CENTER FOR AUSTRIAN STUDIES AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Vol. 14, No. 1 Winter 2002 John Boyer to give Kann Lecture by Daniel Pinkerton

Distinguished Habsburg cultural and political historian John W. Boyer will be at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus on Thursday, May 2, to deliver the 18th Annual Kann Memorial Lecture. The title of Boyer’s presentation will be “Silent War and Bitter Peace: The Austrian Revolution of 1918.” The lecture will be held in the Wilkins Room, 215 Humphrey Institute, at 3:30. After a question and answer period, a reception will follow. Boyer is Martin A. Reyerson Distinguished Service Professor of History at the University of Chicago. His research focuses on politics and society in Central Europe (particularly the Habsburg Empire) from 1700-1918. He is internationally renowned for a pair of books, Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna: Origins of the Christian Socialist Movemement, 1848-1897 (1981) and Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897-1918 (1995). Both books explore the interplay between cultural communities and the fin-de-siècle politics of the imperial capital city. He is presently completing a book, Austria, 1867-1985, for the Oxford History of Modern Europe series. Boyer is also coeditor of the Journal of Modern History, a post he has held since 1980, and has been dean of The College, the University of Chicago’s undergraduate college, since 1992. Other publications include articles in Central European History, the Journal of Modern History, and the Austrian History Yearbook (“Religion and Political Development in Central Europe around 1900: A View from Vienna,” vol. 25, 1994). The Kann Memorial Lecture is open to faculty, students, staff, and the public. It honors the late Robert A. Kann, who, along with his wife Marie, fled his native Vienna in 1938 after the Anschluß. After finding refuge in the U.S., he devoted himself to studying and teaching Aus- trian history. As a scholar, Kann became the leading authority on the evolution of ethnic tensions within the Habsburg Empire. Among his most important works are The Multinational Empire: Nationalism and John W. Boyer (photo © Matthew Gilson) National Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848-1916 and A His- tory of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918. In his personal life and in his work, he artfully blended both Austrian and American themes and In This Issue perspectives. In its 17 previous years the Kann Lecture has featured Letter from the Director 2 prominent Austrian and North American scholars and public figures Minnesota Calendar 3 such as Bruno Kreisky, Carl Schorske, Gerald Stourzh, István Deák, ASN Interview: Peter Moser 3 Helmut Konrad, Dennison Rusinow, and Anton Pelinka. The Kann Memorial Lecture will be immediately preceded by the ASN Interview: Gale Stokes 6 presentation of the 2001 Austrian Cultural Forum (ACF) prizes for Jaroslav Pánek: A Life 8 Best Book and Best Dissertation in Austrian Studies. These give res- New Publication: Vienna 1900 Revisited 11 idents of North America who publish outstanding monographs or Publications: News and Reviews 12 defend superior dissertations funds for further travel and research. This Hot off the Presses 15 year’s ACF winners are Evan Bukey, for the book Hitler’s Austria: News from the Field 16 Popular Sentiment in the Nazi Era, 1938-1945, and Christa Gaug, for In Memoriam: Harry Zohn 17 the dissertation “Situating the City:The Textual and Spatial Construc- In Memoriam: Sir Ernst Gombrich 18 tion of Late Nineteenth-Century Berlin and Vienna in City Texts by Habsburg Happenings 19 Theodor Fontane and Daniel Spitzer.” We invite all of our ASN readers to join us for a wonderful afternoon Rose Ausländer: An Appreciation 20 with an outstanding historian of Central Europe. v Announcements 22 College of Liberal Arts v AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 Letter from the Director

In the last issue of the Austrian Studies Newsletter, I wrote about 2000, including members of the populist, right-wing Freedom Party, issues of transition at the Center for Austrian Studies in Minnesota. member states in the European Union responded with sanctions and In the intervening months, I have been reminded repeatedly of the demands that Austria continue to adhere to international standards manifold changes of the last ten or fifteen years in Austria and in its on human rights. Austrian President Thomas Klestil and the Schüssel relations with other European countries. The end of the Cold War and cabinet quickly offered affirmations of Austria’s commitments to lib- the processes of European integration have changed much in Austria’s eral democracy and human rights and the goals of European integra- relations with its neighbors and in its own politics. Neutrality and non- tion. alignment were the foundation of Austria’s foreign policy after World Soon after the Schüssel government took office, it moved to get a War II. With strong popular support, however, the Republic of Aus- quick resolution to the long outstanding questions of Austria’s respon- tria became a full member of the European Union in 1995, de facto sibility to compensate slave and forced laborers who worked in Aus- abandoning its long-cherished nonalignment. In the meantime, the fall trian enterprises under Nazi control and others who lost residential of communism at the end of the 1980s opened Austria’s borders with properties in Austria due to Nazi racial policies. The Austrian govern- its Central European neighbors and made possible closer relationships ment’s agreement to pay compensation to surviving victims evoked with all the formerly communist countries. relatively little domestic debate. Ambassador Hans Winkler, the head Within Austria the moves toward political and economic union with of the legal division of the Austrian Foreign Ministry, led the Austrian Western Europe along with pressures from the global market economy negotiating team. The Foreign Ministry sent Dr. Winkler on a brief have hastened the end of the postwar welfare state and much of the lecture tour in the United States this fall to explain the negotiations corporatist policies of the “social partnership.” The two major parties and resulting settlement. One of his stops was at the University of that dominated Austrian politics for most of the fifty years after World Minnesota in early October, where he drew a good audience and also War II, the Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP) and the Austrian Socialists met with representatives of the local Jewish community. Austria’s con- (SPÖ), have faced growing challenges to revitalize themselves and tinuing commitment to full and active membership in the European make their programs relevant to the new conditions. The Greens and and international communities was also the theme of the presenta- the Freedom Party (FPÖ) have won support from growing numbers of tions made in Minnesota later in October by Dr. Peter Moser, Vienna’s formerly “black” and “red” voters. While the issues faced by Austrian ambassador to the United States. voters have changed radically in recent years, the three largest par- The end of the communist governments in Central Europe and the ties—the ÖVP, SPÖ, and FPÖ—still retain their historic roots in the opening of their borders with Austria to trade and tourism has changed three camps which defined Austrian politics during the First Repub- much in everyday life for Austrian citizens. Austrian and West Euro- lic, as one of Austria’s leading political scientists, Anton Pelinka, pean commerce with the former communist countries has grown since reminded a Minnesota audience when he gave the annual Robert A. 1989, and the transportation and communication links between Austria Kann Memorial Lecture in April 2001. Prof. Pelinka’s wide-ranging and her Central European neighbors have had to be renovated. Envi- and trenchant address will be published in the next issue of the Aus- ronmental concerns have long transcended national borders in Central trian History Yearbook in spring 2002. Europe, but with the end of the communist governments and the fall of The Austrian governments since the mid-1990s, whether led by the Iron Curtain, bilateral and multilateral efforts have grown to deal Social Democratic chancellors or now by the People’s Party’s Wolf- continued on page 10 gang Schüssel, have eagerly pursued the country’s new role as a mem- ber of the European Union. Austria continues to fulfill significant political, legal, and economic obligations to the new Europe, even AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER while some of the Austrian electorate, as elsewhere in Western democ- Volume 14, No.1 • Winter 2002 racies, fear the growing impact of the global economy or the arrival Editor: Daniel Pinkerton of more immigrants. When Schüssel formed his cabinet in February Editorial Assistants: Kenneth Marks, Leo Riegert Austrian Correspondent: Nicole Slupetzky Special thanks to Barbara Krauss-Christensen for her assistance.

EDITOR’S NOTE ASN is published three times annually (January, April, and September) and distributed free of charge to interested subscribers as a public service of the Center for Austrian Studies. A two-part interview of Jaroslav Pánek by Stanley B. Winters Director: Gary B. Cohen Executive Secretary: Barbara Krauss-Christensen begins in this issue and will continue into the next issue. It is an Editor: Daniel Pinkerton abridged version of the full length interview which will be pub- lished as a Working Paper in Austrian Studies. Still, it is the lon- Subscription requests or contributions for publication should be sent to: Center for Austrian Studies gest article ever to be published in the Austrian Studies Newsletter. Attn: Austrian Studies Newsletter We feel the length is justified not merely because of Pánek’s prom- 314 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Avenue S. Minneapolis MN 55455 inence among Czech historians, but also because it gives a vivid Phone: (612) 624-9811 Fax: (612) 626-9004 picture of what education, scholarship, and the politics of aca- website: http://www.cas.umn.edu demia were like before, during, and after both the Prague Spring of Editor's e-mail: [email protected] Subscriptions: [email protected] 1968 and the end of Soviet domination in 1989. We find Jaroslav We also have a subscription form at our website. Pánek’s company enjoyable and his stories fascinating. We hope you will, too. The Center for Austrian Studies is an independent unit of the College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota. Daniel Pinkerton The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer.

2 3 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 News from the Center Minnesota Calendar

FEBRUARY 14. Seminar. Lou Rose, History, Otterbein College. “From Art History to Propaganda Studies: Two Exiled Scholars.”

FEBRUARY 21. Seminar. Stephan Hametner, Institute of European Folk Music Research, Vienna. “An Introduction to Austrian Folk Music and the Truth about Yodeling.”

FEBRUARY 28. Seminar. Leslie Morris, German, University of Minnesota. “Translating Czernowitz: City, Text, Ruin.”

Left to right: Honorary Consul Herbert Kahler, Erica Kahler, and Ambassador Peter Moser. MARCH 7. Seminar. Hansjörg Klausinger, Economics, University of Vienna. Schumpeter Fellow, Harvard. “The Austrian School of Economics and the Peter Moser on Gold Standard Mentality in the 1930s.”

Austria and the EU MARCH 28. Seminar. Evelyn Kain, by Daniel Pinkerton muting into Austria. This is a particular type Art History, Ripon College. “Stephanie of labor migration problem. We must have Hollenstein (1886-1944): Expressionist On October 3 His Excellency Peter Moser, a reasonable transition period and gradually Painter, Fascist Patriot.” Austrian Ambassador to the United States, the candidate states are accepting this fact. gave a talk entitled “The EU, Austria, and There is an excellent give and take on every- APRIL 4. Seminar. Karl Bahm, History, the Impact of the EU on the United States.” one’s part. But the future will be bright for University of Wisconsin. “Imagined Immediately following his talk, he chatted Austria once we are surrounded by European Wombs: Germans, Czechs, and the with ASN. Union states. Austria will get back the natu- Gendering of National and Class ral role it had for many centuries, to live and Identities in 19th-Century Bohemia.” ASN: In your talk you mentioned Austria’s work together with these nations. Although desire to expand the EU from 15 to 27 mem- I must say, whereas in the monarchy these APRIL 25. Seminar. Eve Blau, bers, and I’d like you to outline the case for it other nations, with the exception of Hun- Architecture, Harvard. “Encoding to our readers. gary, had been second-class nations, under Identity and Difference: Otto Wagner’s PM: First, I would like to stress the fact the European Union roof they all will be Großstadt as Form and Idea.” 3:30 p.m., that the European Union is not about eco- equal partners of Austria. Weisman Art Museum. nomic integration alone. The EU is also a peace project to make war on the European ASN: You said that the birth rate in EU coun- Unless noted, all events are 3:30 P.M., continent impossible. Therefore German and tries was low. Does the EU—and particularly Ford Room, 710 Social Sciences. French cooperation inside the EU is so neces- Austria—therefore need a certain number of sary and is so well conceived that there will immigrants to fill the jobs you have? well-developed pension and health care sys- be no more war along the German-French PM: That is the case, though the number tem. So we may have to admit more foreign- border—as we have had for a thousand years. allowed into the country is, in the eyes of the ers. If these foreigners come from our neigh- In the East the continent is split along the for- economic circles in Austria, too low. Eight boring countries, they have been coming to mer Iron Curtain, and we have two Europes: to nine thousand people are allowed to immi- Vienna for centuries anyway; it shouldn’t cre- a rich, well-off Europe and a Europe of have- grate into Austria and are given jobs. The ate such a problem in the long run. In the nots. If that is perpetuated, the tensions and emphasis of the government now is to give short run, there is the danger of commuters problems might engulf Europe in a new war. priority to those immigrants who join family who stay at home in nearby cities on the We have a window of opportunity and should members already in Austria. This is logical, other side of the Austrian border, come here, close these negotiations as soon as possible. because you want immigrants to enjoy some work illegally, and go back home. That will If it means some sacrifices, we have to min- family life here. In the future this figure may be legal once there is no frontier between imize the sacrifices. Of course, we have to be too small. There are UN reports that give them and us. But a transition period before take care of our own population as well. In forecasts for all of Europe, including Austria, the new candidate states join the EU would particular, we must address the issue of cit- that are really frightening, that claim we will allow them to develop economically and offer izens from our neighboring countries com- not have a large enough labor force to pay our continued on page 4 2 3 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 Moser from page 3 competitive salaries so that commuting to Austria would become ous polls was 50% or lower. Don’t these two things go together? unnecessary and unprofitable, because everyone likes to have a decent PM: You are right. People all over Europe will get more interested life at home if he or she can. in the European Union when they see that through their vote they can make an impact. Now we vote for the European Parliament. And these ASN: I’d like to talk about the euro. How harmful is it in the long run parliamentarians—more than 600 from all over Europe—for whom for Britain and Denmark to opt out of the euro? we vote directly are not the body that makes the laws. They can make PM: If I may correct you, Britain has not opted out; only Denmark it difficult for the commission and for the European Council—the 15 has. Denmark had a referendum, but in England the question has never heads of governments—but they cannot make the laws. The laws are been put forward. However, Prime Minister Blair said at his party made by the European Council. In the European Union we are aware convention that at the end of his tenure he would certainly propose of this problem, and there are now reform plans to make the European that England join the euro currency if the economic conditions are Council a second chamber, to have a second chamber apart from it, right. And I think Great Britain is ripe for that. You should talk to Brit- or to have a symbiosis of the European Parliament with the national ish businesspeople; they are already making their invoices in euros parliaments that work together. But it is not clear how these European because their trade with the EU is far stronger than with the rest of the Union laws will come about. EU lawmaking is for connoisseurs and world. So England sooner or later will join the European currency. But experts who know exactly how it works, but the ordinary man doesn’t that’s the way of the European Union as such—you are not forced to understand and sometimes the EU is blamed by the local national gov- join, to take over everything 100 percent. The common visa regime, ernments. “What can we do if Brussels wants this to be done in such for example, is something else that is not shared by all the EU mem- a way?” So that is used as a scapegoat and for pleading for more sym- bers yet. Now the case of Denmark is different. The euro was defeated pathy for your own national government. But that’s not fair. in a referendum by a very close margin. I have been told that the politi- cal forces who fought the euro in Denmark used the sanctions of the ASN: Is there a timetable for creating an EU parliament that actually 14 to frighten their Danish compatriots, saying, “Beware of the big has some power? nations in the European Union. See how the big nations treat Austria! PM: It’s an ongoing process. The rules for the parliament were Do we Danes want to be treated this way by the big shots in the EU? reformed a short time ago. We gave the European Parliament the right No! So vote against the euro and keep the Danish krone.” Without the of a vote of no confidence, which would enable it to unseat some sanctions Denmark might have voted yes for the euro. Sweden is the members of the European Commission. The commission is like a your other holdout. But from the beginning the Swedes have said, “When government’s cabinet or Austria’s ministers; in fact, the commissioner England joins the euro zone, we join the euro zone.” of agriculture happens to be an Austrian. If the European Parliament thinks that the commissioner for a given field is mismanaging, then ASN: Ironically, the Danish EU representative joined the 14 in impos- it can pass a vote of no confidence and this person has to go. That’s ing sanctions. already a giant step forward. And slowly every honest person accepts PM: He did, and the Danish parliament questioned him, asking, this—that we have to give more rights to the European Parliament, “How could you do this? According to our constitution you should which is elected directly by the European people. Austria has 20-odd have asked us before.” Which he didn’t do. He gave in to peer pres- representatives that are elected by the Austrians. And what can they do sure from the big nations of the 14. Everything was done over a week- if they have no rights? These representatives in the European Parlia- end, just by phone calls. No ambassador of the 14 states in Vienna was ment must not get alienated from mainstream Austria. There must be consulted. If they had questioned the ambassadors, I know how the a link between our representatives in Strasbourg and the electorate— ambassadors would have answered. But they were not asked. that’s us, the Austrians. That will develop. But it’s hard to part from old-fashioned, cherished habits. It’s wonderful if you are sitting in the ASN: The ambassadors are more practical than that, one hopes. European Council and you make these rules. PM: Yes. But back to the euro. The introduction of the common cur- Currently, the EU is fighting about both the weighted votes inside the rency is only step number one. It brings more transparency of price, European Commission and the group of 15 heads of EU states. Is una- and everyone sees how much things cost and how long one has to nimity the solution for everything, or will unanimity stop any progress work to get this or that commodity. But there will also be pressure now in the future? Can the EU decide that certain fields don’t require una- to harmonize our taxes inside the EU. Each country now has a differ- nimity, or even a majority? Can we ensure that the European Union’s ent sales tax rate, like you have in each of your states. In the U.S. the big states cannot always dominate the small ones, or vice versa—that sales taxes are very low—to a European, they might seem too low. But the small ones cannot always dominate the big ones? The Nizza their relative uniformity is a good thing. No one is going to close a Process decided exactly a year ago how each country’s vote is to be shop here and go to Michigan because there is a half percent less sales weighted, particularly when the new members states come in. Many of tax. It’s not worthwhile. the adjustments being made are preparation for the enlargement. That is the vision. It reminds me of the time when Bundeskanzler Helmut ASN: If a company closes shop in Minnesota and opens it, say, in Kohl, a historian, saw the opportunity for and the importance of the Mississippi, it’s far more likely to do so because there is no union and reunification of Germany. His challenger, Mr. LaFontaine, who was an wages are lower than because there is a difference in sales taxes. economist, said it wasn’t possible—it was too much of an economic PM: In Europe it’s different. In the first place, sales tax in Europe is burden. LaFontaine was right, but Kohl was also right. Kohl said yes, high, but in Austria it’s particularly high—20 percent. In the second we must push forward. It will mean sacrifices, but we cannot pass up place, when you buy something, tax is already included in the price. the opportunity. I prefer, personally, Kohl’s approach: let’s unite and Therefore, if the sales tax rate in a neighboring country is only10 per- work it out later. After all, even without the enlargement process we cent, goods are much cheaper. 15 have to improve our system. It will be more complicated with the Europe of 27, that’s clear. But because it’s more difficult, should we ASN: You said that in some ways the EU “is not a union of the ordi- give up the enlargement process and only admit new members when nary citizen” and that throughout Europe support for the EU in vari- we have cleaned our house? It’s not possible. v 4 5 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 FALL 2001: a photo odyssey

Clockwise from the top: Former CAS interim direc- tor Gerhard Weiss proudly shows off a retirement gift: the formation of the Gerhard Weiss Founda- tion, which will award scholarships to graduate students in German studies; CAS director Gary Cohen and Canadian Centre for Austrian and Cen- tral European Studies director Franz Szabo smile during the jointly sponsored fall conference at the University of Alberta; Cohen, Szabo, Lonnie Johnson, executive secretary of the Austrian Ful- bright Commission, and Günther Bischof, execu- tive director of the Center for Austrian Culture and Commerce at the University of New Orleans at the German Studies Asociation convention; and Ambassador Hans Winkler, head of the Legal Office in the Austrian Ministry for Foreign Affairs, on a beautiful fall day in Minneapolis, where he gave a symposium presentation. 4 5 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 Gale Stokes looks at the big picture Gale Stokes is Mary Gibbs Jones Pro- interested in Yugoslavia. So I picked Bal- fessor of History and Dean of Humani- kan history as something to do. I had no ties at Rice University. At the fall confer- idea where to go for that. I looked in the ence “Nationalist Myths and Pluralist American Historical Review’s bibliogra- Realities in Central Europe,” cospon- phy of history and I noticed that each arti- sored by CAS and the Canadian Centre cle in there on Yugoslavia had little initials for Austrian and Central European Stud- by it—“CJ” for Charles Jelavich, or “WV” ies, he delivered the keynote speech, for Wayne Vucinich. So that’s how I found “Stability through Nationalism: The what universities to apply to. I applied to Cartography of Homogenization.” In a Stanford, Wisconsin, and Indiana. I didn’t room in Edmonton overlooking the Sas- get into Stanford, got into Wisconsin with katchewan River, ASN talked with him. no money, and got a fellowship to go to Indiana—so I went to Indiana to study with ASN: When did you get interested in the Charles Jelavich. Balkans? GS: In the 1950s, when I was in col- ASN: Well, Charles ran a great program, lege at Colgate University, I majored although Wayne would have made you look in Russian studies, which didn’t mean at Yugoslavia from a different perspective, very much in those days. You only blending both anthropology and history. needed two years of Russian and one or GS: Wayne Vucinich eventually became two courses. When I graduated, before interested in his own roots in the little I went into the Air Force, my mother town of Bileca Rudine, but his first book gave me a thousand dollars—which was published in English was on Serbian revo- quite a bit of money in 1954—to take a lutions. He was a mainstream historian and trip to Europe, on the condition that I go an academic entrepreneur of Yugoslavia, with an organization called Experiment and he ran a sizable program at Stanford. in International Living, which was one At Indiana I basically went my own way. of the first organizations to put students I don’t know how much influence Charles and young people in families. I looked Jelavich had on me intellectually, but he at its list of countries and Yugoslavia was on the list. It had just been had a tremendous influence on my career. He did three great things for opened; this would be the second year you could go to Yugoslavia. It me. First, when I went to Yugoslavia to do my research, he put me in was the closest that I could get to Russia, it was a socialist country, touch with Dimitrije (Mita) Djordjevich. Mita is now retired in Santa and it was Slavic, so I decided to go. It was a short, six-week trip, and Barbara, but at that time he was one of the most interesting historians though I traveled around Yugoslavia, I stayed primarily in Ljubljana in Belgrade and someone who was very open to Westerners. He was with a family that included a student named Liv Pečjak. Liv and I extraordinarily helpful to me. Second, Charles got me my job at Rice are still in touch. We see each other from time to time. He eventually University. I had not written a single sentence of my dissertation. I became head of the Psychology Department at Ljubljana University had done a lot of research, I had some notes, and I was planning to go and a prominent public intellectual in Slovenia. He’s now retired to back to Indiana to write. But Charles wrote me and asked if I would be a place on Lake Bled. I traveled around Yugoslavia and when I got interested in a job at Rice. I said no because I was in the South when I back from that trip I went into the Air Force. I stayed in the Air Force was in the service and I didn’t want to go back, and because Rice is an for nine long years. But that trip always piqued my interest. I kept a engineering school. He wrote back, saying, “First of all it’s not in the scrapbook on Tito and various things like that. But I had no intention South, it’s in Texas—there’s a big difference; second, it’s a balanced of becoming a historian. I didn’t like history when I was in college, school, it’s not an engineering school; and third, it’s the best job out or I thought I didn’t. But there came a point when I realized that the there for a while and if they give you an offer, you’d darn well better Air Force was the wrong place for me to be, and one of the things I take it.” And with no previous communication with Rice at all, none, did was to make a list of the books that I had read in the last couple of the first communication I got was a telegram offering me a job as an years, because I was always reading. I was frankly surprised to find assistant professor, which I took. And I’m still there. that most of the books I was reading were history books. So I thought, well, maybe I am interested in history. I applied for a Woodrow Wilson ASN: When you went to Yugoslavia for the first time, you didn’t know Fellowship. At that time the Woodrow Wilson Fellowship was differ- Russian well. Did you know other area languages? ent from the ones today. It was given to people who were considering GS: I had no language skills whatsoever. My two years of Russian going into college teaching. They needed to recruit college teachers in were totally useless, and I knew no Balkan languages. When I decided those days—a rather different situation than today. So I applied and I to go back to graduate school, the first language I studied was French got to the interview stage and they asked me, “Exactly what kind of and I passed my reading exam the first week I was at Indiana. But I history are you interested in?” I was so naive in the Air Force, so far took up the study of Serbo-Croatian seriously and eventually learned away from the academic world, I just said, “European history.” They enough to do a good job in the archives and make my way. But I was said, “Yes, but what century, for example, or what country?” I flunked never totally fluent in Serbo-Croatian. I’ve used other languages in my that interview. But I thought about it a lot over the next year, trying work—German, some Polish, some Russian. I’ve staggered along, but to decide what I might be interested in, and I realized that I was quite I’ve never been very good at languages. 6 7 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002

ASN: At the beginning of your address, you pointed to the French that you didn’t think it was a feasible solution. Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment as a practical beginning GS: Well, I don’t recall saying the European Union wasn’t workable point for talking about nationalism, the nation, and the idea of the because it seems to me that although there are disadvantages—it’s a nation state as we perceive it today. big bureaucracy, sometimes it seems far away from the people, it’s GS: It’s pretty clear to me that the major event in Western—and not totally democratic, there are sometimes resentments as it impinges maybe even world—history of the last many centuries has been what increasingly on certain areas of national sovereignty—it is working. Eric Hobsbawm called the dual revolution. First is the Industrial, or My usual response to people complaining about that is something Energy Revolution, especially the discovery of how to create energy along the lines of, “Would you prefer World War III?” Because pres- from coal, that has transformed the world just as much as the agri- ent-day Europe owes its stability to the existence of the EU, which is cultural revolution did 6,000 to 8,000 years ago. Thanks to it, we are not a thing, not an institution, but a process that’s constantly evolving. urbanized societies. In medieval Europe maybe 97 or 98 percent of It began at a time of disaster for Europe, in the aftermath of World War the population tilled the the land to support the other 2 or 3 percent, II. World War II showed the bankruptcy of what I call the “century and now the percentages are reversed. That’s a change that comes of power,” the era from 1850 to 1950, or from 1848 to 1945. The his- from the Industrial Revolution, a change in our environment. But the tory of that era shows the bankruptcy of relying on military might French Revolution—really, the French and Anglo-American Revolu- for its own sake. Fortunately, some far-sighted politicians struggled to tions, what Palmer calls “the Age of Revolutions”— changed the ideas find a way to do things differently and formed the European Coal and that structured that environment for us. Three important new con- Steel Community, the Common Market, and now the European Union. cepts were developed during that era. First, the idea of popular sover- These arrangements were entered into voluntarily, through democratic eignty, which raises the question “Who are the people?” This wasn’t processes. The result, for almost forty years, has been the continued answered satisfactorily at the time because women were not consid- modification of acceptable conduct in many different spheres. One ered part of the active population, and slaves weren’t. Second, there’s that would be of interest to Southeast Europe would be human rights the idea of equality, for which I prefer to use the term equity because or minority rights. If you join the European Union now, you have to it’s obvious that people aren’t equal—some are taller, some are shorter, adopt its standards. For example, if the United States were to join the some are stronger, some are richer, and so forth. And even revolution- EU, it would have to outlaw the death penalty. So the European Union aries knew that in some situations you need to have a person in charge, amounts to a multicultural society that actually makes it possible, so no one believes in absolute equality. But what we do believe in is in theory, for regionalism to exist. For example, Barcelona, southern fairness. And that was never fully explored because it was perfectly France, and northern Italy can form an arc of industrial cooperation obvious that some people were stronger and richer and “male”-er, that might raise difficult problems if they were just cities or regions in and they ran society. There were all kinds of justifications as to why the totally sovereign states of France, Spain, and Italy, jealous of each this was so. Nobody in this era thought that everyone ought to be other’s rights, as was the case in the 1930s. The Balkans, of course, are treated equally; it was perfectly obvious that they shouldn’t be, and neither major players in the sovereign nation state arena nor a part of they weren’t. Yet this concept of equity and fairness in public and the EU. And my argument was that we should first organize sovereign political life is one of the great contributions of the French Revolution, states in the Balkans along the lines of nationality so that the national- and it is continually being worked out to this day as to what real equity ists who live there and consider their business as yet unfinished come might be. It’s the basis of all dialogue about rights. And third, there’s to closure and have their own state, as the Poles and the French do. freedom, whatever that might mean. In the West we tend to think of Unless they have that sense of autonomous action in the state system freedom as an individual attribute. Individuals are free as long as they they will not be able to make that voluntary choice to accept those don’t impede the freedom of others, and we have the law to figure standards and enter into multilateral relationships that will, in the long out where that line is drawn. And so for the last couple hundred years run, create the multiethnic environment that we are trying to make we’ve been working out these new ideas. They don’t just get solved through our current policies in the Balkans. instantaneously. They’re worked out over time, with many people and movements refining them, one of which is the nationalists. Their solu- ASN: In the best of all possible worlds, redrawing boundaries so that tion, their answer to the question “Who are the people?” is, “Well, you could have more homogenous Balkan nations would be nice. And we are, along with those whom we identify as somehow associated yet in the real world, don’t you end up with 250,000 people dead? with us.” And in terms of our “we”-ness, we are all equal—we’re all GS: Well, my academic, professorial, abstract solution is to redraw equally American, French, etc. You can’t be more or less American, the boundaries in the Balkans more or less along ethnic lines. But of or more or less German, or more or less somebody else. Of course, course this is incredibly impractical. Everybody raises similar ques- despite the fact that this sounds like an equity statement, it isn’t. As tions. What will happen to Macedonia? Will we have a small Muslim soon as we say we are the people, there is somebody who isn’t, and state of Bosniaks with no access to the sea? What about European fears therefore you don’t have to treat them equally. Nationalists begin ask- concerning Albanians? They would have a state with a population of ing about the freedom of the group—not “How can I be free?” but about 6 million—outnumbering the Croats—cutting right across the “How can we be free? How can we act autonomously?” And these heart of the central part of the Balkans. And what about Helsinki? ideas are occurring within an already existing state system, so the We’ve said we can’t redraw borders except by mutual agreement. The answer eventually becomes that for us to be autonomous, to be able to chances of getting mutual agreement are very slim here. Also what act freely, we have to be recognized as a sovereign entity in that state about the human rights implications of advocating a policy of redraw- system. Because those are the only actors in the worldwide political ing borders? Redrawing borders is actually a euphemism for moving system. So there’s a thumbnail sketch of my theory of nationalism. people. That’s how most of the borders in Europe have been redrawn. Now, there has been some simplification of the Balkan ethnic map due ASN: At one point, you mentioned the EU, suggesting that it was to the violence of the last decade. But it has come at an awfully high working very well because it’s voluntary, because there were certain cost. So my abstract solution may in fact be put into practice, but by standards, not just economically but also in the treatment of minori- using means I would never advocate. v ties, that countries had to adhere to. And yet at another point you said

6 7 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 JAROSLAV PÁNEK: “My life was determined by history” By Stanley B. Winters and Zdenka Winters takeover in 1948. With him, I relived the ordi- nary events and personal stories of the second Jaroslav Pánek is a professor of Czech and half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centu- Slovak history at the Philosophical Faculty of ries. I began to perceive the course of history as Charles University and director of the Histori- something dramatic, often mysterious, and yet cal Institute (HÚ, Historický ústav) of the Acad- still comprehensible. Later, I had many other emy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. He is influences, especially literary, but my grand- coeditor of Český časopis historický (Czech father’s narrative was my basic and strongest Journal of History) and chairman of the Asso- inspiration. ciation of Historians of the Czech Republic. He served as vice rector for foreign relations at SZW: What foreign languages did you learn as Charles University and is a member of Col- a youth, and which ones at university? legium Carolinum, the Czechoslovak History JP: Language education when I was young Conference, and other international scholarly was very poor because of the political isolation institutions and organizations. of Czechoslovakia at the time. We all had to Prof. Pánek’s specialty is the early modern learn Russian from the fourth grade of primary history of Central and Eastern Europe from school until the university. Those who were 1500 to 1800, including the Habsburg monar- motivated could achieve a relatively good level chy and the Kingdom of Bohemia. He has writ- with it. As for schooling in other languages ten over two dozen books and monographs in (English and Latin), I encountered them only that field and dozens of essays in collaborative in 1962 at age 15 at the three-year gymnasium. works on criminality and the criminal justice Because I was interested in languages, I taught system from 1500 to 1800, on the history of myself. Besides the mediocre half-private lan- the South Slavs and Czech-South Slav relations, guage school, I benefited from my grandfather. and on Czech historians and historiography. With his help, from childhood, I learned German conversation. His Pánek grew up in the 1950s and attended Charles University just parents had sent him on a one-year exchange to a German family and before, during, and after the Prague Spring. His interview provides a a German child from north Bohemia came to learn Czech with them. fascinating glimpse into Czech education and academic life during a Fate brought me close to a significant Slavist and translator, the Slo- period that spans from Soviet domination to post-1989 freedom. vene Oto Berkopec, who settled at the end of the 1920s in Prague. From him I learned Slovene and Serbo-Croatian. This opened a gate to SZW: When and how did you become interested in history? the Balkan cultural community. Otherwise, in youth, I devoted time to JP: With the passage of time, I increasingly realize that my personal a number of European languages, especially the Slavic and Romance life was determined by history, and that in the process of, first, a spon- ones. I did this by self-instruction from books and sometimes by lis- taneous and, later, a conscious perception of history, my grandfather tening to foreign radio stations. However, because of my lack of con- was the strongest influence. He was an exemplary self-made man, a tact with the live languages, my skill remained limited and passive. son in the large family of an innkeeper and small businessman. He was I use only some of them actively. Even now, I am sorry that I, along born in the central Bohemian village of Odolena Voda in 1884. At the with an entire generation, did not have the chance to perfect them at end of the 19th century, he came completely penniless to Prague and universities abroad and by traveling. apprenticed as a butcher and sausage maker only because one of the masters in the butcher’s guild accepted him as an apprentice without SZW: When you entered Charles University in 1965, you chose his- charging a fee. Bit by bit he built a rather large and prosperous food torical, archival, and Slavic studies as your concentrations. enterprise. He bought a house at the edge of Hradčany (not far from JP: This was a serious problem from early youth because in resolving the Prague Castle), where our family still lives. it I unintentionally quarreled with my parents. My father and mother I spent my childhood with my grandfather. From this revered old grew up in rather rich and enterprising families. They belonged as man, I heard a narrative about Prague and the Bohemian countryside it was then said in Czechoslovakia to “the upper ten thousand.” The in the era of the struggle of the Czechs toward an independent state; events that followed February 1948 destroyed their political standing, about the suffering of the Czech soldiers on the Austro-Russian front their finances, and, finally, their health. My father had to work in a in Galicia; about the Nazi terror in the Second World War (some of our mine and foundry. He contracted silicosis and after a lengthy illness relatives lived in Lidice); and about building the family business, and died prematurely. My mother, too, was allowed to work only in menial its complete destruction and the loss of all hope after the communist jobs and was never fully reconciled to that personal humiliation. As a result, when asked by the Czech reference work Kdo je Kdo (Who’s This interview was conducted and translated by Stanley B. Win- Who), I could honestly say that my father was a worker and my mother ters, Emeritus Professor of History, NJ Institute of Technology, was a worker. This was true, of course, only after the wave of “prole- and Zdenka Winters, Associate Director (Ret.), Sprague Library, tarianization” swept over them. Montclair State University. It was edited and abridged by Daniel Both of my parents hoped their two sons would find employment Pinkerton. Part two, also abridged, will appear in the next ASN. that would enable them to survive in bad times. My older brother had The unabridged text will appear in our Working Papers series. extraordinary technical talent. Because I was a good student, my par- 8 9 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002

ents wanted me to become a doctor or lawyer. I had no aversion to in me an inner distrust of the government and, similarly, of the regime. these professions; in fact, I was drawn to psychology and the law. I never shared the inner dilemma of people who believed that com- Later I came through the law to legal history, but by adolescence I saw munism was the most just form of organizing society and then after my future only in history or philology. August 1968 lost their illusions about the Soviet system. The Prague My parents thought my inclinations were the foolishness of an ado- Spring appeared to be not the fall of communism but a time when life lescent boy and were unhappy with me. They asked Berkopec, who in Czechoslovakia would become more tolerable. We were happy that lived in a nationalized house that we formerly owned, to speak with we could travel, that it was possible to write more openly in the news- me and lead me to reasonableness. But after a lengthy discussion papers and periodicals (it was a time of my initial public articles), and between the old gentleman and this naive beginning gymnasium stu- that there was a more liberal climate in the university. dent, everything came out differently. Dr. Berkopec told my parents he The Warsaw Pact invasion was a crushing blow for us all. This was could not help; and since he and his wife had no children, he began to evident in the student strikes, when we stayed for whole days and devote himself to me as if I were his own son. He opened the window nights at the faculty, and then in January 1969 at the funeral of the pre- on the world to me, especially Yugoslavia. To us in the closed Czecho- viously unostentatious fellow history student Jan Palach, who immo- slovakia, Yugoslavs seemed to enjoy an ideal of the type of freedom lated himself. (Incidentally, when the radio reported this on January that could only be achieved through state socialism. I am grateful to 16, 1969, they referred to the deceased only by the initials J. P., and my that kind scholar, but today I realize that I tormented my parents enor- mother sank into despair, fearing it was me. She was mistaken. I was mously by my obstinacy. never that courageous.) We stood as an honor guard at Palach’s coffin and openly accompanied him on his final journey through Prague. But SZW: What other professors influenced you in your undergraduate we did not do more. These spontaneous displays brought no policy years? changes. They were only expressions of shock, of the state of mind of JP: First of all, the road to Charles University was not smooth. I was young people who had lost the prospect of a normal development. I a child from a “capitalist” family. Moreover, at that time my older considered the possibility of emigration, but unlike many of my fellow cousin was caught at the border while trying to escape to the West. students I finally decided to stay. I shared the opinion that we were the This was a scandal for the Prague newspapers, and in 1962, before I ones at home, not the occupation forces, that we had only one mother- was accepted into secondary school, I had to appear before a “street land, and that somebody had to stay. committee” of staunch communist citizens. Its chairman told me that socialist society did not allow children “of a bad origin” to study in SZW: How did you begin your career in the archives? secondary or higher schools. Yet matters did not end there. Right after JP: During my studies I applied for a stipend from the Central Bohe- this, an older man, a deputy director of the primary school whose last mian district office of the National Committee. They were seeking an grade I had attended, rose to defend my right to further education. He archivist for the worst district archives anywhere—so bad that no uni- used the socialist argument, of course, that it was in the interest of the versity graduate wanted to work there. I did not wish to be a financial working class for the younger generation to be educated. The “street burden on my parents. I had to promise I would stay on the job at least committee” allowed me to study. It was one of the most important five years. So in July 1970 I began at the district archive in Benešov, moments in my life. I realized that even in this miserable regime there where no expert had worked in a long time. I supervised two workers were people, often formal members of the ruling class, who were will- who maintained the registers of the local offices and collections of the ing to do something for others. historic towns and villages in a region of about 100,000 inhabitants. I I entered Charles University in 1965 without any problems. The rose to the position of vedoucí (head) and later ředitel (director). They political easing before the Prague Spring was already visible. I passed were splendid examples of Titel ohne Mittel. I was under the district admission examinations in language and history, after which I became office and was the lowest paid employee. Today the same archive has a university student. The five years 1965-70 were relatively favorable. many specialized workers in a beautiful modern building, the result Party pressures were loosened and instruction was unusually liberal. of the growth of Czech archives in the 1990s. Back in the 1970s The university was weak in Slavic studies, but history had outstanding my position was unbelievably poor. Despite that, I never regretted people who inspired me. In the second half of the 1960s, a group of those five years in Benešov. I learned to work with archival sources, relatively young docents rose to the top, publishing their initial great I met many wonderful people, and I learned to understand the coun- works. try way of life. For a born Prager, that was important. In Benešov, Zdeněk Fiala was noted for his skill at synthesis, Ivan Hlaváček I concentrated, among other tasks, on editorial work for the journal for his unyielding attempt to educate all his students as future histori- Středočeský sborník historický (Central Bohemian Historical Journal) ans, Josef Petráň for amazing psychologically profound narrative, and and tried to direct the scholarly work of the region’s historians. They Robert Kvaček with his large-scale drafts of the political history of honored me in 1995 with election as chairman of the editorial board of the First Czechoslovak Republic. Nor should older historians such as this publication. František Kutnar, who personified the continuity with the old tradition of the Goll School, and František Kavka, who did not hide the need SZW: In 1975-1976 you worked as an administrative assistant at the to reevaluate the shallow Marxist phraseology of the 1950s, be omit- Státní oblastní archiv in Prague. Was this a step up? ted. To study history at the university in Prague at that time was a joy, JP: It was not, but it was a chance to learn archival work and organiza- although before the ending of our studies we were precipitously torn tion of the historical aspects of a larger region, Central Bohemia, the from our naive dreams and thrown into the cold reality of “normal- area surrounding Prague, that had close to 1,000,000 inhabitants. Dur- ized” socialism. ing the years 1970-76, I completed my dissertation on medieval history and published a number of studies based on unpublished sources deal- SZW: While working for your first doctorate (the Ph.Dr.), you lived ing with the social pathology, criminality, and repressions of the 16th through the Warsaw Pact invasion of August 1968. How did you and through 18th centuries. Dr. Josef Janáček, an expert on early modern your fellow students react to it? Czech history, reviewed it favorably, noting its regional insights. JP: The fate of my family and the experiences of early youth evoked continued on page 10 8 9 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002

PÁNEK from page 9 freedoms were corrupted. SW: You left archival work in 1976 to become an odborný pracovník At the outset of the 1960s I was a child from a “bourgeois” family, (research associate) at the Ústav československých a světových dějin but this was of no more interest after the Soviet invasion and occupa- (ÚČSSD) (Institute of Czechoslovak and World History of the Czecho- tion of the country. When the party campaigned to get new members, slovak Academy of Sciences). I received several offers while in Benešov. I refused them. I was not JP: Dr. Janáček suggested that I seek a job in the ÚČSSD, where exposed to any specific reprisals. Similarly, one could probably have he headed its Department of Early Modern History (from the early survived in an academic institute, and that would have brought several Middle Ages to 1848). Before then, the institute had gone through advantages, one being a savings in time. This was because the main vast personnel changes. Well-known dissident historians were thrown duty of party members was to attend meetings several times a month. out in the great waves of 1970-1974. They included Jaroslav Mezník With their boring purposelessness they reminded one of the theater of and reform communists such as Karel Bartošek, Karel Kaplan, Josef the absurd; however, active members were rewarded with higher sala- Macek, Pavel Oliva, Vilém Prečan, and František Šmahel. A group ries and a feeling of power. of fresh graduates of historical studies at the university was taken In the late 1970s the party passed some resolutions dampening into the institute. Some of them emerged as prestigious specialists in research on earlier periods of national history. Their aim was the pro- the 1970s and 1980s; others became political propagandists for the gressive liquidation of research on the older history and concentra- regime. When I was released from Benešov, the open positions for tion of “research” on modern history, above all the development of prospective research associates were already filled. But Dr. Janáček the workers’ movement and the KSČ. The intention was to transform had an open secretarial position for which he was able to post a historiography in the ČSAV (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) into competition. There were many applicants. Although I was not in the a perfect prostitute for the regime, obliterating scholarly research party, the search committee selected me—perhaps because it was not and repeating the babble of servile political phraseology. The manner an academic or scientific competition in which all my other contem- by which this perverse image was to be shaped in the ÚČSSD was poraries were entered. Some of my very first duties in the institute to a certain degree to be decided by the party organization and its included editorial work on the first two volumes of Přehled dějin cells, small groups of KSČ members in the individual departments of Československa. Do roku 1526-1848 (Historical Survey of Czechoslo- the institute. But the department of early modern history was in an vakia, 1526-1848). I had to translate the Slovak chapters into Czech extremely unfavorable situation, for it had few party members. Only and arrange the bibliographical portions of this wide-ranging book two scholars who joined the ÚČSSD in the 1970s, medievalist Josef into two volumes that were published in 1980-82. In the meantime, I Žemlička and Hussite specialist Miloslav Polívka were KSČ mem- was informally preparing a systematic scholarly work on the history of bers; therefore, immediate party supervision of the department rested Czech estate society in the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. in a kádrové oddělení (cadre section) that was entrusted with control The main advantages of my switch from an archive to a scientific insti- of the Institute’s employees. In order to moderate or halt the pressure tute were the possibilities of exploring broader questions and access to to liquidate medieval and early modern history, we had to establish a rich institutional library. a party group in the department with a minimum of three members. Dr. Janáček belonged among those respected experts who were After consulting with Dr. Polívka, Dr. Žemlička, and Dr. Janáček, I deemed politically unsuitable. He was a member of the KSČ (Czecho- decided to enter the KSČ at the end of the 1970s. The strategy may slovak Communist Party) from 1945 to 1946 but left it after his teacher have helped. After the establishment of this party group, the autonomy Otakar Odložilík tried hard to secure him an extended study leave in of our department increased, and it was able to publish its research the United States. At the beginning of “normalization,” Dr. Janáček program on the history of feudalism. In 1979 we founded a sborník was tolerated by the hard-line communist leadership; he even became (anthology), Folia Historica Bohemica, and organized conferences, chief of his department, but he had no significant influence in the after which the idea of the quick liquidation of our department began institute’s administration. Janáček was a very productive scholar. He to fade. In the second half of the 1980s, the danger was averted. was envied by inept colleagues, who persecuted him in various ways. Although my membership in the KSČ brought unpleasantness and He suffered in not being allowed to teach at the university. Therefore deprived me of free time, I do not regret my step. Were such a critical he used the institute as a means of educating aspiring scholars. Many situation to occur again, I probably would do the same thing. high profile historians of today’s middle generation were schooled by him—Petr Čornej, Jiří Pešek, Miloslav Polívka, and Josef Žemlička Next issue: The Velvet Revolution brings new freedoms and new among others. I was fortunate that Dr. Janáček informally included me discord among Czech historians. v among his students. Under his authoritative guidance I gained valu- able experience for my future research on early modern history. Letter from the Director from page 2 SZW: In the Czech publication Kdo je Kdo (Who’s Who) you are with environmental questions in the region. We at the Center for Aus- listed as “bezpartijní” (without party). Under normalization was this trian Studies hope that a wide range of disciplinary approaches will be a handicap or in your favor? represented in the papers for the international conference “The Envi- JP: Neither in the past nor in the present have I identified with any ronment and Sustainable Development in the New Central Europe: political party. But for several years I was a member of the KSČ. In Austria and Its Neighbors” being planned for September 2002 in the the 1990s the question of past party membership was often used in Twin Cities. We shall review proposals for papers soon after the dead- political struggles in the Czech Republic; many people liked to main- line for submission, February 1, 2002. tain that they had to join the party under irresistible pressure. I do not As this issue of the Newsletter was going to press, Richard Georg agree. Anyone could refuse an offer of membership, though with the Plaschka, a great champion of maintaining Austria’s historic intellec- risk he or she would suffer unpleasantness and in extreme cases lose tual links with its Central European neighbors during the Cold War, a a preferred job. However, in the 1970s and 1980s one definitely was long-time professor of Eastern and Southeastern European history, and not threatened with prison or one’s life for refusing party membership. founding director of the Austrian East and Southeast Europe Institute Joining the party was a question of calculation and a matter of free passed away. A longer notice will follow in the next issue of the ASN. choice within a concrete societal framework where the basic political Gary B. Cohen 10 11 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 NEW FROM THE CENTER FOR AUSTRIAN STUDIES AND BERGHAHN BOOKS

RETHINKING VIENNA 1900 Edited by Steven Beller

Austrian History, Culture, and Society, vol. 3 Published September 2001. 256 pages, 16 illus., index. Cloth, $69.95; paper, $25.00.

“This enthralling collection of ten distinguished essays provides not only the best introduction to the subject, but is a major original con- tribution in its own right.” —Tim Blanning, Cambridge University

Fin-de-siècle Vienna remains a central event in the birth of the century’s modern culture. Our understanding of what hap- pened in those key decades in Central Europe at the turn of the century has been shaped in the last years by a historiography presided over by Carl Schorske’s Fin de Siècle Vienna and the model of the relationship between politics and culture which emerged from his work and that of his followers. Recent schol- arship, however, has begun to question the main paradigm of this school, i.e., the “failure of liberalism.” Based on the Center’s acclaimed 1995 symposium, Rethink- ing Vienna 1900 reflects not only a whole range of the critiques but also offers alternative ways of understanding the subject, most notably though the concept of “critical modernism” and the integration of previously neglected aspects such as the role of marginality, the market, and the larger Central and European context. Editor Steven Beller, an independent scholar who co- organized the conference and has a long history of involvement with CAS, has selected and carefully edited a diverse, high- quality group of essays. As a result this volume offers novel ideas on a subject that is of unending fascination and never fails to captivate the imagination. CONTENTS Introduction 6. Freud’s “Vienna Middle” Steven Beller Alfred Pfabigan 1. Vienna 1900 Revisited: Paradigms and Problems 7. Popper’s Cosmopolitanism: Culture Clash and Allan Janik Jewish Identity 2. Rethinking the Liberal Legacy Malachi Haim Hacohen Pieter M. Judson 8. A Matter of Professionalism: Marketing Identity in 3. Fin de Siècle or Jahrhundertwende: The Question of an Fin-de-Siècle Vienna Austrian Sonderweg Robert Jensen James Shedel 9. The Image of Women in Painting: Clichés and 4. Theodor Herzl and Richard von Schaukal: Self-Styled Reality in Austria-Hungary, 1895–1905 Nobility and the Sources of Bourgeois Belligerence in Ilona Sármány-Parsons Prewar Vienna 10. Afterthoughts about Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Michael Burri The Problem of Aesthetic Culture in Central Europe 5. Marginalizations: Politics and Culture beyond Mary Gluck Fin-de-Siècle Vienna Scott Spector 10 11 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 Publications: News and Reviews The Ambivalence of Identity: The Austrian Experience of Nation-Building

Peter Thaler. The Ambivalence of Identity: The Austrian Experience back all the way to the privilegium minus (1156). In this construct, of Nation-Building in a Modern Society. Lafayette IN: Purdue Germany had formed part of Austria, and benign Austrian Catholicism University Press, 2001. 240pp., tables, Cloth, $42.95. was pitted against authoritarian German Protestantism. The deeply rooted post-World War I history of the desire of all principal political This sophisticated study on the formation of Austrian identity after Lager for union with Germany had to be suppressed and the emer- World War II is a must read for everyone interested in theories of gence of the homo austriacus in the fanciful constructions of con- nation-building in general and Austrian identity formation in the twen- servative monarchist and right intellectuals and radical left Commu- tieth century in specific. Peter Thaler’s study originated as a Univer- nist Party functionaries were highlighted. Thaler does an excellent job sity of Minnesota dissertation. It impresses with a comprehensive and deconstructing the numerous historical misrepresentations and inven- lucid discussion of modernist, ethnocultural, and instrumentalist theo- tions in this “Austrianist” narrative. He even goes as far as to suggest ries of nationalism applied to the Austrian case study. Thaler comes that this “Austrianist” construct represents a case of the “assimilation out on the side of the “instrumentalists” (Ernest Gellner, Benedict of historiography into fictional literature” (52), as Hayden White Anderson, and Eric Hobsbawm) and the paradigm of the “imagined would argue. The few surviving members of the “Austrianist” school community.” Austria identity was consciously constructed right after will surely take issue with this proposition! World War II by Austrian national elites out of self-interest (8-9). Yet While the intellectual elites invented history, the public institutions Thaler qualifies his “instrumentalist” position by adding that cultural of the strong Austrian state implemented and spread these constructs. attributes also mattered in the Austrian experience “for the popula- While the “Austrianist” conception originated in the conservative right tion’s sense-of-self” (17). of the Christian Social Party in the late 1920s (Ernst Karl Winter The heart of the matter in Thaler’s study comes in his careful analy- and Missong) and the Communists (Ernst Klar), the Social Democrats sis of the genesis of the “Austrianist” position in the historiographical adhered to the “Germanist” position (union with Germany) until the struggles over Austrian identity (ch. 3) and the “institutional” help this Anschluß (and some like Otto Bauer and Friedrich Adler beyond it). position received from high level state officials. After World War Only after World War II did the Socialists jump on the bandwagon II Austrian elites realized that “differentiation . . . from things Ger- of the emerging “Austrianist” consensus. The courts helped enforce man . . . seemed a patriotic imperative” (27) to regain full political this growing sense of Austrian identity by prohibiting any emphasis sovereignty and accomplish the withdrawal of Allied troops. Thaler of German ethnicity in postwar Austria (e.g., associations using “Ger- concentrates on the positive side of these nation-building efforts but man” designations). Austrian was defined to be “incompatible only fails to debate the behind the scenes agenda of Austria’s “founding with German ethnicity” (122). Education officials disseminated the fathers”—to remove the new second republic from any responsibility new “positive identity images” in school books and publications to in World War II war crimes committed by numerous Austrians [Günter uphold and popularize the “new sense of nationhood” (124). Anyone Bischof, “‘Opfer’ Österreich? Zur moralischen Ökonomie des öster- challenging this new “Austro-nationalism” was delegitimated, espe- reichischen historischen Gedächtnisses,” in: Die politische Ökonomie cially the old German-oriented Lager (now classified as the right des Holocaust: Zur wirtschaftlichen Logik von Verfolgung und “Wie- “fringe”), along with former liberals, leftists, and Jews with “German- dergutmachung,” ed. Dieter Stiefel. Vienna: Oldenbourg, 2001]. ist” orientations. An “open intellectual exchange about the country’s Thaler is on target when stressing the socioeconomic context of ethnocultural background” (132) was thus thwarted on the domestic Austrian nation-building after 1945. Both domestic political stability level at least until the 1980s. built on consensus grand coalition politics and the advent of economic Such an open discourse did survive abroad. It is only fitting that prosperity built on the social partnership greatly aided the sturdy Thaler’s iconoclastic study originated in an American university to growth of an Austrian identity during and after the occupation decade exemplify this point. He follows in a long tradition of Anglo-Ameri- (1945-55). But he oddly ignores how much that political and eco- can scholarship on contemporary Austrian history providing crucial nomic stability was possible due to both American economic aid pro- innovation and daring rethinking of positions held dearly by inbred grams (including the Marshall Plan) and Western political support for Austrian scholars. In one of the more subtle points, Thaler’s study the Austrian government, which did not press Austria to face the “Nazi unmasks the “Austrianist” claim that they stood for the construction past” and postponed payment of full restitution to Jewish victims and of a democratic polity, while blaming “Germanism” for a Protestant reparations to the Western powers. (Austria paid 1.5 billion in “repara- authoritarian outlook and the descent into National Socialism (advo- tions” to the Soviets from “German assets.”) cacy of the Sonderweg narrative with an “Austrianist” edge). It is A mere handful of individuals—historians Karl Stadler, Erika ironic that the Austro-nationalist perspective rehabilitated the old Weinzierl, and Felix Kreissler, education ministry officials Albert Christian Social conservative right (p. 140), which had brought about Massiczek and Franz Göbhard, publicist Alfred Missong, librarian the demise of democracy in the 1930s, along with extricating Austria Georg Wagner, and politician Ernst Fischer—played the key roles from its World War II history. “Austrianism” thus streamlined a com- in constructing the post-World War II “Austrianist” conception of plex history to serve as a source of its own public legitimization. Austrian history. After the defeat of Nazi Germany there was a new In his final chapter Thaler also discusses the many polls taken after beginning in Austrian national life. A new historical narrative was 1955 in Austria that served the “Austrianists” to popularize the notion invented for it. Not only was Austria’s victimization in the Anschluß that there was growing popular support of Austrian identity and “eth- era stressed, but Austrian separateness from German affairs was traced continued on page 14 12 13 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 Strauss and the Politics of Popular Culture Camille Crittenden. Johann Strauss and Essentially, Strauss’s success lies in depict- Vienna: Operetta and the Politics of Popu- ing what his audience was—bourgeois Vien- lar Culture. Cambridge, 2001. 323 pp., illus. nese. This was all the more important due Cloth, $54.95. to the increasing strain on the recently con- structed Dual Monarchy as a result of the Strauss had become for the Viennese the Ausgleich of 1867; immigrants arriving into essence of the carnival spirit, and to attend the imperial capital each day made the defi- a ball or any dance entertainment without nition of what it meant to be Viennese much his melodic magic would be unthinkable more important, as well as more elusive. anymore. Also, in the spirit of the new reportage --Ludwig Eisenberg, Johann Strauss: Ein style of libretto, occurrences that greatly Lebensbild (Leipzig, 1894) affected Austrian confidence and morale (like the Viennese stock market crash com- And so it is for millions of world citi- monly referred to as the “Krach” of May zens—not just the faithful Viennese—who 1873) were alluded to openly and the use of regard Johann Strauss Jr. and his music the alcohol was referred to as the ultimate ice- very essence of the “Austrian sound.” The breaker (as in the “Du und Du” waltz), as quote above heads the chapter devoted to well as inducing welcome forgetfulness of the discussion of Die Fledermaus, Strauss’s current problems (“Champagner schwemmt most enduring operetta, in Camille Critten- mitunter/gar mancherliei hinunter/drum las- den’s new book Johann Strauss and Vienna: sen weise Fürsten/ die Volker niemals Operetta and the Politics of Popular Cul- dursten!”). Fledermaus is successful and ture. An engaging study of the great “Waltz lasting where so many operettas are not King,” the book amply illustrates Strauss’s (including others by Strauss) in its exten- profound cultural standing in Vienna, his sive use of leitmotiv (something he self-con- wide musical influence beyond the elegant sciously borrowed from Wagner, then all waltzes that initially made him famous, and the rage in Vienna), subtle musical allusion, his adroit skill at reshaping a genre known for its French roots into and an adapted dance salon style which was completely inherent in something completely identified with Viennese culture. Strauss’s style. That the piece also reflects accurately political life and In the various chapters the book examines several sides to this com- cultural signals is a testament to Strauss and his importance to Vien- plex character and his artistic evolution, e.g. “The Birth of a Genre” nese society. and “From Ballroom to Theatre: Musical Style and Indigo und die Der Zigeunerbaron is the work that is most imbued with political vierzig Rauber.” Crittenden makes some of her most salient points in and social messages, nearly all of them interpreted by Crittenden as the discussion of Strauss’s essential “Viennese-ness” or Wienertum, “a seductive argument for Austrian hegemony under the Habsburg especially in Chapter 3 (“Austria Personified: Strauss and the Search crown” (p. 170). She begins the chapter on Zigeunerbaron: for Viennese Identity”). This “identity,” although in the public mind defined mostly by “alt Wien” and its environs, was also informed Of Strauss’s operettas, his Zigeunerbaron of 1885 is the richest in by Strauss’s partial Jewish heritage from his father’s side. Although extra-theatrical allusions and the most tangled in the cultural-polit- twice married in the Catholic Church, his third marriage was to Adele ical web of Vienna and the Habsburg monarchy. Music critics and Strauss (no relation), who was Jewish, in a ceremony that involved scholars have long regarded this work as evidence of the harmony revoking his Austrian citizenship, his adopted Catholicism, and travel- the empire had achieved by the year of its premiere. . . .[Although ing to Siebenburgen in current Romania, where one could marry in the it was] premiered at a time of growing political and economic ten- Lutheran Church. Although a common enough occurrence, the typi- sions, it propagates an idealized view of Hungary’s satisfaction with cal Wiener had a harder time describing Strauss as echt Wienerisch its role in the monarchy and reveals long-standing national tensions after this occurrence. These circumstances reflect the ongoing ambi- within the divided empire. (170) guity of assimilated Jews in late 19th-century Austria, a time in which anti-Semitic slurs were common in theater works and journalism, but Even the libretto mirrored the Ausgleich: Strauss composed the score where the anti-Semitic political activities of Georg Schönerer and Karl while Ignaz Schnitzer wrote the dialogue, adapted from the novel Lueger were publicly frowned upon by Emperor Francis Joseph. Saffi by Hungary’s most prolific 19th-century writer, Mor Jokai. Jokai Strauss’s two greatest works and their cultural/political significance had recently collaborated on a large history of the Austro-Hungarian are explored in detail: Die Fledermaus and Der Zigeunerbaron. They Empire with the liberal and reform-minded Crown Prince Rudolf. are especially interesting to juxtapose due to their utterly different set- But this pairing, although meant to illustrate a “cozy” political tings, yet strangely similar goals of cultural appropriation. The author arrangement, also served to further stereotypes from the vantage point trenchantly illustrates the points that make Fledermaus the “queen” of Austrian racial superiority. Most salient in this regard is the char- of operettas not only within Strauss’s oeuvre but in the entire rep- acterization of the main comic role in Zigeunerbaron—Zsupán. The ertoire: “A close collaboration between composer and librettist led whole of Germanic Austria’s racial pretensions are reflected in the to an unusually integrated work, and, presented with situations he rather grotesque presentation of what Karl Lueger would refer to knew intimately—a bourgeois household, a ball, the Viennese demi- as a “Judeo-Magyar.” Indeed, the combination of so-called Magyar, monde—Strauss supplied music full of grace and wit” (p.139). continued on page 21 12 13 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 SCHNITZLER’S NIGHT GAMES

Arthur Schnitzler. Night Games and Other Stories (Spiel im Morgengrauen), The Dead are Silent (Die and Novellas. Translated from the German by Mar- Toten schweigen), Blind Geronimo and His Brother gret Schaefer. With a Foreword by John Simon. Chi- (Der blinde Geronimo und sein Bruder), A Farewell cago: Ivan R. Dee, Publishers, est. pub. date January (Ein Abschied), The Second (Der Sekundant), Baron 2002. $28.50. von Leisenbohg’s Destiny (Das Schicksal des Frei- herrn von Leisenbogh), The Widower (Der Witwer), The year 2002 may well become a “Schnitzler Death of a Bachelor (Der Tod des Junggesellen), Year.” The author’s literary work will be in the pub- and Dream Story (Traumnovelle). Schaefer’s trans- lic domain, and Peter Gay’s recently published fin lation reads well, with only a few rough spots, which de siècle cultural history Schnitzler’s Vienna should let one feel the “flavor of the original.” It certainly kindle renewed interest in this writer’s many novel- compares favorably to other translations currently las, short stories, and plays. Not that Schnitzler had available. ever been totally forgotten: his Reigen and Traum- The preface by John Simon sets the tone for the novelle have made it to the screen, his plays are still book, indicating that it is meant for the general pub- occasionally performed on stages in German speak- lic rather than the Schnitzler connoisseur. It is writ- ing countries and abroad, the novella Der blinde ten in journalistic style, offering a rather impression- Geronimo und sein Bruder found its way as college istic evaluation of Schnitzler. For those who have text into the American classroom, and anthologies not read Schnitzler before, this may do. For others, of plays and stories are available in libraries and it is a bit too glib. It would have been helpful if bookstores, both in German and in English. Indeed, some reference had been made to current Schnitzler Schnitzler is one of only a very few authors writing in German who scholarship. It would have been especially helpful to include some dis- have been abundantly translated into English, taking his place with cussion of the problems that a translator who attempts to render Arthur Franz Kafka and Thomas Mann. Schnitzler’s Viennese German into modern American English encoun- The question one could ask is that if everything has been translated, ters, both linguistically and culturally. And it would also have been and much is still available, why offer yet another volume of Schnitzler interesting to hear what moved Margret Schaefer to create this new in English? There certainly is no critical need for it, and yet, Margret translation. Schaefer’s little anthology does fill a niche and will be a welcome All told, Night Games is a worthwhile addition to the corpus of addition to the volumes currently in print. The nine selected stories Schnitzler’s works available in translation. It might make good com- and novellas offer a good sampling of Schnitzler’s style and his under- panion reading to Schnitzler’s Vienna. standing of human psychology. They cover the entire period of his cre- ative writing, from The Widower (1894) to The Second (published in Gerhard Weiss 1932). Schaefer wisely stays away from such well-known novellas as Department of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch Leutnant Gustl or Fräulein Else. Her anthology contains Night Games University of Minnesota

The Ambivalence of Identity from page 12 nie.” Thaler suggests that a close study of these polls shows a deeper sausstellung works with a similar presupposition, there is simply not current of German national consciousness among Austrians than all enough empirical research done yet to warrant such strong conclu- the crusaders of Austro-nationalism are willing to admit. Thaler also sions. What about the Austrian POWs in Allied camps who demanded repeatedly stresses Austria’s still growing level of “economic integra- to be classified as Austrians during the war? In his World War II sec- tion” with Germany. Thaler comes close to explicitly supporting Karl- tion Thaler also underestimates both the strong Allied [Richard Mit- Dietrich Erdmann’s view that contempoary Austria should be included ten, “Jews and other Victims: The ‘Jewish Question’ and Discourses in the German historical context. Erdmann’s Austrian critics surely of Victimhood in Postwar Austria,” Contemporary Austrian Studies 10 will pick up this nettle with abandon. Thaler cites Karl Stadler’s odd (2002 forthcoming)] and Austrian exile support for the idea of an Aus- notion that the growing Austrian resistance to the “German foreign- trian nation [Edward Timms, “Austrian Identity in a Schizophrenic ers” in World War II was a “national war of liberation” (81). During Age: Hilde Spiel and the Literary Politics of Exile and Reintegration,” the past 20 years the balance has been shifting from the assumption in Austria 1945-95: Fifty Years of the Second Republic, Kurt Richard of a vigorous Austrian resistance movement (a key concept of the Luther and Peter Pulzer, eds. (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), pp. 47-66]. state-supported “Austrianist” narrative) to the realization that Austrian Thaler’s study is a methodically subtle, yet still very readable analy- public opinion supported the expansionist and exterminationist Hitler sis of the domestic intellectual, socioeconomic, and political contexts regime to the last days of the war [Evan Burr Bukey, Hitler’s Austria: of the “Austrianist” narrative. Now we need a parallel study as sophis- Popular Sentiment in the Nazi Era, 1938-1945 (Chapel Hill: Univer- ticated as this one on the external influences that helped build an Aus- sity of North Carolina Press, 2000)]. Thaler also suggests that low trian identity during World War II and allowed it to prosper after the desertion figures among the 1.2 million Austrian soldiers in the Ger- war in spite of its artificial nature. man military and casualty figures resembling those of German sol- Günter Bischof diers “reinforce the impression of a substantial participation of Austri- Executive Director, Center for Austrian Culture and Commerce ans in the German military effort” (88). Even though the Wehrmacht- University of New Orleans 14 15 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 HOT OFF THE PRESSES

Dina Iordanova. Cinema of Flames: Balkan Film, Culture, and the Werner Oechslin. Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and the Road to Modern Media. London: British Film Institute, 2001. 328 pp., illus. Cloth, Architecture. Translated by Lynette Widder. New York: Cambridge, $65; paper, $27.95. Dist. Indiana U. Press. 2002. 272 pp., illus. Cloth, $75.

Milan Hauner, et al., eds. Formování čsl. zahraničního odboje Celia Hawkesworth, Muriel Heppell, and Harry Norris, eds. Reli- 1938-39. Svědectví Jana Opočenského “Presidentův pobyt ve Spo- gious Quest and National Identity in the Balkans. New York: Pal- jených státech amerických. Prague: Archives of the Czech Academy grave, 2001. 270 pp. Cloth, $68. of Sciences, 2000. 372 pp., photos, English summary and document abstracts. Paper, $20 plus $8 shipping. Walter Seidl. Zwischen Kultur und Culture. Das Austrian Institute in New York und Österreichs kulturelle Repräsentanz in den USA. Zlata Fuss Phillips. German Children’s and Youth Literature in Exile Vienna: Böhlau, 2001. 256 pp., illus. Cloth, ATS 412, EUR 29,90. 1933-1950. Biographies & Bibliographies. Munich: K. G. Saur, 2001. 318 pp. Cloth, DM 198. Dennis P. Hupchick and Harold E. Cox. The Palgrave Concise His- torical Atlas of Eastern Europe. Revised and updated. New York: Maria Bucur and Nancy M. Wingfield, eds. Staging the Past: The Palgrave, 2001. 128 pp., 52 maps. Cloth, $55; paper, $24.95. The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the Balkans. New York: Pal- the Present. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue, 2001. 337 pp., illus., maps. grave, 2001. 128 pp., 50 maps. Cloth, $55; paper, $19.95. Paper, $24.95. Regina Porter. The Counter-Reformation in Central Europe: Styria, Helena Flam, ed. Pink, Purple, Green: Women’s Religious, Envi- 1580-1630. New York: Oxford, 2001. 326 pp., maps. Cloth, $72. ronmental, and Gay/Lesbian Movements in Central Europe Today. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 2001. 320 pp. Cloth, Heidi Pataki. Contrapost. Über Sprache, Kunst, und Eros. Salzburg: $27.50. Dist. Columbia Univ. Press. Otto Müller, 2001. 160 pp. Paper, ATS 248, DM 34,50.

Reinhard Pohanka. Attentate in Österreich. Graz: Styria, 2001. 256 Robert Kriechbaumer. Die großen Erzählungen der Politik. Poli- pp., illus. Cloth, ATS 289, EUR 20,81. tische Kultur und Parteien in Österreich von der Jahrhundertwende bis 1945. Vienna: Böhlau, 2001. 820 pp. Cloth, ATS 1.400, EUR Felix Mitterer. Geismar. Ein Theaterstück und sein historischer Hin- 102,50. tergrund. Innsbruck: Haymon, 2001. 144 pp., illus. Paper, ATS 198, EUR 14,40. Wolfgang Heinrich. Zwentendorf - Ein Gräberfeld aus dem 10.-11. Jahrhundert. Anthropologische Auswertung. Vienna: Austrian Acad- Tadeusz Debski. A Battlefield of Ideas: Nazi Concentration Camps emy of Sciences, 2001. 224 pp., CD-ROM. Paper, ATS 776,10, and Their Polish Prisoners. Boulder, CO: East European Mono- EUR 56,40. graphs, 2001. 200 pp. Cloth, $22.50. Dist. Columbia Univ. Press. Herbert Dachs, Roland Floimair, Ernst Hanisch, Franz Schaus- Verena Pawlowsky. Mutter ledig - Vater Staat. Das Gebär- und Fin- berger, eds. Die Ära Haslauer. Salzburg in den siebziger und delhaus in Wien 1784-1910. Innsbruck: Studienverlag, 2001. 340 achtziger Jahren. Böhlau: Vienna, 2001. 700 pp., illus., tables. pp. Cloth, ATS 454, EUR 33,00. Cloth, ATS 1.098, EUR 79.

Cynthia Moskowitz Brody, ed. Bittersweet Legacy: Creative Re- Patrick Artisien and Matija Rojec, eds. Foreign Investment and sponses to the Holocaust. Lanham, MD: Univ. Press of America, Privatization in Eastern Europe. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 292 pp. 2001. 320 pp., illus. Cloth, $70; paper, $50.50. Cloth, $75.00.

Richard Will. The Characteristic Symphony in the Age of Haydn Ilsebill Barta. Familienporträts der Habsburger. Dynastische Rep- and Beethoven. New York: Cambridge, 2002. 275 pp., mus. exam- räsentation im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. Vienna: Böhlau, 2001. 160 ples. Cloth, $64.95. pp., illus. Cloth, ATS 548, EUR 39,80.

Tibor Frank. From Habsburg Agent to Victorian Scholar: G. G. Lonnie Johnson. Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends. Zerfi, 1820-1892. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 2001. Second edition. New York: Oxford, 2001. 368 pp., illus., maps. 480 pp., illus. Cloth, $40. Dist. Columbia Univ. Press. Cloth, $45; paper, $24.95.

Dieter Binder, Alfred Ableitinger, eds. Steiermark: Geschichte der Roger Horrocks. Freud Revisited: Psychoanalytic Themes in the Österreichischen Bundesländer seit 1945. Vienna: Böhlau, 2001. Postmodern Age. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 236 pp. Cloth, 900 pp., illus. Cloth, ATS 1.125, EUR 81,70. $59.95.

James C. Klagge, ed. Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy. New John S. Dryzek and Leslie T. Holmes. Postcommunist Democrati- York: Cambridge, 2001. 296 pp., illus., diagrams. Cloth, $54.95; zation. New York: Cambridge, 2002. 320 pp. Cloth, $64.95; paper, paper, $19.95. $22.95.

14 15 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 News from the Field Salzburg’s Haslauerbibliothek: doing more with less

by Nicole Slupetzky sor. I counseled him in many question on contemporary history. Ten years later, in 1992, the Haslauerbibliothek was founded, and I was Founded in 1992, Austria’s Dr.- asked to take the chair and to administer it. Wilfried-Haslauer-Bibliothek (Haslauerbibliothek) is a success- NS: The Haslauerbibliothek is very successful at funding and publish- ful and productive independent ing projects. Which political and historical projects are supported by research institute. Based in the your institution? city of Salzburg, it concentrates RK: On one hand, we have political research. Our major project is on on contemporary Austrian his- the history of the Austrian provinces with 11 volumes, which should tory, especially that of the Second be finished by the end of next year. We have also published three vol- Republic. Its chair, Dr. Robert umes on former federal chancellor Dr. Josef Klaus. Further, we want Kriechbaumer, recently spoke with to publish a book on election campaigns that compares voting pat- the ASN’s Austrian correspon- terns in the Austrian provinces between 1945 and 1970. Second, some dent, Dr. Nicole Slupetzky. of our projects have nothing to do with politics but instead address cultural history. Examples include the history of Austria as seen by NS: The German word Bibliothek a writer, e.g., Carl Zuckmayer, and a series we will publish together means library, but the Dr.-Wil- with the University of Graz on mentality history and modernity. In fried-Haslauer-Bibliothek is cer- addition we were able to bring a big part of the photo archive of tainly not a library in the usual the Vaterländische Front—a political organization founded by Dollfuß Dr. Robert Kriechbaumer sense. Just what kind of a library 1933—from Moscow to Salzburg. We hope to publish the material in is it? 2002. Various additional projects are in the status of planning. RK: The Haslauerbibliothek stocks books on contemporary Austrian and German history, and the public has access to these volumes. There- NS: The Dr.-Wilfried -Haslauer-Bibliothek organizes discussions and fore, it is definitely a library. Nevertheless, research on post-1945 Aus- talks with politicians, such as former federal chancellors. Many peo- tria is its main activity. All its budget goes to research projects, not ple would not expect this of a research institution. to administration, which is unique. To maintain a very high standard, RK: These talks are called Zeitgespräche, which means talking about our institution has an outstanding advisory board with representatives a certain time as seen by a certain person. Here we have the chance from all the Austrian universities. This advisory board is responsible to reach the public and popularize scholarship. I see these lectures as for setting priorities in research projects and helping to develop new “oral history.” Alas, in order to keep our research programs operating ideas. With their help, the Haslauerbibliothek succeeds in finishing at a high standard, we are going to reduce these events to twice a year. many projects with a small budget. NS: As an independent research institution it must be very hard to find NS: Why is your research institution named after Dr. Haslauer? financial support, particularly in uncertain economic times. RK: The governor of Salzburg province, Dr. Schausberger, and I were RK: Indeed, this is our biggest problem. For social sciences the situ- on our way to Vienna. On the train we met two acquaintances. During ation is quite difficult. If we were an institution of biochemistry, it our conversation we learned that the library of an institution for adult would be much easier to find sponsors, especially on the independent education in Mattersburg had been shut down and would be sold by research market. We do get a certain amount of support from the Aus- auction. They had hoped that Salzburg would acquire the resource. So trian state, but most projects are financed through nongovernmental we went to Dr. Wilfried Haslauer. A former governor of the province, sponsorship, especially printing costs. Asking a potential sponsor the he is well known to the people of Salzburg. He had always had a tre- first time is unproblematic, but coming back for the second or third mendous interest in contemporary history. We wanted to ask him if he time gets progressively harder. The breadth of supporters is minimiz- supported buying the Mattersburg collection and founding a research ing permanently, despite the fact that we continue to belong in the top institution in his name. By that time Haslauer was fatally ill, and he rank of independent research institutes. was very pleased by the idea. We succeeded in bringing the library to Salzburg shortly before Dr. Wilfried Haslauer died, but he could not NS: How do you evaluate the opportunity for historical and political be present at the opening. Nonetheless, we dedicated this institution research in the future? to one of the most remarkable persons in Salzburg, who, as governor RK: Historical and political research can only succeed if it is outstand- of Salzburg, fully supported both the University of Salzburg and inde- ing and offers fresh perspectives and new ideas. At the same time, the pendent research. costs have to be realistic. Selling books is very important nowadays, which means books must be written in clear and interesting prose and NS: You are also a founding father of the Haslauerbibliothek. not overwhelm the reader with jargon. One must not be afraid of popu- RK: Yes, I completed my habilitation at the age of 33, specializing in larizing, yet one must not falsify or make the work simplistic. Our the Second Republic of Austria. In 1982 Dr. Wilfried Haslauer asked research will succeed if we explore new fields and popularize them. me to join his team in the provincial government as his political advi- Then the public will accept it and see the value of it. v 16 17 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 IN MEMORIAM: HARRY ZOHN (1923-2001) Harry Zohn, literary scholar, translator, and until well into the 1990s and which also con- for forty-five years a distinguished professor stituted important contributions to the growth of German at Brandeis University, died of and development of his chosen profession. leukemia on June 3, 2001, at the age of 77. The number and variety of his publications Professor Zohn was well known in the field are stunning and represent an uncommonly of German Studies for his efforts to promote productive career across a wide range of lit- American interest in Austrian literature and erary scholarship. His most influential work, in the broader field of literary studies for his however, is concentrated in his three main tireless advocacy of translation as a serious areas of interest: Austrian literature, German- academic discipline. Jewish writers, and translation. A native son of Austria, Harry Zohn was Professor Zohn helped promote American born in Vienna on November 21, 1923. interest in Austrian literature by serving on Because of its rich cultural traditions, Vienna the editorial board of Modern Austrian Lit- remained in Harry Zohn’s memory a city of erature and by contributing a number of enchantment to which he had a deep, life- articles to that journal. He was also active long devotion, even though he was but a teen- in other ways: membership in the Austro- ager when the 1938 annexation of Austria by American Association of Boston, the Austrian the Nazis forced his family to uproot them- PEN Club, the International Arthur Schnitzler selves and emigrate, first to England in 1939, Research Association, and the International and then to the United States in 1940. Stefan Zweig Society. Recently, he was gen- The family settled in Boston, and the young eral editor of the series on Austrian culture Harry Zohn quickly adapted to his new home, eagerly mastering the issued by the Peter Lang Publishing Company. local language and attending high school, from which he graduated In his own critical writing he emphasized Austria’s Jewish writ- in 1942. Combining work and study, he earned an A.B. degree from ers, especially those who were Viennese by birth or choice. He pub- Suffolk University in 1946 and an M.A. degree in Education from lished appreciations of the work of Martin Buber, Sigmund Freud, Clark University the following year. With those credentials, he was Theodor Herzl, Karl Kraus, Arthur Schnitzler and Stefan Zweig, and admitted into the graduate program in German language and litera- of two writers who called Vienna home: Elias Canetti and Franz ture at Harvard, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1952. Werfel. While still in graduate school, Harry Zohn was offered a full- Jewish writers who wrote in German but were not Austrian also time teaching position in German at newly founded Brandeis Uni- received Professor Zohn’s critical attention: Walter Benjamin, Max versity, which was to begin in January 1951. He accepted, recogniz- Brod, Heinrich Heine, Franz Kafka, Nelly Sachs, Gershom Scho- ing the opportunity to contribute to the creation of something new lem, and Kurt Tucholsky. Professor Zohn was a leading authority in and exciting in American higher education, since the fledgling uni- his generation on the subject of German-Jewish writers. versity seemed open to experiment and innovation. With the pio- Professor Zohn also played a leading role in winning recognition neering spirit that marked the whole of his academic career, Harry for translation as an academic discipline. He helped to found both Zohn plunged enthusiastically into the task of creating a vital under- the American Translators Association, of which he served as direc- graduate program in German language and literature. Reflecting tor, and the American Literary Translators Association. In the course his own love of music, he enlivened his language classes by using of a long academic career, he published more than twenty highly music as a pedagogical tool, leading the students in singing tradi- polished English translations of German books, at the rate of one tional German songs, and exposing them regularly to recorded musi- every other year. He also published a number of essays on the theory cal material in German, thus reinforcing both their speaking and and practice of literary translation and taught a course on literary their listening skills while helping to make the experience of learn- translation for many years at Brandeis. ing more pleasurable for them. Gradually, he developed a sound In recognition of his accomplishments Professor Zohn was deco- undergraduate major in German studies and helped build a small rated with the Cross of Honor by both the Federal Republic of Ger- but effective department. Later, it included Slavic studies and joined many and the Republic of Austria. His alma mater, Suffolk Uni- with the Department of Romance and Comparative Literature to versity, awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters, and create a highly innovative graduate program in literary studies. made him a member of its Board of Trustees. When Professor Zohn became emeritus in 1996, he had compiled Harry Zohn was my colleague at Brandeis for more than forty a remarkable record of creative service to his department and to years. I knew him to be an enthusiastic teacher, a keen student of the university. He was rightly recognized as one of the university’s language, and a serious music lover and musician. He was notori- early pioneers who had contributed significantly both as teacher ously addicted to Viennese pastry and to Vienna’s cabaret music. He and administrator to the building of the prestige Brandeis enjoys, was witty and took particular pleasure in wordplay. He was gener- fifty years after its founding, among research-oriented institutions ous with his time and with his knowledge, both towards colleagues of higher learning. and towards students. He will be missed by many at Brandeis and Of course, Professor Zohn’s most conspicuous contributions to by his fellow Germanists around the country. the growth and development of Brandeis were his professional pub- Murray Sachs lications, which issued from his pen in an almost unbroken stream Brandeis University

16 17 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 Sir Ernst H. Gombrich (1909-2001) I never became a proper art history of the visual arts but also a historian. charismatic popularizer of them. —Ernst Gombrich, Ernst (Hans) Gombrich was a An Autobiographical Sketch Viennese, coming from a highly cultivated Jewish family in which I remember a cold spring day in the main cultural focus was on Prague in 1993. An elderly gen- music. His mother was a pianist, tleman and his wife (both of them his sister a violinist, while his wife perilously supported by walking (a student of his mother) gave sticks) were struggling up the up her pianist career to become a steps to the St. Nicholas Church lifetime emotional and intellectual in Mala Strana. The last time the support for her husband. What is couple had been in Prague was in rare in a Viennese (at least nowa- 1936, on a brief three-day honey- days), he was critical of the cult moon before moving to England. of fin-de-siècle Vienna and espe- Now, on this overcast Saturday in cially of the myth that it was “a April, they wanted to revisit the monolithic society in which every- places they had enjoyed together body talked about modern music in that already ominous year. or psychoanalysis.” Although he (“He had begun by saying he had firsthand information from didn`t have time for such fripper- his parents about Hofmannsthal (a ies as honeymoons,” recalled the classmate of his father) and about gentleman`s wife, with an indul- Mahler or Schönberg (his mother gent smile. “He said he needed to belonged to their circles), he had work.”) reservations about the achieve- A rehearsal of a mass by Mozart ments of fin-de-siècle Viennese was in progress as the three of us Modernism. Rather, his analyti- entered the magnificent Baroque cal way of thinking and seeing, church. The exact Mozart work and his scholarly education as a having rapidly been identified and Sir Ernst Gombrich (photo courtesy Phaidon Press) disciple of Julius von Schlosser, agreed between the two of them, stamped him as a humanist in the the couple stood motionless for a while, listening with enchantment as best 19th-century tradition. the music swirled around the great cupola. Then they slowly peram- As a Viennese, he was to some extent set apart from his likewise bulated the church, displaying such an innocent enthusiasm, one was exiled German colleagues, who had fled to London from the Nazis, almost physically touched by the joy they radiated. These twentieth bringing with them the 60,000 volumes of the Warburg Institute. He century incarnations of Philemon and Baucis were Sir Ernst and Lady became a Fellow of that institute in 1936 and worked there throughout Gombrich, demonstrating how little their capacity for rejoicing in the his career, except for the war years, when he translated foreign radio life of the senses, as of the mind, had been dimmed by age. The work broadcasts for the BBC. Two other Viennese attributes were his spe- of art to them, on this occasion the glories of the Prague Baroque cial interest in psychology (though he never became a promulgator of blended with the music of the Wiener Klassik, was something to be Freud’s theories) and a reverence for historical sources. The influence intensely experienced, not just drily dissected by scholars. Theirs was of these attributes may be seen in his scepticism regarding generaliza- the authentic response to creativity, fusing pleasure with alertness, tions about the “spirit of an age,” his resistance to an oversociological empathy with analysis. approach to art, and his dislike of historicism in intellectual analysis. In the late 1940s, Ernst Gombrich wrote a truly wonderful book on Instead, he reminded us, quoting Goethe, that great artists “were all the history of the fine arts, which was subsequently translated into human beings—so much is plain.” 32 languages and sold more than six million copies. The English pub- In addition to Schlosser (for whom he wrote his thesis on Giulio lisher who had originally suggested the idea did not take the manu- Romano), Viennese psychologist Ernst Kris was a formative influence script, so the author had turned to Phaidon, under which imprint The on him, while in later life he was strongly sympathetic to the thought Story of Art appeared in 1950. The 15th edition was revised and (at and outlook of his longtime friend Sir Karl Popper. There is a virtual last!) provided with color illustrations. For the last fifty years it has consensus among art historians that his greatest scholarly achievement in effect been the book that has established the canon of the fine arts was Art and Illusion, a groundbreaking study in the psychology of in Europe up to the 20th century for the student and the intelligent pictorial representation, first published in 1960. This is an unprece- nonspecialist. A large part of the secret of its success lay in the book’s dentedly detailed, unusually illuminating, and often witty book on the freshness and clarity of presentation: only works that were illustrated psychology of perception and its sophisticated interrelationship with were analyzed and placed in historical context. The book, like all the cultural tradition of visual representation. He also wrote a semi- Gombrich’s writings, is devoid of pretention or sentimentality, and nal book on ornament and decoration in the arts entitled The Sense radiates an enthusiasm, which is nonetheless coupled with profound of Order (1979), a profound intellectual biography of Aby Warburg intellectual insight and harnessed to an elegant, lucid style. This com- (1970), and a number of other volumes. Much of this prodigious out- bination of qualities made him not only a great scholar of the cultural put occurred between 1959 and 1976 when he was director of the War- 18 19 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 habsburg happenings Surveying our members on new and old services Over the past several years HABSBURG has matured as a forum you can properly display non-English characters and how many for scholarly discourse. While we are pleased with the quality of this mailers we should consider in helping you do so. The Central Euro- resource, the editors also recognize the importance of input from our pean character set, ISO-8859-2, is available on most mailers but you members. HABSBURG’s five editors consult with each other on a may need help in installing it. daily basis about individual cases, network guidelines, and policy. The next group of three questions concerns our reviews. 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burg Institute and Professor of the History of the Classical Tradition at responded enthusiastically to intelligent ones, and occasionally let fly the University of London. a dart of gentle irony. He made his audience work a little, laugh some- Gombrich`s intellectual achievements were formally recognized times, but above all he made them think. several times. In 1975 he received the Praemium Erasmianum, and in After we left, I asked him what was the secret of his rapport with 1977 the Hegel Prize. In 1988 he was knighted, and Austria bestowed students. “It is our responsibility to tell young people, honestly, what the very first Wittgenstein Prize on this distinguished ex-citizen in we think of the world; more we cannot do,” was his uncomplicated 1988. Subsequently, at the age of 82, he was made a member of the reply. This unassuming modesty can also be observed in many of his Austrian Academy of Sciences. writings, although he could be sharply critical and had no time for Gombrich`s published studies often developed out of his lectures. what he regarded as affectation. He was acutely aware of the pre- He was a charismatic lecturer and could capture the attention of every- cariousness of the humanistic tradition of European civilization and body in a hall. I remember when he came to Prague in 1993 to give believed there was always a lurking danger that this tradition would be lectures at the newly established Central European University, he overwhelmed by the forces of unreason. Although he was not gener- insisted on establishing personal contact with its body of internation- ally an admirer of the 20th-century avant-garde, he did not reject mod- ally diverse students. He accordingly struggled up to the 9th floor stu- ern art as a whole. His attitude was simple and is expressed in the first dent café situated in an ugly prefabricated panel building, so typical line of The Story of Art: “ There really is no such thing as Art. There of late socialist architecture. He sat down in a corner of the hot, noisy, are only artists.” (The word “Art” is printed with a capital letter, obvi- smoke-filled room and quietly surveyed the scene. By the time I had ously deliberately.) To him there were great modern, even contempo- returned to him with a glass of water from the bar, several students had rary, artists who carried on the tradition of a deeply human art (two already gathered around this interesting-looking old codger (having no examples he gave me were David Hockney and Lucien Freud). Never- idea who he was) and were responding to his inquiries, as he asked theless, he was at heart one of the last great survivors of 19th-century them about their studies and their future plans. Soon, the noise mys- humanist scholarship, who believed that dignity is perhaps the most teriously abated and everybody was totally focused on Gombrich`s essential part of human beings, and that human culture “is a living corner, where a fascinating discussion ensued on art, politics, and chain that still links our own time with the Pyramid age.” life in general. For about two hours the dingy café was transformed Ilona Sármány-Parsons into a new academy. He fielded hostile questions with equanimity, Central European University—Budapest 18 19 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 ROSE AUSLÄNDER; A CENTENARY APPRECIATION

by Martin Hainz decision became her fate; after a while living in this Matrazengruft she had to Rose Ausländer, whose 100th birthday stay there. She died in 1988, leaving us was celebrated in 2001, is very special with an impressive heritage. It is both a in many ways. She was one of the most present and a legacy, reminding us of our important and popular German poets of unfulfillable duties. She published eight the 20th century, yet there has not been volumes of poems, some translations and much published research on her for a free renderings, some short prose, and long time. She managed to conquer the some poetic reflections. hearts of readers who prefer not to read 2001 was a year to celebrate her, to poetry. This irritated many scholars; they revaluate her, to reflect upon previous were surprised by the strength of her sim- interpretations, and to formulate a new ple verses from the heart. Even today, her balance. Conferences in Austria, Ger- poems do not look like the works critics many, Romania, and Ukraine featured associate with post-Auschwitz literature. many contributions that justified one’s Ausländer was born in Czernowitz, the hope for future scholarship. But now that birthplace of Paul Celan. This city was Rose Ausländer has become a bestseller, part of the Habsburg monarchy and influ- it is important that critical inquiries start enced by a diverse cultural mix; the Jew- in order to save this poetry from misread- ish population was most important. The ings. For example, many readers love her early death of her father forced Rose Aus- poetry because of its simplicity, but in länder to emigrate to the United States reality her poems seem more complex if as a young woman. At that time she they are examined carefully. This com- became Rose Ausländer—her original plexity is essential to their nature, yet name (Rosalie Scherzer) was replaced it could escape the notice of a reader because of her marriage. Later on she left Rose Ausländer, c. 1918 who did not read carefully or critically. her husband, but she decided to keep the But scholars are helping to illuminate the name because of its meaning: She now was a foreign rose. The mar- depth of her work for both academe and the public. riage ended soon, and Rose Ausländer returned to Europe. She fell in There is a well-known poem showing this problem perfectly: love with Helios Hecht, who has been recognized as the love of her Fliegend life. World War II brought about terrible experiences; since her sick auf einer Luftschaukel mother was still in Czernowitz, Rose Ausländer, who had returned to Europa Amerika Europa help her, stayed. Ausländer survived, but her poetic idiom did not. ich wohne nicht When her mother died, Ausländer stopped her lyrical production. ich lebe She emigrated for the second time. The war was over, but Europe was It describes the situation of being homeless—living on a swing that not her home anymore. Because of her first stay in the U.S., she was does not stop. Because of this airy swing many readers call it euphe- able to write poetry in English now. But it is perfectly clear that she mistic and even underestimate it. But in a more interesting reading it had to make another new beginning; history had made her a poet with also makes sense as a description not only of permanent emigration talent and without readers. At last, on the advice of Marianne Moore, but also of somebody who knows that those responsible for creating she decided to return to the German language, but not to Europe. Her these circumstances will never be charged. Being homeless also means English poetry nevertheless is an important part of her oeuvre, and it that there is ni feu ni lieu—no right and no court. Trying to describe makes the changes in Rose Ausländer’s works more understandable. what cannot be described causes the same reaction everytime: For a long time it seemed like a miracle (and critical explanations were bizarre) that the same writer could all at once change her writing like So I have heard, and do in part believe in it… this. Ausländer had learned a lot; she knew E. E. Cummings and other The swing perfectly pictures the situation of being homeless and hav- contemporary writers, and her verses (which, despite the influence of ing readers who do not understand any possible word for this pain. her contemporaries, remained highly original) show it. Her career in Rose Ausländer died 13 years ago, but in her poetry she will stay Germany started slowly; soon there were readers, but it took years to with us, giving testimony. You could say she is alive and that her find the publisher: Helmut Braun, editor of her collected poetry and words are her immortality. But it is necessary to explore these words editor of her unpublished works. He made it happen—helped her to again and again. They could turn to clichés of themselves if we forget become a poet with talent and an audience. the possibilities of poetry or our limitations in dealing with it. The per- Ausländer then returned to Europe, deciding to live in Germany. fect expression can be found in an essay by Klaus Werner dealing with This was difficult; she did not trust the country responsible for so Ausländer’s supposedly idyllic and escapist verse. Even in the most much death. She left some luggage in the U.S. and told an interviewer romantic verses of our poet, he concluded, her work is von aufstören- that Germany might be a place to live, but not a home. She retired den Wendungen durchzogen—streaked with disturbing and enigmatic during her last years to concentrate exclusively on her poetry. Her expressions, phrases and tropes. v 20 21 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 FULBRIGHT SCHOLAR PROGRAM: 2003-4 Grants for U.S. Faculty and Professionals

Distinguished Chairs • Lecturing: Open to Any Field (2 one semester awards) In recent years, the Austrian Fulbright Commission has estab- • Research: Open to Any Field (2-4 two- to four-month awards) lished seven Distinguished Chairs in conjunction with Austrian • Austrian-Hungarian Joint Research Award (2 months Austria, universities and private donors. Distinguished Chair awards are 2 months Hungary) among the most prestigious appointments in the Fulbright Pro- • Fulbright/Diplomatic Academy Visiting Professor of Interna- gram and carry enhanced benefits. tional Relations (4 months lecturing) • Fulbright/IFK Visiting Scholar in Cultural Studies (4 months • Fulbright-Johannes Kepler University of Linz Distinguished research) Chair in International Business • Fulbright/Sigmund Freud Society Visiting Scholar in Psycho- • Fulbright-Karl Franzens University Distinguished Chair in analysis (4 months lecturing/research) Cultural Studies • Insurance and Risk Management (4 months lecturing: Vienna • Fulbright-University of Innsbruck Distinguished Chair University of Economics and Business Administration) (rotates among faculties) • Fulbright-University of Klagenfurt Distinguished Chair in The Fulbright Program in Austria is funded by contributions Gender Studies from the United States Department of State, Bureau for Educa- • Fulbright-University of Salzburg Distinguished Chair (rotates tional and Cultural Affairs, and the Austrian Ministry of Educa- among faculties) tion, Science, and Culture. The Council for International Exchange • Fulbright-University of Vienna Distinguished Chair in the of Scholars (CIES) is responsible for the administration of the Ful- Humanities (including selected Social Sciences) bright Scholar Program for faculty and professionals in the U.S. • Fulbright-Craig and Katherine Hall Distinguished Chair for Overseas the program is administered by binational Fulbright Entrepreneurship in Central Europe Commissions, such as the Austrian-American Educational Com- mission, or by the Public Affairs Section of the U.S. Embassies. Lecturing is in English. Applicants for all Fulbright awards must Over 5,000 Austrian and American students and scholars have be U.S. citizens. Please note that the timeline for applications received grants under the auspices of the Austrian Fulbright Pro- in this program is different than for the Fulbright awards listed gram since its inception in 1950. below. Applicants submit a letter of interest and curriculum vitae For more detailed information on the Fulbright Program and by May 1, 2002, for the 2003-4 academic year. Following a review the awards listed above, including downloadable application in early summer, scholars selected for a short list for each chair forms, consult the CIES website: . For fur- will be asked to complete a full application by early August. ther information on Distinguished Chairs in Austria, contact Daria Teutonico, tel. (202)-686-6245, [email protected]. For informa- Fulbright Lecturing/Research Awards tion on Lecturing/Research Awards, contact Dr. Richard Pettit, tel. Applications for following awards for the 2003-4 academic year (202)-686-6240, [email protected]. are due August 1, 2002. After prescreening and peer review in Applications for the Fulbright U.S. Student program for the the U.S. in the fall, a short list of applicants for each position academic year 2003-4 are not due until October 2002. For further is forwarded to the Austria, and applicants are notified of their information consult the website of the Institute for International status in January or February. Education: and the next ASN.

Strauss Operetta from page 13 unique improvisational virtuosity of Viennese actors combined into Gypsy, and Jewish traits were often mixed imperceptibly together a potent melange (Chapter 2: “Creators and Performers of Viennese to create the ideal monstrous and dangerous “other” needed to pro- Operetta”). Crittenden also illustrates well Strauss’s vain attempts to mote the simplistic political agenda of Lueger and his “kleiner Mann.” write a true opera, using Wagner’s thicker instrumentation and psy- The distinctive sound of the Hungarian-Magyar language, the twang chological underpinnings (both of which proved completely alien to of Yiddish, and the secretive rituals and lifestyle of the Gypsies all Strauss’s nature); this was in hopes to reach the apogee of musical suc- were amalgamated into one caricature suitable for purposes diverse, cess in Vienna—to have one’s work performed in the Court Opera. whether cultural hegemony or political posturing. This characteriza- Strauss’s attempts in this regard allow the author to also examine the tion also extended itself into the music, where Strauss uses several weird attachment many had to the Wagner cult in Vienna as an expres- “exotic” elements. The use of the clarinet in mournful minor-tonality sion of the troubling phenomenon of rising German nationalism. This interludes (rarely did Strauss use the minor mode for his proper “Aus- last fact offers a poignant picture of Strauss’s eventual stature as a trian” waltzes) and the presence of unusual percussion—anvil, gong, pillar of Austrian culture during the years of the Anschluß and Ger- cymbal—serve to heighten the “difference” of Hungarian culture. man occupation. When documents were discovered proving Strauss (The Turkish influence in Hungarian life had of course been explored to be partially Jewish, Goebbels himself ordered the records to be bur- by many composers, not least of which was Mozart.) Crittenden does a ied, knowing full well what the loss of such a powerful symbol would credible job of showing the pat political answers offered by Zigeuner- mean to the ongoing Nazi propaganda campaign. That the “Waltz baron while explaining the musical underpinnings of the work. King” should be used for such twisted political ends speaks to the Other sections of the book that should be mentioned include the power in Austrian consciousness of Strauss and his work. completely absorbing descriptions of theater life in 19th-century Daniel Rieppel Vienna, where politics almost always played a role and where asso- Department of Fine Arts ciations with various theater directors, government censors and the Southwest State University 20 21 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 Announcements

Europe, Central Asia, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, German Historical Commission and other insti- INTERNATIONAL China, and Mongolia, as well as thematic panels tutes. It has a fixed program and will concern spe- CONFERENCES & SYMPOSIA on nationalism, Islamist movements, conflict res- cial topics connected with the coexistence of Slo- olution, democratization, demography, language venians and Germans from the Middle Ages to the United States. Annual convention. The Consor- issues, geography, interpretations of history, eth- 20th century. For more information: Harald Hep- tium on Revolutionary Europe will hold its annual nicity in film and literature, theoretical approaches pner, e-mail: [email protected]. meeting February 21-23. The consortium wel- to the nation. More than a hundred participants comes proposals for papers dealing with European travel from overseas for the event, particularly, Austria. Call for papers. International symposium. events from 1750 to 1850, including Europe’s but not exclusively, from western and eastern Fünfter Kongress der Internationalen Gesellschaft impact on the rest of the world and the general Europe. Disciplines represented include political fuer historische Alpenforschung in Zusammena- areas of cultural, economic, gender, scientific, science, history, anthropology, sociology, econom- beit mit der Universität Innsbruck, 24.-27. Sep- social, political, intellectual, diplomatic, and mili- ics, geography, and sociolinguistics. For continu- tember 2003 in Innsbruck. “Faszination Berge: tary history. Contact: Karl Roider, Dept. of History, ously updated information, go to the ASN website, Chancen und Gefahren des Tourismus seit 1750.” LSU, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Tel.: 225-578-4498, www.nationalities.org. A registration form may be Der Tourismus zieht heute Jahr fuer Jahr Millionen fax: 225-578-4909, e-mail: [email protected]. downloaded from the web page or may be requested von Besuchern und Besucherinnen aus aller Welt from Gordon Bardos, [email protected]. in die Alpen. Die Chancen und Gefahren, die sich United States. Conference. Council for European daraus für Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt Studies, 13th International Conference of Europe- England. International graduate student confer- der ansässigen Bevölkerung ergeben, werden in anists. “Europe in the New Millenium: Enlarging, ence. “The Contours of Legitimacy in Central interessierten Kreisen und in der Öffentlichkeit Experimenting, Evolving,” March 14-16, Palmer Europe: New Approaches in Graduate Studies,” viel diskutiert. Zu dieser Diskussion kann die House, Chicago. For further information, e-mail May 24-26, European Studies Centre, St. Ant- Geschichtswissenschaft wichtige Elemente beitra- [email protected] or visit the conference web- ony’s College, University of Oxford. Opening gen, doch die historische Entwicklung des Tour- site: www.europanet.org. Keynote Panel: Mr. Timothy Garton Ash (St. ismus im Alpenraum wurde bisher nur ansatz- Antony’s College, Oxford), Dr. Martyn Rady weise in einer breiten, laenderübergreifenden Per- United States. Conference. 40th annual meeting, (SSEES, London), and Professor George Schoep- spektive untersucht. Ziel des Kongresses ist es, Southern Conference on Slavic Studies, March flin (SSEES, London). For information, contact erstmals einen Überblick zur aktuellen Forschung 14-16, Daytona Beach FL. Sponsored by Embry- the conference coordinator: Larissa Douglass, St. in der alpinen Tourismusgeschichte seit dem 18. Riddle Aeronautical University and Stetson Uni- Antony’s College, Oxford, OX2 6JF United King- Jahrhundert zu vermitteln und ein internationales versity. For information, contact: Dr. Jim Libbey, dom. E-mail: [email protected]. Projekt zu diesem Forschungsbereich anzuregen. Humanities/Social Sciences Department, Embry- Methodisch stehen theoriegeleitete, komparative Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach Austria. International conference. The 38th Inter- Ansätze im Vordergrund des Interesses. Der FL 32114-3900. E-mail: [email protected]. national Conference of Labor and Social History Kongress gliedert sich in vier Themenfelder: I. (ITH), September, 12-14, Linz, Austria. “Sex- Die Berge: Mythos und Realität (Propaganda, Scotland. International conference. The first con- uality, the Working Classes and Labor Move- Werbung, “Verkauf” nach aussen; Kultur und ference of the new ‘Forum of British, Czech and ments.” The International Conferences of Labour Geschichte; usw.); II. Die Erschliessung der Alpen Slovak Historians’ will be held March 18-20, and Social History have taken place every year (Anregung von Innovationen; Gesellschafliche 2002, at the University of Dundee, Scotland. It since 1965. Conferences include researchers and Modernisierung und Horizonterweiterung, neue is sponsored by the British Academy. The confer- research from Eastern and Western Europe, the Berufsfelder; usw.); III. Die Alpenbewohner als ence theme is “The Impact of Nationalism and Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia. The topics Gastgeber (Institutionelle Infrastruktur: Alpenver- Fascism in the Era of Two World Wars.” Speak- for the forthcoming conference are the discursive eine, Verkehrsvereine, Kurvereine; Kommerzial- ers include historians from the UK and the construction of sexuality, the definition and main- isierung von Tradition, Verlust der autochthonen Czech and Slovak Republics, but also scholars tenance of social norms by dominant groups, and Kultur; usw.); IV. Gäste in den Alpen (Sozialpro- from Germany and the USA. For information the resulting tensions in the everyday lives and fil, regionale Herkunft, Aufenthaltsdauer, Einkom- and registration, contact Dr. Mark Cornwall: practices of working people. Papers will address men und Kaufkraft; Kontakt, Austausch mit den [email protected]. the complex relations between everyday sexual Gastgebern; usw). Die wissenschaftlichen Koordi- practice and the attempts to regulate and standard- natoren des Kongresses sind: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Austria. International conference. 49. Historiker- ize them through law, sexual morals, or ideolog- Brigitte Mazohl-Wallnig und Univ.-Prof. Dr. tagung: “Religion und Gesellschaft”, St. Pölten, ical positions of labor organizations and groups Franz Mathis, Institut für Geschichte der Uni- Hippolyt-Haus, 22.-25.März 2002. Wissenschaftli- claiming to represent the working class. Contact versität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, che Leitung: Prof.Dr. Ernst Bruckmüller (Uni- Sonja Niederacher, Stiftung Bruno Kreisky Archiv, Österreich. Tel: 43-512-507-4370/4390; Fax: 43- versität Wien). Contact: Bernhard Zimmermann, Rechte Wienzeile 97, A-1050 Vienna, Austria. 512-507-2945/2888; e-mail: brigitte.mazohl- Institut für Österreichkunde, Hanuschgasse 3/III, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] or [email protected]. A-1010 Wien. Tel./Fax: 43-1-512-79-32; e-mail: Senden Sie Ihr Proposal an die beiden Koordina- [email protected]. Switzerland. International conference. “Kinship toren bis am 28. Februar 2002. in Europe: The Long Run, 1300-1900,” Septem- United States. International scholarly convention. ber 15-20, Monte Verita, Ascona, Switzerland. For Scotland. Call for papers. International confer- 7th Annual World Convention of the Association detailed information and registration see: http:// ence. “Continuities and Discontinuities in the Aus- for the Study of Nationalities (ASN), April 11-13, www.isalp.unisi.ch/eng/kongresse/kinship.htm or trian Twentieth Century,” April 3-6, 2003, the 2002, International Affairs Building, Columbia contact (preferably in German): Istituto di Storia Centre for Austrian Studies, the Universities of University, New York, NY. “Peoples, Nations, and delle Alpi ISAlp, Universita della Svizzera ital- Aberdeen and Edinburgh. The CAS, Scotland, is States: A Cross-Disciplinary Convention.” Spon- iana, Via Lambertenghi 10, CH-6900 Lugano, a collaborative venture between th above universi- sored by the Harriman Institute. ASN has become Switzerland. Tel: 41-91-912 4705; fax: 41-91-912 ties. Its aim is to foster interdisciplinary research the most attended international scholarly gather- 4740. E-mail: [email protected]. in all aspects of Austrian life. Spanning the whole ing dealing with issues of national identity, nation- of the 20th century, from the flourishing imperial alism, ethnic conflict, and state building in Cen- Slovenia. International conference. “Slovenians era to the radical vibrancy of the Second Repub- tral and Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Germans in Common Space: The Examples lic, the conference will highlight Austria’s lead- Central Asia, and adjacent areas. It will feature 100 of Carniola and Lower Styria,” September 28-29, ing role in literature, art, music, architecture, his- panels on the Balkans, Baltics, Caucasus, Central Maribor, Slovenia. Organized by the South East tory, politics, psychology, and sociology during 22 23 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER WINTER 2002 this period. The academic program will be com- printed and in electronic form beginning in 2003. plemented with a wide range of cultural events, Volume 1 of the new series will be “Hitler’s First which will take place in Edinburgh and Aberdeen Victim”? Holocaust Writing and Public Memory Spotlight throughout April and May 2003, and is planned in Austria.” The aims of this volume are, first, to to include literature readings, a film festival, con- explore the richness and variety of Austrian Holo- Václav Havel Fellowships and Awards at certs, theater performances, and political debate. In caust writing, defining as “Austrian” any German- the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The order to encourage an interdisciplinary approach, speaking writer born in Austria or in the territo- Václav Havel Fellowship for Incoming Gradu- individual sessions will be arranged around a ries of the former Habsburg Empire; and, second, ate Students provides five years of support number of themes, including “Cultural Politics to consider the uniquely constituted cultural tradi- for an incoming student in a University of and Cultural Production”; “Touring the Nation”; tions and discourses of public memory with which “Migration, Immigration, and Emigration”; “The that writing has frequently been in debate. This is Michigan Rackham doctoral program who Power of Satire?”; “Performance”; “Center and conceived as an interdisciplinary volume, investi- is a resident of the Czech Republic. Depart- Periphery”; “Visions and Visionaries”; and “Build- gating not only literary responses but also theoret- ments and professional schools may submit ing the Future.” Papers that address any of these ical and political debates that have been generated nominations to the Graduate Board of the themes are invited. Individual papers may be by the issue of Holocaust memory in Austria. We International Institute; students may not devoted to a single time period or span the twen- would therefore welcome contributions for pub- apply directly. Nomination deadline: Febru- tieth century in its entirety. We especially wel- lication in English from historians, social scien- ary 13, 2002. The Václav Havel Fellowship in come papers that are interdisciplinary in approach tists, and literary scholars. The volume will also Czech Studies will provide five years of sup- or that focus on the relationship between theory present literary work in a variety of genres, span- port for an incoming student to a Rackham and praxis. Papers should preferably be delivered ning the whole post-war period and putting Jewish doctoral program at the University of Mich- in English and should last 25 minutes. All sub- and non-Jewish writers side by side. This could igan who expects to focus his/her graduate missions should include a 200-word abstract and include autobiographical narratives, lyric poetry, studies and dissertation research on Czech full contact details, including e-mail addresses. narrative fiction, drama, film, opera, together lands and culture. Departments and profes- Please send proposals for papers, preferably by with theoretical and sociological reflections. sional schools may submit nominations for e-mail, to both organizers: Professor Andrew Brief proposals should be sent to: Dr. Judith the Václav Havel Fellowship to the Center Barker ([email protected]) and Dr. Janet Stewart Beniston, Department of German, University Col- for Russian and East European Studies, ([email protected]). For information: www. lege London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT [email protected], which is handling the abdn.ac.uk/austria/conf2003/index.hti. Deadline: United Kingdom, e-mail: j.beniston@ ucl.ac.uk; nomination process on behalf of the Gradu- . or Dr. Robert Vilain, Department of German, June 30, 2002 ate Board of the International Institute. Stu- Royal Holloway London, Egham, Surrey TW20 dents may not apply directly. Nomination 0EX United Kingdom, e-mail: [email protected] deadline: February 1, 2002. In addition, Deadline for proposals: January 15, 2002. Dead- The Václav Havel Dissertation Award is a NEW ON THE NET line for completed articles: September 1, 2002. New H-Net list. H-EarlySlavic is a forum for the twelve-month fellowship for University of discussion of Slavic history, literature, and cul- Michigan students enrolled in a Rackham ture before 1725. It is focused primarily on East doctoral program to conduct research any- Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian) regions, FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES where in the world or to write a dissertation that focuses on topics that reflect the life, though West and South Slavic areas will also be Teaching fellowships in Central/East Europe and work, intellectual contributions, or spirit of considered. H-EarlySlavic is a scholarly list: it is the former Soviet Union. The Civic Education Václav Havel. Contact: Kirsten Willis, Inter- aimed at professional scholars and their students. Project (CEP) is now accepting 2002-3 appli- national Institute, University of Michigan, The languages of the list are English, Russian, cations for its Visiting Faculty Fellowship Pro- German, and French. H-EarlySlavic is coedited by gram and Local Faculty Fellowship Program. Con- Room 2632, 1080 S. University, Ann Arbor, Marshall Poe, Harvard University, and Daniel C. tact: [email protected] or visit the CEP website: MI 48109-1106. Tel: 734-763-3297; e-mail: Waugh, University of Washington. It is advised by www.cep.org.hu. Deadline: March 3, 2002. [email protected]. Also: Lynda Norton, a board of scholars. Like all H-Net lists, H-Ear- Student Services Associate, Center for Rus- lySlavic is moderated to edit out material that, in PUBLICATIONsian and East European OPPORTUNITIES Studies, 1080 S. the editors’ opinion, is not germane to the list, University Ave., Suite 4668, Ann Arbor, MI involves technical matters, is inflammatory, or SUMMER OPPORTUNITIES 48109-1106. Tel: 734-936-1842; fax: 734- violates evolving, yet common, standards of inter- 763-4765; e-mail: [email protected]; web- net etiquette. H-Net’s procedure for resolving dis- Russia. International summer school. “Historical site: www.umich.edu/~iinet/crees putes over list editorial practices is Article II, Anthropology - History of Household, Family and Section 2.20 of our bylaws, located at www2.h- Kinship,” St. Petersburg, Russia, August 4-18, net.msu.edu/about/by-laws.html. Logs and more 2002. The summer school offers places for 30 par- Institut für Geschichte, Göttingen), and Thomas information can also be found at the H-Net Web ticipants—doctoral students and a few post-doc- Sokoll (FernUniversität Hagen). Additional lec- Site, located at: www2.h-net.msu.edu/~ess. To toral scholars—from German-speaking countries, tures will be given by Andrejs Plakans (Iowa join H-EarlySlavic, please send an e-mail from Russia, other CIS countries, and the Baltic states. State University) and others. Applicants should be the account where you wish to receive mail to: It provides an opportunity for intensive discussion interested in theoretical and methodological issues [email protected], with no signatures or of both general issues in historical anthropology and in comparative approaches. A good working styled text, word wrap off for long lines, and only and specific problems of the history of household, knowledge of English is essential. Participants this text: sub h-earlyslavic firstname lastname, family, and kinship. Teaching will be in seminar will receive a grant covering most of the expenses institution. (Example: sub h-earlyslavic Leslie form and based on a reader with relevant articles for travel and accommodation. Send an outline Jones, Pacific State U.) Follow the instructions you (distributed to participants in advance). Each par- of the research project (not exceeding 800 words, receive by return mail. If you have questions or ticipant is expected to give a presentation of his/ including: title and type of project [Ph.D./Habil. experience difficulties in attempting to subscribe, her own research project. The language of the dissertation/article], brief indication of questions/ please send an e-mail to: [email protected]. summer school will be English. It will take place hypotheses, sources, methods, state of the research, at the European University St. Petersburg and is preliminary results), a short c.v., and a letter sponsored by the Volkswagen Foundation. Teach- of recommendation from a university teacher ers will be Daniel Alexandrov, Michail Krom by mail and e-mail to Prof. Dr. Jürgen Schlum- PUBLISHING OPPORTUNITIES (both European University at St Petersburg), bohm, Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte, Post- Call for papers. Austrian Studies has been Olga Kosheleva (Russian Academy of Education, fach 2833, D-37018 Göttingen, Germany. E-mail: relaunched under the new editorship of Judith Moscow), David Sabean (University of California, [email protected]; fax: 49-0551-56- Beniston and Robert Vilain. It will appear both in Los Angeles), Jürgen Schlumbohm (Max-Planck- 170. Deadline: February 15. 22 23 Working Papers in Austrian Studies The Center for Austrian Studies serves scholars who study the politics, society, economy, and culture of modern Austria and of Habsburg Central Europe. It encourages comparative studies involving Austria or the Habsburg lands and other European states, stimulates discussion in the field, and provides a vehicle for circulating work in progress. It is open to all papers prior to final publication but gives priority to papers by affiliates of the Center and scholars who have given seminars or attended conferences at the Center. If you would like to have a paper considered for inclusion in the series, please contact Gary Cohen or Daniel Pinkerton at the Center for Austrian Studies.

95-1. Edward Larkey, Das Österreichische im 96-1. Katherine Arens, Central Europe and the 99-2. Adi Wimmer, The “Lesser Traumatized”: Exile Angebot der heimischen Kulturindustrie Nationalist Paradigm Narratives of Austrian Jews 95-2. Franz X. Eder, Sexualized Subjects: Medical 96-2. Thomas N. Burg, Forensic Medicine in the 00-1. Lonnie Johnson, On the Inside Looking Out: Discourses on Sexuality in German-Speaking Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy The ÖVP-FPÖ Government, Jörg Haider, and Europe Countries in the Late Eighteenth and the 96-3. Charles Ingrao, Ten Untaught Lessons about 00-2. Alan Levy, An American Jew in Vienna Nineteenth Centuries Central Europe: An Historical Perspective 01-1. Arnold Suppan, Austria: A Short European 95-3. Christian Fleck, The Restoration of Austrian 97-1. Siegfried Beer, Target Central Europe: History (forthcoming) Universities after World War II American Intelligence Efforts Regarding Nazi and 01-2. Erika Weinzierl, The Jewish Middle Class in 95-4. Alois Kernbauer, The Scientific Community Early Postwar Austria, 1941-1947 Vienna in the 19th Century (forthcoming) of Chemists and Physicists in the Nineteenth- 98-1. Dina Iordanova, Balkan Wedding Revisited: Century Habsburg Monarchy Multiple Messages of Filmed Nuptuals 95-5. Stella Hryniuk, To Pray Again as a Catholic: 98-2. Christopher Long, The Other Modern The Renewal of Catholicism in Western Ukraine Dwelling: Josef Frank and Haus & Garten 95-6. Josef Berghold, Awakening Affinities 99-1. Peter Thaler, “Germans” and “Austrians” in between Past Enemies: Reciprocal Perceptions of World War II: Military History and National Identity Italians and Austrians

Working papers 92-1 through 94-4 are still available. See previous issues of the ASN, the CAS website, or contact the Center for authors and titles. The price per paper is $3.00 ($4.00 for foreign addresses). To order, send your name, address, and paper numbers requested along with payment to Center for Austrian Studies, Attention: Working Papers (address on page 2). Checks must be drawn on a U.S. bank in U.S. dollars and should be made out to “Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota.” We also accept MasterCard, VISA, and Discover. To pay by credit card, indicate the card used and include your card number, expiration date, and signature on the order. Most working papers are also available on our website and may be downloaded for free. The URL is http://www.cas.umn.edu.

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