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The Anglo-Saxon Churches of Canterbury Archaeologically Reconsidered

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The Anglo-Saxon Churches of Canterbury Archaeologically Reconsidered Durham E-Theses The Anglo-Saxon churches of Canterbury archaeologically reconsidered Blockley, Kevin How to cite: Blockley, Kevin (2000) The Anglo-Saxon churches of Canterbury archaeologically reconsidered, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4320/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk THE ANGLO-SAXON CHURCHES OF CANTERBURY ARCHAEOLOGICALLY RECONSIDERED BY KEVIN BLOCKLEY, MIFA MPhil 2000 ABSTRACT The Anglo-Saxon churches of Canterbury have been reconsidered from an archaeological perspective with a view to understanding their layout, fiinction, and development. Canterbury cathedral was excavated in 1993, revealing four Anglo-Saxon phases, commencing with Augustine's first church in 597. In the early 9th century the cathedral was re-built on a larger scale, re-built in the mid 10th century, and finally saw the addition of an apsed western structure with hexagonal stair towers in the early 11th century. St Augustine's abbey complex comprised the church ofSts Peter & Paul and the, chapel of St Mary in the early 7th century, and saw the addition of St Pancras chapel probably during the first half of the 7th century. Later additions included at least three phases of cloisters, the earliest of which may have been built in the mid 8th century, and a farther cHdpel, free-standing tower, and rotunda built in the mid 11th century. Further east was St Martin's church interpreted as a Roman mausoleum, used by Queen Bertha for Christian worship in the 6th century, and perhaps expanded in the early 7th century by Augustine. The thesis has been divided into two sections. Section 1 provides an introduction to Canterbury's Anglo-Saxon churches, a detailed presentation of the evidence from excavations, a summary of the historical and written sources, an interpretation of each church with parallels and dating evidence, and is concluded by a general discussion of their design, development and topographical layout. Section 2 provides thematic discussion of the wider setting of Anglo-Saxon occupation in Canterbury which started in the mid 5th century, and a critical review of 20 sites claimed as Anglo-Saxon monasteries. It also has a discussion of the Continental parallels, identifying distinct area of influence for Canterbury's Anglo- Saxon churches, and ends with some suggestions for fidrther research. THE ANGLO-SAXON CHURCHES OF CANTERBURY ARCHAEOLOGICALLY RECONSIDERED BY KEVBV BLOCKLEY, MIFA The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any form, including Electronic and the Internet, without the author's prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately. SUBMITTED FOR AN M.PHIL. THESIS UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY 2000 2 6 APR 2002 CONTENTS AcknawledgemerUs 6 List of ilJustraiions 7 List of tables 10 Declaration 11 Statement of copyright 11 SECTION 1: CANTERBURY'S ANGLO-SAXON CHURCHES Chapter 1 General introduction 12 Introduction 12 Research design 12 The context of Canterbury's churches 13 Objectives of this study and selection of churches 14 Past ^udies 16 Christianity in Britain AD 312-1066: a brief outline 17 Presentation of information 20 Chapter 2 Assessment of the excavation records 22 Introduction 22 Canterbury cathedral 22 St Augustine's abbey complex 24 St Martin's church 26 General assessment of the archive 26 Chapter 3 The evidence from excavation 28 Introduction 28 Canterbury cathedral 28 St Augustine's abbey complex 41 St Martin's church 75 Summary of the archaeological evidence for Anglo-Saxon churches in Canterbury 79 Chapter 4 Historical and written sources 81 3 Introduction 81 Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People 82 Canterbury cathedral 85 St Augustine's abbey 93 Summary of the evidence from the historical and written sources 99 Chapter 5 Interpretation, parallels, and dating 102 Introduction 102 Canterbury cathedral 102 St Augustine's abbey complex 117 St Martin's church 128 Chapter 6 General discussion 129 Introduction 129 The design of the 6th-7th century churches 129 Development of the church complex 137 Topographical development 139 SECTION 2: THEMATIC DISCUSSIONS Chapter 7 The wider setting of Anglo-Saxon Canterbury 142 Introduction 142 Decline of the Roman town 143 Anglo-Saxon structures 148 Possible Anglo-Saxon church and graveyard 152 Other possible Anglo-Saxon settlements nearby 153 Interpretation of the intra- and extra-mural settlements 155 Chapters Anglo-Saxon monasteries 161 Introduction 161 Abingdon 163 Brandon 165 Burgh Castle 167 Eynsham abbey 169 Flixborough 171 Glastonbury abbey 173 Glastonbury Tor 178 Hartlepool 180 4 Hoddom 183 lona 186 Jarrow 189 Lindisfarne 192 Monkwearmouth 194 Tintagel 196 Tynemouth 199 Whitby 200 Whithorn 205 Winchester 212 Conclusions 215 Chapter 9 Continental parallels 223 Introduction 223 Period 1: Augustine's early Kentish churches (6th and 7th century) ... 225 Period 2: expansion (8th and 9th century) 230 Period 3: later additions (11th century) 234 Chapter 10 Conclusions 238 Introduction 238 The excavated evidence and written sources 238 Anglo-Saxon Canterbury 241 The British and Continental parallels 242 Further avenues of research 243 End note 246 Appendix A List of excavations 247 Abbreviations and bibliography 250 Illustrations 265 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was researched and written between 1995 and 1999 on a part-time basis. The seeds of interest were originally sown after I co-directed excavations (with Paiil Bennett) in Canterbury cathedral in 1993 for the Canterbury Archaeological Trust. Discussions with Martin Biddle (the cathedral's Archaeological Consultant) set me off on an MA assessing the material available for study. This was upgraded to an MPhil in 1997 researching Section 1 of this thesis. A final upgrading to a Ph.D. in 1998 saw the completion of the thesis with the addition of Section 2. The Ph.D was submitted in 1999, but the examiner's recommended that the thesis be resubmitted in revised form. This was not possible, given my work commitments, and the thesis was resubmitted in 2000 as an M.Phil. Supervision of the thesis was undertaken by Martin Millett, Helena Hamerow (early sections only), and Pam Graves (all then at Durham University), without whom this thesis would never have seen the light of day. I am deeply indebted to Paul Bennett, Martin Biddle, Richard Gem, and Tim Tatton-Brown, for constant support and encouragement over the last five years. Many libraries and institutions have helped with access to archives and books, as have the excavators of the sites mentioned in the text. They are too numerous to mention individually here. The research was fimded by myself and Cambrian Archaeological Projects Limited, with small grants firom the Department of Archaeology at the University of Durham, and the Rosemary Cramp Fellowship. I am indebted to all of these. Kevin Blockley, Llanidloes, 2000 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Note: All illiistrations are together at the end of the thesis, starting at page 263. Fig 1 Alignment/topography of Canterbury's Anglo-Saxon churches Fig 2 Canterbury cathedral: location plan showing previous excavations Fig 3 Canterbury cathedral: location plan of 1992-93 excavations Fig 4 St Augustine's abbey; location plan of Anglo-Saxon churches Fig 5 St Augustine's abbey: location plan of 1874-1984 excavations Fig 6 Canterbury cathedral: phased plan of Anglo-Saxon remains Fig 7 Canterbury cathedral: plan of Period 1 features Fig 8 Canterbury cathedral: plan of Period 2A and 2B features Fig 9 Canterbury cathedral: plan of Period 2C features Fig 10 St Augustine's abbey: phased plan of the Anglo-Saxon remains Fig 11 Sts PetCT & Paul: plan of the surviving remains in 1995 Fig 12 St Pancras: detailed plan of the Anglo-Saxon remains Fig 13 St Martins: detailed plan of the Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon remains Fig 14 Reconstructed layout of Period I churches in the study Fig 15 Canterbury cathedral: tentative reconstructed layout of Period 2 A foimdations Fig 16 Canterbury cathedral: tentative reconstructed layout of Period 2A church Fig 17 Cirencester and Werden, Germany Fig 18 Canterbury cathedral: tentative reconstructed layout of Period 2C Church Fig 19 St Maurice d'Agaune, Switzerland and Sr Cyriakus, Gemrode, Genmany Fig 20 Canterbury cathedral: tentative layout of Anglo-Saxon crypt Fig 21 Canterbury cathedral: tentative layout of cathedral church and baptistry Fig 22 St Augustine's abbey: Wulfric's octagon Fig 23 Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem Fig 24 Basilica of Saint-Pierre, Geneva, Switzerland Fig 25 Paletine Chapel, Aachen, Germany Fig 26 St Benigne abbey, Dijon, France Fig 27 St-Sauviour, Charroux, France Fig 28 Ottmarsheim, Alsace, France Fig 29 Rochester, Lyminge, Reculver, Bradwell-on-Sea Fig 30 Development plan of St Augustine's abbey Fig 31 Development
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