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Crossed Fingers : How the Liberals Captured the Presbyterian Church / Gary North P TABLE OF CONTENTS CROSSED FINGERS HOW THE LIBERALS CAPTURED THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Copyright Dedication Page Timeline Note to the Reader Foreword Preface Face Page Introduction Introduction Part 1: Orthodoxy and Its Discontents Facepage Part 1 Introduction to Part 1 Chapter 1: Theologies in Conflict Conclusion to Part 1 Part 2: From Old School to New School Facepage Part 2 Introduction to Part 2 Whose Legitimacy? Chapter 2: Old School vs. New School http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/html/gncf/table_of_contents.htm (1 of 3) [5/20/2000 1:48:04 PM] TABLE OF CONTENTS Whose Authority? Chapter 3: Authority: Biblical, Confessional, Ecclesiastical Chapter 4: Testing Orthodoxy's Will to Resist Chapter 5: The Last Heresy Trials, 1891-1900 Conclusion to Part 2 Part 3: From Evangelicalism to Liberalism Facepage Part 3 Introduction to Part 3 Whose Legality? Chapter 6: Shadow Government, Administrative Law Whose Sanctions? Chapter 7: Darwinism, Democracy, and the Public Schools Chapter 8: The Revival of Rhetoric Chapter 9: The Auburn Affirmation and Its Aftermath Chapter 10: Princeton, Pensions, and Peace Chapter 11: Conflict Over Foreign Missions Whose Inheritance? Chapter 12: Inheritance and Disinheritance Conclusion to Part 3 Part 4: Analysis of the Liberals' Strategy Facepage Part 4 Introduction to Part 4 Chapter 13: Theology, Strategy, Tactics http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/html/gncf/table_of_contents.htm (2 of 3) [5/20/2000 1:48:04 PM] TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 14: Monopoly Returns and the Flow of Funds Conclusion to Part 4 Facepage Conclusion Conclusion Apendixes Appendix A: H. L. Mencken's Obituary of Machen: "Dr. Fundamentalis" Appendix B: How to Immunize Presbyterianism Appendix C: The Strange Legacy of the Westminster Assembly Appendix D: Francis Schaeffer and the Presbyterian Conflict Appendix E: Winners and Losers http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/html/gncf/table_of_contents.htm (3 of 3) [5/20/2000 1:48:04 PM] CROSSED FINGERS CROSSED FINGERS How the Liberals Captured the Presbyterian Church Gary North Institute for Christian Economics Tyler, Texas Table of Contents http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/html/gncf/crossed_fingers.htm [5/20/2000 1:48:06 PM] Copyright Copyright, Gary North, 1996 The author hereby transfers the right to reprint this book in electronic form to anyone without further permission and without royalty payments. The author retains the exclusive rights to the printed version of the book. Anyone who downloads a copy of this book from a bulletin board or CD-ROM disk is authorized to print out one copy for his own personal use, but it is probably cheaper ($34.95) to buy a hardback copy if you want more than a couple of chapters. ____________________________________________________ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data North, Gary. Crossed fingers : how the liberals captured the Presbyterian Church / Gary North p. cm. ISBN 0-930464-74-5 : $34.95 1. Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. - History - 19th century. 2. Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. - History - 20th century. 3. Liberalism (Religion) - Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. - History - 20th century. 4. Liberalism (Religion) - United States - History -20th century. 5. Presbyterian Church - United States - History. 6. Modernist-fundamentalist controversy. 7. United States - Church history - 20th century. I. Title. BX8937.N67 1995 285'.132'09 - dc20 95-194 CIP Note to librarian: It would not hurt to add: Briggs, Charles Augustus (1841-1913) Machen, John Gresham (1881-1937) Bryan, William Jennings (1860-1925) Fosdick, Harry Emerson (1878-1969) Rockefeller, John D., Jr. (1874-1960) ____________________________________________________ http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/html/gncf/copyright.htm (1 of 2) [5/20/2000 1:48:07 PM] Copyright Institute for Christian Economics P. O. Box 8000 Tyler, Texas 75711 TOP Table of Contents http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/html/gncf/copyright.htm (2 of 2) [5/20/2000 1:48:07 PM] dedication page This book is dedicated to my parents Sam and Peggy North who financed its first draft, and Morton Smith the Machen of twentieth-century Southern Presbyterianism, who has seen all this before. perhaps twice. Table of Contents http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/html/gncf/dedication%20page.htm [5/20/2000 1:48:07 PM] Timeline TIMELINE 1706 -- First U.S. Presbytery formed (Philadelphia) Phase 1: Whose Legitimacy? 1720 -- First Great Awakening begins (Frelinghuysen arrives in New Jersey) 1721 -- Debate begins over subscription to Westminster Confession 1726 -- Gilbert Tennent adopts Frelinghuysen's emphasis on experience 1729 -- Adopting Act: Westminster Confession received 1734 -- Jonathan Edwards joins the Great Awakening 1735 -- William Tennent erects "Log College" ministerial training school 1740 -- George Whitefield arrives; Great Awakening spreads 1741 -- Church divides: Old Side/New Side 1746 -- College of New Jersey (Princeton U.) founded 1758 -- Reunion: Old Side/New Side 1775 -- American Revolution begins 1787 -- Two conventions in Philadelphia: Constitution, Presbyterian Church 1788 -- Ratification: U.S. Constitution, revised Westminster Confession 1789 -- Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. formed: Minutes begin 1797 -- Second Great Awakening begins (roots go back to 1787) 1801 -- Plan of Union: Presbyterian and Congregational Churches in West 1808 -- Andover Seminary opens (Congregational) 1812 -- Princeton Seminary opens 1815 -- George Bourne's overture to condemn slavery; fails (1818) 1829 -- Albert Barnes' sermon, "Way of Salvation" (Arminian) 1830 -- Barnes tried for heresy; acquitted by General Assembly (1831) 1835 -- Barnes' notes on the Book of Romans Barnes' second trial for heresy; acquitted by GA (1836) 1836 -- Union Seminary founded Charles Finney leaves Presbyterian Church, joins Congregationalists http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/html/gncf/timeline.htm (1 of 6) [5/20/2000 1:48:08 PM] Timeline 1837 -- Old School expels four New School synods 1838 -- New School begins new denomination 1846 -- New School condemns slavery, but not as a sin 1857 -- Revival begins in New York City; spreads 1857 -- New School divides 1858 -- New School Southern Church begins (United Synod) Charles A. Briggs has a revival experience 1859 -- Charles Darwin's Origin of Species 1861 -- Civil War begins Southern Old School members secede 1863 -- Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation 1864 -- Northern Old School condemns slavery as a sin Reunion: Southern New School/Old School (PCUS) 1865 -- Civil War ends 1865 -- Republican radicals take over GA's of both schools in North 1866 -- Briggs receives "light" of higher criticism in Germany 1868 -- James McCosh becomes president of Princeton U. Phase 2: Whose Authority? 1869 -- Reunion: Northern Old School/New School (PCUSA) 1871 -- Darwin's Descent of Man 1874 -- Rev. David Swing resigns under fire from Francis Patton Charles Hodge's What Is Darwinism? Union Seminary hires Briggs 1876 -- Briggs' first inaugural address W. Robertson Smith is brought to trial in Scotland Johns Hopkins University opens 1878 -- Rev. William McCune convicted of heresy (ecclesiology) 1880 -- Presbyterian Review begins publication: joint venture http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/html/gncf/timeline.htm (2 of 6) [5/20/2000 1:48:08 PM] Timeline 1881 -- Essays on higher criticism in Presbyterian Review: pro & con 1882 -- General Assembly's Deliverance against higher criticism; no action 1884 -- W. H. Roberts becomes Stated Clerk (to 1920) 1885 -- Briggs' American Presbyterianism 1888 -- Patton becomes president of Princeton U. B. B. Warfield joins Princeton Seminary's faculty 1889 -- Briggs' Whither? Debate over Confessional revision Robert E. Speer and John R. Mott: missions recruiting (students) 1891 -- Briggs' second inaugural address Speer joins Foreign Missions Board (to 1937) 1892 -- Trial of Briggs begins (New York Presbytery) Doctrinal Deliverance by General Assembly (Portland, Oregon) Union Seminary leaves the denomination 1893 -- Henry van Dyke's Plea for Peace and Work manifesto Briggs convicted of heresy by GA 1894 -- Henry Preserved Smith convicted of heresy by GA 1900 -- A. C. McGiffert leaves Church under fire 1900 -- Ecumenical Conference on Foreign Missions, New York City Phase 3: Whose Legality? 1901 -- Founding conference, National Federation of Churches 1902 -- Woodrow Wilson becomes president of Princeton U. Patton becomes president of Princeton Seminary 1903 -- Westminster Confession revised (universal love of God) Establishment of the Committee on Church Cooperation 1906 -- Cumberland Presbyterians arrive (1,100 congregations) J. Gresham Machen joins Princeton's faculty Charles Erdman joins Princeton's faculty http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/html/gncf/timeline.htm (3 of 6) [5/20/2000 1:48:08 PM] Timeline 1908 -- Federal Council of Churches (FCC) begins; led by Roberts Presbyterian Church reorganized; Executive Commission begins 1910 -- GA's Doctrinal Deliverance (fundamentalist) GA's Social Deliverance (social gospel) Edinburgh conference on world missions Rockefeller leads the New York City grand jury Wilson elected Governor of New Jersey 1912 -- Wilson elected President of the United States 1913 -- Patton resigns as president of Princeton Seminary Van Dyke's challenge: "Initiate a heresy trial against me!" 1914 -- J. Ross Stevenson replaces Patton Machen becomes Assistant Professor; then is ordained 1918 -- Council on Organic Church Union
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