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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 Nortfi Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9325584 The rousing drum: Ritual, change, and adaptation in a rural mountain community of central Japan Schnell, Scott Randall, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 Copyright ©1993 by Schnell, Scott Randall. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE ROUSING DRUM: RITUAL, CHANGE, AND ADAPTATION IN A RURAL MOUNTAIN COMMUNITY OF CENTRAL JAPAN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Scott Randall Schnell, B.S., M.S., M.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Richard H. Moore James R. Bartholomew "Advisor Gary L. Ebersole Department of Anthropology Copyright by Scott Randall Schnell 1993 To my mother, who passed away while I was in the field. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Conducting field research was a valuable lesson in humility, as it made me realize how totally dependent I was upon the benevolence of others. Î owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to the people of Furukawa for welcoming me into their lives and putting up with my rather intrusive activities. Most of them had absolutely nothing to gain from helping me with my research and yet gave freely of their time and energy. Any benefit I may receive as a result of this research is due largely to their kind efforts on my behalf. There are a few individuals to whom I would like to offer some special words of thanks. Amaki Makoto, head priest of the Ketawakamiya shrine, was very gracious in permitting me to observe the Shinto rituals he conducts there and explaining their background and significance. Tajika Bunzaburo, Kaba Shigetarü, Komura Katsue, and all of the other shrine officers were kind enough to allow me to attend their planning sessions as well as the fellowship meetings which invariably followed. Hashimoto Tomokazu, head of the Furukawa Education Committee, was always very supportive of my research and provided me with a great deal of help and advice in locating the necessary materials. Tsuzuku Jun’ya, who had studied the social sciences at a national university and returned to Furukawa after graduation, assisted me in my research and provided valuable feedback on some of my theoretical ideas. I would also like to thank in the young men of the Sogakubu in my home neighborhood of Mukaimachi for allowing me to join their group and participate in their practice sessions and performances. In piecing together the development of the Furukawa matsuri. I was greatly aided by local historian Ono Masao, a fine scholar and meticulous researcher who has devoted several decades to the study of the Hida region. Sugishita Mikio was also very helpful in explaining local religious beliefs and social conditions. Both men spent many hours patiently answering my questions, and I gained a great deal from their information and advice. The people of Furukawa were very kind and generous in accommodating the strange foreigner in their midst. I would like to express my gratitude to two households in particular-those of Kamamiya Yoshikatsu and Suzuki Yukihiro. Both have welcomed me into their homes as a member of the family and have consistently gone out of their way to see that I was well taken care of—all this with no other motivation than their own good will. It would be impossible for me to ever repay their kindness, but I hope that they will recognize my sincere appreciation. The bulk of my fieldwork was funded by a research scholarship generously provided by the Japanese Ministry of Education. I also received a research award from the graduate school of the Ohio State University which allowed me to make a brief return visit to Furukawa the following year. I would like to thank Professor Nagashima Nobuhiro of Hitotsusbashi University, my academic advisor during the time I spent in Japan as a scholarship recipient. Professor Nagashima provided me with many useful suggestions on conducting field IV research and developing my theoretical ideas. 1 would also like to thank Professor Nakamaki Hirochika of the National Museum of Ethnology and Professor Sonoda Minoru of Kyoto University for all their help and advice. Professor Sonoda did fieldwork in Furukawa himself several years prior to my own investigation, and I benefitted greatly from his previous research. I am very grateful to Professor James R. Bartholomew of the Ohio State University and Professor Gary L. Ebersole of the University of Chicago for serving on my dissertation committee. Both provided me with a wealth of background information as well as many useful suggestions on developing my own specific research project. Finally, I would especially like to thank Professor Richard H. Moore, my academic advisor, teacher, and friend, who taught me most of what I know about the anthropology of Japan. VITA June 8, 1954 Born - Wooster, Ohio. 1976 B.S. with distinction in Natural Resources, Ohio State University, June, 1976. 1977-80 Land Resource Capability Analyst, Ohio Department of Natural Resources. 1979 M.S. in Natural Resources, Ohio State University. 1983-84 English Instructor, Nunoike School of Foreign Languages, Nagoya, Japan. 1987 M.A. in Anthropology, Ohio State University. 1989 M.A. in East Asian Languages and Literatures, Ohio State University, August. 1992 - Present Visiting Assistant Professor of Anthropology, College of William and Mary. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; Anthropology VI TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... iii VITA ................................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 Culture as Adaptation ............................................................................................1 The Rousing Drum R itual.........................................................................................2 Regional Variation and Significance of the Study Area ..................................... 5 Tradition and Social Change . ............................................................................. 8 Structure and Anti-Structure ............................................................................. 17 The Japanese Matsuri as a Ritual Event................................................................ 19 II. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY .............................................................24 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 24 Theoretical Context ..................................................................................................24 The Ecological Approach .......................................................................................28 The Symbolic Approach......................................................................................... 32 Ritual and Adaptation ............................................................................................ 34 Methodology............................................................................................................. 39 Theoretical Considerations...................................................................................... 46 III. SOCIONATURAL CONTEXT..............................................................................48 Geographical Features ............................................................................................48 Early History . .....................................................................................................53 Political Administiation ........................................................................................
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