Field Guides Tour Report BORNEO INVITATIONAL 2014

Feb 28, 2014 to Mar 17, 2014 Rose Ann Rowlett & John Rowlett For our tour description, itinerary, past triplists, dates, fees, and more, please VISIT OUR TOUR PAGE.

This was an awfully exciting trip to do! Preparations themselves were invigorating, but actualizing the fantasy of encountering some of the most extraordinary of Asia proved absolutely thrilling, indeed--novel forms and families, like broadbills, , Bornean Bristlehead, Great Argus, Asian barbets, flowerpeckers, spiderhunters, babblers, , , and a whole bunch of new genera and among the woodpeckers, , hornbills, trogons, kingfishers, thrushes, Muscicapids, Corvids, etc. We had good luck with all but one of "Whitehead's birds," the spiderhunter proving elusive: but the electrifying broadbill (Borneo's Cock-of-the-rock, voted top of the trip by most), the stubtail, the trogon, and--counting John Whitehead's father, Jeffery--the stately Fruit- hunter and the smashing green-, all Kinabalu birds, were observed! An introduction to Borneo by the indefatigable Rose Ann, along with four days of pre- tour familiarization, was perfectly exhilarating. And to start things off right, Rose Ann found for the group a (hearing it vocalize outside our room at Sepilok lodge during afternoon time off, where she had never detected one before) prior to the official beginning of the tour. We didn't see another.

Overall we did very well with the math: more than 300 species of birds recorded; and we gobbled up 37 of the Our spectacular Great Argus, by Peggy Keller 41 Bornean endemics feasible on the tour route (52 occur in all of Borneo). The weather for most of the trip was atypically dry (producing a mere handful of leeches throughout the entire group), although the last couple of days at Kinabalu were very wet, essentially knocking us out of much birding and no doubt contributing to a few misses (but finally revealing the rationale for leech socks). Among our favorites were the broadbills that occur in Borneo (both green broadbills--we got both; and the Asian broadbills--we got all five, the Long-tailed being unbeatable), the pittas (we got all four endemics, plus Hooded; we missed Giant), the Bristlehead (of course), the Great Argus, the Bornean Green-Magpie, all four wren-babblers, the Fruit-hunter (a distinguished, if washed out, Fruiteater), the Whiskered Treeswift, the striking Red-bearded Bee-eater, and the Eye-browed Jungle-Flycatcher (a much better bird in the field than on paper). Of the four endemics missed by the group, Bornean Ground- (heard, but conditions were too dry to permit a visible response to playback) and Whitehead's Spiderhunter were the two urging us to return to Sabah, "the land below the wind."

Also walloping were the non-feathered things--both flying and non-flying! We saw all three, big flying squirrels, flying lizards, Harlequin Flying Frog and Wallace's Flying Frog (one of Joe's most wanted), and Flying Lemur, or Colugo. Did I mention the several species of Birdwing , or countless thousands of Wrinkle-lipped Free-tail Bats? Then there were the next-to-invisible Bornean Horned Frog (Joe's other favorite), numerous monkeys, including Proboscis and of course Orangutans, Pygmy Elephant, four species of civets and Greater Mouse Deer on our night drives, along with two of the most extraordinary primates anywhere: Horsefield's Tarsier and Slow Loris--what a name! Then there was Rafflesia keithii, an entirely endoparasitic flowering plant (lacking leaves, stems, and roots!) endemic to Sabah whose flowers are up to a meter in diameter and that blooms for but a precious few days (we saw a first-dayer and a second-dayer and dead ones), and a blooming Podochilus tenius, the smallest orchid in southeast Asia and one of the smallest in the world. Joe and Bill introduced us all to Iridium Flares (a rather complex phenomenon that occurs after dark when the hidden sun flashes off one of the mirrors on a satellite passing overhead, reflecting various magnitudes of light back to the viewer), and we managed to see several, one at BRL with a magnitude of negative 7.2! Now THAT is a first for the tour.

We started out flying to Kota Kinabalu, then connecting to Sandakan, and from there by vehicle to Sepilok Rainforest Discovery Center, where we spent four days of pre-tour time with those participants who chose to arrive early (all, as it turned out). We then drove to the very nice Sukau Rainforest Lodge and Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary where we had three full days of great birding and considerable boating along the brackish Kinabatangan River and its tributaries. Nearby the entrance road to the Gomantong Caves provided some great rainforest birding, some of my favorite. The black-nest cave itself is famous for four species of swiftlets that nest there, including edible-nest, but most had vamoosed the cave the morning we visited, no doubt a little camera-shy of Sir David Attenborough and his plentiful film crew determined to scale every wall. From there we drove to Borneo Rainforest Lodge, situated right on the banks of the River Danum. This was the crown jewel of lodges, and the birding there was spectacular as well. After four nights

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 1 (packed with night drives, the supreme rewards coming in a Colugo and a roosting Black-headed all rolled up in a black-and-crimson sleep-ball!) we drove to Lahad Datu on the coast where we took an afternoon flight back to Kota Kinabalu. From here we birded a lovely area in the Crocker Range National Park en route to our last stop in the montane forests of Kinabalu Park, where we spent our final four mornings in the field, our splendid lodge perched on the slopes of Mt. Kinabalu, at 4100m the highest peak between the Himalayas and New Guinea. We had great visibility of this peak for much of our stay, though rain clouds interfered the last couple of days. This itinerary--from the lowlands into the highlands--seemed the ideal progression for the tour, although Rose Ann has done it successfully in the reverse.

Throughout this triplist, I've used the following abbreviations:

RDC = Rainforest Discovery Center (at Sepilok)

BRL = Borneo Rainforest Lodge (in Danum Valley)

"Sundaland specialty" refers to a species whose range is generally limited to (and sometimes restricted within) the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and surrounding islands, all of which were connected during the last ice age. The eastern boundary of Sundaland is Wallace's Line, a deepwater trench between Borneo and Sulawesi and between Bali and Lombok, east of which is Wallacea/Australasia. Many of the birds of Borneo, marked with an S on the checklist, are Sundaland specialties. Many of these Sundaland birds have taxa which are endemic to Borneo, as noted in Myers's field guide. I have indicated these taxa on the triplist with their trinomial, in part to demonstrate how many special forms are present, many within an already restricted range of Sundaland; but also to call attention to the possibility that some/many of these insular taxa may be elevated to species status, since that is the trend of scientific thinking today as witnessed by Frank Gill's paper, "Species of birds: Which null hypothesis?" that appears in the current AUK (Vol. 131, no. 2, April 2014). I quote the abstract below because it summarizes the thinking behind this trend and is especially pertinent to Borneo.

"The polytypic species concept unites populations that theoretically could and would interbreed were the opportunity to arise. This concept places the burden of proof of reproductive incapability and species status on those claiming species or higher rank. Advances in our understanding of the nature of reproductive isolation, the genetics of speciation, the limited role of gene flow, the power of directional selection, and the dynamics of hybridization support a different null hypothesis for taxonomic decisions, one that places the burden of proof on lumping' rather than on 'splitting' taxa at the species level. Switching the burden of proof provides an improved conceptual basis for the recognition of many allopatric island taxa and subspecies groups that merit species status. Taxonomic revisions based on these advances predictably confirm that distinct sister populations once lumped as polytypic species are independent evolutionary lineages that exhibit essential reproductive isolation. Release from the concerns about hybridization also positions proposed species for timely taxonomic decisions. The stage is set to proactively redefine polytypic species to separate component species for the 21st century. The improved species classification will better reflect phylogeny and evolutionary status, characterize biodiversity more accurately, guide improved sampling patterns of bird populations for systematic studies, and enable informed conservation decisions."

Taxonomy follows the Clements checklist with online updates, including the most recent (version 6.8: August 2013); so it contains the most current treatment at the species level, thus elevating a couple of Borneo taxa to species status since the checklist we were using was printed. That means a few more Bornean endemics! I wouldn't be surprised to see some of the trinomials on this triplist become binomials over the next few years. To access or download the updated Clements checklist online, simply google "Clements checklist." The next revision is scheduled to be online in August of this year.

We thank Hamit Suban (for joining us pre-tour), our keen local guides (Hazwan, Paul, and Adrian), our captains, boatmen, and the staffs of our wonderful lodgings throughout the tour. And thanks, too, to Karen at Field Guides who handled the details in advance of our tour. A special thanks to each of you for sending some terrific photos, which really enliven memories. I've tried to include representatives from everyone who sent copies either in the triplist or on the triplist cover, but needless to say space was limited. Cover kudos go to Sid for the foggy BRL walkway and the Fruit-hunter; to Randy for Black-and-yellow Broadbill and Diard's Trogon; to Mike for Wallace's Hawk-Eagle and the Water Monitor; to Keith for his take on the guides; and to Rose Ann for the rest--and for creating the cover! Again, Rose Ann (Grebe) and I thank you for joining us in Borneo. It was, it must be said, an awesome trip!

--John (Pepper)

KEYS FOR THIS LIST One of the following keys may be shown in brackets for individual species as appropriate: * = heard only, I = introduced, E = endemic, N = nesting, a = austral migrant, b = boreal migrant

BIRDS Anatidae (Ducks, Geese, and Waterfowl) WANDERING WHISTLING-DUCK (Dendrocygna arcuata) – A couple of birds, our first, were seen at in a tiny wetland beside a petrol stop en route to Sukau; then 38 were seen on our last birding day in the great, flooded padi fields near Kota Belud, north of KK. These ducks also occur in Australasia. LESSER WHISTLING-DUCK (Dendrocygna javanica) – A nice surprise, these small, dark "whistlers"! We had a pair fly up from the padi fields near Kota Belud. Parenthetically, "paddy" is derived from the Malay word "padi," meaning rice. So in order to avoid a commonly misused redundancy, "rice padi," we'll use the term "padi field" throughout. Phasianidae (Pheasants, Grouse, and Allies) RED-BREASTED PARTRIDGE (Arborophila hyperythra) – We all had nice looks at five of these endemics feeding quietly along the Bukit Ular trail, as we cooperated as a group, rotating folks to the front. [E] CHESTNUT-NECKLACED PARTRIDGE (Arborophila charltonii) – Though heard in several forested areas, we could never move these singers into view. [*]

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 2 CRIMSON-HEADED PARTRIDGE (Haematortyx sanguiniceps) – Heard on several days and seen along the Bukit Ular trail by some of the group. [E] GREAT ARGUS (Argusianus argus) – Wow! One of the highlights of the trip. Beholding this handsome male calling and posing in the trail at BRL was quite extraordinary—especially considering how long it remained indifferent to our presence, or so it seemed. We just walked away from a Great Argus! And what an explosive call! Was that the bird or Paul?! We know those three answering each other on our night drive couldn't have all been Paul. This pheasant is a Sundaland specialty, occurring only on the Thai-Malay Peninsula and in Sumatra and Borneo. Said to be not edible, Phillipps writes that it's trapped only for its feathers. Ciconiidae (Storks) STORM'S STORK (Ciconia stormi) – Classified as Endangered (with a population of fewer than 500 birds) by the IUCN, this small stork is one of the real specialties of the Kinabatangan, which is considered its world stronghold. We were quite lucky this trip, seeing as many as 6 birds circling over the Menanggul River, as well as individuals on three other days, one over the Gomantong forest! With increased fragmentation of their , the species has declined throughout its limited range, mostly in Borneo and Sumatra. LESSER ADJUTANT (Leptoptilos javanicus) – Seen soaring on a couple of days. Anhingidae (Anhingas) ORIENTAL DARTER (Anhinga melanogaster) – Common and widespread. Seen on most days. Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets, and Bitterns) YELLOW BITTERN (Ixobrychus sinensis) – Three seen in the flooded fields which we birded near Kota Belud our last day out of KK. Formerly uncommon boreal migrants to Borneo, they have become common residents due to the increasing padi fields and their successful competition with Cinnamon Bittern. CINNAMON BITTERN (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus) – A couple of these beauties seen flying out of the padi fields north of KK. More shy and less successful in competition with Yellow Bittern, Cinnamon, previously the commonest bittern of the padi fields, appears to have declined in numbers over the past 30 years. GRAY HERON (Ardea cinerea) – Only one identified: over the Kinabatangan River. Some may have been overlooked. This heron has increased as a winter visitor and may be nesting. [b] PURPLE HERON (Ardea purpurea) – The common large heron seen often in the Kinabatangan area; also seen over Gomantong forest and in the padi fields. GREAT EGRET (Ardea alba) – Common in the waterways and padi fields. INTERMEDIATE EGRET (Mesophoyx intermedia) – Our best, conclusive look came in the padi fields near Kota Belud where we viewed the diagnostic features of the short gape-line (extending back but to the eye) and the (usually) dark-tipped bill. LITTLE EGRET (Egretta garzetta) – Small numbers in suitable habitat here and there. CATTLE EGRET (ASIAN) (Bubulcus ibis coromandus) – A fairly common nonbreeding visitor scattered throughout the lowlands; a few may begin to breed, and we did see many in nuptial , with their orange plume-patches, quite different from the western races. B. i. coromandus is sometimes treated as a separate species. JAVAN POND-HERON (Ardeola speciosa speciosa) – A couple of this striking species were seen near Kota Belud in the padi fields. This species breeds in the south but is a winter visitor to Sabah. STRIATED HERON (Butorides striata) – Not uncommon in the marshes and along rivers on our route; most frequently seen along the Menanggul. BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON (Nycticorax nycticorax) – One along the Menanggul and another flying past our dining room on the last night of the tour. Accipitridae (Hawks, Eagles, and Kites) JERDON'S BAZA (Aviceda jerdoni) – This scarce raptor was seen from the far part of the RDC walkway at Sepilok. Jerdon's Baza mimics the Wallace's Hawk-Eagle in adopting the appearance of all of the larger, more common species. A good one to get. MOUNTAIN SERPENT-EAGLE (Spilornis kinabaluensis) – One spotted by Bill over the Hill Lodge that only Joe, Rita, Mike, and Lynn got to see. This lovely endemic replaces the following species in the mountains of Sabah. [E] CRESTED SERPENT-EAGLE (Spilornis cheela) – Seen on seven days, this strikingly patterned eagle is the commonest forest-edge raptor in lowland Sabah. One group had a long, excellent scope study from the Hornbill Tower, RDC. BAT HAWK (Macheiramphus alcinus) – As many as three at one time were seen near the Gomantong Caves on several occasions; on the magical evening we watched Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bats emerge like swirling smoke by the hundreds of thousands, we witnessed several of these large- eyed raptors catch their daily meal in less than a half-hour. Though small-billed, they have enormous gapes, enabling them to swallow most of their prey whole on the wing. CHANGEABLE HAWK-EAGLE (Nisaetus limnaeetus) – ID of "changeable" and mimicking raptors in Borneo is difficult. We identified this species with the expertise of Rose Ann and Hazwan along the Menanggul River. BLYTH'S HAWK-EAGLE (Nisaetus alboniger) – One seen in the Crocker Range; we were lucky to get this one. WALLACE'S HAWK-EAGLE (Nisaetus nanus) – We had this raptor, the commonest hawk-eagle on the tour, on six days, the best perhaps in the tree overhead along the RDC where the birds had nested the previous year. RUFOUS-BELLIED EAGLE (Lophotriorchis kienerii) – One circling over the RDC walkway on March 1. BLACK EAGLE (Ictinaetus malayensis) – One seen over the Gomantong Road and another possible seen over Kinabalu Park. EASTERN MARSH-HARRIER (Circus spilonotus) – One seen well sweeping over the padi fields near Kota Belud; a rather scarce winter visitor. [b] CRESTED GOSHAWK (Accipiter trivirgatus) – Seen quite well at Sepilok and Sukau. Our only Accipiter of the trip. BRAHMINY KITE (Haliastur indus) – This pretty raptor was seen on almost all days in the lowlands. WHITE-BELLIED SEA-EAGLE (Haliaeetus leucogaster) – Seen along the Kinabatangan and the Menanggul. LESSER FISH-EAGLE (Ichthyophaga humilis) – Considered Near Threatened by the IUCN, this fish-eating raptor was seen in the Kinabatangan and later along the Danum River at BRL.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 3 GRAY-HEADED FISH-EAGLE (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) – One of these scarce raptors, pointed out by Hazwan, was seen by some over the Gomantong forest. Rallidae (Rails, Gallinules, and Coots) BUFF-BANDED RAIL (Gallirallus philippensis) – Nice looks at a cooperative individual seen in the padi fields when we returned to look for a crake seen by Randy and Joe. This now widespread species is rapidly expanding its range in Borneo, having been first recorded only in 2007. Most of the 20 extant races have buffy breast bands but our bird did not. WHITE-BREASTED WATERHEN (Amaurornis phoenicurus) – Seen along the Kinabatangan and the Menanggul, and also in the padi fields and along the roadside into KK. RUDDY-BREASTED CRAKE (Porzana fusca) – A slippery one seen in the padi fields by Randy and Joe that we could not relocate. [b] PURPLE SWAMPHEN (BLACK-BACKED) (Porphyrio porphyrio indicus) – Seen in the padi fields near Kota Belud; this form may be split. EURASIAN MOORHEN (Gallinula chloropus) – Also seen in the padi fields near Kota Belud. Charadriidae (Plovers and Lapwings) PACIFIC GOLDEN-PLOVER (Pluvialis fulva) – Four of these stately golden-plover were seen in the padi fields near Kota Belud. [b] KENTISH PLOVER (Charadrius alexandrinus) – One seen in the padi fields. [b] LITTLE RINGED PLOVER (Charadrius dubius) – One seen in the padi fields. [b] Scolopacidae (Sandpipers and Allies) COMMON SANDPIPER (Actitis hypoleucos) – Several seen in the lowlands and one in the padi fields near Kota Belud. [b] COMMON GREENSHANK (Tringa nebularia) – Two seen in the Belud padi fields. [b] WOOD SANDPIPER (Tringa glareola) – Very common in the padi fields near Kota Belud, with easily more than 100 individuals. [b] Glareolidae (Pratincoles and Coursers) ORIENTAL PRATINCOLE (Glareola maldivarum) – Three of these lovely shorebirds in the Belud padi fields. [b] Laridae (Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers) WHITE-WINGED TERN (Chlidonias leucopterus) – About 20 of these basic-plumaged, marsh terns seen feeding over the flooded padi fields. [b] WHISKERED TERN (Chlidonias hybrida) – Several seen along the Kinabatangan and along the highway through the padi fields near Kota Belud. [b] Columbidae (Pigeons and Doves) ROCK PIGEON (Columba livia) – Seen mostly in towns. [I] SPOTTED DOVE (Streptopelia chinensis) – Fairly common throughout the lowands in nonforested areas. RUDDY CUCKOO-DOVE (Macropygia emiliana) – One was seen flying against the forested hills at Poring Hot Springs by some. LITTLE CUCKOO-DOVE (Macropygia ruficeps) – Common in the montane forests and seen well in the Crocker Range and at Kinabalu Park. ZEBRA DOVE (Geopelia striata) – Seen repeatedly in the nonforested lowlands. [I] LITTLE GREEN-PIGEON (Treron olax) – Seen well, first in the fruiting fig at Sepilok, then elsewhere in the lowlands. PINK-NECKED PIGEON (Treron vernans) – Seen well at RDC and a few at Sepilok. THICK-BILLED PIGEON (Treron curvirostra) – At least one pair in the fruiting fig at Sepilok. GREEN IMPERIAL-PIGEON (Ducula aenea) – Seen frequently, especially as flyovers, at Sepilok and Sukau. MOUNTAIN IMPERIAL-PIGEON (Ducula badia) – Seen several times in the mountains of Kinabalu, best of all on its roadside nest, a shallow, stick affair not unlike that of many Columbids. [N] Cuculidae (Cuckoos) LARGE HAWK-CUCKOO (DARK) (Hierococcyx sparverioides bocki) – Heard nicely near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center in the Crocker Range; then seen in Kinabalu Park by Bill, Joe, Randy, and Sid. H. s. bocki is treated as a separate species, Dark Hawk-Cuckoo, by Phillipps and Myers but not currently recognized as such by Cornell Clements. Its song suggests that of a New World hawk-eagle. MOUSTACHED HAWK-CUCKOO (Hierococcyx vagans) – Great looks at a couple of responsive birds along the Gomantong Road; then Lynn had another off the road two days later. MALAYSIAN HAWK-CUCKOO (Hierococcyx fugax) – Seen on our last morning at BRL. INDIAN CUCKOO (Cuculus micropterus) – Heard daily in the forested lowlands and seen (and scoped) from the Hornbill Tower, RDC. HIMALAYAN CUCKOO (Cuculus saturatus) – One seen by some from the oxbow lake in the Kinabatangan. [b] ORIENTAL CUCKOO (Cuculus optatus) – This quiet migrant was seen by all along the Menanggul. [b] SUNDA CUCKOO (Cuculus lepidus) – A lovely bird seen in Kinabalu Park uproad to the Silau-Silau trail. BANDED BAY CUCKOO (Cacomantis sonneratii) – This small cuckoo was seen very well at the RDC. PLAINTIVE CUCKOO (Cacomantis merulinus) – Seen well at the RDC and Sepilok and heard daily in the lowlands, its song picking up at dusk and crescendoing into the night. LITTLE BRONZE-CUCKOO (Chrysococcyx minutillus) – Seen by one of the groups from the BRL tower-walkway, nicely picked out by Bill. (Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus) – Three seen very nicely at RDC, one at Sepilok, and heard at Sukau. This is a strikingly plumaged small cuckoo! SQUARE-TAILED DRONGO-CUCKOO (Surniculus lugubris) – Another one of those vocal cuckoos heard just about daily after we saw our first two nicely at RDC. BLACK-BELLIED MALKOHA (Phaenicophaeus diardi) – One seen along the Gomantong Road, another in the afternoon along the entrance road to BRL. RAFFLES'S MALKOHA (Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus) – The commonest malkoha, seen regularly in the forested lowlands. CHESTNUT-BREASTED MALKOHA (Phaenicophaeus curvirostris) – Seen best at the RDC, this big, large-billed malkoha was almost as common

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 4 as Raffles's; we had numerous views in the forested lowlands. BORNEAN GROUND-CUCKOO ( radiatus) – What a thrilling shame to but hear this elusive endemic (along the upper Menanggul); conditions had been too dry for this cuckoo to respond by showing itself. Once the rains renewed, Rose Ann had it respond to playback with her next group. Just another trade-off of the wet/dry regimes. [E*] GREATER COUCAL (Centropus sinensis) – Heard almost daily in the lowlands and seen well on a couple of occasions. LESSER COUCAL (Centropus bengalensis) – A pair seen nicely along the river at Sukau on the 4th of March and another the following day. Tytonidae (Barn-Owls) ORIENTAL BAY-OWL (Phodilus badius) – One bad[ius] bird—as it was heard only, first at Sepilok and then at Sukau. [*] Strigidae (Owls) MOUNTAIN SCOPS-OWL (Otus spilocephalus) – Heard on a night outing at Kinabalu across from our Hill Lodge above "the Hole." [*] SUNDA SCOPS-OWL (Otus lempiji) – Heard nightly at Sepilok, with two finally seen at the lodge. BARRED EAGLE-OWL (Bubo sumatranus) – Heard on two occasions at BRL. We couldn't get it to respond to playback. [*] BUFFY FISH-OWL (Ketupa ketupu) – Great looks at this big fierce-looking owl, first at Sukau, then nicely at the worker's quarters, BRL. BROWN WOOD-OWL (Strix leptogrammica) – Heard during the day (!) at BRL. This species had raised a young near the lodge, but several night- drive efforts to see it came up empty. [*] BROWN BOOBOOK (Ninox scutulata borneensis) – Heard nightly at Sepilok, with two seen there on the lodge grounds. Apodidae (Swifts) SILVER-RUMPED NEEDLETAIL (Rhaphidura leucopygialis) – Seen almost daily in the lowlands, perhaps best at Sepilok our first day as they swooped low over the lake to drink. GLOSSY SWIFTLET (Collocalia esculenta) – Seen essentially every day of the trip, this commonest swiftlet was nesting under the eaves of various structures. Unlike the echolocating swiftlets of the Aerodramus, this species needs some light for nesting, thus building under eaves or near the mouth of caves, as where we saw them at Gomantong Caves. They were also drinking daily with the needletails at Sepilok. CAVE SWIFTLET (BORNEAN) (Collocalia linchi dodgei) – Endemic to the mountains of Borneo (mostly to upper Kinabalu), the taxon dodgei is considered a full species, Bornean Swiftlet, by Moyle (2007) whose work is accepted by Phillipps and Myers, if not Cornell Clements. We had a few, one that Keith flushed from a nest under a shelter where researchers had examined birds in the hand, on the 13th of March; a few others were suspected of being this species, yet we were unable to locate a bird for Mike (sorry, Mike). [N] MOSSY-NEST SWIFTLET (Aerodramus salangana) – One of the three similar, echolocating swiftlets that nest inside Gomantong Cave. The three species are so similar they are not reliably distinguished unless seen on their distinctive nests. We could see birds of this species on their moss- covered nests, but most swifts were absent from the cave the morning we visited, resulting in our missing the two edible-nest species. [N] PACIFIC SWIFT (Apus pacificus) – A few seen over the padi fields near Kota Belud. [b] ASIAN PALM-SWIFT (Cypsiurus balasiensis) – Seen by a few of us on our first day at Sepilok. Hemiprocnidae (Treeswifts) GRAY-RUMPED TREESWIFT (Hemiprocne longipennis) – Seen nicely at Sepilok and a few late in the day at Poring Hot Springs. WHISKERED TREESWIFT (Hemiprocne comata) – One of the fanciest birds we had on the trip! We had beautiful views of this treeswift perched along the road into BRL; then we saw them daily at BRL, where they could be seen with regularity perched outside the dining area. Everyone got good photos. Trogonidae (Trogons) RED-NAPED TROGON (Harpactes kasumba impavidus) – Considered Near Threatened, this big Sundaland beauty was best seen along the Kingfisher trail en route to the Hornbill Tower at RDC and also at BRL. This taxon is a Bornean endemic. DIARD'S TROGON (Harpactes diardii diardii) – Another handsome Sundaland specialty, this one was heard repeatedly at Sepilok and Sukau but proved elusive until we finally saw a one along the Gomantong Road. Also seen very well by one group in the BRL canopy walkway. The nominate diardii is endemic to Borneo. WHITEHEAD'S TROGON (Harpactes whiteheadi) – This mountain endemic proved difficult for us, but most everyone saw a male upslope at Kinabalu Park; our apologies to those who were still trying to get on it when it flew. We had no luck searching several sites where we had been assured that a bird had been recently seen. Rose Ann's second group this year had likely the same bird but no others. Clearly a tough one. [E] SCARLET-RUMPED TROGON (Harpactes duvaucelii) – Heard in the vicinity of all three lowland lodges, a male seen exceptionally well along the walkway at the RDC. Another Sundaland specialty. Alcedinidae (Kingfishers) BLUE-EARED KINGFISHER (Alcedo meninting) – This small kingfisher was seen well, first at our lodge at Sepilok, then in the Kinabatangan area. RUFOUS-BACKED DWARF-KINGFISHER (Ceyx rufidorsa) – Seen at several lowland sites, a pair beautifully through the scope along the nature trail at BRL. BANDED KINGFISHER (Lacedo pulchella) – After being fooled a few times by playback from others, both groups got good views on different trails at BRL—one a male, the other a female. A real looker. STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER (Pelargopsis capensis) – Seen well along lowland waterways from Sepilok through the Kinabatangan area. This big, large-billed kingfisher has a remarkable variety of loud calls. RUDDY KINGFISHER (Halcyon coromanda) – A pair seen in chase on the Menanggul in response to playback; one of them stopped long enough to give everyone a great view. COLLARED KINGFISHER (Todiramphus chloris) – Widespread at the edge in the lowlands. Meropidae (Bee-eaters) RED-BEARDED BEE-EATER (Nyctyornis amictus) – One fabulous bird seen on the grounds of Sepilok on our first day of the pre-tour (found by Keith the previous day who then showed it for us) and a pair of stunning birds the following day at RDC. We also saw two more birds at BRL.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 5 Remarkably colored bee-eater! BLUE-THROATED BEE-EATER (Merops viridis) – Present at the edge in all forested lowland areas, most magnificently at BRL where they were nesting beside the Riven Danum and could be seen at most meals from our dining area. [N] Coraciidae (Rollers) DOLLARBIRD (Eurystomus orientalis) – Daily perching atop sentinels in the open areas at Sepilok and in the Kinabatangan area. Bucerotidae (Hornbills) ORIENTAL PIED-HORNBILL (Anthracoceros albirostris) – Seen nicely at RDC and in the Kinabatangan area. BLACK HORNBILL (Anthracoceros malayanus) – Considered Near Threatened, this Sundaland specialty was our first hornbill of the trip, right at Sepilok. We had good and repeated views in the Kinabatangan. RHINOCEROS HORNBILL (Buceros rhinoceros borneoensis) – Also considered Near Threatened, this dramatic hornbill may be the handsomest of them all. We saw them well at all forested lowland areas. This is the hornbill frequently appearing in sculptings and paintings from the area. Rhinoceros Hornbill is a Sundaland specialty, this taxon a Bornean endemic. HELMETED HORNBILL (Buceros vigil) – Seen across the Danum, upslope from BRL, after Bill, Joe, and a few others had seen several fly across the lodge clearing. With playback we were able to move one into view for all. Heard but not seen at RDC and at other sites, BRL. What a bird!It, too, is a Sundaland specialty. BUSHY-CRESTED HORNBILL (Anorrhinus galeritus) – The commonest of the hornbills in the lowland forest, this social species was first seen above the back cabins at Sepilok one afternoon where four birds put on a great show. We then had four more in the Kinabatangan and a few at BRL. A Sundaland specialty. WHITE-CROWNED HORNBILL (Aceros comatus) – Two seen nicely along the Gomantong Road, our best views of a female. Not seen on every trip. We were lucky in seeing all eight species which occur in Borneo, most of which are Sundaland specialties, as is this one. WRINKLED HORNBILL (Aceros corrugatus) – Another Near Threatened Sundaland specialty; we had lovely views of males and females flying over the Kinabatangan. One of these flying over the boats was a big thrill! Randy got a nice shot of one looking back over its shoulder at us. WREATHED HORNBILL (Aceros undulatus) – This huge hornbill with the dilatory flight is more widespread than most, but it seems generally scarce on March tours, perhaps because most of the figs they prefer fruit later in the year. A pair flew ponderously across the horizon in the Crocker Range near the Rafflesia Center; the species was heard on two days at BRL, but we failed to see them there. Megalaimidae (Asian Barbets) BROWN BARBET (Calorhamphus fuliginosus tertius) – This aberrant, monotypic barbet is another Sundaland specialty, the endemic taxon tertius having red legs and feet. We saw them well on various occasions, first at Sepilok (where we had five), then in the Kinabatangan and finally at BRL. GOLD-WHISKERED BARBET (Megalaima chrysopogon chrysopsis) – Good looks at a bird sitting up atop a big tree way out the BRL entrance road. Another Sundaland bird, this taxon endemic to Borneo. RED-THROATED BARBET (Megalaima mystacophanos) – Heard far more often than seen, but we saw a pair along the Gomantong Road. A Sundaland specialty. MOUNTAIN BARBET (Megalaima monticola) – This lower-montane endemic was seen nicely at our main birding stop near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center, where we had three; another was heard at Kinabalu Park. [E] YELLOW-CROWNED BARBET (Megalaima henricii brachyrhyncha) – Another Sundaland specialty, this barbet is the toughest to see; we had one along the road at BRL. The taxon is a Bornean endemic. GOLDEN-NAPED BARBET (Megalaima pulcherrima) – A Kinabalu/Crocker Range endemic, this lovely montane barbet was seen well and heard singing repeatedly at Kinabalu Park. [E] BLUE-EARED BARBET (Megalaima australis) – Seen our first morning birding at Sepilok on the pre-tour, then heard and/or seen almost daily in the lowlands and lower foothills. BORNEAN BARBET (Megalaima eximia) – A generally tough endemic, one of a pair perched out on a dead tree limb for great scope views at our stop near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center. [E] Picidae (Woodpeckers) RUFOUS PICULET (Sasia abnormis) – This Sundaland specialty was best seen by all at RDC; another was seen by one group along the Jacuzzi trail at BRL. WHITE-BELLIED WOODPECKER (Dryocopus javensis) – Wow! What a great way to see this Dryocopus, shooting across the forest in response to playback; we had great looks from the walkway at RDC, where Sid got a photo of one of these birds in flight! BANDED WOODPECKER (Picus miniaceus) – This Sundaland specialty was seen well—both sexes at the nest hole—along the Gomantong Road. Then one was seen well from the BRL canopy walkway by one group. [N] CRIMSON-WINGED WOODPECKER (Picus puniceus) – Nice looks at a female through the scope along the Gomantong Road; a Sundaland specialty. CHECKER-THROATED WOODPECKER (Picus mentalis) – Terrific views of another Sundaland specialty as it played peek-a-boo with us along the Bukit Ular trail! MAROON WOODPECKER (Blythipicus rubiginosus) – This Sundaland bird gave us fits flying under us repeatedly along the RDC walkway; we never got a satisfactory view until BRL, where we finally saw more than just a pale bill on a dark object. ORANGE-BACKED WOODPECKER (Reinwardtipicus validus) – Nice looks for one group along the East trail at BRL; it seemed to be associating with a group of Dusky Broadbills. Another Sundaland specialty. BUFF-RUMPED WOODPECKER (Meiglyptes tristis) – This Sundaland specialty was seen along the RDC walkway. BUFF-NECKED WOODPECKER (Meiglyptes tukki) – Seen first at Sepilok where we had a male; more were seen at BRL. Another Sundaland bird. GRAY-AND-BUFF WOODPECKER (Hemicircus concretus) – What a great experience seeing a pair of these minute woodpeckers from the Hornbill Tower at RDC; very nice studies. Of the 11 species of Picids we had on the tour, nine (including this one) were Sundaland specialties! Only the two largest were not.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 6 GREAT SLATY WOODPECKER (Mulleripicus pulverulentus) – What a thrill to see this huge woodpecker come barrelling into a neighboring tree in response to playback! Perched in the Hornbill Tower, we saw three birds, probably a family group. This was a tour favorite for some. Falconidae (Falcons and Caracaras) WHITE-FRONTED FALCONET (Microhierax latifrons) – Spotting it in flight, Joe got us on this tiny raptor for the first time along the Menanggul, and we managed to find it perched atop a dead snag; two days later we had a family group of four feeding over an oxbow lake upriver from Sukau lodge. Near Threatened, this Sabah endemic is said by Phillipps to be the smallest bird of prey. [E] PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco peregrinus) – Keith, Bill, Joe, and Rose Ann had one in Kinabalu Park. Psittacidae (Parrots) LONG-TAILED PARAKEET (Psittacula longicauda) – Heard at RDC; seen flying over the Menanggul. A Sundaland specialty. BLUE-CROWNED HANGING-PARROT (Loriculus galgulus) – Seen initially at Sepilok on the first and second days of our pre-tour; seen or heard throughout the lowlands daily thereafter and seen again at Poring Hot Springs. A specialty of Sundaland. Calyptomenidae (African and Green Broadbills) GREEN BROADBILL ( viridis) – During some post-lunch time off at Sepilok, Rose Ann heard one of these little beauties vocalizing outside our cabin; she and I found the bird not far down a path behind the cabin and managed to get most everyone on it (although Bill and Joe had gone birding at the RDC). It was a lovely male and stayed for most there to see. Later we heard one at BRL but couldn't find it. Apologies to Bill and Joe. A specialty of Sundaland. WHITEHEAD'S BROADBILL (Calyptomena whiteheadi) – Perhaps the bird of the trip, certainly one of the highlights! This big, magnificent endemic came in to playback at Kinabalu up the road from our lodge. We had fabulous views as it peered about looking us over. This species, along with Green, Hose's, and the African broadbills, is now placed in a family distinct from that of the other Asian broadbills like the ones we saw. This creature reminded some of us of a green Cock-of-the-rock. [E] (Asian and Grauer's Broadbills) BLACK-AND-RED BROADBILL (Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos) – The typical Asian broadbills are exquisite, too! This Sundaland specialty was seen especially well from our boats in the Kinabatangan, where we saw several active nests and noted a blue upper mandible protruding from one nest at night! [N] LONG-TAILED BROADBILL (Psarisomus dalhousiae borneensis) – What a bird! This broadbill is second to none. We had several great looks at our lengthy stop near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center, where we also saw at least two active nests. Though mostly green, this is not one of the Green Broadbills. Borneensis is endemic. [N] BANDED BROADBILL (Eurylaimus javanicus brookei) – This Sundaland specialty was seen best in the Kinabatangan; we also had quick looks at BRL. Brookei is endemic to Borneo. BLACK-AND-YELLOW BROADBILL (Eurylaimus ochromalus) – A Sundaland specialty, this small beauty knocked us out at RDC, and we continued to see them into the lower foothills at Tambunan and Poring. Could this confiding broadbill be the fairest of them all? Dynamite photo, Randy! [N] DUSKY BROADBILL (Corydon sumatranus brunnescens) – This aberrant broadbill forages in groups, often leading mixed flocks of other species somewhat in the manner of nunbirds in the Neotropics. We had good views of a group of eight at BRL. What a bill! This taxon is endemic to Borneo. Pittidae (Pittas) BORNEAN BANDED-PITTA (Pitta schwaneri) – This endemic pitta, a beautiful thing, was seen (alas, by one group only) while trying for the Blue- banded Pitta which the other group had seen the previous day! It jumped out before the Blue-banded even showed! [E] BLUE-HEADED PITTA (Pitta baudii) – Another beautiful endemic, seen by both groups at BRL. Heard more often than seen. At least it was calling some! [E] BLUE-BANDED PITTA (Pitta arquata) – Spectacular! A rare endemic pitta never before seen on the tour! Both groups had great looks. We saw both field guide "cover species"! [E] BLACK-HEADED PITTA (Pitta ussheri) – Another fabulous endemic pitta! We had superb scope looks at this bird along the boardwalk to Gomantong Cave, and we had another rolled up roosting in a blue, black, and crimson ball along the road at BRL! Priceless. [E] HOODED PITTA (Pitta sordida mulleri) – This colorful pitta was nicely responsive, but it preferred flying in and through to playback rather than simply in for a settled view. Though widespread, the race mulleri breeding in Borneo has an entirely black hood (with no brown cap). We had looks along the Gomantong Road and along an inlet to the oxbow lake we birded near Sukau. Acanthizidae (Thornbills and Allies) GOLDEN-BELLIED GERYGONE (Gerygone sulphurea) – Seen along the highway near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center. Vangidae (Vangas, Helmetshrikes, and Allies) LARGE WOODSHRIKE (Tephrodornis gularis frenatus) – One bird seen by Bill and John (perhaps Joe) on the Nature trail, BRL. It was not a good look but good enough to identify the bird. Frenatus is a Bornean endemic. BAR-WINGED FLYCATCHER-SHRIKE (Hemipus picatus) – At least three of these submontane specialists were seen near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center by all. BLACK-WINGED FLYCATCHER-SHRIKE (Hemipus hirundinaceus) – The lowland counterpart of the last species, this one a Sundaland specialty. It was seen at all three lowland sites. RUFOUS-WINGED PHILENTOMA (Philentoma pyrhoptera) – Seen nicely by both groups along the trails at BRL. Philentoma names this genus as a "lover of ," "entoma" sharing the same root as entomology. MAROON-BREASTED PHILENTOMA (Philentoma velata) – Another Sundaland specialty, this one a fancier cousin of the last species. Both groups saw it well from the BRL canopy walkway tower. Artamidae (Woodswallows) WHITE-BREASTED WOODSWALLOW (Artamus leucorynchus) – A common and widespread resident of open country, it is the only

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 7 woodswallow in Borneo. It was seen in all lowland areas we visited, including the padi fields near Kota Belud. Pityriaseidae (Bristlehead) BORNEAN BRISTLEHEAD (Pityriasis gymnocephala) – One of the most distinctive birds of Borneo and now placed in its own family, it represents the sole family endemic to the island. Its generic name derives from the Greek word for "suffering from dandruff," its specific moniker meaning "bald-headed." The bright yellow-orange "bristles" on its crown are dense filaments indicative of the most basic level of feather growth. Its closest relatives are thought to be the bushshrikes and vangas. Poorly understood, this weirdly wonderful bird is considered Near Threatened and is easily missed, as we noted with our first encounter on the RDC walkway tower where four birds flew toward us, stopping nearby then moving off quickly before everyone had a chance to see them! Luckily we all had excellent views overhead of two other groups along the trails at BRL. [E] Aegithinidae (Ioras) COMMON IORA (Aegithina tiphia) – Seen very well right on the grounds of the Sepilok Nature Resort; we also had good looks in the Kinabatangan and at BRL. GREEN IORA (Aegithina viridissima) – Great looks at four birds at RDC and two others from the Hornbill Tower; also seen on three days from the BRL canopy walkway. This iora, a Sundaland specialty foraging in the canopy and at the edge, is considered Near Threatened owing to habitat pressure. With quite a personality, it's one of the most under-appreciated birds of Sundaland. Campephagidae (Cuckooshrikes) FIERY MINIVET (Pericrocotus igneus) – Another Near Threatened Sundaland specialty, this small beauty was seen at close range from the RDC canopy walkway and again at BRL. Its generic name, "very saffron colored," refers to the female; its specific epithet, "fiery," refers to the male. Few scientific names of dimorphic species refer to both sexes. We saw both well. GRAY-CHINNED MINIVET (Pericrocotus solaris cinereigula) – The highland minivet, it was seen with foraging flocks near the Rafflesia Center and in Kinabalu Park. This taxon is endemic. PIED TRILLER (Lalage nigra) – Three seen nicely flying about a few scattered roadside trees in the padi fields. (Whistlers and Allies) BORNEAN WHISTLER ( hypoxantha) – This montane endemic with the strong song was seen best along the road in Kinabalu near the Silau-Silau trail. [E] Laniidae (Shrikes) LONG-TAILED SHRIKE (Lanius schach bentet) – Long-tailed Shrike, a Sundaland inhabitant of open country, has been expanding its range in Borneo; though this taxon is a common resident of southeastern Borneo, it was not known to breed in Sabah until recently. We saw several on the utility wires between Sukau and Gomantong. Vireonidae (Vireos) BLYTH'S SHRIKE-BABBLER (BLYTH'S) (Pteruthius aeralatus robinsoni) – Formerly classified as a subspecies of White-browed Shrike-Babbler, the aeralatus group (including robinsoni of the highlands of Borneo) has been elevated to species status. Recent genetic studies show that the shrike- babblers are more closely related to vireos than to babblers and that the whole group needed reassessment; hence the changes. We saw the Bornean taxon, an endemic, near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center, where we had six—mostly males. WHITE-BELLIED ERPORNIS (Erpornis zantholeuca brunnescens) – This widespread Asian species has only recently been reassigned to the vireo family based on genetic evidence. We saw one from the Hornbill Tower at RDC. This taxon is a Bornean endemic. Oriolidae (Old World Orioles) DARK-THROATED ORIOLE (Oriolus xanthonotus consobrinus) – Another Sundaland specialty that's considered Near Threatened, this handsome oriole was heard more often than seen; we saw our first on the grounds of the Sepilok Nature Resort, where Peggy got us on a spiffy male, and had others throughout the forested lowlands. This taxon is endemic to northern Borneo. BLACK-AND-CRIMSON ORIOLE (Oriolus cruentus vulneratus) – Even more restricted than the previous species, this chunky highland oriole is found only on the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. We all had excellent looks at two striking males at our stop near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center. Vulneratus is endemic. Dicruridae (Drongos) ASHY DRONGO (BORNEAN) (Dicrurus leucophaeus stigmatops) – A handsome, gray drongo, this endemic taxon, stigmatops, may well be split. We saw it daily in Kinabalu Park; one appeared on territory outside the breakfast cafeteria. BRONZED DRONGO (Dicrurus aeneus) – Our best looks came along the Gomantong Road. HAIR-CRESTED DRONGO (Dicrurus hottentottus borneensis) – This drongo with the extremely curly tail was seen along the roadside in Kinabalu Park in the mixed flock we had across from the Silau-Silau trail. This taxon is endemic. GREATER RACKET-TAILED DRONGO (Dicrurus paradiseus brachyphorus) – Seen at RDC, along the Gomantong Road, in the Kinabatangan and at BRL; brachyphorus is endemic to Borneo. () SPOTTED (Rhipidura perlata) – This spiffy Sundaland specialty was seen by one group along the BRL canopy walkway, not to be found the next day for the other group. MALAYSIAN PIED-FANTAIL (Rhipidura javanica) – The common and confiding Rhipidura of the lowlands; we saw one on its tiny nest along the Menanggul River. [N] WHITE-THROATED FANTAIL (Rhipidura albicollis kinabalu) – The Rhipidura of the highlands; we had it near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center and at Kinabalu. This taxon is endemic. Monarchidae (Monarch Flycatchers) BLACK-NAPED MONARCH (Hypothymis azurea) – This beautiful monarch was seen almost daily in the lowands; we had numerous encounters, but our first with that male along the RDC walkway was perhaps the best.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 8 ASIAN PARADISE-FLYCATCHER (Terpsiphone paradisi borneensis) – Several seen in the lowlands, lovely males along the Menanggul River, at Gomantong, and along the BRL canopy walkway. This taxon is a Bornean endemic. (Crows, Jays, and ) CRESTED (Platylophus galericulatus coronatus) – This Sundaland specialty was seen wonderfully along Kingfisher trail, RDC, en route to the Hornbill Tower; we also heard it at BRL. The taxon coronatus, brown instead of blue-black, is restricted to Borneo and Sumatra. The call is thought by some to forecast rain. BLACK MAGPIE (Platysmurus leucopterus aterrimus) – The all-black taxon, endemic to Borneo, is a good candidate for a split from birds of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. On this trip we had two along the Menanggul and others at BRL. BORNEAN GREEN-MAGPIE ( jefferyi) – This stunning montane Corvid was a real favorite at Kinabalu, where it watched it at close range. It was recently elevated to species status when the formerly named Short-tailed Green-Magpie was split into Javan Green-Magpie and Bornean Green- Magpie. This bird flies great colors and has a loud and varied repertoire. The epithet jefferyi is in honor of Jeffery Whitehead, John's father, who outlived his famous explorer son. [E] BORNEAN ( cinerascens) – Another fabulous montane endemic, this large, long-tailed Corvid was seen at Kinabalu, where it appeared more adapted to human habitation than the Green-Magpie. [E] SLENDER-BILLED CROW (SLENDER-BILLED) ( enca compilator) – Encountered daily in the lowlands, where it is widespread. Hirundinidae (Swallows) BARN SWALLOW (Hirundo rustica) – Seen along various waterways in the lowlands and over the padi fields. [b] PACIFIC SWALLOW (Hirundo tahitica) – Fairly common in the lowlands at forest edge or along waterways; also seen near Kota Belud. [N] Stenostiridae (Fairy Flycatchers) GRAY-HEADED CANARY-FLYCATCHER (Culicicapa ceylonensis) – Seen by one group along the Jacuzzi trail; then by all in a mixed flock near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center. Sittidae (Nuthatches) VELVET-FRONTED NUTHATCH (Sitta frontalis corralipes) – Seen first near the Rafflesia Center, then very well, at least by some, right at the corner of the Hill Lodge parking lot. This taxon is endemic. Pycnonotidae () PUFF-BACKED ( eutilotus) – The first, phylogenetically speaking, of 16 spp. of Bulbuls we saw on the tour! Puff-backed we had along the Menanggul. This Sundaland specialty has a short crest and red iridi. BLACK-HEADED BULBUL (Pycnonotus atriceps) – We had several nice looks at this pretty bulbul of widespread distribution; a pair seemed to be on territory at Sepilok Nature Resort. STRAW-HEADED BULBUL (Pycnonotus zeylanicus) – We all heard this bulbul vocalizing across the River Danum from BRL, but only a few got to see this big guy. BORNEAN BULBUL (Pycnonotus montis) – A split from Black-crested Bulbul, this yellow-throated, dark-eyed bulbul is endemic to the lower montane forests of north-central Borneo. We had a dozen or so near the Rafflesia Center. [E] YELLOW-VENTED BULBUL (Pycnonotus goiavier gourdini) – Common and widespread in disturbed throughout the lowlands and lower mountains. Gourdini is endemic. OLIVE-WINGED BULBUL (Pycnonotus plumosus hutzi) – Seen well on the grounds of Sepilok Nature Resort; Hazwan noted that with the new Zeiss binoculars we gave him he could now see the subtle olive on the wings of this bulbul ;-) Hutzi is endemic to northern and eastern Borneo. RED-EYED BULBUL (Pycnonotus brunneus) – This Sundaland bulbul was seen almost daily in the lowlands and at Poring Hot Springs; we noted its consistently pinkish legs. We were never comfortable with calling its close look-alike, Cream-vented, which should have dark gray legs (even though its color picture was displayed and the difference elaborated along the RDC walkway, as if both might be seen there). SPECTACLED BULBUL (Pycnonotus erythropthalmos) – Another Sundaland specialty, this one was seen by John in the fruiting fig at Sepilok lodge and by all along the RDC walkway. HAIRY-BACKED BULBUL (Tricholestes ) – This distinctive Sundaland specialty with the big yellow eye-ring was seen on three days at BRL. FINSCH'S BULBUL ( finschii) – We had excellent looks at this rare Sundaland specialty, considered Near Threatened, along the entrance road at BRL; we noted its prominent yellow throat as it sat near the nest! According to Myers, nesting is undescribed in Borneo. [N] OCHRACEOUS BULBUL (Alophoixus ochraceus ruficrissus) – This big, puff-throated, montane bulbul was seen well in a mixed flock near the Rafflesia Center, as well as at Kinabalu. The Kinabalu birds are endemic ruficrissus; the taxon we saw near the Rafflesia Center may have been endemic fowleri. GRAY-CHEEKED BULBUL (Alophoixus bres gutturalis) – The lowland counterpart of the previous species, this puffy-throated bulbul was seen along the Gomantong Road, then on several other days in the lowlands, including BRL. This taxon is endemic. YELLOW-BELLIED BULBUL (Alophoixus phaeocephalus connectens) – We saw this very pretty bulbul along the Menanggul, then at BRL. The taxon we saw is endemic to northeastern Borneo. BUFF-VENTED BULBUL (Iole olivacea) – Another Sundaland specialty considered Near Threatened. This is the big one with the pale iris that we saw well along the walkway (on two days) at RDC. Iole, in Greek myth, was promised in marriage to Hercules. ASHY BULBUL (CINEREOUS) (Hemixos flavala connectens) – The Bornean taxon connectens is split by some from birds of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, and those birds are sometimes split from flavala of the Himalayas to . It's one to watch, as connectens could be elevated to full species. One proposed English name for connectens is Sociable Bulbul. We saw a couple of these birds well in a mixed flock near the Rafflesia Center, white throats puffed out. STREAKED BULBUL ( malaccensis) – This Near Threatened Sundaland specialty was seen along the RDC canopy walkway. Cettiidae (Bush-Warblers and Allies) BORNEAN STUBTAIL (Urosphena whiteheadi) – Dynamite! This scarce, montane endemic—yet another named for John Whitehead—exposes its

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 9 extensive yellow mouth-lining as it opens its mouth widely to sing its very high-pitched song. First heard along the Bukit Ular trail, then seen by all (in two parties) along the Silau-Silau trail. [E] YELLOW-BELLIED WARBLER (Abroscopus superciliaris schwaneri) – The bamboo specialist with the sweet song that we saw along the road near the Rafflesia Center. Schwaneri is endemic to Borneo. MOUNTAIN TAILORBIRD (Phyllergates cucullatus) – A real cutie but not actually a tailorbird; this bird is now placed in Cettidae. Seen nicely along the road in Kinabalu Park. SUNDA BUSH-WARBLER ( vulcanius oreophilus) – Randy, lagging behind the group, found our first at the edge of the antennas road at Gg. Alab as it delivered its delayed response to playback of its song. Nice studies here and later at Kinabalu. The taxon oreophilus, meaning mountain lover, is endemic to Borneo. Phylloscopidae (Leaf-Warblers) ARCTIC WARBLER (Phylloscopus borealis) – Finding this boreal migrant in the forest canopy at the Hornbill Tower was a pleasant surprise. [b] MOUNTAIN WARBLER (MOUNTAIN) (Phylloscopus trivirgatus kinabaluensis) – Called Mountain Leaf-Warbler in our field guides, this warbler was seen most days at Kinabalu; of the two taxa found in Borneo, ours was endemic kinabaluensis, the more modestly colored. YELLOW-BREASTED WARBLER (Seicercus montis montis) – This charming and confiding Sundaland specialty with the high-pitched, sweet song was not uncommon in the small bird parties at Kinabalu. Seicercus refers to its habit of shaking the tail, a trait characteristic of all 11 species belonging to the genus. This taxon is endemic to Borneo. (Grassbirds and Allies) STRIATED GRASSBIRD (Megalurus palustris) – Seen well in palm plantation country between Sepilok and Gomantong, where it sang from the utility wires; also seen in the padi fields near Kota Belud. Cisticolidae (Cisticolas and Allies) DARK-NECKED TAILORBIRD (Orthotomus atrogularis humphreysi) – First seen, by part of the group, along the RDC canopy walkway (out at the end); then seen by all on several occasions, best perhaps along the Gomantong Road and at BRL. O. a. humphreysi is the taxon endemic to northeastern Borneo. ASHY TAILORBIRD (Orthotomus ruficeps borneoensis) – This endearing Sundaland specialty was heard or seen daily in the lowlands, our first good looks coming on the grounds of Sepilok Nature Resort. The taxon is endemic. RUFOUS-TAILED TAILORBIRD (Orthotomus sericeus) – Equally endearing, this loud songster was also seen or heard almost daily in the lowlands, our first also coming on the grounds at Sepilok. YELLOW-BELLIED PRINIA (Prinia flaviventris latrunculus) – Widespread in the more open areas of the lowlands, where it was heard regularly; our best looks came in an overgrown yard outside the RDC gate and in the padi fields near Kota Belud. P. f. latrunculus is endemic to Borneo. Zosteropidae (Yuhinas, White-eyes, and Allies) CHESTNUT-CRESTED YUHINA (Yuhina everetti) – Common and captivating, tight flocks of these little Zosteropids, endemic to the submontane and montane forests of Borneo, were regular in the forest edge at Tambunan and Kinabalu. Their habit of moving rapidly and in tandem is a trait shared with the white-eyes. [EN] PYGMY WHITE-EYE (Oculocincta squamifrons) – Seeing a flock of five of these small white-eyes along the road near Tambunan was an exciting surprise after missing them at BRL. We noticed that no illustration of this white-eye in the field guides is adequate in accurately portraying its distinctive appearance. Also known as Bornean Ibon; "ibon" is Tagalog for "bird," a name that was given to some white-eyes found in the , the country where Tagalog is the basis for the standardized national language. Yet this ibon is endemic and in a monotypic genus. [E] MOUNTAIN BLACK-EYE (Chlorocharis emiliae) – Almost the same can be said for this Zosteropid, of a monotypic genus, that we saw well but that also is pictured inadequately. Large for a white-eye, this striking endemic was seen exceedingly well along the montane antennas road at Gg. Alab. Emilie Hose was the wife of Charles Hose, for whom Hose's Broadbill is named, and kharis refers to "grace" or "loveliness"; no doubt Emilie looked lovely in green! [E] BLACK-CAPPED WHITE-EYE (Zosterops atricapilla) – This Sundaland specialty is a common species in montane Borneo, where we saw them repeatedly at Tambunan and Kinabalu. Timaliidae (Tree-Babblers, Scimitar-Babblers, and Allies) BOLD-STRIPED TIT-BABBLER (Mixornis bornensis) – Four of these noisy endemics were seen well on Kingfisher trail en route to the Hornbill Tower; more were heard at BRL. A recent split, resulting in Striped Tit-Babbler being renamed, the Borneo taxa becoming Bold-striped Tit-Babbler and the southeast Asia taxa becoming Pin-striped Tit-Babbler. [E] FLUFFY-BACKED TIT-BABBLER (Macronus ptilosus) – This Near Threatened Sundaland specialty is one of the coolest babblers! We struggled for good looks (seeming to come birder by birder) at a duetting pair along the Gomantong Road. Rose Ann is especially fond of this tit-babbler and its electric-blue bare skin on the neck, visible only when it sings. So she made sure that, in the end, we all saw that bare skin! CHESTNUT-WINGED BABBLER (Cyanoderma erythropterum bicolor) – Fairly common throughout the lowlands, this one is another Sundaland specialty that performed mellow duets from RDC and Gomantong to Sukau and BRL. Seen well repeatedly. Bicolor is endemic to northern Borneo. RUFOUS-FRONTED BABBLER (Cyanoderma rufifrons) – This very small, arboreal babbler was seen by one group across the creek along the Jacuzzi trail, BRL, and by the other group from the BRL canopy tower. CHESTNUT-BACKED SCIMITAR-BABBLER (Pomatorhinus montanus bornensis) – This Sundaland specialty was seen along the Jacuzzi-East trails on two days; bornensis is endemic. BLACK-THROATED BABBLER (Stachyris nigricollis) – Another Sundaland specialty regarded as Near Threatened, this one was seen nicely along the Gomantong Road. By now, everyone is crazy about babblers, not just Rose Ann. CHESTNUT-RUMPED BABBLER (Stachyris maculata) – This babbler was the bigger one with the streaks below and pale iridi that climbed way up into the mid-storey (in response to playback) to give us great views from the Hornbill Tower. This one is another Sundaland specialty considered Near Threatened. We also saw this one at BRL. GRAY-THROATED BABBLER (Stachyris nigriceps borneensis) – This Sundaland specialty was seen at Tambunan and in Kinabalu Park; the taxon borneensis is endemic.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 10 GRAY-HEADED BABBLER (Stachyris poliocephala) – Seen with some difficulty out the entrance road to BRL. Can you believe it, another Sundaland specialty! Pellorneidae (Ground Babblers and Allies) MOUSTACHED BABBLER (Malacopteron magnirostre cinereocapilla) – Our first was seen sleeping along the roadside at BRL, thanks to Paul's good spotting with the light! We then had others on the Jacuzzi-East trails. Another Sundaland specialty, this taxon endemic to Borneo. SOOTY-CAPPED BABBLER (Malacopteron affine phoeniceum) – First encountered along the Gomantong Road, then seen again on several days at BRL. It occurs only in Sundaland and is another one considered Near Threatened; phoeniceum is a Bornean endemic. SCALY-CROWNED BABBLER (Malacopteron cinereum) – Very similar to Rufous-crowned, this babbler is the smaller one with the pinkish legs that we saw first along the Nature trail at BRL, then again along the Jacuzzi trail. The scales on the crown are very hard to see. RUFOUS-CROWNED BABBLER (Malacopteron magnum saba) – This is the larger—magnum (can't you just taste one now!)—of these two look- alikes, with dark legs and no scaling on the crown. We also had good looks at Rufous-crowned along the Nature trail and along the Jacuzzi trail, BRL. Like most of these remarkable babblers, it's found only in Sundaland and is considered Near Threatened. M. m. saba is endemic to Sabah and . BLACK-CAPPED BABBLER (Pellorneum capistratum morrelli) – This striking babbler, a terrestrial feeder, showed well: our first bathing in the stream along the Kingfisher trail, and later along the Gomantong Road on two days, but we had to chase it some. Like most babblers we saw, it's another Sundaland specialty, morrelli a Sabah endemic. TEMMINCK'S BABBLER (Pellorneum pyrrogenys canicapillus) – Yet another babbler confined to Sundaland, this one is a highlander. Skulker that it is, it never did show for us at Kinabalu. P. p. canicapillus is a montane Sabah endemic. [*] SHORT-TAILED BABBLER (Pellorneum malaccense poliogenys) – Another species first seen sleeping on one of our night drives! One group also saw it well along the Jacuzzi loop trail, BRL. Surprise—another Sundaland specialty, the taxon P. m. poliogenys endemic to Borneo! WHITE-CHESTED BABBLER (Pellorneum rostratum macropterum) – Foraging in pairs over rocks and roots at the water's edge, this Sundaland specialty, Near Threatened, was certainly common enough along the rivers in the Kinabatangan. The Bornean taxon, macropterum, is endemic. STRIPED WREN-BABBLER (Kenopia striata) – A Sundaland specialty, this scarce babbler was seen nicely by both groups the same morning—on the Segama trail and on the Jacuzzi loop trail, BRL. BORNEAN WREN-BABBLER (Ptilocichla leucogrammica) – One of the toughest babblers to see on the tour; one group was lucky enough to see this scarce terrestrial endemic along the Jacuzzi trail as a pair sneaked in to playback; the other group heard it the following day but the birds were not as cooperative. Considered Vulnerable. [E] HORSFIELD'S BABBLER (Turdinus sepiarius harterti) – This Sundaland specialty was seen along the Jacuzzi trail and the Segama trail; T. s. harterti is endemic to northern Borneo. BLACK-THROATED WREN-BABBLER (Turdinus atrigularis) – This big endemic skulker was seen in the far section of the BRL entrance road; scarce and severely reduced in logged forest, it is considered Near Threatened. [E] MOUNTAIN WREN-BABBLER (Turdinus crassus) – Another sparsely distributed montane endemic, this one showed for one group inside the forest opposite the upper Silau-Silau trailhead, Kinabalu. [E] Leiothrichidae (Laughingthrushes and Allies) BROWN FULVETTA (Alcippe brunneicauda) – Seen by both groups along the Jacuzzi trail, BRL. (One group saw a pair bathing, though not in a jacuzzi.) Also seen at the base of the canopy walkway, BRL. Yet another Sundaland specialty, this one, too, is considered Near Threatened. The fulvettas, once placed with the Ground Babblers, are now grouped with the Laughingthrushes. SUNDA LAUGHINGTHRUSH ( palliatus schistochlamys) – Found only on Sumatra and Borneo, this is one of the montane specialties of the trip. We had our best looks at a pair of birds on the ground at our breakfast buffet, Kinabalu. Schistochlamys is the taxon endemic to Borneo. CHESTNUT-HOODED LAUGHINGTHRUSH (Ianthocincla treacheri treacheri) – Cornell has now split treacheri from Chestnut-capped Laughingthrush, producing another Bornean endemic of the north-central mountain ranges. It is common within its range and seems a major component of big-bird flocks in the highlands. We had multiple great encounters. Nominate treacheri is endemic to Sabah. [E] Irenidae (Fairy-bluebirds) ASIAN FAIRY-BLUEBIRD (Irena puella) – Now representing a family of just two closely related species, this beauty is uncommon on our route. We got our best looks at Sepilok, first on the very grounds of the lodge, where we had a stunning male and female; we also had a pair from the RDC canopy walkway and another from the BRL canopy tower by one group. Muscicapidae (Old World Flycatchers) BROWN-STREAKED FLYCATCHER (Muscicapa williamsoni umbrosa) – Cornell Clements now follows the recent revision of Asian Brown and Brown-streaked flycatchers (Rheindt and Eaton, 2012) in eliminating Asian Brown from Borneo and merging endemic taxon umbrosa (formerly placed under Asian Brown) with Brown-streaked, thereby creating a nesting Brown-streaked (M. w. umbrosa) restricted to Sabah, and not permitting nominate williamsoni to occur in Borneo at all (although it does get to Sumatra and may well reach Borneo as a winter visitor). Dauurica, evidently now but a synonym, has completely disappeared! So, I have to smile recalling our tortured deliberations over several individuals, from Sepilok to BRL. Ornithologists, though poring over skins and recently supported by genetics, have, or so it would appear, shared our confusion! GRAY-STREAKED FLYCATCHER (Muscicapa griseisticta) – A rare non-breeding visitor to Sabah, it was seen on a couple of days at the RDC. This is the one with the prominent streaks below. [b] ORIENTAL MAGPIE-ROBIN (Copsychus saularis adamsi) – Fairly common in edge habitats throughout the lowlands and foothills. We had many nice looks, the first coming at Sepilok lodge. C. s. adamsi, visually distinct from two other taxa occurring in Borneo, is black below with a white crissum. Any confusion about the taxa is owing to intergrades between adamsi and C. s. pluto. Adamsi, pluto, and problematicus are all endemic to Borneo. RUFOUS-TAILED SHAMA (Copsychus pyrropygus) – A generally shy and uncommon resident of lowland rainforest, this Sundaland specialty was singing spontaneously along the Jacuzzi trail for both groups to see—after some searching! Near Threatened. WHITE-RUMPED SHAMA (WHITE-CROWNED) (Copsychus malabaricus stricklandii) – Common (by its lovely song) throughout the lowlands but not always easily seen. We did have a number of great looks on this trip, our first at Sepilok and quite a few at BRL, including views of a nest and of a sleeping bird on a night drive. Several of you got great photos of a cooperative bird at BRL. The taxon stricklandii, endemic to Sabah and

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 11 northeastern Kalimantan, is elevated to species status by some, but it is still treated as a subspecies of White-rumped by the Cornell Clements checklist. [N] PALE BLUE-FLYCATCHER ( unicolor) – Nice looks at this lovely blue-flycatcher along the BRL entrance road; we were lucky to see this bird of rather rare occurrence in Borneo. LONG-BILLED BLUE-FLYCATCHER (Cyornis caerulatus caerulatus) – This Sundaland blue-flycatcher, sometimes called Large-billed, was seen by both groups along the Jacuzzi trail, BRL. Considered Vulnerable as a species, nominate caerulatus is endemic. MALAYSIAN BLUE-FLYCATCHER (Cyornis turcosus turcosus) – We had satisfying views of this Near Threatened Sundaland blue-flycatcher along the Tenangang tributary and the Menanggul, including views of a nest over the water. Nominate turcosus is endemic to Borneo. [N] BORNEAN BLUE-FLYCATCHER (Cyornis superbus) – Both groups enjoyed seeing the endemic superbus along the trails at BRL; and it is superb, indeed! [E] GRAY-CHESTED JUNGLE-FLYCATCHER (Cyornis umbratilis) – One group saw this Sundaland specialty along the Segama trail; apologies to the other group. PYGMY BLUE-FLYCATCHER (Muscicapella hodgsoni) – This little beauty breeds at Kinabalu but it is scarce; we had fairly quick looks at a male along the road below the Timpohon Gate. BLUE-AND-WHITE FLYCATCHER (Cyanoptila cyanomelana) – An Asian breeder that is an uncommon passage migrant in Borneo, this beauty was seen well by all on several days, first near the Rafflesia Center, then at Kinabalu. [b] INDIGO FLYCATCHER ( indigo cerviniventris) – A common montane breeder, this flycatcher was seen well, first near the Rafflesia Center, then on four days at Kinabalu; a special treat was hearing its dawn song! Cerviniventris is endemic to Borneo. (Eumyias thalassinus) – Not too common on our route, this beauty was seen at RDC on two days. EYEBROWED JUNGLE-FLYCATCHER (Vauriella gularis) – What a lovely surprise this little guy was, with its well-marked face and upright posture! Seen well at Kinabalu along the roadside paralleling the Silau-Silau trail, where it responded well to playback. Borneo is the center of distribution for the Jungle-Flycatchers. [E] WHITE-BROWED SHORTWING (Brachypteryx montana erythrogyna) – This sexually dimorphic, montane species visits streams at Kinabalu (and bare rock at higher elevations); both groups saw a cooperative pair along the Silau-Silau trail. Erythrogyna is endemic to Borneo. BORNEAN WHISTLING-THRUSH (Myophonus borneensis) – Perhaps the plainest of the whistling-thrushes, this endemic was seen on several occasions at Kinabalu, perhaps no where better than around (and under!) our Hill Lodge. [E] WHITE-CROWNED FORKTAIL (Enicurus leschenaulti frontalis) – Seen on two occasions at BRL, the best view of a singing male on territory along a stream near the beginning of the Jacuzzi trail. This taxon is a lowlander and may well be split from its montane congener, borneensis, which our two field guides (following Moyle et al., 2005) split. For that reason we have entered both taxa here. WHITE-CROWNED FORKTAIL (Enicurus leschenaulti borneensis) – This endemic, montane taxon—the one we saw near "the Hole" along the Silau-Silau—is also known as Bornean Forktail (and so treated as a distinct species by the two field guides we used) based on molecular studies that support morphological differences. Both groups had dynamite looks! Do watch for this taxon to be split. [E] CHESTNUT-NAPED FORKTAIL (Enicurus ruficapillus) – This fancy Sundaland specialty was seen by both groups, one from the BRL canopy walkway as we overlooked a stream, the other from a stream at the beginning of the Jacuzzi trail. A knock-out! RUFOUS-CHESTED FLYCATCHER (Ficedula dumetoria) – This Near Threatened Sundaland flycatcher of forest understory was seen along the Nature trail at BRL, where we saw two birds on the 8th of March, the morning we walked the entrance road. LITTLE PIED FLYCATCHER (Ficedula westermanni) – We encountered this widespread species, a little beauty in black and white, en route to breakfast at Kinabalu, where one group had a pair on the 15th of March; we also had a female the following day. TAIGA FLYCATCHER (Ficedula albicilla) – Considered a rare vagrant to Sabah, this migrant is a regular in winter to northwestern Borneo; we had one at Kinabalu on the 13th of March. [b] MUGIMAKI FLYCATCHER (Ficedula mugimaki) – We had several sightings of these pretty Asian migrants along the road at Kinabalu. [b] SNOWY-BROWED FLYCATCHER (Ficedula hyperythra) – This lovely little flycatcher was seen well by all on the road above our lodge parallel to the Silau-Silau trail at Kinabalu. Turdidae (Thrushes and Allies) FRUIT-HUNTER (Chlamydochaera jefferyi) – Another highlight of the trip was seeing a male of this fabulous montane endemic, spotted by Mike as we were all looking around for the bird vocalizing in response to playback. Its extremely high-pitched song is remarkably suggestive of some Neotropical fruiteaters—and, I might add, those darn Whitehead's Pygmy Squirrels! Another cool bird named for John Whitehead's father, Jeffery; at least they kept these two sound-alikes in the family. Very easy to miss and not seen on all our tours. Great shot, Sid! [E] Sturnidae (Starlings) ASIAN GLOSSY STARLING (Aplonis panayensis) – A regular resident in disturbed habitats, this one was seen widely. COMMON HILL MYNA (Gracula religiosa) – The only native myna in Borneo, this one is also the handsomest. We saw it several times in the Kinabatangan, where it is a fairly common resident of tall forest. CRESTED MYNA (Acridotheres cristatellus) – In Sandakan. [I] JAVAN MYNA (Acridotheres javanicus) – First seen in the Sepilok area; introduced birds have become established locally and expanded their range along roads through the palm plantations toward the coast. [I] Chloropseidae (Leafbirds) GREATER GREEN (Chloropsis sonnerati) – The females are more easily distinguished than the males in the two look-alike green leafbirds. We had nice views of females of this species, with the yellow throat and big yellow eye-ring, from the Hornbill Tower, RDC. Both leafbirds are Sundaland specialties. LESSER GREEN LEAFBIRD (Chloropsis cyanopogon) – Seen first from the RDC canopy walkway, though seen best from the Hornbill Tower, RDC. These are considered Near Threatened. BORNEAN LEAFBIRD (Chloropsis kinabaluensis) – Another Bornean endemic, as split from Blue-winged Leafbird; the females have black masks/throats (like the males), which Blue-winged females lack. We saw half-a-dozen along the roadside near the Rafflesia Center. [E]

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 12 Dicaeidae (Flowerpeckers) YELLOW-BREASTED FLOWERPECKER (Prionochilus maculatus) – We saw this Sundaland specialty on several days at BRL. YELLOW-RUMPED FLOWERPECKER (Prionochilus xanthopygius) – This handsome endemic was seen well, first along the road between Sepilok lodge and RDC, but best at BRL in the low, roadside flowers hugging the entrance road. [E] YELLOW-VENTED FLOWERPECKER (Dicaeum chrysorrheum) – Seen very nicely along the road between Sepilok and RDC and again at Poring Hot Springs. We noted that this flowerpecker has a red, not a white, iris. The Myers guide is inaccurate on this feature, whereas the Phillipps guide has it right. ORANGE-BELLIED FLOWERPECKER (Dicaeum trigonostigma dayakanum) – Common and widespread, the males of this endemic taxon are quite striking! Their song is one of the most frequently heard throughout the lowlands. We had our best views on the first day along the road between Sepilok lodge and RDC. BLACK-SIDED FLOWERPECKER (Dicaeum monticolum) – Bill found a male of this montane endemic that continued to show up on a perch outside our Hill Lodge at Kinabalu until everyone, I think, saw it! Also called Bornean Flowerpecker. [E] SCARLET-BACKED FLOWERPECKER (Dicaeum cruentatum nigrimentum) – Great studies of this beauty, males and females, in mistletoe along the road between Sepilok and RDC our first afternoon. This taxon is endemic to Borneo. Randy got a great photo. Nectariniidae ( and Spiderhunters) RUBY-CHEEKED (Chalcoparia singalensis borneana) – Seen along the Gomantong Road and in the good flowering mistletoe clumps at BRL., where we had a pair nesting. This taxon is endemic to Borneo. On a previous tour Rose Ann noticed that some birds (females and/or juves) have bright orange legs, a feature not noted in the field guides. [N] PLAIN SUNBIRD (Anthreptes simplex) – Aptly named, this sunbird, another Sundaland specialty, is inconspicuously plumed but fairly common; we had a pair along the Gomantong Road and several at BRL. PLAIN-THROATED SUNBIRD (BROWN-THROATED) (Anthreptes malacensis borneensis) – This bird was seen well and repeatedly at the showy flowering tree in front of the entrance to RDC; this taxon, which belongs to the brown-throated rather than the gray-throated group, is endemic to Borneo. RED-THROATED SUNBIRD (Anthreptes rhodolaemus) – A Sundaland specialty, this scarce Sunbird was seen at BRL, first by Bill and Joe on the 9th of March, then by the rest of us on the 10th at the beautiful yellow-flowering vines near the staff quarters at BRL. VAN HASSELT'S SUNBIRD (Leptocoma brasiliana) – Formerly known as Purple-throated, this small sunbird is electric in good light! We had many great views in the showy flowering tree outside RDC. In case you're wondering about the rather incongruous epithet, "brasil," "pau-brasil," or "brasilwood," is the name given to a dyewood long imported from the East that produces a purplish-red dye (Brazil took its name from this tree since a similar, native tree was referred to as "pau-brasil" by Portuguese explorers). This probably accounts for the moniker "brasiliana" considering the deep-red color of Van Hasselt's underparts. COPPER-THROATED SUNBIRD (Leptocoma calcostetha) – This large, long-tailed sunbird, another Sundaland specialty, is locally common in mangroves and coastal forests and gardens but is very scarce inland. This is the first time one of our tours has recorded Copper-throated away from the coast. We had nice views, for two days, of a male and female at the showy flowering tree outside RDC. OLIVE-BACKED SUNBIRD (Cinnyris jugularis) – Common in disturbed habitats, this widespread species was seen at Sepilok, Gomantong, and in the padi field area near Kota Belud. TEMMINCK'S SUNBIRD (Aethopyga temminckii) – This Sundaland specialty is a lower montane bird, strikingly brilliant (with a fancy, red tail). We saw it well, sometimes over lunch, at Kinabalu. Randy got a delicious photo. CRIMSON SUNBIRD (Aethopyga siparaja) – This beauty, the epithet "Eastern" now dropped, was seen wonderfully at Sepilok, RDC, and in the Kinabatangan. The lowland counterpart of the previous species. THICK-BILLED SPIDERHUNTER (Arachnothera crassirostris) – This Sundaland specialty was seen in the scopes in the high-growing, yellow- flowering vines at BRL. LONG-BILLED SPIDERHUNTER (Arachnothera robusta) – Yes, another Sundaland specialty, and a treat to see in the yellow-flowering vines at BRL. A large, dark-headed spiderhunter with a big-based, long bill and dark breast-streaks. (Arachnothera longirostra buettikoferi) – The commonest of the spiderhunters, this one was seen repeatedly—and heard unremittingly! The vocalization (I wouldn't call it a song!) was highly suggestive of a Chiffchaff. We recorded them daily in the lowlands and enjoyed them as they visited the blooming gingers and cannas outside our chalets at BRL. Endemic to Borneo, this taxon was named for Johann Büttikofer, a Swiss botanist and zoologist. PURPLE-NAPED SPIDERHUNTER (Arachnothera hypogrammicum) – Note that this understory "sunbird," with the distinctive habit of foraging like a small babbler as it fans and flicks the tail, has been transferred from Hypogramma into the spiderhunter genus Arachnothera by Cornell. We saw a very responsive bird that flew back and forth across the Gomantong Road; also seen at BRL. YELLOW-EARED SPIDERHUNTER (Arachnothera chrysogenys) – This Sundaland specialty was seen at RDC and at BRL, where we had several in attendance at the popular flowering vine near the Nature trail. (Arachnothera flavigaster) – This big spiderhunter with the prominent yellow eye-ring is an uncommon Sundaland specialty; it was first seen along the Menanggul; best seen through the scope at our flowering vine spot at BRL. (Arachnothera everetti) – Formerly "Streaky-breasted" Spiderhunter, the taxon everetti that occurs in Sabah was recently elevated to species status by Cornell, thus becoming another full Bornean endemic. Sid and Randy, with one visiting the flowers at their chalet (Randy had a photo to prove it!), invited everyone to a block party in hopes of nailing it for all; but, alas, we had to wait a day before seeing it as it fed in the towering, flowering vine at BRL; John had a quick view of a disappearing bird near the Rafflesia Center. [E] Motacillidae (Wagtails and Pipits) EASTERN YELLOW WAGTAIL (EASTERN) (Motacilla tschutschensis tschutschensis) – Two were seen in the padi fields near Kota Belud; Cornell Clements checklist has merged simillima, the more common of the two taxa which winter in Borneo, with tschutschensis. So this is likely the taxon we saw. [b] GRAY WAGTAIL (Motacilla cinerea) – Several of these pretty wagtails were seen on the roadside right outside the Hill Lodge; they are regular winter visitors. [b]

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 13 ORIENTAL PIPIT (Anthus rufulus malayensis) – One was seen striding across the short grass at Lahad Datu airport; another in the padi fields. It is also know as Paddyfield Pipit. Passeridae (Old World Sparrows) EURASIAN TREE SPARROW (Passer montanus) – Introduced in Borneo, but seemingly doing quite well. [I] Ploceidae (Weavers and Allies) BAYA WEAVER (Ploceus philippinus) – Not even included in the Myers field guide, 2009, this colonial Asian weaver with the yellow head has become established near Sandakan in recent years, apparently from a feral population. They were busy nest-building along the road outside Sepilok lodge, but they seemed a bit shy. A male was seen briefly by some on the 1st of March before everyone was able to see it on the 2nd, thanks to Bill who saw a male stick its head out of the nest as we drove by. Glossy Swiftlets were gathering material from several old Baya Weaver nests hanging in the immediate vicinity; by the time we left Sepilok these weaver nests had been almost entirely recycled! [IN] Estrildidae (Waxbills and Allies) DUSKY MUNIA (Lonchura fuscans) – Since the tall grass had been cut at BRL, these munias were not nearly as readily seen as usual; however, some folks saw a few in the vicinity of our chalets. A few were also seen at Lahad Datu and at Poring Hot Springs, where they were nesting in the palms. [EN] NUTMEG MANNIKIN (Lonchura punctulata cabanisi) – Also known as Scaly-breasted Munia, this taxon is a recent colonist from the Philippines. We had good numbers in the padi fields near Kota Belud. CHESTNUT MUNIA (Lonchura atricapilla) – A common resident in open country throughout; the male is a spiffy munia. We saw large groups at Sepilok, in the palm plantations en route to Gomantong, at Poring Hot Springs, and in the padi fields near Kota Belud.

MAMMALS COLUGO (Cynocephalus variegatus) – What a treat! On our last night drive at BRL, Paul spotted one of the "flying lemurs" on a roadside tree; when we got our bins on it, turns out it had a baby hanging on! The Colugo, belonging to the order Dermoptera, has recently been shown to be our closest living relative outside of primates. LARGE FLYING FOX (Pteropus vampyrus) – We saw one of these cool giant bats beside the Menanggul on our first night ride out of Sukau. Also known as Malaysian Flying Fox, it is often said to be the largest of the megabats. As with other Old World fruit bats, it lacks the ability to echolocate. WRINKLE-LIPPED FREE-TAILED BAT (Chaerephon plicatus) – The vast majority of the bats pouring out of the Gomantong Caves were Wrinkle- lipped Free-tails, which clearly provide ample prey for Bat Hawks gathering each evening to dine on the wing. On our evening at the caves this trip, the bats were smoking early, drifting out in discrete groups in the same direction. It was fun to watch the Bat Hawks diving into the glut of protein. SLENDER TREESHREW (Tupaia gracilis) – ?? Either Slender or Lesser Treeshrew. The treeshrews we saw at RDC and Gomantong Road were likely one of these species, but they can only be distinguished positively by hindfoot or skull measurements. [E] BORNEAN SLOW LORIS (Nycticebus menagensis) – This one IS a primate, albeit a very slow-moving primate. Thanks to Paul, on a night run up the BRL entrance road, we had a superb view of one of these large-eyed, sloth-like creatures. Although many previous classifications recognized as few as but one all-inclusive species, there are now at least eight that are considered valid, so we have recognized the endemic Bornean, menagensis, as the one we saw. They are strepsirrhine primates, related to lemurs, among others. [E] HORSFIELD'S TARSIER (Tarsius bancanus) – Wow! What a joy to see this incredible nocturnal , thanks to our boatman who spotted it during one of our night cruises on the Menanggul. Known for their extraordinary leaping ability, the tarsier taxonomy is in doubt. Taxon borneanus is endemic to Borneo, and the species, Horsfield's Tarsier, is endemic to southern Sumatra and to Borneo. Also known as Western Tarsier, it is considered Vulnerable. CRAB-EATING MACAQUE (Macaca fascigularis) – Common along the Kinabatangan and its tributaries, this monkey gave us some good shows which all were able to photograph. PIGTAIL MACAQUE (Macaca nemestrina) – What an odd-looking monkey; we had some good views of it along the Kinabatangan tributaries. SILVERED LEAF MONKEY (Presbytis cristata) – Also called Silvered Langur. We had nice looks at this very attractive primate along the tributaries of the Kinabatangan. RED LEAF MONKEY (Presbytis rubicunda) – This unkempt endemic was very nicely seen at Gomantong Caves and in the tributaries of the Kinabatangan; Randy's face-on photo is especially engaging. [E] PROBOSCIS MONKEY (Nasalis larvatus) – What a remarkable primate! Seeing these fascinating endemics with the great noses (especially the males), fat bellies, and long white tails was one of the mammalian highlights of the trip! I think everyone managed to get some good photos of these inhabitants of the Kinabatangan wilds. [E] GRAY GIBBON (Hylobates muelleri) – Mostly heard—but then what wonderful sounds they make! Some were able to see them briefly at BRL, but we never got the looks we'd have liked of these shy primates. [E] ORANGUTAN (Pongo pygmaeus) – Now usually called Bornean Orangutan, having been split from with Sumatran Orangutan. Our first encounter was with an individual along the canopy walkway, RDC, but only after we had seen a roosting nest. It performed for us and permitted close photos. We also had one the following day with a baby and then a couple in the Kinabatangan, as well as nice sightings along the trails at BRL. Orangutans average 73-180 lbs, with big males weighing 250 lbs or more! Peggy had worked with some Orangutans on a project in Kalimantan and shared some of her experiences with this Endangered species. [E] PALE GIANT SQUIRREL (Ratufa affinis) – Generally considered a Sundaland specialty of Near Threatened status, this big, long-tailed squirrel was seen well along the RDC canopy walkway. Mike got a fantastic photo of one as it hung from its perch to feed, its remarkable tail in full display! PREVOST'S SQUIRREL (Callosciurus prevostii) – The common, good-sized squirrel of the lowland forest, where it was seen almost daily. The Bornean taxon we saw is dark with a chestnut belly. PLANTAIN SQUIRREL (Callosciurus notatus) – Another common squirrel of the lowlands; most of our sightings were at Sepilok and the RDC. BORNEAN BLACK-BANDED SQUIRREL (Callosciurus orestes) – Similar to Plantain Squirrel, but has a pale buffy spot behind the ears. We saw this one near the Tambunan Rafflesia Center. [E] BORNEAN MOUNTAIN GROUND-SQUIRREL (Dremomys everetti) – Seen near the Rafflesia Center and at Kinabalu; this ground-squirrel has a pointed, shrew-like muzzle. [E]

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 14 SCULPTOR SQUIRREL (Glyphotes simus) – This montane squirrel was seen by Joe and Bill. [E] PLAIN PYGMY SQUIRREL (Exilisciurus exilis) – The endearing pygmy of the lowlands; what a cute, miniscule endemic, tearing around the tree limbs and even the banisters (at BRL). We saw them foraging on moss near the Gomantong Caves. [E] WHITEHEAD'S PYGMY SQUIRREL (Exilisciurus whiteheadi) – The fanciest of the little squirrels, this one too is a montane Bornean endemic. We saw this one with the distinctive ear tufts near the Rafflesia Center and at Kinabalu. [E] RED GIANT FLYING SQUIRREL (Petaurista petaurista) – We waited at dusk for this extraordinary "flying" squirrel to emerge from its cavity and to fly for us over the canopy walkway, RDC. We were rewarded by seeing two sail and sit on limbs as if engaged in a retrospective as we noted their long reddish tails with a black tip. Also watching for signs of some activity were a couple of Wallace's Hawk-Eagles, occupying the same tree as one of the squirrels. As it turned out, we were the only ones to satisfy our appetite for flying squirrel that evening. Later, at BRL, we spotted another with the light on a night drive. Though widespread in southeast Asia as a species, this taxon, rajah, is endemic to Borneo. BLACK FLYING SQUIRREL (Aeromys tephromelas) – This Sundaland specialty was sitting atop a tall, dead tree on our first night drive at BRL. THOMAS'S FLYING SQUIRREL (Aeromys thomasi) – This endemic flying squirrel was seen on our first night drive at BRL; similar to Red Giant Flying Squirrel, Thomas's is darker in color and has no black tip to the long tail. We had all three flying squirrels that one night! [E] NORWAY (BROWN) RAT (Rattus norvegicus) – One of these introduced rats was seen at Sukau and one in (don't tell anyone) the open-air dining room at BRL. [I] COMMON PALM CIVET (Viverra zibetha) – This arboreal civet with the raccoon-like face was first seen along the Menanggul, and then along the roadside on our great, last-night drive at BRL. MALAY CIVET (Viverra tangalunga) – As was this Malay Civet, of which we saw two. This spotted beauty has black-and-white bars across its throat. SMALL-TOOTHED PALM CIVET (Arctogalidia trivirgata) – This dark, long-tailed, arboreal civet with the very dark head was seen on a night drive at BRL, thanks to Paul's good spotting. The Bornean taxon is stigmatica. BANDED PALM CIVET (Hemigalus derbyanus) – This civet (making four for the trip!) has black bars across its reddish brown upperparts; it was one of three civets we saw in one night at BRL! BORNEAN PYGMY ELEPHANT (Elephas maximus borneensis) – Another diurnal mammalian highlight was seeing a rogue male elephant along the main highway in the palm plantations (but with forest in sight) between Sepilok and Gomantong! We were not alone in stopping to wonder, as it drew quite a bit of attention from passing motorists. I think everyone got a photo of some kind! We were lucky to see this beast because the herd that often ranges along the Kinabatangan at only a reasonable distance from the Sukau lodge was feeding at a great distance downriver during our stay. En route to BRL we just missed seeing a group, but we saw plenty of evidence of their recent presence! Though considered a race (with a proportionately longer tail) of the larger Indian Elephant, most authorities now elevate the smaller Bornean taxon to species status, based on genetic evidence. BEARDED PIG (Sus barbatus) – These big pigs were seen in the Kinabatangan, our best looks coming of one at the oxbow lake we birded out of Sukau. GREATER MOUSE DEER (Tragulus napu) – One of these miniature deer was seen just off the road on our last night drive at BRL. Rose Ann and Paul decided it was a Greater rather than a Lesser. SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor) – Several of these were seen at BRL, a couple on a sandbar in the Danum River by one group.

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

Among the joys of birding Borneo are the many delightful nonavian distractions that come in an array of extraordinary forms from a variety of other fauna and flora. In addition to the birds, our triplist database contains the mammals, but we had a long list of additional write-ins, including a few plant species of exceptional interest. To mention a very few, emphasizing those that we were able to identify:

Among the plants:

--Rafflesia keithii - We traveled to Poring to see the flower of this fascinating Bornean endemic, the largest of its genus in Borneo and the second largest flower in the world. An endoparasite, it has no stems, leaves, or true roots, deriving its energy entirely from its host, a woody grapevine in the genus Tetrastigma (Vitaceae). We discussed how scientists and the Kinabalu Park staff work with locals to enhance the environmental conditions favorable to this rare and impressive flower, namely by making its host vine available for distribution on nearby private lands. It has worked well, increasing the probability of our encountering an ephemeral Rafflesia flower somewhere near Poring on our tour. This March we saw two fabulous blossoms, one on its first day open, the other on its second day, thanks to a message Adrian received. A recent study on its congener, Rafflesia cantleyi, determined that the parasite was not only absorbing nutrients from its host, but was actually stealing genes! For details on this horizontal gene transfer, a rare phenomenon among organisms more complex than bacteria, go to: http://www.biomedcentral.com/presscenter/pressreleases/20120608.

--Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants - The pitcher plant center of Borneo (and the world!) is upper-elevation Mt. Kinabalu. Recent research has revealed the "evolutionary incentive" for high-elevation pitcher plants to have evolved bigger and bigger pitchers: It's to serve as a toilet for treeshrews! Mountain Treeshrews, which are common at these high elevations (where insects become increasingly scarce), are attracted by the sweet secretion on the underside of the pitcher's lid. To reach it, they climb onto the pitcher's sturdy rim, which fits them perfectly, and sip away, meanwhile defecating into the pitcher to mark their feeding territory-- thus supplying all the nitrogen critical to these normally carnivorous plants. (See the following link for a full explanation, with photos: http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8552000/8552157.stm.) The pitcher plant we saw near Poring was, according to Adrian, Nepenthes cf stenophylla, an -eater.

--Podochilus tenius - This remarkable miniscule orchid is the smallest in Asia and, according to Adrian, indeed the smallest in the world (though Ecuadorians may disagree with that).

Notes on other critters encountered during the tour: First, a selection of invertebrates:

--Flat, lime green land snail we saw at Kinabalu (Rhinocochlis nasuta).

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 15 --Bornean Pill Millipedes (Glomeris connexa, family Zephronidae) at BRL. They feed on dead leaves and wood in the leaf litter, contributing to decomposition of organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the soil. They curl into a protective ball like a pillbug when disturbed. There were other, more traditional millipedes as well.

--Scutigerid centipedes (Scutigera spp.), on the Gomantong cave walls, are generally nocturnal, devouring spiders, stick insects, beetle larvae.

--Giant Forest Ants (Camponotus gigas) at BRL are among the largest ants worldwide. They are primarily nocturnal, nest underground mostly (though sometimes in canopy), and feed on dead insects and plant material. They are similar to Neotropical "bullet ants."

--White lantern bugs (Pyrops sultana, family Fulgoridae, also order Hemiptera), with a deep red-orange snout-like head, were seen well on the trunks of several trees at Poring. Contrary to the belief of Linnaeus, who described several species, the inflated head process does not light up at night. They are sap suckers, which excrete excess sugars as droplets that certain ants have become specialized to collect!

--The big stick insect we saw at BRL was likely related to Chan's Megastick, the adults of which can measure 35.7cm (excluding its legs), setting the world record for longest insect body. The one we saw was ca. 9" long.

--Of the many butterflies & moths, perhaps most memorable would be the common Wood Nymph ( stolli) or Tree Nymph butterflies that float tissue paper-like throughout the lowlands (and are replaced by a montane counterpart in the highlands); the big, striking black-and-yellow Common Birdwings (Trioides helena) that were fairly common from the lowlands to lower Kinabalu; the big, green Rajah Brooks Birdwing; and the big, long- tailed, brown and white Lyssa moth (L. menoetcus) that we photographed at BRL. And what about that "royal" caterpillar? That amazing creature was photographed by Peggy for all to pay homage at its many feet! We have no idea what that morphs into. (See the following website to help ID some of your other photos: http://www.learnaboutbutterflies.com/Malaysia%20thumbs.htm.)

--Oh, and the leeches. It had been dry in the lowlands, so they weren't numerous this year. Still, we "experienced" Brown Leeches (Haemadipsa zeylanica). They informed our fashion and left some of us with a "battle scar" to show off back home. But not all of us managed to join the donors club.

Amphibians and reptiles of particular note:

--Wallace's Flying Frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus, family Rhacophoridae) Paul spotlighted this beauty on a night drive at BRL, much to Joe's delight. Like other "flying frogs," it's able to "fly" by spreading its toes, which are connected by broad membranes that allow it to sail from branch to branch or across gaps in the forest canopy.

--Harlequin Flying Treefrog (Rhacophorus pardalis) Another canopy inhabitant that sails to the forest floor to breed. We saw this one along the walkway at RDC.

--Bornean Horned Frog (Megophrys nasuta) A fantastic find! Even though said to be the most widespread and common of the genus, their cryptic strategy makes one wonder how they are ever seen. We had extremely close looks at BRL along the Nature trail. Amazingly, we also spotted it at night, but only because we knew where to look. We all got photos of this humdinger. This and Wallace's Flying Frog were Joe's most-wanted birds of the trip!

--Green Paddy Frog (Hylarana erythraea) Abundant in agricultural areas, this frog was seen on two days in the Sukau area, once, I believe, in a roadside ditch in the palm plantations.

--Smith's Giant Gecko, or Giant Forest Gecko (Gekko smithii) As split from Tokay Gecko (G. gecko), this is the one that we heard so frequently and saw at Sukau Rainforest Lodge. Rose Ann got a great shot of this one!

--Kuhl's Flying Gecko (Ptychozoon kuhli) We saw these cool nocturnal geckos at BRL on two occasions. Very similar to Malayan Flying Gecko (P. lionotum).

--Water Monitor (Varanus salvator) We saw some big ones, especially in the Kinabatangan, where we had them along the sandy waterway in the sun. Also at Sepilok.

--Green Fence Lizard, or Green Crested Agamid (Bronchocela cristatella) This was the bright green lizard we saw our first morning at RDC; we saw at least 3.

--Saltwater or Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) These crocodiles we had along the waterways of the Kinabatangan on three days. Considered to be very intelligent and sophisticated , they communicate by barks and are thought to display four different calls. Widely distributed, Saltwater Crocs are the largest living reptiles, males reaching 6-7 m and weighing more than 2500 lbs. Females are much smaller. All the ones we saw were small ones.

--Draco sp. (flying lizards) The first one, at the RDC entrance, we saw sail from one tree to another! We saw at least one other species, also at Sepilok.

--"Common sun skink" (Eutropis multifasciatus) The most common skink we encountered (the bronzy-brown one in the leaf litter throughout the lowlands) was probably this species, formerly in the genus Mabuya. It occurs throughout the region.

--Reticulated Python (Broghammerus reticulatus) Found in Sundaland and the Philippines; nocturnal, near water, feeding primarily on homeotherms; kills prey by constriction. We saw one along the Tenangang, where they were coiled in a tree overhanging the water's edge, and one along the Menanggul on a night cruise.

Like Kinabalu itself, that's just the "tip of the batholith." There are LOTS of fabulous critters out there, and we encountered but a small (yet wonderful!) sampling.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 16 Totals for the tour: 306 bird taxa and 33 mammal taxa

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 800-728-4953 17