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Hydraulics from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Hydraulics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Hydraulic" redirects here. For other uses, see Hydraulic (disambiguation). For the mechanical technology, see hydraulic machinery. Hydraulics and other studies[1] An open channel, with a uniform depth, Open Channel Hydraulics deals with unifor m and non-uniform streams. Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechan ical properties of liquids. At a very basic level hydraulics is the liquid versi on of pneumatics. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydrau lics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties. In fluid power, hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by th e use of pressurized liquids. Hydraulic topics range through some part of scienc e and most of engineering modules, and cover concepts such as pipe flow, dam des ign, fluidics and fluid control circuitry, pumps, turbines, hydropower, computat ional fluid dynamics, flow measurement, river channel behavior and erosion. Free surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface fl ow, such as occurring in rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. Its sub-fiel d open channel flow studies the flow in open channels. The word "hydraulics" originates from the Greek word ?d?a?????? (hydraulikos) wh ich in turn originates from ?d?? (hydor, Greek for water) and a???? (aulos, mean ing pipe). Contents [hide] 1 Ancient and medieval era 1.1 Greek / Hellenistic age 1.2 China 1.3 Sri Lanka 1.4 Innovations in Ancient Rome 2 Modern era (c. 1600 1870) 2.1 Benedetto Castelli 2.2 Blaise Pascal 2.3 Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille 2.4 In the UK 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Ancient and medieval era[edit] Early uses of water power date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, where irri gation has been used since the 6th millennium BC and water clocks had been used since the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of water power include t he Qanat system in ancient Persia and the Turpan water system in ancient China. Greek / Hellenistic age[edit] The Greeks constructed sophisticated water and hydraulic power systems. An examp le is the construction by Eupalinos, under a public contract, of a watering chan nel for Samos, the Tunnel of Eupalinos. An early example of the usage of hydraul ic wheel, probably the earliest in Europe, is the Perachora wheel (3rd century B C).[2] Notable is the construction of the first hydraulic automata by Ctesibius (flouri shed c. 270 BC) and Hero of Alexandria (c. 10 80 AD). Hero describes a number of working machines using hydraulic power, such as the force pump, which is known from many Roman sites as having been used for raising water and in fire engines. China[edit] In ancient China there was Sunshu Ao (6th century BC), Ximen Bao (5th century BC ), Du Shi (circa 31 AD), Zhang Heng (78 - 139 AD), and Ma Jun (200 - 265 AD), wh ile medieval China had Su Song (1020 - 1101 AD) and Shen Kuo (10311095). Du Shi e mployed a waterwheel to power the bellows of a blast furnace producing cast iron . Zhang Heng was the first to employ hydraulics to provide motive power in rotat ing an armillary sphere for astronomical observation. Sri Lanka[edit] Moat and gardens at Sigirya. In ancient Sri Lanka, hydraulics were widely used in the ancient kingdoms of Anu radhapura and Polonnaruwa.[3] The discovery of the principle of the valve tower, or valve pit, for regulating the escape of water is credited to ingenuity more than 2,000 years ago.[4] By the first century AD, several large-scale irrigation works had been completed.[5] Macro- and micro-hydraulics to provide for domesti c horticultural and agricultural needs, surface drainage and erosion control, or namental and recreational water courses and retaining structures and also coolin g systems were in place in Sigiriya, Sri Lanka. The coral on the massive rock at the site includes cisterns for collecting water. Innovations in Ancient Rome[edit] Aqueduct of Segovia, a 1st-century AD masterpiece. In Ancient Rome many different hydraulic applications were developed, including public water supplies, innumerable aqueducts, power using watermills and hydraul ic mining. They were among the first to make use of the siphon to carry water ac ross valleys, and used hushing on a large scale to prospect for and then extract metal ores. They used lead widely in plumbing systems for domestic and public s upply, such as feeding thermae. Hydraulic mining was used in the gold-fields of northern Spain, which was conque red by Augustus in 25 BC. The alluvial gold-mine of Las Medulas was one of the l argest of their mines. It was worked by at least 7 long aqueducts, and the water streams were used to erode the soft deposits, and then wash the tailings for th e valuable gold content. Modern era (c. 1600 1870)[edit] Benedetto Castelli[edit] In 1619 Benedetto Castelli (1576 - 15781643), a student of Galileo Galilei, publi shed the book Della Misura dell'Acque Correnti or "On the Measurement of Running Waters", one of the foundations of modern hydrodynamics. He served as a chief c onsultant to the Pope on hydraulic projects, i.e., management of rivers in the P apal States, beginning in 1626.[6] Blaise Pascal[edit] Blaise Pascal (16231662) studied fluid hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, centered o n the principles of hydraulic fluids. His inventions include the hydraulic press , which multiplied a smaller force acting on a smaller area into the application of a larger force totaled over a larger area, transmitted through the same pres sure (or same change of pressure) at both locations. Pascal's law or principle s tates that for an incompressible fluid at rest, the difference in pressure is pr oportional to the difference in height and this difference remains the same whet her or not the overall pressure of the fluid is changed by applying an external force. This implies that by increasing the pressure at any point in a confined f luid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container, i.e., an y change in pressure applied at any point of the fluid is transmitted undiminish ed throughout the fluids. Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille[edit] A French physician, Poiseuille researched the flow of blood through the body and discovered an important law governing the rate of flow with the diameter of the tube in which flow occurred.[citation needed] In the UK[edit] Several cities developed city-wide hydraulic power networks in the 19th century, to operate machinery such as lifts, cranes, capstans and the like. Joseph Brama h[7] was an early innovator and William Armstrong[8] perfected the apparatus for power delivery on an industrial scale. In London, the London Hydraulic Power Co mpany[9] was a major supplier its pipes serving large parts of the West End of L ondon, City and the Docks, but there were schemes restricted to single enterpris es such as docks and railway goods yards. See also[edit] Affinity laws Bernoulli's principle Hydraulic engineering Hydraulic mining Open-channel flow Pneumatics International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research Notes[edit] Jump up ^ NEZU Iehisa (1995), Suirigaku, Ryutai-rikigaku, Asakura Shoten, p. 17, ISBN 4-254-26135-7. Jump up ^ The Perachora Waterworks: Addenda, R. A. Tomlinson, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 71, (1976), pp. 147-148 [1] Jump up ^ "SriLanka-A Country study". USA Government, Department of Army. 1990. Retrieved 9 November 2011.[dead link] Jump up ^ "SriLanka - History". Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. Retrieved 9 November 2011. Jump up ^ "Traditional SriLanka or Ceylon". Sam Houston State University. Retrie ved 9 November 2011. Jump up ^ Benedetto Castelli (1576-1578-1643), The Galileo Project Jump up ^ http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/technology/engineering/biography/bramah .htm Jump up ^ http://www.victorianweb.org/technology/engineers/armstrong.html Jump up ^ http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/h/hydraulic_power_in_london/i ndex.shtml References[edit] Rashid, Rushdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic scien ce, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-12410-2. External links[edit] The Wikibook School Science has a page on the topic of: Hydraulics demon stration International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR) National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics The principle of hydraulics IAHR media library Web resource of photos, animation & video Basic hydraulic equations MIT hydraulics course notes [hide] v t e Hydraulics Concepts Hydraulics Hydraulic fluid Fluid power Hydraulic engineering Technologies Machinery Accumulator Brake Circuit Cylinder Drive system Manifold Motor Power n etwork Press Pump Ram Rescue tools Public networks Liverpool London Manchester Categories: Fluid mechanicsHydraulicsHydraulic engineeringMechanical engineering Environmental engineeringEnglish inventionsHellenistic engineering Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools Print/export Languages ??????? Asturianu ?????????? ????????? Bosanski Català Cetina Dansk Deutsch Eesti ???????? Español Esperanto Euskara ????? Français Gaeilge Galego ??? ?????? Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ????? ??????? ??????? Magyar ?????? Nederlands ??? Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Româna ??????? Simple English ?????? / srpski Srpskohrvatski / ?????????????? Suomi Svenska ??? Türkçe ?????????? ???? Ti?ng Vi?t Winaray ?? Edit links This page was last modified on 27 February 2014 at 18:55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; add itional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and P rivacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-prof it organization..
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