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Caring About the British Empire British Imperial Activist Groups, 1900-1967, with Special Reference to the Junior Imperial League and the League of Empire Loyalists

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Caring About the British Empire British Imperial Activist Groups, 1900-1967, with Special Reference to the Junior Imperial League and the League of Empire Loyalists This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Caring about the British Empire British imperial activist groups, 1900-1967, with special reference to the Junior Imperial League and the League of Empire Loyalists Scott, Claude Fredrick Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 Caring about the British Empire: British imperial activist groups, 1900-1967, with special reference to the Junior Imperial League and the League of Empire Loyalists. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Claude Fredrick Scott September 2013 Abstract This thesis contributes to one of the main debates of British imperial history, the relevance of the Empire to British society. It examines a number of twentieth century imperial activist groups and discusses in detail the Junior Imperial League and the League of Empire Loyalists. It argues that the Junior Imperial League was an important imperially-minded organisation which gave valuable practical support to the Conservative party. It suggests that the imperialism of the League of Empire Loyalists had ideological roots in the imperialist ideas of the late nineteenth century has been overlooked by historians who have perceived it as relevant only to extreme right-wing politics. It suggests that both these groups have been given too little, or the wrong kind of, attention by historians. The first has simply been overlooked and the second has tended to be subsumed into a search for British fascism rather than studied as a specifically imperial body. The analysis of these two groups, in the general context of imperial group activism, hints at a reading of British imperial consciousness that it more subtle than the one in much current literature. Imperialism was neither ubiquitous nor non-existent. A substantial number of activists in Britain in the first half of the twentieth century, estimated to exceed a million, cared about the Empire in various ways and with a range of intensity. Members of imperial activist groups came from all classes, although the leadership of imperial activism was often upper-class. However, imperialism mattered most when it was most ‘banal’ and most intertwined with a broader political Conservatism. Members of the Junior Imperial League rarely saw their imperialism as controversial or something separate from their broader political vision. They associated it with the governance of the Empire, its defence, trading relationships, education, and Anglo-Saxon feelings of ‘kith and kin’ The League of Empire Loyalists revealed a different pattern of imperialism at a time when empire had become much more contested. The LEL mobilized people who saw empire as the salient feature of their own political identity. In many ways their central concerns were similar to those of the Junior Imperial League but their sense of their marginality revealed how far empire had moved from the mainstream of British politics. 1 Acknowledgements I should like to thank the staff at the National Archives at Kew and Colindale, the Maughan Library at King’s College London, the London Library, the Wiener Library, the Chesterton Archive at the University of Bath, the House of Lords Record Office, the Bodleian Library, the British Library, and also at the libraries at the London School of Economics, the Imperial War Museum and the Natural History Museum. Without the help and encouragement of friends and family my task would have been much harder and I am very thankful for their support. I am deeply indebted to David Ainger and Elizabeth Ainger who kindly read large parts of the thesis and made many useful comments whilst spoiling me with their generous hospitality in north London and Miallet in France; also to Jennifer Scott who helped me greatly with the technicalities of Word and rescued me from word processing disasters, both actual and potential; and to Helen Scott who worked meticulously in checking the content and formatting of the footnotes and bibliography. I also thank Sarah Stockwell of the History department at King’s College London who read an early version of chapters on the Junior Imperial League and made valuable suggestions. To my supervisors at King’s College, Paul Readman and Richard Vinen, I am most indebted; without their constructive criticism, knowledge, guidance and encouragement this thesis would never have been completed. 2 Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 1 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 2 Contents ....................................................................................................................... 3 Tables ........................................................................................................................... 4 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1. Loyal to the Empire: a survey of some twentieth century British imperial activist groups ............................................................................................................ 24 Chapter 2. The Junior Imperial League 1905-1918 ................................................... 66 Chapter 3. The Junior Imperial League 1918-1939: its governance and membership .................................................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 4. The Junior Imperial League, 1918-39; its activities, ideology and impact .................................................................................................................................. 136 Chapter 5. The League of Empire Loyalists, 1954-1967 ......................................... 181 Chapter 6. The League of Empire Loyalists, imperialism, and right-wing extremism .................................................................................................................................. 216 Chapter 7. Caring about the British Empire ............................................................. 243 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 268 Appendix 1. Officers of the Junior Imperial League ............................................... 273 Appendix 2. Members of the National Council and Executive Committee of the League of Empire Loyalists, 1955/56 ...................................................................... 274 Appendix 3. Conservative Backbenchers ................................................................ 277 Appendix 4: Biographical details of members of the Expanding Commonwealth Group ....................................................................................................................... 279 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 281 3 Tables Table 1. British imperial activist groups (listed chronologically by date of foundation) ................................................................................................................. 26 Table 2. An analysis of the characteristics of imperial activist groups ...................... 61 Table 3. Percentage of Unionist vote at general elections 1900-1910 ....................... 70 Table 4. Growth in number of League Branches 1906-1914 ..................................... 76 Table 5. Analysis of early Junior Imperial League Branches .................................... 98 Table 6. Growth in Junior Imperial League Branches and Membership, 1909-29 .. 108 Table 7. Approximate Membership 1934 ................................................................ 110 Table 8. Analysis of Branch Reports in The Imp, July 1930 ................................... 140 Table 9. Voluntary work done by League members during the 1929 general election campaign in one (unidentified) Division.................................................................. 150 Table 10. An analysis of League Annual Conference resolutions, 1927-1939 .......
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