Shariati, Ali, 33–50, 59, 61, 65–7, 69, Velayat-e Faqih, 59–60, 103, 137, 76, 85, 108, 125, 136, 139–40 141–2, 145 Shirazi, Ayatollah Rabbani, 54, 80, 97 Shirazi, Sheikh Nasser Makaram al-, 5 Wahy—the inspiration, 75–6 Sick, Gary, 21–3 White Revolution, 102–3 Siyahpoosh, Mohsen, 30, 117 Yazdi, Ibrahim, 26, 55, 57, 84, 86, Tobacco Boycott, 64 88–9, 117, 124, 129 Tomseth, Victor, 110–11 Tudeh Party, 58, 106, 108, 131, 168n7 Zonis, Prof. Mervin, 25–6, 55–6, 93–4