Weather Forecasting and to the Measuring Weather Data, Instruments, and Science That Make Forecasting Accurate
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WHAT IS METEOROLOGY? Meteorology Is the Science of Weather
WHAT IS METEOROLOGY? Meteorology is the science of weather. It is essentially an inter-disciplinary science because the atmosphere, land and ocean constitute an integrated system. The three basic aspects of meteorology are observation, understanding and prediction of weather. There are many kinds of routine meteorological observations. Some of them are made with simple instruments like the thermometer for measuring temperature or the anemometer for recording wind speed. The observing techniques have become increasingly complex in recent years and satellites have now made it possible to monitor the weather globally. Countries around the world exchange the weather observations through fast telecommunications channels. These are plotted on weather charts and analysed by professional meteorologists at forecasting centres. Weather forecasts are then made with the help of modern computers and supercomputers. Weather information and forecasts are of vital importance to many activities like agriculture, aviation, shipping, fisheries, tourism, defence, industrial projects, water management and disaster mitigation. Recent advances in satellite and computer technology have led to significant progress in meteorology. Our knowledge of the weather is, however, still incomplete. WHAT IS SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY? Weather observations, taken on the ground or on ships, and in the upper atmosphere with the help of balloon soundings, represent the state of the atmosphere at a given time. When the data are plotted on a weather map, we get a synoptic view of the worlds weather. Hence day-to-day analysis and forecasting of weather has come to be known as synoptic meteorology. It is the study of the movement of low pressure areas, air masses, fronts, and other weather systems like depressions and tropical cyclones. -
Weather Charts Natural History Museum of Utah – Nature Unleashed Stefan Brems
Weather Charts Natural History Museum of Utah – Nature Unleashed Stefan Brems Across the world, many different charts of different formats are used by different governments. These charts can be anything from a simple prognostic chart, used to convey weather forecasts in a simple to read visual manner to the much more complex Wind and Temperature charts used by meteorologists and pilots to determine current and forecast weather conditions at high altitudes. When used properly these charts can be the key to accurately determining the weather conditions in the near future. This Write-Up will provide a brief introduction to several common types of charts. Prognostic Charts To the untrained eye, this chart looks like a strange piece of modern art that an angry mathematician scribbled numbers on. However, this chart is an extremely important resource when evaluating the movement of weather fronts and pressure areas. Fronts Depicted on the chart are weather front combined into four categories; Warm Fronts, Cold Fronts, Stationary Fronts and Occluded Fronts. Warm fronts are depicted by red line with red semi-circles covering one edge. The front movement is indicated by the direction the semi- circles are pointing. The front follows the Semi-Circles. Since the example above has the semi-circles on the top, the front would be indicated as moving up. Cold fronts are depicted as a blue line with blue triangles along one side. Like warm fronts, the direction in which the blue triangles are pointing dictates the direction of the cold front. Stationary fronts are frontal systems which have stalled and are no longer moving. -
Imagine2014 8B3 02 Gehrke
Loss Adjustment via Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) – Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance Thomas Gehrke, Regional Director Berlin, Resp. for International Affairs Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and 20.10.2014 1 Challenges for Crop Insurance Structure 1. Introduction – Demo 2. Vereinigte Hagel – Market leader in Europe 3. Precision Agriculture – UAS 4. Crop insurance – Loss adjustment via UAS 5. Challenges and Conclusion Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 2 Introduction – Demo Short film (not in pdf-file) Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 3 Structure 1. Introduction – Demo 2. Vereinigte Hagel – Market leader in Europe 3. Precision Agriculture – UAS 4. Crop insurance – Loss adjustment via UAS 5. Challenges and Conclusion Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 4 190 years of experience Secufarm® 1 Hail * Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 5 2013-05-09, Hail – winter barley Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 6 … and 4 weeks later Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 7 Our Line of MPCI* Products PROFESSIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT is crucial part of modern agriculture. With Secufarm® products, farmers can decide individually which agricultural Secufarm® 6 crops they would like to insure against ® Fire & Drought which risks. Secufarm 4 Frost Secufarm® 3 Storm & Intense Rain Secufarm® 1 certain crop types are eligible Hail only for Secufarm 1 * MPCI: Multi Peril Crop Insurance Loss Adjustment via UAS - Experiences and Challenges for Crop Insurance 20.10.2014 8 Insurable Damages and their Causes Hail Storm Frost WEATHER RISKS are increasing further. -
Sirocco 30 / Chinook 30 / Ashford 30
Sirocco 30 / Chinook 30 / Ashford 30 BLAZE KING 30 Series Free Standing Wood Stoves www.blazeking.com Sirocco 30 with Pedestal, Ash Drawer, painted Cast Iron Door and Standard Blower Exhaust. Pedestal Ash Drawer Optional Cast Iron Door with Satin Trim and Satin Door Handle SIROCCO 30 Classic Lines and Versatility The Sirocco series embodies the timeless styling of the North American wood stove. Customize You can customize your Sirocco 30 to match the decor of your home by choosing either the Pedestal or Cast Leg version. You can complete your styling preferences by choosing the available Satin Trim accents. Correct Firebox Size It is important to pick the correct stove size to heat your home. At 2.9 cu. ft. the Sirocco, Chinook and Ashford 30 have larger sized fireboxes. All Blaze King catalytic stoves are thermostatically controlled which allows you to regulate the heat output, making them usable in a wide variety of home sizes. Specifications: Optimum Real World Tested Sirocco 30.2 Performance (LHV) Performance (HHV) Maximum heat input*˚ 464,100 BTU’s 464,100 BTU’s Efficiency 82% 76% Constant Heat output 38,195 BTU’s/hour for 35,364 BTU’s/hour for on High**˚ 10 hours 10 hours Constant Heat output 12,731 BTU’s/hour for 11,788BTU’s/hour for on Low***˚ up to 30 hours up to 30 hours Sirocco 30 with Square Feet Heatedo 1,100 – 2,400 Cast Iron Legs Maximum Log Size 18" (recommended 16") and Door, Burn Timeo Up to 30 hours on low standard Blower Emissions (grams/hour) 0.80 g Exhaust, and Firebox Size 2.9 cu. -
Surface Station Model (U.S.)
Surface Station Model (U.S.) Notes: Pressure Leading 10 or 9 is not plotted for surface pressure Greater than 500 = 950 to 999 mb Less than 500 = 1000 to 1050 mb 988 Æ 998.8 mb 200 Æ 1020.0 mb Sky Cover, Weather Symbols on a Surface Station Model Wind Speed How to read: Half barb = 5 knots Full barb = 10 knots Flag = 50 knots 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = 1.15 mph = 65 knots The direction of the Wind direction barb reflects which way the wind is coming from NORTHERLY From the north 360° 270° 90° 180° WESTERLY EASTERLY From the west From the east SOUTHERLY From the south Four types of fronts COLD FRONT: Cold air overtakes warm air. B to C WARM FRONT: Warm air overtakes cold air. C to D OCCLUDED FRONT: Cold air catches up to the warm front. C to Low pressure center STATIONARY FRONT: No movement of air masses. A to B Fronts and Extratropical Cyclones Feb. 24, 2007 Case In mid-latitudes, fronts are part of the structure of extratropical cyclones. Extratropical cyclones form because of the horizontal temperature gradient and are part of the general circulation—helping to transport energy from equator to pole. Type of weather and air masses in relation to fronts: Feb. 24, 2007 case mPmP cPcP mTmT Characteristics of a front 1. Sharp temperature changes over a short distance 2. Changes in moisture content 3. Wind shifts 4. A lowering of surface pressure, or pressure trough 5. Clouds and precipitation We’ll see how these characteristics manifest themselves for fronts in North America using the example from Feb. -
Weather Fronts
Weather Fronts Dana Desonie, Ph.D. Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) AUTHOR Dana Desonie, Ph.D. To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, and web-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes the creation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooks that can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBook® textbooks). Copyright © 2015 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Com- mons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. -
Warm and Cold Front Name: ______Period: _____ Date: ______Essential Question: How Do I Differentiate a Cold Front from a Warm Front?
Warm and Cold Front Name: ______________________________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________ Essential Question: How do I differentiate a cold front from a warm front? WEATHER: Weather is basically the way the atmosphere is currently behaving, mainly with respect to its effects upon life and human activities. Most people think of weather in terms of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, brightness, visibility, wind, and atmospheric pressure, as in high and low pressure. High Air pressure means good, clear, sunny weather while low are pressure mean rainy or stormy weather. CLIMATE: Climate is the description of the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. Some scientists define climate as the average weather for a particular region and time period, usually taken over 30-years. When scientists talk about climate, they're looking at averages of precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind velocity, phenomena such as fog, frost, and hail storms, and other measures of the weather that occur over a long period in a particular place. Weather Fronts or simply fronts are the boundaries between air masses of different temperature. If warm air mass is moving toward cold air mass, it is a “warm front”. These are shown on weather maps as a red line with scallops on it. If cold air mass is moving toward warm air mass, then it is a “cold front”. Cold fronts are always shown as a blue line with arrow points on it. If neither air masses are moving very much, it is called a “stationary front”, shown as an alternating red and blue line. Cold fronts tend to move faster than all other types of fronts. -
Weather Elements (Air Masses, Fronts & Storms)
Weather Elements (air masses, fronts & storms) S6E4. Obtain, evaluate and communicate information about how the sun, land, and water affect climate and weather. A. Analyze and interpret data to compare and contrast the composition of Earth’s atmospheric layers (including the ozone layer) and greenhouse gases. B. Plan and carry out an investigation to demonstrate how energy from the sun transfers heat to air, land, and water at different rates. C. Develop a model demonstrating the interaction between unequal heating and the rotation of the Earth that causes local and global wind systems. D. Construct an explanation of the relationship between air pressure, fronts, and air masses and meteorological events such as tornados of thunderstorms. E. Analyze and interpret weather data to explain the effects of moisture evaporating from the ocean on weather patterns weather events such as hurricanes. Term Info Picture air mass A body of air that is made of air that has the same temperature, humidity and pressure. tropical air mass A mass of warm air. If it forms over the continent it will be warm and dry. If it forms over the oceans it will be warm and moist/humid. polar air mass A mass of cold air. If it forms over the land it will be cold and dry. If it forms over the oceans it will be cold and wet. weather front Where two different air masses meet. It is often the location of weather events. warm front An advancing mass of warm air. It is a low pressure system. The warm air is replacing a cold air mass and causes rain, sleet or snow. -
Meteorological Data and an Introduction to Synoptic Analysis
Synoptic Meteorology I: Meteorological Data and an Introduction to Synoptic Analysis For Further Reading Chapter 12 of Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology by G. Lackmann discusses principles of isoplething and meteorological data analysis. Chapter 2, Sections 3-2 and 3-3, and Appendix E of Weather Analysis by D. Djurić provide useful information regarding observations, synoptic analysis, and surface meteorological data encoding and decoding, respectively. Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 1 provides extensive information concerning how surface meteorological observations are obtained and encoded. Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 2 provides extensive information concerning the international-standard SYNOP surface observation encoding protocol. Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 3 provides extensive information concerning how upper air meteorological observations are obtained and encoded. Types of Meteorological Observations There exist three primary types of meteorological observations: • Visual, or observations made by the eyes of human observers. • Direct, or observations made by instruments located where the observation is taken. • Indirect, or observations of atmospheric properties at one location made by an instrument situated at another location. Indirect, or remotely sensed, observations can be further broken down into actively and passively sensed observations. Active sensing occurs when the observing instrument emits a signal (e.g., a radio wave or radiation) and derives meteorological information from the echo that it receives in return. Passive sensing occurs when the observing instrument does not send out a signal; instead, meteorological information is derived from an echo that the instrument receives from another emitter (e.g., the Earth). Surface Observations A number of surface, or near-surface, meteorological properties are routinely observed. The most important properties that are observed include: • Surface pressure. -
Weather Symbol Full Chart
CLOUD Code Code Code SKY mph knots ABBREVIATION cH High Cloud Description cM Middle Cloud Description cL Low Cloud Description Nh N COVERAGE ff Cu of fair weather with little vertical development Filaments of Ci, or “mares tails,” scattered Thin As (most of cloud layer semi-transparent) No clouds Calm Calm Symbolic Station Model and not increasing and seemingly flattened 0 St or Fs = Stratus or 1 1 1 Fractostratus Cu of considerable development, generally Dense Ci and patches or twisted sheaves, Thick As, greater part sufficiently dense to Less than one-tenth 1 - 2 1 - 2 usually not increasing, sometimes like remains towering with or without other Cu or Sc bases or one-tenth Ci = Cirrus hide sun (or moon), or Ns 1 2 of Cb; or towers or tufts 2 2 all at the same level Two-tenths or Cb with tops lacking clear cut outlines but 3 - 8 3 - 7 Dense Ci, often anvil-shaped, derived from Thin Ac, mostly semi-transparent; cloud elements three tenths ff Cs = Cirrus distinctly not cirriform or anvil-shaped, or associated with Cb not changing much and at a single level 2 H 3 3 3 with or without Cu, Sc or St C Four-tenths 9 - 14 8 - 12 Cc = Cirrocumulus Ci, often hook-shaped,gradually spreading Thin Ac in patches; cloud elements continually Sc formed by the spreading out of Cu; Cu 3 dd 4 over the sky and usually thickening as a whole 4 changing and/or occurring at more than one level 4 often present also T T CM Five-tenths Ac = Altocumulus Ci and Cs, often in converging bands, or Cs alone; 15 - 20 13 - 17 PPP Thin Ac in bands or in a layer gradually -
Sirocco 20 / Chinook 20 / Ashford 20
Sirocco 20 / Chinook 20 / Ashford 20 BLAZE KING 20 Series Free Standing Wood Stoves www.blazeking.com Sirocco 20 on optional pedestal with ash drawer Specifications: Optimum Performance Real World Tested Sirocco 20.2 (LHV) Performance (HHV) Maximum heat input*˚ 344,799 BTU’s 344,799 BTU’s Efficiency 83.6% 74.4% (EPA listed efficiency) Constant Heat output 30,627 BTU’s/hour for 27,256 BTU’s/hour on High**˚ 8 hours for 8 hours Constant Heat output 12,251 BTU’s/hour for 10,903 BTU’s/hour on Low***˚ up to 20 hours for up to 20 hours Square Feet Heated˚ 900 – 1500 Optional Pedestal with Ash Standard blower exhaust Maximum Log Size Up To 16"* Drawer Burn Time˚ Up to 20 hours on low Emissions (grams/hour) 0.7 g Firebox Size 1.8 cu. ft. Flue Size 6" CO% Weighted Average 0.2% SIROCCO 20 Classic Lines and Versatility The Sirocco embodies the timeless styling of a classic North American wood stove. Versatility You can customize your Sirocco to match the decor of your home. The addition of the optional satin door and bypass handles enhances the look. The handle grips are made from ash hardwood and coated in black enamel. You can choose a pedestal version with standard ash drawer, or leg version with optional ash drawer. The standard blower exhaust helps increase your stove’s performance, especially when fitted with the optional fan kit. Sirocco 20 shown with Optional Satin Bypass Optional Satin Door Handle with optional cast iron legs, Handle Optional Satin Door Trim ash drawer and cast iron door with satin trim, satin door handle and satin bypass handle Chinook 20 with standard ash drawer Standard ash drawer on easy Satin door handle Cast iron convection air grill glide runners CHINOOK 20 Modern Elegance There is a strong European influence in the Chinook’s design; from the integrated legs to the large, rectangular glass viewing area. -
GPH 212 – Introduction to Meteorology I
GPH 212 – Introduction to Meteorology I How to read weather maps On surface maps you will often see station weather plots. Since meteorologists must convey a lot of information without using a lot of words, plots are used to describe the weather at a station for a specific time. When all stations are plotted on a map, a "picture" of where the high and low pressure areas are located, as well as the location of fronts, can be obtained. There are a large number of weather symbols used for station plotting. Some are used for weather elements such as rain, snow, and lightning. Others represent the speed of the wind, types of clouds, air temperature, and air pressure. All of these symbols help meteorologists depict the weather occurring at a weather observing station. This sample plot represents the maximum amount of information about the current weather at an observing station. Hand plotted maps usually contain the full weather information. However, most computer generated surface weather maps omit some data such as clouds types and heights. Before computers, the plotting of weather maps was considered an art. In fact, Aerographers (weathermen) in the U.S. Navy continue to plots maps by hand. A skilled plotter can easily fit the above information under the space covered by a dime. Decoding these plots is easier than it may seem. The station model shown above left is decoded and explained below. Note that this example does not contain all possible weather elements. Following this explanation will be a full station model for you to examine.