Tag Meaning › direction of transitivity or possession (2›3 may mean 2 acts on 3; 1sg›sg may mean a 1sg possessor and a singular possessum) 1 first person 2 second person 3 third person 4 fourth person (impersonal) ABE abessive case (aka caritive case or privative case: 'without') ABL ablative ABS absolutive ACC accusative ACL actual ACTN action noun ADALL adessive-allative ADE adessive case ('at'; more specific than loc) ADJZ adjective ADM admonitive mood (warning) ADVL adverbial case AFF affirmative ALL allative AN animate gender (cf r) AND andative (going towards: cf venitive) ANT anterior tense (used for prf in some traditions) ANTE antessive case ('before') ANTIC anticausative ANTIP antipassive voice AOR aorist (= pfv or pst.pfv) APP apposition APPL applicative voicce APPR apprehensive mood APRX approximative Tag Meaning ASP aspect ASS associative case ASU assumptive mood AT agent trigger (= av agent voice) ATT attenuative ATTR attributive AUD auditory evidential AUG augmentative AUX auxiliary BEN benefactive case ('for') CAP (cap)ability, modal case CAUS causative CDCJ conditional-conjunctive CDO conditional-optative CENT centric case CF counterfactual conditional CMPR comparative CNG connegative CNSQ consequential CO coaffic:aorist linking element COL collective plural COM comitative case ('together with') COMPL completive CONC concessive COND conditional CONJ conjunctive CONN connective particle CONT continuative aspect CNTR contrastive Tag Meaning CRAS crastinal tense ('tomorrow') CRS current relevance marker (as in the perfect) CTF counterfactive (mood) CVB converb DAT dative DE different event, change of event (cf ds) DEB debitive DECL declarative DEF definite DEL delayed imperative (a command to do s.t. later) DEL delative case ('off of'), deliberative mood DEM demonstrative DEO deontic mood DEP dependent (as in dep.fut) DES desiderative mood DEST destinative aspect DTR determinative suffix DETR detransitive DIM diminutive DIR direct evidential (= exp); directional (= lat); direct case DISJ disjunction DIST distal DISTR distributive DITR ditransitive DLM delimited DU dual DUB dubitative mood DU durative DYAD dyadic Tag Meaning DYN dynamic aspect E epenthetic morpheme EGR egressive ELA elative case ('out of') ELA elative case ('out of') EMP emphatic EP epenthetic vowel EPIS epistemic mood, epistemic modality EQU equative ERG ergative ESS essive case EV evidential EVAS evasive EVIT evitative case (= aversive case) EXCL exclusive (u.ez az exklamativot is jeloli) EXC excessive EXCLAM exclamative EX.DUR excessive duration EXESS exessive case EXH exhortative EXO exocentric case EXP experiential, eyewitness, = direct evidential EXPL expletive (dummy / meaningless form) FACT factive evidential FAM familiar register (as the T–V distinction) FIKT Fiktivnost FIN finite verb FOC focus FP final particle (joshi) Tag Meaning FRAC fraction FREQ frequentative aspect FUT future GEN genitive GER gerund GNO gnomic (generic) aspect GT goal trigger (Austronesian; = gv goal voice) HAB habitual aspect HON honorific HORT hortative HSY hearsay, reported evidential HUM human, anthropic gender (cf. hbl; r) HYP hypothetical mood IDENTIF identifiable IDEO ideophone (≈ mim) IGNOR ignorative ILL illative case ('into') IMM immediate, as in immediate imperative mood, near future tense IMP imperative IPFV imperfective IMPR imprecative mood IMPRS impersonal verb IMPST immediate past INAL inalienable possession INAN inanimate gender INCH inchoative aspect INCL inclusive IND indicative INDF indefinite Tag Meaning INE inessive case ('in') INF infinitive INF1 first infinitive INF2 second infinitive INF3 third infinitive INFER inferential evidential INEL inelative case ('from within') INSTR instrumental INSFN instructive-final INT interrogative INTEN intentional INTENS intensive INTN intensifier INTR intransitive IRR irrealis INV inverse IPFV imperfective aspect IPFVZ imperfectivizer IRR irrealis mood IS indirect speech ITER iterative aspect JUS jussive mood LAT lative case (= mvmt, direction) LIM limitative ('only') LK linker LOC locative LOG logophoric LTN latentive M masculine Tag Meaning MAN manner MID middle voice MIM mimetic (≈ ideo) MIR (ad)mirative MOD modal case MODER moderative MOM momentative MULT multiplicative MULT multiplicative MVT movement N neuter N- non- (e.g. NSG nonsingular, NPST nonpast) NARR narrative NEC necessitative mood NEG negation, negative NH non-human NIM negative indefiniteness marker NZ nominalizer/nominalization NZ nominalizer/nominalization NZ nominalizer/nominalization NOM nominative NPM negative polarity marker NS non-subject (Latin 'oblique case') NUM numeral OBL oblique OBV obviative ODOR odorative OPT optative mood ORD ordinal number Tag Meaning PART particle PASS passive PAT patientive (= und) PAU paucal number PEG pegative case (a special case for the giver) PEJ pejorative PER perlative case ('per', using) PERS personal PFV perfective PFV perfective PL plural PL plural PLU pluractional POL polar POS positive POSS possessive POSTE postessive case ('after') POT potential mood (a possible conditional) PPFV past perfective PRED predicative PREC precative mood (requests) PREP preposition, prepositional case PRET preterite (= pfv.pst) PRS present PROB probabilitive PROG progressive PROH prohibitive PROL prolative case (= via) PROP proprietive Tag Meaning PROS prosecutive case ('across', 'along') PROSP prospective aspect PROT protasis PROX proximal/proximate PST past PST0 suffixless past PST1 first past PST2 second past PST3 third past PT patient trigger PTCP participle PTV partitive case ('some of') PURP purposive PV verbal prefix PVB part of verbal complex Q question particle/marker QNT quantifier QUOT quotative R rational gender (thinking beings) REAL realis mood REC recent past tense RECP reciprocal REF referential REFL reflexive REL relative REM remote past tense REP reported evidential REPUT reputative RES resultative Tag Meaning RET retrospective (synonym for 'perfect' in some traditions) RFR referential SBJV subjunctive SE same event (cf ss) SEM semelfactive aspect ('once') SENS sensory evidential mood (= vis+aud SEQ sequential SG singular SGV singulative number SIM similative SBJV subjunctive mood SS same-subject marker (cf se) STAT stative aspect, stative verb SUBE subessive case ('under') SUBJ subjunctive SUBL sublative case ('onto', 'down onto') SUC successive ('then') SUP supine SUPL superlative SUPE superessive case ('on') TAM tense, aspect, or mood TEL telic aspect (cf pfv) TEMP temporal case TERM terminative case TNS tense TOT total TR transitive TRA transitive case TRANSL translative case (becoming) Tag Meaning TRES translative-essive case TRI trial number TRN trans-numeral (neither sg nor pl) USIT usitative VBZ verbalizer VEN venitive (coming towards; cf andative) VER veridical, veridical mood (a certain conditional) VIA vialis case VIS visible, visual VN verbal noun VOC vocative case VOL volitive mood WH.Q wh- question -Z -(al)izer (e.g. trz transitivizer)