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RelatedRelated missionsmissions andand programsprograms forfor SnowfallSnowfall andand SnowSnow HydrologyHydrology ofof JAXAJAXA

ShujiShuji ShimizuShimizu JapanJapan AerospaceAerospace ExplorationExploration AgencyAgency (JAXA)(JAXA) EarthEarth ObservationObservation ResearchResearch CenterCenter (EORC)(EORC)

ALOS AVNIR-2 2006/11/05 JAXAJAXA EarthEarth ObservationObservation ProgramProgram forfor GEOSSGEOSS

To develop and operate an A plan of advanced low Observation System for GEOSS Earth Dual-frequency Radar (GPM) SAR/disaster monitoring satellites SBA AMSR2 (GCOM-W) With NASA With NASA GCOM-W Scatterometer (GCOM-W) GCOM-C SGLI (GCOM-C) DPR/GPM Profiling Radar (EarthCARE)

With ESA CPR/EarthCARE Climate SBA Greenhouse Gas Optical Sensor/ Observation Sensor Geo-stationary EO (GOSAT) GOSAT Disaster SBA SAR (disaster monitoring satellites), Optical Sensor (Geo-stationary EO satellite)

2 JAXAJAXA EarthEarth ObservationObservation planplan Timetable of the JAXA earth observation missions

Targets ~2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Disaster [Optical imager] ALOS F/O Optical monitoring & MOS-1, ADEOS ALOS/PRISM AVNIR2 Resources (87~95) (96~97) management ALOS [Optical imager, ALOS F/O SAR SAR] ALOS/PALSAR JERS-1 (92~98) [Disaster monitoring] Global worming & [Precipitation radar] PR (97~) observation TRMM/PR GPM/DPR [Precipitation] water cycle [ radiometer] ADEOS-II/AMSR GCOM-W2 MOS-1 (87~95) GCOM-W1/ AMSR2

[Wind, SST , Water vapor] Aqua/AMSR-E [Optical imaging radiometer] [Vegetation, aerosol, cloud, SST, ] MOS-1, ADEOS (87~95) (96~97) Global climate ADEOS-II/GLI GCOM-C1/ SGLI change [Cloud profiling radar] [Cloud and Aerosol 3D structure]

EarthCARE/CPR [Spectrometer] ADEOS/ILAS (96~97) ADEOS-II/ILAS-II Next greenhouse gases Greenhouse observation satellite gases GOSAT [CO2, Methane]

[CO2, Methane] Misstion status On orbit Approved plan Research Extension 3 GlobalGlobal PrecipitationPrecipitation MeasurementMeasurement (GPM)(GPM)

• The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is a follow-on and expanded mission GMI of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (Microwave (TRMM) mainly initiated by NASA, JAXA, Imager) and the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). • The major sensors on the GPM core KuPR: 13.6GHz satellite are the Dual-frequency radar (phased Precipitation Radar (DPR) and the GPM array) Microwave Imager (GMI). KaPR: 35.5GHz radar (phased array) • DPR radar will measure intense rain in tropics by 14GHz, and weak rain & in GPM Primary Satellite characteristics mid/ high-latitudes by 35GHz Orbit sun-asynchronous Inclination Apporox. 65 degrees Altitude Apporox. 407 km Mission Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) Instrument Passive (GMI) 245 km (KuPR), 100 km (KaPR), 850km (GMI) Swath width 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89 GHz V&H

DPR: 5km, Range Resolution 250 m GMI:19.4x32.2km (10.65GHz), 11.2x18.3km (18.7GHz), Resolution 9.2x15.0km (23.8GHz), 8.6x14.4km (36.5GHz), 4.4x7.3km (89.0GHz)

Launch Date 2013 Mission Life Apporox. 3 years (5 years target)

4 GPM/DPRGPM/DPR FunctionalityFunctionality

DPR radar will: Measure intense rain in tropics Weak rain & snow in mid/ high-latitudes DSD using differential reflectivity

5 GCOM-C GCOM-W OverviewOverview ofof GCOMGCOM

The Purpose of Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) is to demonstrate monitoring the climate change by satellite observation. GCOM consists of two kinds of satellites, GCOM-W and GCOM-C. GCOM-W will contribute to the observations related to global water and energy circulation. GCOM-C will contribute to the surface and atmospheric measurements related to the carbon cycle and radiation budget. GCOM is long-term mission to observe more than 10 years. Three consecutive generations of satellites with one year overlap in orbit enables over 13years observation in total.

Jan. 2012 １ １ year year GCOM-W1 GCOM-W2 GCOM-W3 Launch GCOM-C1 GCOM-C2 GCOM-C3 Launch

6 GCOM-C GCOM-W GCOMGCOM SystemSystem OverviewOverview Main Mission • Establish and demonstrate the global and long-term (contribute to GEOSS) • Contribute to improving climate change prediction in concert with climate model research institutions GCOM-W & -C characteristics GCOM-W GCOM-C

Configuration

Sun-synchronous Sun-synchronous Altitude: 699.6km Altitude: 798km Orbit (TBD) Inclination: 98.19deg Inclination: 99.36deg Descending local time: 1:30 Descending local time: 10:30 AMSR2 Instruments SGLI SeaWinds F/O (-W2, W3:TBD) water vapor, cloud liquid water, sea surface , ocean Target precipitation, SST, wind speed, sea colour, aerosols, cloud, vegetation, concentration etc. snow/ ice, etc. Launch Date 2012 2013 Mission Life 5 years (3 satellites; total 13 years)

Launch Vehicle H-IIA 7 OverviewOverview ofof EarthCAREEarthCARE Joint Development of JAXA/NICT ESA 6th EarthExplorer Mission

ＣＰＲ

EarthCARE Satellite (ESA) Mass：approx. 1300kg Cloud Profiling RADAR(CPR) Orbit Sun-synchronous Polar (13:30) ： •Specification Instruments –94GHz Doppler RADAR ・Cloud Profiling RADAR (JAXA/NICT) ・Atmospheric LIDAR（ESA) –Measurement Height -0.5～20km ・Multi-spectral Imager (ESA) –Resolution vertical 500m( 100m ・Broadband Radiometer(ESA) sample) Launcher –Dynamic Range：-35dBZ~+21dBZ ・Denepr/PSLV/Vega (TBD ESA) –Field of View:650m (cross track) Operation (ESA) –Doppler measurement: -10～+10 m/s 2012 Launch –Doppler Accuracy: <1 m/s –Radiometric accuracy; <2.7dBZ •EarthCARE is a joint project between ESA and JAXA- •Physical charastristics National Institute of Information and Communications –size 2500x2700x1300 [mm] (stow), Technology (NICT) 2500x2700x3550 [mm] (deploy) •JAXA-NICT is responsible for –Main reflector diameter: 2.5m •Cloud profiling Radar (CPR) development –Mass: 216kg •CPR science data processing –Power: 300W •Promotion of the science and application –Max data rate: 270kbps 8 SummarySummary ofof satellitesatellite missionsmissions

Launch date or Satellite/Sensor Lead Agency Basic Technologies Measured Variables Category TRMM/ PR NASA/JAXA/NICT radar Nov. 28, 1997 - precipitation SST, sea ice, wind, water vapor, Aqua/ AMSR-E NASA/JAXA microwave radiometry May 4, 2002 - precipitation, snow depth cloud, sea ice, water vapor, SST, MTSAT-1R JMA Radiometry (geostationary) Feb. 26, 2005 Irradiance cloud, sea ice, water vapor, SST, MTSAT-2 JMA Radiometry (geostationary) 18 Feb. 2006 Irradiance ALOS/ AVNIR-2 JAXA VIS-NIR radiometry Jan. 24 2006 vegetation, land cover, river, HAB ALOS/PRISM JAXA VIS-NIR radiometry Jan. 24 2006 DEM ALOS/ PALSAR JAXA L band SAR Jan. 24 2006 Interferometry, land cover, sea ice GOSAT/TANSO-FTS JAXA/MOE/NIES FTS Approved (2008) CO2, CH4 cloud, aerosols (atmospheric correction GOSAT/TANSO-CAI JAXA/MOE/NIES VIS-SWIR radiometry Approved (2008) for CO2 estimation by FTS) GPM/ DPR NASA/JAXA/NICT radar Approved (2013) precipitation Approved (Jan. SST, sea ice, wind, water vapor, GCOM-W/ AMSR-2 JAXA microwave radiometry 2012) precipitation, snow depth Study (Jan. ocean colour, SST, aerosols, cloud, GCOM-C/ SGLI JAXA VIS-TIR radiometry 2013) snow/ice, PAR, vegetation EarthCARE/ CPR NASA/JAXA/NICT Radar Study (2012) Cloud vertical profile ALOS-F/O Optical JAXA VIS-NIR radiometry Study (2012) Disaster monitoring, land cover, DEM ALOS-F/O SAR JAXA L band SAR Study (2012) Disaster monitoring, DEM, Biomass - - geostationary Study (-) Disaster or environmental monitoring

Current and future missions led by Japanese Agencies are listed above 9 Backup TropicalTropical RainfallRainfall MeasuringMeasuring MissionMission (TRMM)(TRMM)

• TRMM was launched in November 1997 to understand the global energy and water cycle by providing quantitative measurement of rainfall in the

tropics. 11 Concept of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)

OBJECTIVE: Understand OBJECTIVE: Provide the Horizontal and Enough Sampling to Vertical Structure of Reduce Uncertainty in Rainfall and Its Short-term Rainfall Microphysical Element. Accumulations. Provide Training for Extend Scientific and Constellation Societal Applications. Radiometers. Core Satellite •Dual-frequency Precipitaion Radar (JAXA and NiCT) Constellation Satellites •Multi-frequency Radiometer •Small Satellites with (NASA) Microwave Radiometers •H2-A Launch (TBD) •Aggregate Revisit Time, •TRMM-like Spacecraft 3 Hour goal •Non-Sun Synchronous Orbit •Sun-Synchronous Polar •~65° Inclination •~407 km Altitude •500~900 km Altitude •~5 km Horizontal Resolution •250 m / 500m Vertical Global Precipitation Resolution Processing Center Precipitation Validation •Capable of Producing Global Sites Precipitation Data Products •Global Ground Based Rain as Defined by GPM Partners

Measurement 12 EarthCARE/CPREarthCARE/CPR statusstatus inin JapanJapan Extended phase-A activities since 2005 together with NICT Mid-term report in September, 2006 JAXA/NICT pre-project team established in October, 2006 ESA-JAXA high level meeting in October, 2006 Mission Definition Review (MDR) / System Requirement Review (SRR) was held in May, 2007 Space Activities Commission (SAC) phase up review in this summer System Definition Review (SDR) and JAXA Management Level Review by the end of 2007. Target to establish EarthCARE/CPR project team by the end of JFY 2007

13 GCOM-C GCOM-W GCOMGCOM--W/W/ AMSR2AMSR2

GCOM: Global Change Observation Mission AMSR2: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2; Multi frequency and dual polarized passive microwave radiometer AMSR 2 Targets of GCOM-W are water-energy cycle, and will carry AMSR-follow on, AMSR-2. AMSR-2 will continue AMSR-E observations (water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, wind speed, etc.).

2002.9.10 2004.9.10 2006.9.10 GCOM-W AMSR-F/O characteristics Sun-synchronous (ascending local time: 13:30) Orbit (TBD) Altitude: 699.6km, Inclination: 98.19deg Launch Date Jan. 2012 (HII-A) Mission Life 5 years (3 satellites; total 13 years) Scan Conical scan microwave radiometer Swath width 1450km Antenna 2.0m offset parabola antenna Digitalization 12bit Incident angle Apporox. 55 degree 2003.9.10 2005.9.10 Polarization Vertical and Horizontal Dynamic range 2.7-340K

Band Beam width [deg] Sampling Band Polariza width (Ground resolution interval (GHz) tion (MHz) [km]) [km] 6.925 350 1.8 (35 x 62) 10.65 100 1.2 (24 x 42) V 18.7 200 0.65 (14 x 22) 10 and 23.8 400 0.75 (15 x 26) H 36.5 1000 0.35 (7 x 12) September sea ice concentration in the Arctic 89.0 3000 0.15 (3 x 5) 5

14 GCOM-C GCOM-W GCOMGCOM--C/C/ SGLISGLI shortwave & thermal InfraRed (T) Scanner (IRS) SGLI : Second Generation Global Imager Polarization • Targets of GCOM-C are carbon cycle and muti-angle radiation budget, and will carry SGLI. radiometer (P) • SGLI will continue almost of the GLI observations (, ocean colour, aerosols, cloud, vegetation, snow/ ice, and so on). Visible & Near infrared • The new SGLI features (250m (VN) and 500m (T) push-broom Imager (VNI) channels and two polarization/ multi-direction channels (P)) will enable improvement of land and coastal monitoring and retrieval of land aerosols.

GCOM-C SGLI characteristics Sun-synchronous (descending local time: 10:30) Orbit (TBD) Altitude: 798km, Inclination: 98.6deg Launch Date Jan. 2013 (HII-A) Mission Life 5 years (3 satellites; total 13 years) Push-broom electric scan (VN & P) Scan Wisk-broom mechanical scan (SW & T) 1150km cross track (VN & P) Scan width 1400km cross track (SW & T) Digitalization 12bit Polarization 3 polarization angles for P Along track +45 deg and -45 deg for P direction Nadir for VN, SW and T On-board calibration functions (baseline of the BBM design) VNI: Solar diffuser, Internal lamp (PD), Lunar by pitch maneuvers, and dark current by masked pixels and nighttime obs. SW: Solar diffuser, Internal lamp, Lunar, and dark current by deep space window Snow Gain Size and Surface Temperature TI: Black body and dark current by deep space window All: Electric calibration 15