Notes Preface 1. Vanessa Martin, Creating an Islamic State, Khomeini and the making of new Iran (London, 2003), p. 79. 2. Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam – The Iranian Mojahedin (London, 1989), pp. 51–52. 3. W. Michael Reisman and Eric E. Freedman, “The Plaintiff’s Dilemma: Illegally Obtained Evidence and Admissibility in International Adjudication”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 76, No. 4 (Oct. 1982), p. 749. BBC, “Security expert” says Salafi group prob- ably behind Iran blasts,” BBC Monitoring Middle East [London] 14 June 2005: 1. “Iran TV says “terrorist” leader killed at Pakistan borders,” BBC Monitoring Newsfile [London] 07 Apr 2012. 4. Martin, p. 79. 5. “Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan,” Islamic Revolution Document Center, <http://www.irdc.ir/en/content/6777 /print.aspx>, accessed July 2, 2012. “About Goodarzi and Furqan Group”, <http://www.teror-victims.com/en/index.php?Page=definition&UID=292 0374>, accessed August 6, 2012. 6. Ronen A. Cohen, The Hojjatiyeh Society in Iran: Ideology and Practice from the 1950s to the Present (USA: Macmillan Palgrave, 2013). 1 Theological Approaches 1. Fred M. Donner, “Qurani Furqan,” Journal of Semitic Studies, LII/2 (Autumn 2007), p. 279.. 2. Mohammad Ratab Nabulsi, Tafsir al-Qaraa’ al-Karim—Surat al-Furqan, p. 23, <www.nabulsi.com>, retrieved: July 3, 2013. 3. Quran, 3:4, source and translation in: <http://quran.com/3>. 4. Donner, p. 280. 5. See also Mohammad bin Jarir bin Yazid bin Kathir bin Ghalab al- Amali, Abu Jaafar al-Tabari, Jama’ al-Bayan fi Taawil al-Quran, Vol. 1, article 116. 148 M Notes 6. Donner, p. 281. 7. Uri Rubin, Quran (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 2005), p. 43. [Translation of the Quran]. 8. Donner, p. 286. 9. Ibid., p. 290. 10. In other Hebrew and Aramaic religious writings (except the Bible) the root P.Q.D appears more than 17,000 times. 11. Donner, pp. 281–283. 12. Though the order is not chronical but thematic the aim is to surround this word with new and old interpretations, both Sunni and Shi’i. 13. Surat al-Forqan, al-Taba’ liHawaza al-hadi lil-Darasat al-Islamiyyah, <http:// www.hodaalquran.com/rbook.php?id=4674&mn=1>, June 29, 2008, retrieved: July 2, 2013. Riadh Mahmmoud Qassem, Hadi Rashid Jad-Allah, “Tafsir Surat al-Furqan bial-Qarat al-A’sher al-Mutawatira,” Majalat al-Jama’a al-Islamiyyah, Vol. 16, No. 1, (January 2008), p. 211. 14. Nasser Makaram al-Shirazi, Tafsir al-Amathal fi Kitab Allah al-Manzal (The Complete Interpretation to Allah’s book [Quran]) (Musadar al-Tafsir ind al-Shi’a), pp. 224–226; 517. 15. Ibid., p. 517. 16. Ibid., p. 520. 17. Sahih al-Bukhari, 59:2. 18. Mohammad bin Jarir bin Yazid bin Kathir bin Ghalab al-Amali, Abu Jaafar al-Tabari, Jama’ al-Bayan fi Taawil al-Quran, Vol. 1, article 15. 19. Tafsir al-Barhani, Vol. 1, Article 162:5; 167:10. 20. Abu Tahir Muhammad ibn Yaqub al-Fayruz Aabadi (collector), Abdullah ibn Abbas, Tanwîr al-Miqbâs min Tafsîr Ibn ‘Abbâs, surat al-Furqan, verse 1. 21. Abu Mohammad Sahl bin Abdullah bin Yunis bin Rafi’ al-Tustari, Tafsir al-Tustari, Surat al-Furqan, verse 1. 22. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr al-Suyūṭī, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Imaran, verse 4. 23. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr al-Suyūṭī, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Furaqn, verse 1. 24. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr al-Suyūṭī, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-A’nkabut, verse 27. 25. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr al-Suyūṭī, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Hadid, verse 26. 26. Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani, al-Furqan fi Tafsir al-Quran bal-Quran (Qom: Manshurat al-Thqafat al-Islamiyyah, 1407 [1986]). 27. Islamic Revolution Center, “Akbar Goodarzi and the formation of the terrorist group of Forqan”. <http://www.irdc.ir/en/content/6777/print.aspx>, retrieved: February 21, 2013. 28. Adrian Fortescue, “The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus.” The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 5 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909). <http://www.newadvent .org/cathen/05496a.htm>, retrieved: August 6, 2013. Notes M 149 29. Rubin, The Quran, p. 236. Rubin’s interpretations of verse 9. 30. Sahl bin ‘Abdullāh al-Tustarī, Tafsir al-Tustari, Surat al-Kahf, verse 9. 31. John Koch, Die Siebenschläferlegende—ihr Ursprung und ihre Verbrei (Leipzig, Verlag von Carl Reissner, 1833), pp. 101–102. 32. Ibid., p. 102. 33. Abū Muhammad Abd-Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī al-Marwazī known as Ibn Qutaybah. Other sources say he lived between 828–885 ce. 34. Koch, pp. 123–124. 35. This could easily correlate with the conversion process that this region went through 309 years after Jesus’ appearance at the beginning of the first cen- tury, but it does not correlate with the original story of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus that took place between 249–251 ce. 36. Koch, 123–130. 37. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr al-Suyūṭī, Tafsir al-Jalālayn, Surat al-Kahf, verses 12, 22. 38. Ibn Abbas, Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn Abbas, Surat Al-Kahf, verse 22 (Jami’ alhuquq mahfuza, Beirut, Lubnan, 1992), altabaa’ alawali (first edi- tion), p. 310. 2 The Emergence of the Forqan Group 1. Hetz—7234/13, “Turgeman’s Telegram NR-200 dated 25/5/78 about the Islamic Opposition in Iran,” Israel Representation—Tehran, No. 105.1/668, May 29, 1978. Hetz—7234/13, “Protests in Iran,” Israel Representation— Tehran, No. 105.1/587, May 15, 1978. 2. Hetz—7234/13, “Iran—the Islamic Protest Movement,” Israel Embassy to Washington, May 30, 1978. 3. Ibid. 4. Hetz—7234/14, “Iran—Assessments and Suggestions,” Uri Lubrani’s letter to the Israeli Foreign Minister, July 13 [?], 1978. 5. Hetz—7234/14, “Prof. Sepehr Zabih,” Israeli Representation—Tehran, No. 101.21/946. July 17, 1978. 6. Hetz—7234/7, “Clerics that are known to A. Netzer,” July 21, 1978. 7. Hetz—7304/9, Private (on the letter paper of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Amnon Netzer to Yael Vered, August 1, 1978. 8. Hetz—7304/9, Top Secret, August 3, 1978. 9. The military government was established in Teheran and 11 other cities on September 8, 1978 for six months. 10. Hetz—7234/15, Top Secret, Report 243 from the Israeli Embassy in Washington to the Israeli Foreign Ministry, October 17, 1978. 11. Mr. Sultan Hassani Sanandaji was the second secretary of the Iranian Embassy to London, UK. 12. Hetz—7235/1, Top Secret, Moshe Gilboa to Yael Vardi, “Assumption of the CEO of Asia and Africa Desk, Mr. Sanandaji on the deteriorating situation in 150 M Notes Iran,” Israel Representative to Tehran, No. 1503, November 29, 1978. Hetz— 7235/1, Secret, “Harmelin Tehran,” No. 335, November 28, 1978. 13. Hetz—7235/1, “Conversation with Din Fischer of Times,” from the Israeli Embassy in Tehran to the Israeli Foreign Ministry, No. 363, November 30, 1978. 14. Hetz—7234/5, The Israeli Embassy in Washington to the Israeli Foreign Ministry, “Conversation with Prof. Mervin Zonis of Chicago University,” December 11, 1978. 15. Hetz—6706/1, Confidential, 85/03/30, January 15, 1979. 16. Richard Cottam, it must be noted, was the CIA agent active during the Mossadeq crisis and the one who predicted that Khomeini would be the leader of the revolution. (Hetz—7235/6, “Iran,” Consulate General of Israel in Los Angeles, February 15, 1979.) 17. Hetz—7235/9, “Iran—the Meeting between Cottam and Khomeini,” Israeli Embassy—Washington, No. 240, January 16, 1979. 18. Hetz—6706/1, Top Secret, No. 47, 289, February 16, 1979. 19. Hetz—7235/6, “Iran—Tal with Prof. Zonis,” Israel Embassy—Washington, May 30, 1979. 20. Stefanie C. Stauffer, “Threat Assessment: Iran,” Threat Analysis Group, Department of State, Office of Security Secrets. Approved by: Bowman H. Miller, Sid T. Telford—632–2412, June 14, 1979, p. 127. 21. Ibid., p. 128. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., p. 131. 24. Ibid., p. 132. 25. Muhammad Sahimi, “The Power Behind the Scene: Khoeiniha,” Frontline, October 30, 2009, <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline /tehranbureau/2009/10/power-behind-the-scene-khoeiniha.html>, retrieved: February 21, 2013. 26. Philip Dopoulos, The Associated Press, April 24, 1979. 27. Mahmood T. Davari, The Political Thought of Ayatullah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005), pp. 82–84. 28. Ervand Abrahamian, “Answers: Forqan”. <http://www.answers.com/topic /forqan>, retrieved: January 6, 2014. 29. Stauffer, p. 141. 30. CIA, International Terrorism in 1979, A Research Paper, Top Secret, C03291989, PA 80–10072U, April 1980. 31. Hetz—8492/8, “Iran—Clandestine Activity,” Secret, No. 105.1/247, February 14, 1977. 32. Rassul Jafarian, Jaryan-ha va Sazman-ha-ye Mazhabi-Siyasi-ye Iran—1320– 1357 (Tehran: Intesharat-e Markaz-e Asnad-e Enghelab-e Islami, 1390), (Jafarian, Rassul The Religious-Political Movements of Iran—1940–1977 Notes M 151 (Tehran: The Center for Publication of Islamic Revolution Documents, 2011)), p. 775. 33. Ibid. 34. Akbar Goodarzi and the Formation of the Terrorist Group of Forqan, Islamic Revolution Center, <http://www.irdc.ir/en/content/6777/print.aspx>, retrieved: February 21, 2013. Terror Victims Information Base about Goodarzi and the Forqan Group, <http://www.teror-victims.com/en/index.php?Page= definition&UID=2920374>, retrieved: May 3, 2011.