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Universi^ Mictotlms International INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. 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These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. U niversi^ MiCTOTlms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8400256 McCallion, Stephen William SILK REELING IN MEIJI JAPAN: THE LIMITS TO CHANGE The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1983 University Microfilms Intern étions!SOO N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 SILK REELING IN MEIJI JAPAN; THE LIMITS TO CHANGE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Stephen William McCallion, B.S.F.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1983 Reading Committee; Approved By Dr. James R. Bartholomew Dr. Mansel G. Blackford Dr. Samuel C. Chu Adviser Dr. John Rothney Department of History ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly indebted to my adviser. Dr. James R. Bartholomew. This dissertation would not have been possible had it not been for his constant encouragement, advice and assistance. I was also fortunate to obtain the generous help of many members of the Business History Society of Japan during my period of research in Tokyo, and I would especially like to express my gratitude to Professors Yui Tsunehiko, Nakamura Seishi, Morikawa Hidemasa and Nakagawa Keiichiro. Finally, I would like to thank Ms. Yumiko Ichikawa, under whose patient tutelage I finally learned to read and understand the historical documents upon which this work is based. 11 VITA December 4, 1948. Born - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1970.................... B.S.F.S., Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, Washington, D.C. 1973-1974 ............. University Fellow, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1974-1976 ............. Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1975.................... M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1977-1980 ............. Researcher, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan PUBLICATIONS "Tokugawa jidai ni okeru seishigyo no kindaika no kiso." Tsuchiya Moriaki and Morikawa Hidemasa, eds., Kigyosha katsudo no shiteki kenkyu (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1981) . FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History of Japan, Professor James R. Bartholomew History of Traditional China, Professor Hao Chang History of Modern China, Professor Samuel C. Chu History of Nineteenth-Century France, Professor John Rothney 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................... i i VITA ............................... iii INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 Chapter I. SILK REELING IN TOKUGAWA JAPAN: PRECEDENTS FOR MODERNIZATION .......... 14 Tokugawa Policy and the Development of Silk Reeling ................... .. 15 Rural Society and the Development of Silk Reeling .................... 27 Silk Reeling in the Bakumatsu Period .. 43 Conclusion .......................... 54 II. TRIAL AND ERROR: THE MODEL FILATURES 68 Tomioka Filature: the Making of a Model .................................. 76 Tomioka under French Tutelage : the Uneasy Alliance ................ 91 Tomioka under Bureaucratic Management . 97 Tomioka Filature: an Assessment ...... 113 Maebashi Filature ...................... 129 The Ministry of Industry Filature .... 136 III. GOVERNMENT POLICY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SILK-REELING INDUSTRY ......... 151 Central Government Regulation: the First Phase ............ 151 Private and Prefectural Regulatory A c t i v i t y ............ 174 Central Government Regulation: the Second Phase ...... 186 Promotion of the Silk-Reeling I n d u s t r y .................. 212 Alternatives: Hayami Kenzo and Government Policy .................. 224 IV IV. NAGANO PREFECTURE AND THE MECHANIZATION OF THE SILK-REELING INDUSTRY .......... 241 Initial Mechanization; the House of Ono in Southern Nagano .................... 248 Mechanization Takes Root: the Late 1870's .......... 258 The Cooperative Movement in Nagano .... 278 C o n c l u s i o n ............................... 292 V. THE FAILURE OF MECHANIZATION: SILK REELING IN GUNMA PREFECTURE ...... 308 Early Attempts at Mechanization in Gunma ............................ 311 Cooperatives in Gunma: Preserving the Past ................................ 339 The Direct Export Movement C o n c l u s i o n ............................... 355 VI. CONCLUSION: THE LIMITS TO CHANGE ........ 369 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 400 INTRODUCTION One of the more salient features of the Japanese economy during the late nineteenth century was the strength of the nation's silk-reeling industry. For the first three decades of the Meiji period, from 1868 through the turn of the century, sales of Japanese raw silk to the West provided over forty per cent of all the nation's export revenues, and thus constituted the single most important source of the foreign capital which made possible the industrialization of other sectors of the economy.^ Indeed, the fact that Japan was able to industrialize, and to import the foreign technology and equipment necessary for the process, was due in large measure to the ability of the silk-reeling industry to perform so well on the export market. The production of raw silk increased spectacularly during this period, and by 1900 was almost eight times what it had been at the time of 2 the Meiji Restoration. Growth of such magnitude gave silk reeling a commanding position in Japan's domestic economy as well: as of 1899, the industry accounted for almost 1 two-thirds of the nation's factories, and engaged over a 3 third of the nation's industrial work force. Despite the silk-reeling industry's importance to the economy of Meiji Japan, it has received virtually no attention from Western students of modern Japanese history— partly, no doubt, because of an inclination, until a decade or so ago, to view Japan's modernization primarily as a political phenomenon, and to regard developments in the economy, in science, in culture and the like largely as byproducts of changes in the political sphere. Only in recent years has this imbalance begun to be corrected, and much research remains to be done. In Japan, on the other hand, scholars have been much quicker to recognize the crucial importance of economic development to their nation's growth as a modern state; industries like silk reeling have therefore received substantially more attention. Particularly since the 1960's Japanese historians have examined silk reeling during the Meiji era in considerable depth. But for better or for worse, the focus of much of their analysis has been less on the industry itself than on its position in the economy as an aggregrate. Much effort has therefore gone toward relating the growth of the silk-reeling industry to broader changes that marked Japan's economy during this period, and toward examining how the industry was influenced by, and contributed to, the development of an industrialized, capitalist Japan. On a more basic level, an increasing number of scholars have attempted to balance this broad analysis with an examination of changes in the nature of the silk-reeling process on the part of one producer or one locality, and of the way in which these changes were tied to the evolution of rural society as 4 a whole. There is much to be said for both of these approaches; such studies are essential if we are to come to an understanding of what happened to Japan's economy during the Meiji period. Nonetheless, they are not without their drawbacks. The broader approach often relegates changes in the silk-reeling industry to the status of symptoms of much more general economic developments, and the tendency has not been altogether absent
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