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Inside… World Leaders in Florence to Participate in a Conference Lionel Promoted by the EUI and NYU Jospin à’IUE 3 he European University Institute ian President FERNANDO HENRIQUE CAR- promoted, together with New York DOSO, Portuguese Prime Minister ANTÓNIO TUniversity, a Conference on ‘Pro- MANUEL DE OLIVEIRA GUTERREZ and the gressive Governance for the 21st Century’ Director General of the International which was held in Florence on Saturday 20 Labour Organization JUAN SOMAVIA. New Chair 5

Fellowships 6 & 57

Forum 2000

43 Jay Oliva, Tony Blair, Patrick Masterson, A.M. de Oliveira Guterrez, Romano Prodi, Gerhard Schröder, F.H. Cardoso, Bill Clinton, Massimo D’Alema, Lionel Jospin and John Sexton (from the left)

and Sunday 21 November and was orga- The focus of the conference was similar to nized in collaboration with some of the the one organized in 1997 in New York and major Italian research institutes and thanks the discussions which took place among the People to the hospitality offered by the Florence Heads of State and of Government of Euro- 56 ff Municipality. pean and transatlantic countries in Florence was centred on the major global themes The conference was attended by President concerning equitable, effective and democ- BILL CLINTON, Premiers MASSIMO D’ALE- ratic governance in the coming years. MA, TONY BLAIR and LIONEL JOSPIN and Chancellor GERHARD SCHRÖDER, as well as The European University Institute was by the President of the EU Commission involved in the initiative, together with Jobs ROMANO PRODI, the new Secretary-General New York University, because of its acade- 64 of the EU Council, JAVIER SOLANA, Brazil- mic independence and high level of The European University Institute The European University Autumn1999 Progressive Governance... R the Twenty-firstCentury Re-thinking HumanRightsLawtoMeettheNeedsof The papersareasfollows: teachers was thenpostedonthe Institute’s website. addressed throughouttheconference. publication ofaseriesstudiesonthefocalpoints engaged onaprocessofreflectionwhichleadtothe Long beforetheevent tookplace,theInstitute Union MemberStates. peanization processesinthesocietiesofEuropean the Fifteenwithadvancing integration andEuro- globalization, humanrightsanddevelopments facing research, notablyonsuchthemesasthe Welfare State, by Prof.M Social Justice andGrowth inthe Advanced Economies Building aSustainable Welfare StateandReconciling The researchwork donebyanumber ofInstitute HODES ; Five (Hypo)thesesonDemocracy andits AURIZIO Lionel JospinandPatrick Masterson F.H. Cardoso,MassimoD’Alema,BillClinton,LionelJospin andGerhardSchröder(fromtheleft) F ERRERA h Ntact Syndrome: The ‘Not-a-cat’ by Prof.P and Prof.M HILIP A LSTON ARTIN ; in thenearfuture. The proceedingsoftheconferencewillbepublished minded andprogressive fashion. century andhow tomeetthosechallengesinareform- damental challengeswhichwilldominatethenext pean countriesandthe American Presidentonthefun- depth discussionamongsttheleadersofmajorEuro- The Florenceseminarwas sanopportunity foranin- ists oftheparticipatingcountries. ence, comprisingintellectuals,academicsandjournal- ty), afterwhichquestionsweretaken fromtheaudi- and ProfessorN by M ry: values, rightsandresponsibilities”was chaired sion was dedicatedto“Democraciesinthe21stcentu- The seminarresumedintheafternoon. The first ses- offered byglobalization. against thebackdropoflimitsandopportunities moting growth withpoliciespromotingsocialjustice then discussedtheproblemofcombiningpoliciespro- ing speeches. The headsofStateandgovernment ernance inthe21stCenturybyProf.T Future Professor Y O by theMayorofFlorence.DrM M equality andopportunity”was moderatedby which was dedicatedtothetopic:“Thenew economy: Cinquecento inPalazzo Vecchio. The first session- The seminaronSundaywas heldintheSalonedei LIVA ASSIMO ASSIMO , PresidentofNew York University gave open- by Prof.Y D'A VES D’A LEMA M ORMAN VES ÉNY LEMA , began withawelcomingspeech M (European University Institute) . The openingspeakers were ÉNY D ORSEN ; DemocraticGlobalGov- (New YorkUniversi- ASTERSON HOMAS and J R ISSE 2 AY . visiteurs dans la tra- , appelé le len- , qui venait de , qui venait est allé à la ren- ENY M ASTERSON OSPIN J ARDOSO M VES C IONEL ATRICK ENRIQUE H

ERNANDO Lionel Jospin avec le professeur Mény s’adresse aux étudiants le professeur Mény Lionel Jospin avec moins une cordiale simplicité. ‘Vous êtes ici chez vous’ êtes ici chez ‘Vous moins une cordiale simplicité. P a déclaré le président franchir le seuil d’une des salles de séminaire. du carrefour cul- privilégiés La Badia est l’un des axes turel qu’est la Florence cosmopolite. En cette symbo- lique soirée d’automne – ultime de la ‘décennie du du second millénaire –, elle a mani- Mur’, avant-garde portants d’un sommet festement été l’un des axes substantiellement. auquel elle a et aura contribué sion” (le Premier ministre a malicieusement feint de du droit “L’incidence n’en point connaître l’existence), européen sur le concept d’Etat de droit”, “Les causes Le dans les pays émergents”… des crises financières le cas échéant à ministre a écouté, complimenté, invité ses conseillers… Mais bientôt, prendre contact avec trop tôt, il a dû se retirer pour rencontrer le président du Brésil, F dition de l’hospitalité universitaire, avant d’illustrer les avant universitaire, dition de l’hospitalité et les progrès de l’Ins- de travail objectifs, les méthodes de for- l’un des majeurs centres européens titut, devenu en sciences sociales. La parole est mation de docteurs Y ensuite passée au professeur aux discussions des contribution demain à apporter sa de Le directeur du centre Vecchio. Grands à Palazzo Robert Schuman a souli- recherches inter-disciplinaires portée par le corps enseignant gné la constante attention l’équilibre du à de l’Institut, et du Centre en particulier, pra- théorique de qualité/application binôme: réflexion a conforté ces propos, tique. Le Premier ministre enfin les gouverne- soulignant la nécessité et l’intérêt pour puiser aux sources théoriques, intel- ments de pouvoir naturellement, lectuelles, pour nourrir leur action -et ce, la recherche. dans le plus grand respect de la liberté de L Descendu de la tribune, une idée concrète des contre des étudiants pour se faire de thèse: “Liberté d’ex- s’enquérant des sujets travaux, politiques à la télévi- à face pression et Internet”, “Face

. OSPIN J IONEL rend visite à l’Institut visite à rend

Le Premier ministre français Lionel Jospin Lionel français ministre Le Premier

Antonio Zanardi Landi, Lionel Jospin et Patrick Masterson Antonio Zanardi Landi, Lionel Jospin et Patrick 3 Fernando Henrique Cardoso et Lionel Jospin en tête à tête à l’IUE Les brèves allocutions ont été prononcées dans une Les brèves atmosphère de grande tenue mais n’en respirant pas inaugurer à Florence, que l’Institut a reçu le Premier joué au rôle ministre français et son hommage explicite par ladite maison dans cet événement. l’établissement et la présence de son Premier ministre - l’établissement et la présence de son Premier sous les et ancien ministre de l’Education nationale- de fond en toile de l’antique ‘refettorio’, offrant voûtes marque de une splendide fresque, a constitué une académiques reconnaissance appréciable des activités s’est dérou- menées à la Badia. Mais la cérémonie qui et de sa com- lée en présence des autorités de l’Institut personnel - munauté française - professeurs, étudiants, En effet, a été empreinte d’une émotion particulière. au donné une impulsion décisive c’est aussi pour avoir au XXIe projet de séminaire sur “Le réformisme euro- sociaux-démocrates siècle”, que les gouvernants à péens et américain s’apprêtaient dès le soir-même La France préside actuellement le Conseil supérieur de La France préside actuellement Samedi 20 novembre aux environs de 18 heures s’est de 18 heures aux environs Samedi 20 novembre sans signature, prestigieuse va ajoutée une nouvelle d’or de l’Institut: celle de L dire, au Livre 20 novembre Visits Finland DrM mation seminarinthe Academy of During theafternoonataninfor- Business Administration. Swedish SchoolofEconomicsand of FinlandandtheRector cation, Membersofthe Academy from theFinnishMinistryofEdu- High Council,representatives sions withtheFinnishmembersof M On hisfirst dayinHelsinkiDr world abouttheInstitute. the FinnishandSwedishacademic Institute inordertobetterinform bers oftheEuropeanUniversity to visittwo oftheyoungermem- mission toHelsinkiandStockholm In OctoberthePresidentwenton eign Trade,Mr. K At theendofmeetingFinnishMinisterforFor- Florence andadinnerwas offered inthePittiPalace. been welcomedatPalazzo Vecchio bytheMayorof On theevening oftheprevious day, theMinistershad at theEuropeanUniversity InstituteinNovember 1997. President, ontheoccasionofaninformalmeetingheld pean Commissionerfor Trade, P ters ofForeign Trade oftheEUandbynew Euro- December, themeetingwas attendedbythe15Minis- of the World Trade OganizationtobeheldinSeattle pean positionwithaneye totheMinisterialConference of theEuropeanUnion.Devoted todefining theEuro- hosted theinformalmeetingofForeign Trade Ministers On Friday1OctobertheEuropeanUniversity Institute Sir L Round) was initiallylaunchedattheBadiaFiesolanaby tion ofworld trade(theMillenniumRoundorFiesole The ideaofanew roundofnegotiations onliberaliza- researcher training. including researchcooperation and general informationaboutthe EUI ASTERSON EON B Foreign Trade oftheEuropeanUnion RITTAN at theEuropeanUniversity Institute had extensive discus- ASTERSON Informal MeetingofMinisters , thenEuropeanCommission Vice- IMMO S presented ASI Dr Masterson’s Mission – FinnishPresidency of to FinlandandSweden ASCAL met withthe Under-Secretary of The following dayDrM sity. and studentsatStockholmUniver- hosted aseminarwithresearchers Organization Research(SCORE) noon theStockholmCenterfor meeting andlunch.Intheafter- (HSFR) hostedapreliminary Humanities andSocialSciences Council forResearchinthe Council andwheretheSwedish with SwedishmembersofHigh On toStockholmfordiscussion national EconomicLaw. Studies andtheInstituteforInter- Institute for Area andCultural versity ofHelsinki,theRenvall Business Administration, theUni- Helsinki SchoolofEconomicsand the Business Administration, Swedish SchoolofEconomicsand The next dayincludedvisitstothe L AMY . ister, On.P the CouncilofEU-ItalianForeign Trade Min- nwr session. answer’ EUI researchersforavery lively ‘questionsand Dr Masterson,MinisterFassino, MayorDominiciand MinisterSasi ASTERSON IERO F ASSINO M rence. And italsoprovided Dr vians applyingtocomeFlo- increase thenumberofScandina- increased awareness willalso tute anditistobehopedthat opportunities offered bytheInsti- Swedish academicworld withthe to betteracquainttheFinnishand This visitwas anexcellent chance sala. ernment oftheUniversity ofUpp- Institute attheDepartmentofGov- future oftheEuropeanUniversity SON A State, Dr During theafternoonDrM he wenttoUppsalaUniversity. Ministry ofEducationafterwhich EUI researchers. in turn,willbevery interestingfor grammes ofthesecountrieswhich, the postgraduateandresearch pro- ASTERSON conducted aseminaronthe and CommisionerL GNETA with aninsightinto B LADH AMY ASTER of the 4 met - New Chair , BP Amoco’s Chief Executive Officer said, Officer Chief Executive Amoco’s , BP ROWN B OHN Relations Announced Relations

BP AMOCO Chair in Transatlantic in Chair AMOCO BP 1. Governance of the transatlantic relationship, especially in the areas of trade and of the transatlantic relationship, 1. Governance analyzing the institutional structures for decision-making This includes investment. Atlantic. on both sides of the This includes inves- role of Europe and the U.S. in global governance. The external 2. EU and the U.S. to stabilize relations with Russia and by the tigating the contributions analyzing the role Union. It also involves Soviet other successor states of the former together in the reform of international institutions which Europe and the U.S. can play and the UN Security Coun- Worldbank, Fund, the such as the International Monetary cil.

Announcing the endowment, Sir J Announcing the endowment, The Chair, appropriately endowed by a Euro-American company, will develop a program of a program will develop by a Euro-American company, appropriately endowed The Chair, sides as well as basic research by leading scholars from both policy-oriented highly relevant the pro- European-American interest. In particular, issues of common Atlantic on key of the questions: following gram will initially concentrate on the conferences, and publica- This research will be made public through international seminar, on aspects of the to junior scholars working will be given research fellowships tions. Several by a major feature will be the annual BP lecture, delivered A key transatlantic relationship. will also establish a prize for the best essay on The program American figure. European or transatlantic relations for young researchers. It is, therefore, more than appropriate that the European University Institute has recently Institute has University than appropriate that the European It is, therefore, more Transatlantic Robert Schuman Centre of the BP Chair in announced the establishment at the of its promotion of an international conference in Flo- Relations. It did so on the occasion American Presidents and Heads of Govern- participation of European and rence involving ment (see also p. 1). In this age of so-called globalization, there are only two areas in the world which are truly areas in the world two globalization, there are only In this age of so-called These are concerned. and capital flows as trade, investments, as far economically integrated time, the EU and the At the same Union itself and the transatlantic region. are the European and in in the global economy and shakers partnership are major movers U.S. including their particulary regarding both their internal relationship, politics in general. However, world can play role which the U.S. and Europe and the international affairs transatlantic economic understood. together are still poorly

“We are delighted to be making this investment. The partnership of Europe and America has The partnership of Europe and are delighted to be making this investment. “We I hope the work years. the last fifty a safer and more properous place over made the world that link as we go into a Institute will help to renew to be done at the European University century.” new 5 Transatlantic Fellowships TheinternationalroleofEurope,theU.S.,andtransatlanticrela- – Governance ofthetransatlanticrelationship,especiallyinareas – with aparticularfocusononeofthefollowing themes: researchareashouldbeconcentratedontransatlanticrelations Applicants’ Post Doctoralfellowships intransatlanticrelations. Robert SchumanCentrefor Advanced Studiesinvites applicationsforfive In thiscontext, theBP-AMOCOChairin Transatlantic Relationsatthe of commonEuropean-Americaninterest. research byleadingscholarsfrombothsidesofthe Atlantic onkey issues develop aprogrammeofhighlyrelevant policy-oriented aswellbasic The Chair, appropriatelyendowed byaEuro-Americancompany, will The deadlinefor applicationfor the Academic Year 2000-2001is tionship inglobalgovernance. structures fordecision-makingonbothsidesofthe Atlantic. of tradeandinvestment. This includesanalyzingtheinstitutional BP-AMOCO Chairin Transatlantic Relations For moreinformationonapplication procedureconsult the establishmentatRobertSchumanCentreof The EuropeanUniversity Institutehasjustannounced Transatlantic Fellowships http://www.iue.it/JMF/Welcome.html 1 February 2000 . 6 Questions à M. Hubert Védrine 3.La France est un pays où les cloi- est un pays 3.La France et les sonnements disciplinaires sont pesants. L’Ins- corporatismes et tout européen, titut universitaire Robert le centre particulièrement la au contraire prônent Schuman, dans les pluridisciplinarité économie sciences sociales, droit, qui y sont représentés. - et histoire des frontières Cette perméabilité un premier académiques est-elle de demain? l’université pas vers que l’interdiscipli- Je suis convaincu est narité des cursus universitaires une bonne chose. Certes, des réti- cences subsistent, mais le cloison- nement des disciplines - longtemps de mise dans notre pays, il est vrai - persévérer. Il faut tend à s’estomper. du monde et la com- La complexité préhension de notre environnement, tant national qu’international, exi- gent des compétences et des connaissances de plus en plus vastes Le temps où juristes et diversifiées. s’ignorer et économistes pouvaient de Désormais, les experts est révolu. conju- de tous horizons se doivent Le guer leurs forces et leur savoir. est de sensibili- rôle de l’université ser les chercheurs et les décideurs en de demain à cette réalité nouvelle leur donnant les outils et les méthodes nécessaires. et publications dans 4. Les travaux le domaine des sciences sociales se en majorité, grande font, en très Il en est de même à langue anglaise. européen. l’Institut universitaire la quelle doit être Dans ce contexte, et des autres place du français Comment langues européennes? de la franco- concilier le message sans pour phonie avec cette réalité, autant risquer de donner l’impres- un combat d’arrière- sion de livrer garde? Il est indéniable que la langue anglaise progresse universellement, notamment en raison de l’influence économique et donc culturelle M. Hubert Védrine M. Hubert on the Internet photograph not available photograph Ministère des Affaires étrangères, Affaires Ministère des à Flo- des études de poursuivre afin rence, et de mener leur recherche de doctorat dans un environnement européen et international enrichis- ainsi Ils peuvent sant et formateur. tisser un réseau de relations avec européens. La Fran- leurs collègues ce, à l’occasion de la présidence, est tout d’abord résolue à maintenir la qui fait d’excellence le niveau réputation de l’Institut. elle considère que Plus largement, la connaissance, la culture et la mobilité constituent des enjeux fondamentaux pour les jeunes de Européens. Le développement doit la coopération universitaire de privilégié représenter un axe l’action de l’Union dans ce domai- ne, et la France souhaite que l’Ins- titut y prenne toute sa place. la France souhaite l’encou- Enfin, rager à ouvrir son champ d’activi- tés aux pays d’Europe centrale et orientale et, au-delà, aux autres continents. La France a toujours promu les a toujours promu La France en Europe et échanges culturels année et pour soutient, chaque de candi- deux ans, une douzaine d’une dats. Ceux-ci bénéficient par le accordée bourse Lavoisier

Questions à M. Hubert Védrine Hubert à M. Questions Ministre français des Affaires étrangères Affaires des français Ministre 7 2. Organisation internationale 2. Organisation par les quin- cogérée interétatique de l’Union euro- ze pays membres l’Institut universitaire péenne, accueille des chercheurs européen venus d’horizons et des professeurs ainsi les brassant fort divers, et les tradi- langues, les cultures de Le Général tions scientifiques. en son temps, voyait la Gaulle, euro- d’une université création Le péenne d’un oeil sceptique. a-t-il changé? de la France regard de la présidence Dans le cadre qui vient de s’ouvrir, française quelles sont les ambitions du étrangères Affaires des Ministère euro- pour l’Institut universitaire péen? De quelle façon la France à son rayonne- peut-elle contribuer ment? La diversité et l’exigence du recru- et l’exigence La diversité tement, la grande qualité du corps des pro- professoral et la valeur grammes de recherche, font aujour- d’hui de l’Institut universitaire européen une grande institution doctorale en sciences sociales. C’est donc sur cette lancée que son l’Institut doit poursuivre action. Réjouissons-nous tout d’abord des réussites de l’Institut universitaire européen: il a comblé, depuis sa en 1972, les création officielle espérances des six pays fondateurs. des nou- enthousiaste L’adhésion membres de l’Union euro- veaux péenne à cette entreprise confirme ce succès. 1. Monsieur le Ministre, l’Institut le Ministre, 1. Monsieur vient de européen universitaire vingt ans et passer le cap de ses une place d’ex- occupe aujourd’hui de l’en- cellence dans le domaine au recherche seignement et de la en et post-doctoral niveau doctoral Quels et dans le monde. Europe d’être avis, les raisons sont, à votre doivent d’ani- et les objectifs qui se à l’aube du mer une telle institution XXIème siècle? Questions à M. Hubert Védrine naissance officielle desdiplômes, rières subsistent. Malgré larecon- turel ou social. Pourtant, desbar- tant politiquequ’économique, cul- gresse dans demultiplesdomaines, 6. Laconstructioneuropéenne pro- rapide etsynthétiqued’undossier. crise oudanslacompréhension cieuses dansl’appréhensiond’une recherche peuvent s’avérer pré- méthode d’uneformationparla Par ailleurs,l’expérience etla activité deconseilindispensable. décision, lesexperts exercent une directement surleprocessusde domaines. Sanspourautantinfluer fait delasituationdanstousles rateurs quisoientparfaitement au d’aujourd’hui abesoindecollabo- ment dansl’urgence, ledécideur questions trèsdiverses, générale- Sollicité detouscôtésetausujet et souvent trèspointues. des capacitésd’analysesmultiples nationales contemporainesexige La complexité desrelationsinter- monde d’aujourd’hui? une meilleure compréhension du indispensables l’unàl’autre, pour sont-ils complémentaires, voire politique, pourreprendre Weber, mené enceslieux?Lesavantetle travail d’analyseetderéflexion pour ledécideurquevousêtes, recherche etau-delà.Quesignifie, mation parlarecherche pourla a pourcredo depromouvoir lafor- 5. L’Institut universitaire européen latine. en Amérique Méditerranée oupourl’espagnol lemand àl’Est,pourl’italienen du Sud.Ilenva demêmepourl’al- l’Union européenneavec lespays du dialogueetpartenariatde française estunélémentimportant culturelle etpolitique.Lalangue d’hui uneréalitédémographique, tiques. Lafrancophonieestaujour- les diversités culturellesetlinguis- de préserver cetterichessequesont l’italien. Lebut denotreactionest de l’allemand,l’espagnolou s’agisse, entreautres,dufrançais, ment desautreslangues,qu’il glais nedoitpassefaire audétri- dant, cetteprépondérancedel’an- qu’exercent lesÉtats-Unis.Cepen- ment etpartenariatéconomique partenaires: processusd’élargisse- tenses relationsavec sesvoisins et L’Union européenneentretientd’in- global? un ensembleintégré dansunmonde effectivement seconcevoir comme américains. L’Europe doit-elle aussi auxcontinentsnord etsud péens, sud-méditerranéens, mais de recherche, àsesvoisinsest-euro- venir) dechaires etdeprogrammes vrant, parlacréation (effective ouà champ desesrecherches ens’ou- initial, aquelquepeudiversifié le sans pourautantrenier sonobjectif l’Institut universitaire européen, 7. Au cours decesdernières années, privées. notamment auprèsdesentreprises mieux faire connaîtrel’IUE, présente cetypedeformationet taires nationalesauxavantages que davantage lesautoritésuniversi- Notre objectifestdesensibiliser d’une mauvaise volonté. mation quel’expression manifeste ge lerésultatd’unmanqued’infor- diplôme del’IUEestbiendavanta- L’accueil parfoismitigéréservé au ment desmaîtresdeconférences. mment, lesprocéduresderecrute- pleine équivalence concerne,nota- 84-52 du26janvier 1984.Cette loi surl’enseignementsupérieurn° gatives queledoctoratinstituéparla conférant lesmêmesdroitsetpréro- universitaire européencomme reconnaît ledoctoratdel’Institut ministre del’Éducationnationale L’arrêté du20octobre1992 y remédier? cieuse de‘forces vives’?Comment pas làluiéchapper unemannepré- privé. LaFrance nelaisse-t-elle l’université oudanslesecteur qu’il s’agisse descarrières dans niques, néerlandaisouallemands, expatriés) chez nosvoisinsbritan- les nationauxcommepour plus aisée-etouverte(pour fessionnelle desjeunesdocteurs est ignoré, enFrance. L’insertion pro- accueilli, voire tousbonnement re européen estsouventmal le doctorat del’Institutuniversitai- des Affaires étrangères, assistépar française (1999-2000), leMinistère 9. Danslecadre delaPrésidence péen vers une identitéeuropéenne. vent évoluer dans lecontexte euro- les mentalités,perceptions,peu- entre lesÉtatsmembres,comment sujet traditionnellementconflictuel montre enmêmetemps,surun Ceci n’estqu’unexemple. Il dibles”. nue pardesforcesmilitairescré- capacité d’actionautonomesoute- européenne devait disposer“d’une dans lagestiondescrises,l’Union péen deCologneareconnuque, PAR va voir lejour; leConseileuro- PESC” aprissesfonctions,l’UP- puis laguerreduKosovo; “M. tique convergente pendantlacrise Les Européensontadoptéunepoli- réalité viableetpleined’avenir? concept creux ouaucontraire une citoyenne, est-elle, selonvous,un tique, militaire, intellectuelleou tité européenne, qu’ellesoitpoli- tité européenne deDéfense. L’iden- butiements delaPESCetl’Iden- citer, notammentauregard desbal- observer, àrationaliser, voire àsus- - pourlemoinsdifficile àsaisir, à actuelle, d’uneidentitéeuropéenne 8. Onparlebeaucoup,àl’heure velles airesgéographiques. gation del’IUEs’étendeàcesnou- souhaitable quelechampd’investi- Il estdoncparfaitement logiqueet multiples avec lesÉtats-Unis. avec lespaysduMercosur, relations conférence deBarcelone,accords tenariat méditerranéendepuisla avec lespaysd’Europedel’Est,par- Alexandre Stutzmann 8 SEMED 99 , , - REU NGE T ha poi Õ LEXANDRE ÉNY ATTARELLA IZIANO M VES , Chercheur au Departe- . , del lavoro T , del lavoro , dal Presidente dell’Istituto ‘Energia, reti e infrastrutture’‘Energia, ha ‘Sistemi di piccole imprese e . Il Professor Y ASSINO TUTZMANN F S ment de Sciences Politiques et Sociales ment des cursus et la mobilité des assurer aux uni- étudiants, et enfin une meilleure visibilité à versités C'est ainsi que l'Europe l'étranger. la connais- de le défi pourra relever géné- aux nouvelles sance et offrir de participer rations les moyens aux grandes entreprises du monde de demain. Propos recueillis par A OTO MPERATORI zialità del turismo come risorsa eco- zialità del turismo come nomica; la discussione sulla possi- affrontato un sistema inte- bile realizzazione di grado di svilup- grato di trasporti in di persone e pare il trasferimento merci; binomio immigrazione: un nuovo per lo sviluppo del Mediterraneo’ approfondito i temi della ha, infine, crescita economica e sociale con I N e del Presidente di Mediocredito Cen- IERO ASTERSON LFIO M IAFRANCO APODICASA ‘Turismo e giacimenti culturali: un bene comune e giacimenti culturali: un ‘Turismo C ATRICK mediterranea a vantaggio delle imprese e degli investi- delle imprese e degli mediterranea a vantaggio menti; Mediterraneo’ del per i Paesi poten- ha analizzato le sponde. riferimento ai flussi migratori tra le due è stato aperto dal Presidente del Banco di Il convegno Sicilia A tracciato le linee principali dei lavori nella sua relazio- nella sua tracciato le linee principali dei lavori incentrata sul tema della mobilità di ne introduttiva idee e modelli di sviluppo. le presenze istituzionali i ministri del Commercio Tra con l’Estero P Siciliana A oltre che del Presidente della Regione trale G nutrita è stata poi la presenza di espo- Particolarmente del Mediterraneo con rappresentanti di nenti dei Paesi Marocco e Libia che Tunisia, Israele, Egitto, Spagna, ad animare i cinque workshop hanno contribuito pomeridiani. eil Vice Presidente del Consiglio Sergio M Presidente del Consiglio Sergio Vice eil LO P SEMED ’99 SEMED Les débats et échanges de points de vue entre les chercheurs et spécia- les prati- listes, mais aussi avec ciens, fournissent une contribution précieuse à l'élaboration des déci- sions politiques. Dans ce contexte, autour d’un un colloque organisé de l'universi- thème tel que l’avenir té européene est particulièrement utile et important. La France sou- pour haite prendre des initiatives une colla- activement promouvoir boration plus étroite entre les uni- le rapproche- favoriser versités,

Convegno internazionale su ‘Nuove frontiere della frontiere ‘Nuove su internazionale Convegno

comunicazione e sviluppo delle regioni mediterranee delle regioni sviluppo e comunicazione

‘La comunicazione nell’era multimediale’ ha trat- una ricetta per ‘Ricerca, formazione e innovazione: 9 les chercheurs et les professeurs les chercheurs de l’Institut Universitaire français l'initiative d'orga- a pris Européen, lieu à niser un colloque qui aura chercheurs, et réunira Florence et hauts intellectuels, universitaires et européens français fonctionnaires le autour d’un thème fédérateur: euro- l'université et la place de rôle péenne à l'aube du XXIème siècle. dans ce domaine, Quelle peut être, à l'Eu- de la France la contribution peut que la France et qu'est-ce rope en retour? en apprendre Il tema della riduzione delle distanze politiche ed eco- Il tema della riduzione delle distanze politiche del Mediterraneo è stato regioni nomiche tra le diverse di approfondi- cinque workshop sviluppato attraverso mento: relazioni fra tato le tematiche dell’informazione, delle e del i popoli, della comunicazione multimediale alla comu- collegati investimenti degli finanziamento nicazione; le economie del Sud’ ha consentito di approfondire i temi della ricerca applicata, della formazione e del nell’area possono svolgere ruolo che le università SEMED ’99 è la seconda edizione di SEMED ’99 è la seconda internazionali un ciclo di seminari scopo di favo- annuali che hanno lo rire l’internazionalizzazione delle aziende e la promozione delle picco- le e medie imprese nello spazio euro-mediterraneo. Quest’ anno l’at- tenzione si è focalizzata sulle frontiere della comunicazio- ‘Nuove Al centro mediterranee’. ne e sviluppo delle regioni possibili linee dell’analisi dei partecipanti sono state le tecnolo- nuove di sviluppo economico alla luce delle le trasmissioni gie che hanno consentito di potenziare migliorando lo di dati e informazioni accrescendo e scambio di persone e merci. Anche quest’anno l’Istituto Universitario Europeo ha Universitario Anche quest’anno l’Istituto Internazionale Convegno del preso parte ai lavori il 26 e 27 a Palermo SEMED ’99 – organizzato la propria dal Banco di Sicilia – cui offre Novembre nel qua- collaborazione scientifica della Cattedra dro delle attività Mediterranea. Economics professionals, whomightabuse themtotheirown ben- These informationalasymmetries give anadvantage to trained inthesameprofession. very difficult toverify forsomebodywhohasnot been architects, accountantsandprofessionalsisingeneral care, knowledge andabilityoflawyers, engineers, same istruefortheotherprofessionalservices. The attack) laterthatthediagnosiswas plainlywrong. The worry about,anddiscover onlysometime(andaheart and reassuringdoctor, whosaidthereis nothingto doctor’s surgery very happy abouthaving suchanice else issomethingonecannotknow. Onemightleave the whether thisisduetoheartproblemsorsomething see adoctorbecauseofpainintheleftshoulder, and “consumed” theservice.For instance,onemightgoto only beforebut also,ingeneral, even longafterhaving are unabletojudgethequalityofsuchaservice,not she canprovide herclientswith,andclients,who fessional, whousuallyknows thequalityofservice considerable asymmetricinformationbetweenthepro- Markets forprofessionalservices are characterizedby The rationalefor advertising restriction on advertising shouldberemoved ornot. nomic analysissupportstheideathatsuchregulations such circumstances,itisinterestingtoaskwhethereco- that setanobstacletocompetitioninsuchsectors.In regulatory barriers,includingadvertising restrictions, for professionalservices,andeliminatingmany ofthe are now rethinkingtheroleofregulation in themarkets doctors, dentists,architects,andsoon.Many countries the currentstateofaffairs inotherprofessions,suchas teen OECDcountries. A very similar pictureappliesto tising activities bylawyers aretobefoundinsomefif- by theorder. Completeorpartial restrictionsonadver- tion onaletterheadorinthelistsoflawyers prepared with theexception oftheindicationone’s specializa- order oflawyers alsoprohibitsany typeofadvertising, profession. The codeofconductestablishedbythe considered ascontrarytothedignityandhonourof rently forbiddenbylaw tomake personalpublicity, their services.InItaly, forinstance,lawyers arecur- In many countries,professionalsmaynotadvertise 1999 (seealsoconferencereportonp.31). Impact ofRegulation”, Florence,10and11September M celona andUniversità Bocconi,Milano)andM C Restrictions inProfessionalServices”presentedby This isashortsummaryofthepaperon“Advertising Anticompetitive ImpactofRegulation HIARA OTTA (EUI) attheConferenceon“Anticompetitive F UMAGALLI (Universitat PompeuFabra, Bar- Advertising Restrictionsin Professional Services s ASSIMO were genuineandingoodfaith, they would have little sion. However, even ifdeontological preoccupations ways which arenotproperforthedignityofprofes- fessionals, whoshouldnottry toattractconsumersin The first reasonisthatadvertising isunethical forpro- usually invoked tojustifyrestrictionsinsuchsectors. lows, wecritically discuss themainreasonswhichare characterized byinformationasymmetries.Inwhatfol- that advertising restrictionsshouldexist in markets Even atfirst sight,therefore,itisnotstraightforward themselves. metries they have withrespecttotheprofessionals and thereforetendtobalancetheinformationalasym- go towards diminishingtheignoranceofconsumers, location andpossiblythepricesthey charge shouldall their rateofsuccessorthejobspreviously held,their carried outbyprofessionals,thediplomasobtained, limit it.Makingpublicinformationaboutthestudies information available topossibleconsumers,not one would like toincreasetheamountandqualityof even disclosingtheirareaofspecialization.Ifanything, should exist laws whichprevent professionalsfrom tional asymmetries,itisfar fromobvious thatthere tions. After all,inmarkets characterizedbyinforma- ments whichjustifytheexistence ofsuchstrictrestric- It isnoteasytofind sensible and well-foundedargu- clear, asweshalldiscussinwhatfollows. rationale foradvertising restrictionsisfar frombeing but ratherofprofessionalsthemselves. Likewise, the for someservicesisnotthebenefit ofconsumers, efficiency. Inparticular, theexistence ofminimumfees most countriesarereallyneededinordertoincrease clear thatallregulatory instrumentscurrentlyusedin consequences oftheirlackinformation,itisless clearly neededtoensurethatconsumersdonotbearthe If someregulations, like theonejustdescribed,are medical school! than acharlatanwhohadnever followed acoursein that onaverage shewould make many fewer mistakes make obvious mistakes, but itisreasonabletoexpect antee thatthecardiologistisagoodonewhodoesnot practise asacardiologist.Obviously, thisdoesnotguar- exams intheparticularspecializationofcardiologycan degree inmedicineandsubsequentlypassedallthe ment. For instance,onlysomebodywhohastaken a imum qualitystandard,suchasaqualification require- One suchregulatory toolistheestablishmentofamin- of thistype,tomake surethatconsumersareprotected. kets characterizedbystronginformationalasymmetries efit. Someregulations arethereforeneededinallmar- 10 Economics tisers would increase theirs. Market power and prices power Market theirs. increase would tisers decrease. would welfare rise and consumer would are a typical expenditure of advertising Escalations and indeed industries, of consumer-goods phenomenon are not uncom- of the type just described mechanisms it is industries. However, manufacturing mon in many occur in markets would that similar processes unlikely When one thinks of escalation for professional services. of the per- one has in mind advertising of advertising, tastes of con- type, which aims at shifting the suasive them more willing to pay for a cer- sumers and making is not This a certain image. tain brand, which conveys from pro- expect that one would the type of advertising much imagination, we do not have fessionals. (Perhaps advertising and lawyers we cannot think of doctors but to to doctor so-and-so if you want their services – “Go same kind of messages as well- look cool” – with the which in Also, in a world consumer products). known and past pro- information on education, specialization, to circulate without restric- fessional record is allowed be made, claims may not tion, whereas unverifiable to base their choices on such sim- consumers are likely advertising than on some expensive rather ple facts, is public such facts make that to And given campaign. that it is unlikely simple and inexpensive, relatively well- be accessible only to a few would advertising specializa- Means to advertise individuals. endowed web page, an tions and past record might include a an entry in tele- announcement in local newspapers, pages and so on. Profes- phone directories and yellow an income for all the years foregone sionals who have a source of financ- to find of their education are likely minor expenses. such ing to face help entry and reduce con- would advertising In fact, for professional services markets centration. Currently, of access, are characterized by enormous difficulties licensing and entry regulations due not only to various them- also to the impossibility for entrants to make but where clients can only rely on In markets known. selves or hearsay to obtain some information friends, relatives entrant cannot easily of services, a new about providers The spread of information brought about get a clientele. entry and, other instead favour would by advertising increase competition. Indeed, things being equal, would on entry to the professional the impact of advertising These studies empirically. has been investigated market professionals are more indicate that less-experienced promotes and hence that advertising to advertise likely be themselves entrants to make entry by allowing by consumers. known Theory and empirical evidence to support legal invoked sum up, the arguments To in professional services do restrictions on advertising not seem well founded. Economic theory suggests on effects beneficial can have instead that advertising welfare.

A third line of argument which has been invoked to jus- which has been invoked A third line of argument might restrictions is that advertising tify advertising increase concentration, thereby reducing consumer pro- goes, that some Suppose, this argument welfare. resources than others. better financial fessionals have more professionals can afford Then the better-endowed which in turn attracts consumers and gives advertising, position. Non-advertis- stronger financial them an even share, while adver- lose market ing professionals would Furthermore, the existence of licensing regulations Furthermore, the existence already ensure that (minimum quality standards) would services of acceptable practising doctors are providing be the bad doctors would even In other words, quality. been at medical school and who have doctors who have had the basic training necessary to practise the profes- sion at an acceptable standard. A second argument which has been made to justify which has been A second argument restrictions is that the quality of the services advertising theory economic However, might decrease. on offer decreases the that advertising does not support the view evi- nor has significant in the market, quality on offer dence been found to support the claim that advertising there the quality of professional services. In fact, lowers might help that advertising revealing is some evidence professionals to signal the quality of their services. Perhaps paradoxically, publicity might even have the have publicity might even Perhaps paradoxically, of protecting consumers from charlatans. In side-effect recently empha- have and magazines Italy newspapers required qual- sized that hundreds of people without the practised as doctors or dentists undis- have ifications had if they turbed and undetected for years. Perhaps this their claims in a more public way, had to make of information to the diffusion contributed have would such been easier to check whether have and it would not seem that claims were truthful. In short, it does protect the public against restrictions would advertising claim, and the incompetents, as some professionals be argued. might even reverse Furthermore, it is not clear why disclosing to the public Furthermore, it is not and more generally the edu- the specialization obtained, record, should be considered cational and professional of the profession. Of course, as against the prestige claims and non-substantiated advertising deceptive that advertis- nobody maintains be unethical, but would should be permitted, and in any ing of such a nature that protect consumers from exist already case, laws messages. advertising statements made in false to do with the welfare of the population at large. It is all at large. the population of with the welfare to do of some code to adopt to want for a category well very by society only should be accepted this conduct, but other impact on a negative not have as this does insofar imposed by case, instead, rules this specific groups. In such “prestige” intact, their orders to keep professional prices or to to compete on professionals as not allowing are they whenever should be deemed illegal advertise, against the public interest. 11 Economics tence ofthedifferent typesofprofessionalsonthemar- vice. Inotherwords, ifconsumersareaware oftheexis- the lower willbetheprofessionalfeeforany given ser- restrictive theprofessionalrulesgoverning advertising, Indeed, theempiricalliteratureshows thattheless doctors. patients intown wereaware oftheexistence ofother tious aboutaskingforhighfeesifsheknew thatthe prices asked bydoctors:adoctorwould bemorecau- patient’s needs.Second,itwillalsohelpcontainthe effect. First,itwillallow forabettermatchingofthe town. Inthiscase,informationwillhave atwofold might learnthatadermatologistexists inthesame gist. If,instead,moreinformationwereavailable, he pay ahighpriceeven ifthisdoctorisnotadermatolo- home town. Hemaybewillingtogothisdoctorand but isaware oftheexistence ofonlyonedoctorinhis lows. Imaginethatsomebodyhassomeskinproblem petitive pressuresinthemarket. The intuitionisasfol- which areclosesttotheirneed,but italsoexerts com- not onlyhelpsconsumerstofind professionalservices of professionalsandtheirrelevant characteristics. This advertising canprovide informationabouttheexistence Even whenitdoesnotconvey informationonprices, to work. in costlysearchactivity, andhelpseffective competition price, reducesthetimeandenergies they have tospend sumers tofind theprofessionalwhocharges thelowest When advertising informsaboutprices,ithelpscon- For moreinformationconsult:http://www.iue.it/FinConsEU/activities.htm sumption choices. discretion. Contributors anddiscussantsincludemany oftheleadingresearchersoneconomicscon- guidelines provided bythecoordinatorsbut willalso allow considerablescopeforauthororiginalityand The projectwillprovide astimulusforthe development ofnew papersthatwillfollow acommonsetof a widespectrumoffinancial development, withparticularattentiontoconsumer-credit issues. parative analysisofthestructurehouseholdportfoliosinasetcountrieswhicharerepresentative of insights intoissuesofparticularinterestforpolicy design.Empiricalpaperswilloffer anoriginalcom- family portfolios.Methodologicalpaperswillfocusonhow useofhousehold-level datamayoffer deep hensive accountofthestatustheoreticalknowledge andmethodologicalachievements intheanalysisof H It isbeingorganized byProfessorsL The conferencewillconsolidatethefirst oftheChair’s two researchdirectionsbyproviding acompre- ALIASSOS A majorconferenceon FINANCE AND CONSUMPTIONIN THE EUROPEAN UNION (University ofCyprus),andT Family Portfolio Choices UIGI G ULLIO UISO J (Università diSassariandEnteEinaudi,Roma),M APPELLI will beheldattheInstituteon17-18December als. competence, integrity andresponsibilityofprofession- nature, suchasthosewhichguaranteetheimpartiality, themselves toestablishingrulesofadeontological distort competitioninthemarket, andthey shouldlimit prevented fromimposingadvertising restrictionswhich As fortheroleofprofessionalorders,they shouldbe tection Laws. claims arealreadypunishedbyexisting ConsumerPro- this nothappen,sincedeceptive andunsubstantiated er, thereisnoneedforparticularlegislation inorderfor be freetomake whatever claimsthey want to.Howev- Of course,thisdoesnotmeanthatprofessionalsshould en competitionratherthantobenefit consumers. tions appearstobemotivated bytheintentiontoweak- by professionalorderstomaintainsuchlegal restric- the market forprofessionalservices. The effort exerted truthful informative advertising shouldbeprohibitedin Our conclusionisthattherenoeconomicreasonwhy Conclusions or quality)bestsuitedtothem. tify thespecification oftheproduct(intermsvariety services benefits consumersbyallowing themtoiden- Moreover, richerinformationaboutexisting goodsand limits theabilityofprofessionalstoexert market power. ket, they willbemorereactive tochangesinprices. This (Università diSalernoandCSEF). ICHAEL 12 Economics ALLIS ARTIN EBELO (GRE- W R URNSIDE B IOVANNETTI G ORTIER ERGIO P (Bank of Italy) RAIG ENNETH IPPI IORGIA concluded the session L RANCK Roger Farmer ICHENBAUM RANCESCO ty” to evaluate them. M ty” to evaluate Bank) and S (World and dis- (Northwestern University), cussed by G This high- of Florence). (University ly topical piece presented an expla- surrounding cur- nation of the facts and banking crises. In line rency with the theme of the conference, hinged on the pos- their explanation sibility of multiple self-enforcing equilibria. The Friday afternoon session was opened by F an gives Warwick), of (University interpretation of the end-of-1992 French recession as triggered by the Treaty of the Maastricht ratification with its implicit announcement of reduction. future public deficit F ended the session with his paper on with Monetary Policy Strategic A Setters: Non-Atomistic Wage (University of Modena), focused on of Modena), focused (University the equilibri- of the indeterminacy certain mone- um associated with and the possible rules tary policy “learnabili- use of a criterion called E with Hedging and Financial Fragili- Exchange Rate ty in Fixed a paper written in collab- Regimes, oration with C MAQ-IDEI, Toulouse) who pre- Toulouse) MAQ-IDEI, Anatomy of a sented his work, Recession: France 1993 and the The paper, Maastricht Hypothesis. discussed by K - (City AMES , Uni- talked ICHEN ARGENT ARGENT E HO ERTOCCHI S C B presented a OO ALMON ARTIN S work, individu- work, (University of (University ULLARD -K N S B HOMAS ’ RAZIELLA ARK HO ITRA C ARGENT M (Federal Reserve Bank (Federal Reserve AMES S OO (Northwestern University). -K N AUSHIK ULLARD HOMAS T tributions of T of tributions about Learning about Monetary with Rules, a joint work Policy K Helsinki). His paper, which was Helsinki). His paper, discussed by G and I als entertain the possibility that may be their model of the world in This leads to a framework wrong. which the agents in the model are with no more (or less) endowed This makers. rationality than policy contrast to the standard is in marked approach in which the rationality us in the uncom- assumption leaves models fortable position of building that ascribe considerably more rationality to the actors in our mod- possess as els than we ourselves social scientists. In the second paper of the morning session, J BAUM on Escaping of Illinois), versity dis- was Nash Inflation, which cussed by M Business School–Lon- University the idea paper explored Their don). that agents may not be fully rational in the usual sense that economists use this term. Instead, in S (Stanford University), J (Stanford University), B Saint Louis) and M paper (joint with I - - AR and ARI and Economic Policy Economic and S OGER OGER AOLO (New ARCIA ANOVA ARIMON C M ENNARI HOMAS G ENHABIB ABIO B for the Bank of (EUI). for the European Expectations, Economic Theory Economic Expectations, AMON Giorgia Giovannetti, Jordi Galì, Martin Eichenbaum Giovannetti, Giorgia ESS LENA (NYU, UPF, NBER and (NYU, UPF, (Bank of Italy), R , E UGLIESE ARIMON (EUI), F Klaus Adam, Ramon Marimon, Thomas J. Sargent, Jess Benhabib Thomas J. Sargent, Adam, Ramon Marimon, Klaus P MTZIGT (EUI, UCLA and CEPR), M ALÌ O

G (Stanford University), R (Stanford University),

ASTALDO NGELINI AMON ETER ARMER ARMER ORDI The conference consisted of five sessions and included 12 papers in session on Friday The first total. dedicated to the con- morning, was The conference was preceded by a The conference was Macro Summer School held at the Institute on European University with the partici- 20–23 September, pation of EUI and non-EUI stu- The Summer School includ- dents. ed lectures by J Italy. Italy. P and M Institute University J CEPR) and R GENT F and Fabra) Pompeu (Universitat R York University), T University), York ATERESA G (EUI, UPF, NBER and CEPR). (EUI, UPF, were M Local organizers A F

On 23–26 September a conference On 23–26 Theo- on “Expectations, Economic sponsored ry and Economic Policy” of Italy and by the EUI, the Bank Policy the Centre for Economic took place in Research (CEPR) of Italy’s Perugia at the Bank The Conference Centre. SADIBA by P organized conference was 13 Economics P changes hismind).A that hewants toquit,but later (much asasmoker mightannounce interests torenege onatalaterdate a policy thatitwould beinhisown olent policy maker mightannounce consistent. Inotherwords, abenev- sumer welfare) maynotbetime um withthehighesttimezerocon- policy (onethatpicksanequilibri- to multipleequilibria,anoptimal because thesemodelscangive rise W which was discussedbyM sistent Stabilization.Hiswork, drum: Multiplicityand Time Con- his paperonKeynesian Conun- and W P ty ofPennsylvania), A D morning, containedpapersbyB The thirdsession,onSaturday mation. expectations andincompleteinfor- on employment even underrational policy maker canhave aninfluence degree ofinflationaversion ofthe of non-atomisticwage setters,the bonne), showed thatinthepresence versity ofParis-Partheon-Sor- discussed byH Case forNon-Neutrality. Hispaper, cussed byG EUI. Their paper, whichwas dis- (University ofChieti),formerly of Bielefeld). B work with R Waste Improve Welfare? ajoint ing returns.D tion policy inmodelswithincreas- dynamic inconsistency ofstabiliza- Berlin), addressedtheproblemof ELLONI ELLONI UPOR EDER ILLI (Wharton School–Universi- (University ofManchester) asked thequestionCan (Humboldt University Ramon Marimon S UIDO EMMLER ILL OBERT UPOR UBERT A D SCARI UPOR (University of showed that, K W LESSANDRA EMPF LESSANDRA (Universi- ALDMANN presented (Uni- ARK ILL P ER A Steady States(jointwork with Non-Uniqueness ofUnemployment talked aboutMonetaryPolicy and behavior. FinallyW microeconomic explanation of work isbasedonafullyfounded Pelloni and Waldmann isthattheir Keynesian modelsandthework by The difference betweentextbook works torelieve unemployment). that Keynes advocated public distinctly Keynesian flavor (recall increase growth. This resulthasa whose proceedsarewasted can showed thatataxoncapitalincome between work andleisure. They ing foranendogenouschoice Business School)(1986)byallow- n G and (Universidad CarlosIII).C cussed byB nomic Fluctuationsandwas dis- Sunspots, Animal SpiritsandEco- Riverside), was onConsumers’ VET T A R Inflation andwas discussedby Investigation intotheSourceof tion withG J California–Riverside). The work of and J G with thepapersofJ dedicated tomoreempiricalwork The secondafternoonsessionwas be non-optimal. states canarise,someofwhichmay they showed thatmultiplesteady in theframework oftheirmodel quadratic objective functions. With- assumption thatCentralBankshave toise), departsfromtheusual Augsburg). S paper oftheafternoon,byJ of theirhypothesis. The second tations finding evidence insupport allows fornon-fully-rational expec- their specification againstonethat relative wage concern. They tested inclusion ofwage staggeringand for inflationinertiathankstothe optimization modelthataccounts paper byP ty ofPavia), modified aclassic UAN INCTUS ING OBERT ARCIA SCARI LFRED ’ S , University ofCalifornia– ANG paper, discussedbyP A G UO NGEL UO (University ofCergy-Pon- derived anintertemporal W (University of Warwick) G T “verified empiricallythe ALDMANN (with M REINER ING AUL UIDO ERTHOLD G EMMLER ARCIA G R UO A , University of OMER ARCELLE SCARI . G ILLI (University of (in collabora- H UAN and G ERRENDORF ARCIA ) was An S (Stanford EMMLER HAUVET A ATRICK C REIN NGEL HAU ANG and - - G D morning was openedbyF The fifth andlastsessiononSunday economic downturns. an importantroleforpessimismin they foundevidence insupportof the index ofnetbusiness formation, Index ofConsumerSentimentand with theUniversity ofMichigan animalspirits pots andinvestors’ suns- Approximating consumers’ sequent economicfluctuations”. optimism andpessimismsub- interrelations betweenwaves of HABIB U Rutgers University, andM say, wonderful weather. centre ofPerugiaand,needless to also enjoyed agaladinnerintheold SADIBA Conference Centre. We the deliciousfoodofBankItaly’s the SADIBA swimming pooland ful greenUmbriansurroundings, the morepleasantgiven thebeauti- States. These interactionswereall mics fromEuropeandtheUnited to interactwithworld classacade- researchers fromtheBankofItaly tunity forEUIstudentsand The conferenceprovided anoppor- not have theintendedconsequence. cated classofmonetaryrulesmay since itimpliesthatawidelyadvo- paper byJ nate. The conferenceendedwitha which equilibriamaybeindetermi- neutral, usingasetofmodelsin equilibria inwhichmoney isnon- Italy), examined theplausibilityof with S on The Perilsof Taylor Rules(joint D Money. Herpaper, discussedby the ShortRunNonNeutralityof with apaperonIndeterminacy and “globally indeterminate”. The B Benhabib showed thatthispolicy is inflation inordertostabilizeprices. est ratesmoreproportionatelythan actively intervene byraisinginter- believed thatCentralBanksshould control inflation.Itiswidely that areusedbycentralbanksto focused onaclassofpolicy rules University), discussedbyJ ANIELE ALÌ E RIBE F IORE , University ofPennsylvania) (Universitat PompeuFabra), paper gives causeforconcern TEPHANIE (European CentralBank) ESS T ERLIZZESE B ENHABIB S E CHMITT LENA (New York (Bank of G -G IORELLA 14 ENNARI ROHÈ ARTIN ORDI EN - , History - EES ). It TAL and his developed. TALIN own memoirs own own reading of own S TALIN ’ S role in the govern- ’ REOBRAZHENSKII S ’ TALIN and P AGANOVICH political ideas in Russia in the ENIN S ’ AGANOVICH , L correspondence from the 1930s. He is correspondence from career. S , if access can be gained to his personal, ’ ACHIAVELLI LEKHANOV is also engaged in a writing a study on the is also engaged in a writing a study on , P EES AGANOVICH - K ACHIAVELLI AGANOVICH AUTSKY currently also collaborating with a Ukrainian colleague currently also collaborating K in writing a study of will explore the complex issue of ‘means’ the complex will explore and ‘ends’ in how the construction of socialism; and it will examine subjects, and itself and its own perceived the regime This is intended behaviour. it rationalized its own how a better understanding of the intellectual and to provide moral parameters (or absence of moral parameters) State under S within which the Soviet als, the publication of K Prof. R of the influence of political ideas on the development State, with particular reference to the ‘realist’Soviet tra- the A monograph exploring dition of political thought. impact of M This stage. 19th and 20th centuries is at an advanced of S also a study will involve M This is intended as part of The Prince. of annotated copy the relationship between poli- a wider study exploring tics and ethics in Russian thought which Prof. R main research topic from 2000 as his plans to develop exam- The study will be based initially on the onwards. to the ination of the attitude of leading Marxist thinkers by question of ethics (there are important contributions K of individual leaders on policy, the nature of factional leaders on policy, of individual between S struggles, and the relationship project he is engaged in co-edit- As part of this deputies. Press, the S University Yale by ing, for publication IN The biogra- period. the Soviet ment of Ukraine during materi- archival by access to new phy is made possible 1996), and the appear- zapiski, Moscow, (Pamyatnye and French on ance of a number of studies in Italian K AZAR plans to EES has been engaged New Appointment New EES comes originally from Professor Arfon Arfon Professor Rees EES has recently joined the Institute has recently joined is responsible for the theoretical EES R EES , one of Stalin’s leading lieutenants. , one of Stalin’s RFON

AGANOVICH Once these projects are completed Prof. R part of the work, a chapter on Ukraine, and two chapters a chapter on Ukraine, and two part of the work, lob- regional which analyse the role of republican and party con- bies at the XVIIth (1934) and XVIIIth (1939) The third project, studying decision-making gresses. of time (1928-53) and con- period a more extended over centrating on the central party and State institutions, secretariat, private and Stalin’s including the Politburo is still in progress. Over the past two decades Prof. R decades the past two Over Wales, and is a native Welsh speaker. His wife Tatiana His wife speaker. Welsh and is a native Wales, children Their two Ukraine. Kiev, is a Russian from up bilingual in English and Russian. been brought have Through a study of the career profile of a leading Sovi- Through a study of the career profile et politician, it is intended to shed light on the influence K Prof. Rees is also writing a political biography of L write a more theoretical work, dealing with alternative write a more theoretical work, conceptualizations of the Stalinist State (totalitarian, institutional pluralist, corporatist), which will bring the to the main projects noted above of the three finding attention of a wider audience. It will also relate these studies on the nature of comparative to broader findings It will address in par- the State in the twentieth century. ticular the ambiguous nature of the Stalinist State as an of modernization, the question of State-societal agency relations, and the nature of social ‘resistance’. The results of the first project, involving the study of the project, involving The results of the first in the economic commissariats main Soviet of the work The results of a second 1930s, were published in 1997. centre-local relations in the USSR, project examining local authori- focusing on a number of republican and for publica- ties during the 1930s, are being prepared tion. Professor R in research on the development of the Soviet State in the of the Soviet in research on the development institutional structures, 1920s and 1930s, examining imple- and policy methods of operation, policy-making reference to economic policy. mentation with specific empirical data, made This has combined the use of new by the opening of the former party and State available and the adoption of western models relating to archives, as well as behaviour decision-making and bureaucratic State itself. broad theories about the nature of the Soviet on the basis of three inter- has been organized The work at Birmingham. locking research projects, developed Professor A

as Professor for Eastern European History. For the past the For European History. as Professor for Eastern based at the Centre for Russian ten years he has been of Birm- Studies at the University and East European R ingham, England. Prof. 15 History headed ‘Dohistorianschangehistory?’.H make somerhapsodicobservations whichcouldbe ing theseminarandwelcomingProfessorH It was R R organized byProfessorsL nars onproblemswith“WritingtheHistoryofEurope” lecture, whichcontinuedaseriesofdepartmentalsemi- five yearslater”was thetitleofhis Age ofExtremes’ J. H bia. The reasonwas an82-year-old living legend: E nightmare foranybody whosuffered fromclaustropho- form Villa Schifanoia’s largest seminarroomintoa and professorsfromallfourdepartmentstotrans- immediately spreadwereenoughtogatherresearchers lines onthedepartmentalwebsite.Butrumoursthat was theremuchpublicitybythedepartment-justafew in. The event hadnotbeenannouncedlongbefore, nor impressive numberofpeopledesperatelyseekingtoget Sala Europain Villa Schifanoia areblocked byan Monday, 11thofOctober, 5p.m.–bothentrancesto 1962; The Age ofCapital1848-1875,London 1975; century (The Age ofRevolution 1789-1848,London cess ofH question whetherthetremendous andworld-wide suc- from 1990? We mighteven addthesomewhat heretical ence, namelythehomonymous bookbyHobsbawm of itsmostimportantpointsorientationandrefer- ical discussiononNationsandNationalismwithoutone what would bethestateoftoday’s internationaltheoret- dition, togetherwith T. Ranger, London1983)? And of new andimportant studies(cf. The invention oftra- whichsoonbecamethelabelforawholerange dition’ not coinedthesuggestive shortcut-termof‘invented tra- imageries asearlyintheeighties,ifH such afloodofstudiesintheconstructioncultural Labouring men,London1964)? Would therehave been picked upeverywhere inEurope(startingwithhis of approachinsocio-politicalstudieswhichwas then NOT tointroduceE any historian?Consequently, Prof.R for thelastfew decades,becomeobligatoryreadingfor educational classicsalmostallover theglobeandhave, demic celebritywhoseworks arenowadays considered Indeed, whatcouldpossiblybesaidtointroduceanaca- Europe, ifH conditions ofworkers andthelabourmovement in Would weknow asmuchwedonow aboutthesocial studying theevolution ofhistoriographyinEurope. contributions mayeasilybeusedasaredthreadin impact onEuropeanhistoriographythattostudyhis example, hadandcontinuestohave suchanimmense OMANELLI OBSBAWM OMANELLI OBSBAWM . OBSBAWM Eric Hobsbawm’s visittotheHistoryDepartmentwithin . “Dodateschangeinterpretation?‘The rmwr fte‘rtn h itr fErp’lectures framework of the‘WritingHistoryofEurope’ h Aeo xrms revisited The ‘Age ofExtremes’ who acceptedthetricky taskofopen- ’ S RIC most populartrilogyonthe19th had notinauguratedanew type J. H UISA OBSBAWM P ASSERINI OMANELL , but insteadto and R OBSBAWM OBSBAWM OBSBAWM i decided AFFAELE , for had RIC . which gainedprominencethankstoH –anothervery influentialexpression 20th century’ extensive, masterlyhistoricalreflectiononthe‘short Extremes 1914-1991was writtenin1994andisan many respectsstillremainsatrilogy, The Age of Conceived asthecontinuationofwhatnevertheless in ‘Invention of Tradition’. does notitselfconstituteapowerful, thoughunintended, shaped thehistoricalthinkingofawholegeneration, The Age ofEmpire1875-1914,London1987),which quent periodofinternational destabilization whichled was only withthefall oftheBerlin Wall andthesubse- ically andintermsofinternational rapprochement.It by aperiodofincreasingwelfare –politically, econom- period ofcatastrophicconflict andcrisiswas followed down toadiptych, a two-stage perspective, inwhicha his talk-interpretationofthe20thcenturystillcame this canbeconsideredthemostsurprisingrevelation of started towork inthelateeighties.Bythattime-and the makingof Age ofExtremesbook,onwhichhe With thisinmindhethensketched apersonalhistoryof them hadnoteven aname yet. had hardlystartedtobecomerecognizableandsomeof ism oreconomicglobalization,whentheseproblems South conflict,decolonization,therevival ofnational- rians would have framedphenomenalike theNorth- AND BAWM the 20thcenturyin1960have looked like?, asked H ‘point ofview intime’. What would aworld historyof both ofthesurroundingongoingdebatesand works, whichdeeplydependonexternal dates-interms State andsociety. Butitisalsotrueforgeneralframe- tions andwereconnectedtothemostvaried typesof have beensubjecttoanumberofprofoundtransforma- whichthroughoutthe20thcentury or‘Germany’ tria’ ry, andismostobvious forterritorialconceptslike ‘Aus- argued, isespeciallythecasewithcontemporaryhisto- for historicalconceptsasinterpretative tools. This, he centrality ofdatesnotonlyforhistoryassuch,but also started hislecturewithsomegeneralremarksonthe Hobsbawm decidedinfavour ofthefirst questionand interpretation ? events ornewly acquireddateschallengeorchangethis ry developed in The Age ofExtremes? And: didrecent formed andshapedtheinterpretationof20thcentu- but oppositedirections: What werethedatesthat vivid interestandexpectations, intwo equallyexciting, torian. This beingthecase,titleofhislectureraised analyse the20thcenturyasawholepublishedbyanhis- be consideredthefirst majorattempttoframeand left ittohisaudienceimaginehow histo- OBSBAWM . Itcan 16 OBS - History , - put OB EES UISA R OBSBAWM TRÅTH RFON S O , with unconcealed gested that this was a gested that this was result of considering language as a “descrip- tion of social reality”: if changes in the dis- course are subordinate to a social reality which goes on by it- self, there is no priority of reformulating the history of the cultural. Another important raised by question was Professor A OBSBAWM , stated: “The only thing we UKUYAMA ÜLLER firm materialist statement was certainly was statement materialist firm S ’ A. M observed that in his revisitation of The Age of The of that in his revisitation observed replied without a moment of hesitation that lan- replied without a moment OBSBAWM ASSERINI OHANNES who did not totally agree with Hobsbawm’s reading of who did not totally agree with Hobsbawm’s Capitalism the 20th century as a confrontation between and Communism, the one being essentially an econom- This the other a socio-political theory. ic movement, statement from a researcher, up in another taken was concept of a ‘short 20th the very questioned who even century’ of a ‘long 20th by introducing the alternative century’ of struggles caused by the rise of mass society and the search for the right balance between individual Again H justice. rights and social (collective) the present moment!” that was the principle he was fol- he was principle the was that moment!” the present over handed now and he his book, writing while lowing at the EUI History to the young historians this advice Department. H irony towards F towards irony historians can really be sure about is that history will continue.” J Researcher in the History Department did not seem to be at all challenged and conceded that well be grounds might models on alternative alternative not alter nor threat- would found and be discussed, but beliefs. firm en his own future historical debate But this already points towards further evi- events, which might arice in the light of new As H dence and fresh dates. no surprise, but still it inspired most of the questions still it inspired most but no surprise, Referring to a remark by Hobs- during the discussion. respect to his historical thinking who with bawm, and behind go beyond task as “to the historian’s defined B Professor present,” the language of the of such a task in the light of into question the feasibility the ‘linguistic turn’ every- the historian like – whereby the usage of language – and there- body else is bound to H of cultural approaches. fore stressed the relevance SBAWM rise or realities and its variants guage describes social the concept of class seems to die out with them. Since does its language. Prof. L so away, be fading P of rewrit- had insisted on the need Extremes Hobsbawm had not includ- ing certain parts of political history but mention of cultural and artistic changes, and sug- ed any OBSBAWM age of extremes since age of extremes Raffaele Romanelli, Eric J. Hobsbawm and Luisa Passerini Romanelli, Eric J. Hobsbawm Raffaele S summarized his Marxist ’ explicitly confirmed at the EUI, confirmed explicitly OBSBAWM OBSBAWM ‘short century’ I War World starts with OBSBAWM S ’

OBSBAWM and ends with 1991. Of the three post-war crises, for and ends with 1991. Of the three post-war the most dramatic and profound has been Hobsbawm which led to the break- War the Cold the one following a widely accepted This is by now of the USSR. down not yet been and dates have date, and subsequent events able to change the historical interpretation of the year not But this might 1991 as the end of the 20th century. Age of in 1994, when the been completely obvious have there revealed, Extremes appeared, and, as Hobsbawm also an old historians’was rule, that made him adopt write a history that goes up to this periodization: “never H when he returned to consider the problems of ‘writing of the 19th and the history of Europe’: the world-history eurocentrism. 20th centuries is the history of fading during the 19th century While European development impact on world still set the agenda and had a universal a glob- In this has changed in the 20th century. history, crashes are at least as Asian stock-market alized world, important as European ones. In a way this is what this In a way Age of links the Extremes to the earlier which accord- trilogy, ing to its author is about the successive theme in “globalization of capitalism”, the dominant implicitly pre- Extremes. Such a perspective Age of The sumes what H approach, which led him to what he called the ‘historical sand- wich’ (a period of wel- peri- between two fare ods of crisis) of the 20th century. changed his mind and started to reframe his view on our his view to reframe and started his mind changed became the to 1991 now years from 1989 century: the perspective, in this new of a crisis which, peak point crisis and the ensuing 1973 with the oil started in Thus, depression. H born everybody not convince This periodization may Age’ ‘Golden during the Hobsbawmian and it apparent- from the phenomena which War Cold the ly excludes of a periodization is nevertheless shaped the epoch. It consistency, almost stubborn, or at least courageous, of the devel- anchored within a materialistic view firmly ideas that deter- opment of societies. “It is not men’s the other but mine their social and economic abilities, H as around,” way to the breakdown of the Soviet Union that H that Union of the Soviet breakdown to the cata- an initial age of of a triptych, with then consists their and Wars World by the two strophe determined Age’ aftermath, a ‘Golden and economies of recovering ‘landslide’societies, and the big after 1973 culminating of the USSR and the breakdown on the one hand in the other with the break- and on the Communist world, scale. on a world-wide through of capitalism 17 History A Century. A ian PressandthePeasantsQuestioninlate19th fying andCivilising: IslamicModernism,theEgypt- public sphere.M tions addressedthetopicofMuslimpracticesand eral framework oftheworkshop, thefourcontribu- outlined thegen- S After A framework. discuss thewhole the sametimeto the bookandat contributions for present fournew the opportunityto should thenoffer ond workshop this book,thesec- constant work on After oneyearof ous contributions. between thevari- first draftofabookthattriedtodraw thelines April 1998. The outcomeofthisfirst workshop was a was thetitleofaworkshop thathadtaken placein Middle East:Selfimage andImageoftheOther, which er topicofModernityandReligioninEuropethe This workshop continuedthediscussiononbroad- October. which tookplaceintheHistoryDepartmenton5 Between Nation-BuildingandMuslim Traditions, nized aworkshop withthetitleMultipleModernities: Dr A Workshop, 5October aet’cultureandtheirenvironment. Finally, B parents’ generation immigrantsbridgethegapbetweentheir on theindividual strategies throughwhichsecond- Muslim immigrantsinEuropeandfocusedespecially on concepts,approaches,and methods. The problems Sala Belvedere, wherethesunpresidedover disputes The final discussionintheafternoongot ashotthe Empire andthe Turkish Republic. tices testifytotheinfluenceofformerOttoman making intheBalkans,wheresomeeveryday prac- cus. N research onthesocialfunctionofRamadaninDamas- ALVATORE KAN RMANDO dealt withthetopicofmemoryandtradition- ADIA RMANDO H NDREAS ASHMI S had ALVATORE ICHAEL Between Nation-Buildingand then examined thequestionof C G HRISTMANN and Prof.B ASPAR Multiple Modernities: gave apaper onCiti- Muslim Traditions O presented his S TRÅTH orga- URCU work itself. the book,but alsoinrevising andrefining theframe- tributions intheformerlyestablishedframework of was very helpfulnotonlyinembeddingthenew con- the earliercontributions. Accordingly, theworkshop cal trapwas broughttolight.Inbothcases,acareful In theuseofconceptidentity, asimilaranalyti- more difficult thelarger theframework is. showed thatadeconstructivist approachbecomesthe “Islam” and“the West.” However, thediscussion to reproduceformeressentialisticassumptionsof sphere have tobedeconstructivist ifthey donotwant ies ofmodernitiesinthe Western andMiddleEastern common agreementamongallparticipantsthatstud- workshops becameevident oncemore. There was resulting fromthevery broadframework ofboth common basisof shop beenthe until thiswork- ics, whichhad scultural dynam- concept oftran- pigeonhole the consequence to book decidedin editors ofthe problems. The overcome these borderlines might texts andshifting of different con- constantly aware of conceptsthatis and accurateuse A LMUT H 18 ÖFERT History , IETERSE ÖDEKER P B RICH E EDERVEEN ANS N AN in that region for cultural or for in that region the political reasons and on intellectual debates and multicultural- nativism which ism in the USA, in the the Balkans became model for the elaboration of Europe. an alternative perspective, A different based on a sociological by opened background, was J (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague) who proposed to get rid of the weight of the cultural heritage of Europe, to be able to “trav- el light” in the transition The globalization. towards is to find to this process key a conceptualization and recognition of otherness in also world, a European, but political, social and cultural context. The third session, chaired by H (Stuttgart University) presented a (Stuttgart University) presented a choice of visual interpreta- OESCHEL P ASSERINI P UISA ABINE dealt mostly with visual images. The art historian The art dealt mostly with visual images. S rich selection of prints, paintings, frescoes and sculp- situat- Ages to the 18th century, tures from the Middle ing them in the iconographical tradition of the alle- she analysed the gories of the continents. In particular, in the light of this Würzburg in Tiepolo by fresco cycle tradition. L underlining tions of the myth of Europa and the bull, to it in the nineteen- the political interpretation given thirties by some European artists who understood the and vio- Bull as representing the obscure forces of evil lence which were menacing Europe in that period. and raised many lively The general discussion wasvery the fruitfulness of the themes and topics, showing to which the perspectives among the different exchange voice. has given workshop nary or futuristic symbols or anti-symbols of Europe symbols or nary or futuristic plurality the notions of Analysing and Europeanness. have in which they ways and the different and diversity describe both the cultural heritage been used in order to of Balkan cul- diversity of Europe and the dangerous of the paper presented some views tures and identities, in the nineteen-thirties from a the Balkans constructed travelling the writings of women perspective: Western , the ECKER B ETER Images of Europe Images (Columbia University) organized a workshop enti- a workshop organized , ALIOTOU (University of Geneva) traced the of Geneva) (University L ASSERINI ASSERINI P P longue durée UISA UISA ASWO OANNA W ’s understanding of this process, the Euro can ’s

ASWO ICHARD In the second session, chaired by P produce omnipresent, geographical unity more than ancient mythology could in the past. talk by I transformation of the image of Europe from ancient Crete to the Euro as shifting from a “dark continent” – as seems to be suggested by the etymological evidence that shaped the conceptualization of the continent pro- posed by Herodotus – to the “state of mind” required by In of European currency. the imminent unification W The aim of this workshop was to pose the question of to pose the question was The aim of this workshop Europe can be conceptual- in which ways the various constructed as a continent among ized, imagined and start- other continents and perspec- ing from different session, The first tives. chaired by L tled “Images of Europe”, which took place in the took place in of Europe”, which tled “Images 26 and 27 on of History and Civilization Department November. focused on images of the Balkans as existing, imagi- focused on images of the Balkans as existing, R Anthony Pagden (Johns Pagden Anthony a gave Hopkins University) paper entitled ‘Techne, and empire: the non- travel in the con- European world struction of an image of Europe’. Starting from the conceptualizations different of the dichotomies between European and non-Euro- he identified pean worlds of tech- the development (real and nology and travel imaginary) connected to as European expansion important means by which this separation has been challenged, from the ancient ver- Greeks to the present. From this rich and somehow that the question of it emerged tiginous historical travel, the distinction between Europeans and the others is not as it has been traditionally described. as clear-cut presented two interpreta- presented two tions of a process of construction of an image of Europe in his- torical and philosophical one from out- perspective: side, the other from inside the European world. Professor L Professor

26-27 November 26-27 19 History DRO T CA versità diRomaIII),F C ola"), F L (Università di versità diSiena),G Bologna), V NIA Among thosepresentwereE Civilization . the DepartmentofHistoryand day at Villa Schifanoia, hostedby and danceethnologistsmetforthe almost 30Italiandancehistorians On 10November agroupof Dance historiansmeetattheEUI field inItaly. those whoareresearchinginthis for morecommunicationamong attempt toanswerapressingneed The meetingwas organized inan Torino). P B Roma) P ATRIZIA ALCONE OMASSINI ARBARA (Società didanza,Bologna), C P ASINI ONTREMOLI ONCETTA INO V (Accademia diDanza S EROLI (Università di Venezia), PARTI ITO G R ALA OPA D ECCE (Roma), A (Roma), S L I IORGIO (Rivista "Chore- O B (Università di (Università di ERNARDI ), F I ACONO ABIO RANCESCA D LESSAN I M TEFANO L Dance StudiesinItaly (Uni- (Uni- OLLI ECCE UGE - - - sertations, etc.). (libraries, archives, dis- of Italianresources eign institutions,thelisting analysis, connectionstofor- the needformethodological publishing strategies, new academicfield, feel inthis(forItaly) lation thatresearchers ognized andtaught,theiso- which thedisciplineisrec- in theseven universities in studies, thedidacticprogrammes graphical approachestodance tions, like thevariety ofhistorio- number ofvery importantques- The generaldiscussiondealtwitha tion andforreferenceinstruments. needs formethodologicalreflec- difficulties andfrustrationsthe research projects,specifyingtheir ticipants presentedongoing dance ethnology, many ofthepar- past, andthehistoryofItalian tion ofspectacularevents ofthe music anddanceinthereconstruc- study ofdance,therelationship recently discovered sourcesforthe themes suchastheimportanceof After someshorttalksonspecific was discussed. a web-siteanddiscussionlist spring, andtheprojectofcreating It was agreedtomeetagainnext M of HistoryandCivilization . to thisinitiative bytheDepartment cipline, thankstothesupportgiven development ofthisquitenew dis- important startingpointforthe This meetingconstitutedavery ARINA N ORDERA 20 Summer School ARTIN (Nuffield OMMEL and M -R (EUI) introduced for all the efforts TKINSON (Sheffield Univer- (Sheffield A ÜLLER REEN M B ONY HODES HODES EACON for having provided an provided for having R R D OB ARTIN ARTIN ICHARD HODES ERDINAND Vice-chairman of the ECPR and of Vice-chairman director of the ECPR PhD Summer Schools College) examined issues concern- examined College) of income ing the distribution Professor inequality in Europe. M R he has put into directing the semi- nar discussions, as well as for PhD supervising individual research projects. According to the participants’ eval- uation sheets, the second ECPR a great suc- Summer School was cess. F the implications of new nationally- new the implications of pacts (involving social negotiated organized political parties and States. Profes- Welfare interests) on sor B sity) reviewed the consequences of sity) reviewed the present phase of globalization in for the making of social policy and middle income developed countries. In sum, the Summer School gave opportuni- participants an excellent ty to listen to, and discuss some of the principal debates and theoreti- compar- within the cal perspectives States. Fur- Welfare study of ative thermore, students obtained feed- back from both peers and estab- lished academics on their PhD research projects. On behalf of the ECPR Executive thank to like Committee, I would R wide-ranging academic excellent, a taken programme and for having to run the lot of time and energy Summer School in a professional by the partic- also asked I was way. ipating students to especially thank M Professor T - SP E GNETA ORDAN J ØSTA (EUI) out- ILL (Max Planck In- ERTOLA B (University of Tren- of (University AYER Richard Breen (University of Lund) ad- (University IUSEPPE NDERSEN A RUSE to/EUI) considered the employment types of various problems facing to the extent States and Welfare which these may be related to their institutional structures and tradi- responses to the prob- tional policy Profes- lems of the labour market. sor K.-U. M (Exeter University) analysed the University) (Exeter that are features of social exclusion related to globalization, and the strengths and weaknesses of this particular attempt to reformulate social contract in this the postwar G Professor context. new ING stitut f. Bildungsforschung, Berlin) dealt with the problem of whether and changes differences observed in ad- lives and family in work an industrial societies have vanced Wel- in the impact on the variations State. fare effects of economic and demo- of economic and effects graphic changes as well as the in the pen- design issues involved sion reform. Professor B K to European dressed the challenges looking at the pension systems by voluntary organizations, highlight- organizations, voluntary on gender relations. ing the effects Prof. G other and labour-market lined how inter- social protection institutions character of act with the changing A EU economies. Professor held at the Institute held ICHARD . (Harvard ECPR PhD Summer School PhD Summer ECPR HODES (Northwestern R IERSON P RLOFF ARTIN O AUL and M

HOLA S

NN REEN University) introduced those socio- introduced University) economic trends which are increas- ingly putting acute pressures on the State. Professor Welfare mature A University) discussed cross-nation- discussed University) in the al and historical variations the States organize Western ways of income and care in provision and markets, relation to families, Professor P The academic programme consist- of lec- schedule ed of an intensive tures, seminars, and researchers’ research papers outlining individual academic aim The overall projects. to ex- of the Summer School was amine the most critical issues con- and social cerning employment advanced currently facing welfare This included industrial economies. both domestically generated chal- lenges and those coming from be- yond the borders of the nation State. The new Summer School is an ini- The new pro- ECPR’s tial element of the gramme of research training for postgraduates in Political Science. attended by 20 The School was PhD researchers from Denmark, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Spain, the UK, Sweden, Norway, Aiming to Russia, and the USA. multinational a valuable provide of access to forum for the provision a wider range of academic ap- than is nor- proaches and expertise stu- to research mally available comprised dents, the teaching staff some of the leading international study of scholars in the comparative State. the Welfare B

The second PhD Summer School of The second PhD Summer for Polit- the European Consortium Wel- on ‘The ical Research (ECPR) State’fare place at the Institute took the local from July 5-16 under R direction of Professors 21 Social and Political Science so muchthatIdecidedtoresign became anexciting placetowork – inspiring leadership,itquickly the Convento and, under Yves’ its rapidexpansion, wemoved to At thesametime,Centrebegan tions werelateradded. state, towhich Asia-Europe rela- activities inthearea ofthewelfare help build uptheCentre’s research enough toaskmestayonand (pochi mabuoni!). Yves was kind er inthe Archivium attheBadia research assistantshuddledtogeth- retaries (M Y sisted thenofjust San Domenico,con- on theothersideof two villastoitsname research fellows and sors, countless gle ofjointprofes- become, withagag- that ithasnow large organization in itsearlydays. The The Centrewas then that. Manchester todojust the University of leave frommyjobat tre. SoItookfurther Robert SchumanCen- possibility ofworking forthe I never left),Iwas attractedbythe 1994 –somepeopleareconvinced attaché derecherchein1993and Institute (Iworked hereasan relationship withFlorenceandthe standing andrathersentimental I stillhere? Apart fromalong- that was five yearsago.Sowhyam then worked) was irresistible.But from rainy Manchester(whereI spending tenmonthsorsoaway emic year. The opportunityof intending tostayforjustoneacad- Robert SchumanCentre,originally as aJeanMonnetFellow inthe I cametotheEUIinOctober1994 A NNETTE VES M ÉNY M ONIQUE ERLAN (its director),two sec- ) andacoupleof C AVALLARI and New Appointment: Martin Rhodes colleague M Running thatprogrammewithmy in1998-99. fare State’ pean forumon‘Recastingthe Wel- programme whichledtotheEuro- to putinplacemyown research tional reputation,but itallowed me in Europe,withastronginterna- research organizations ofitskind time oneofthemostdynamic what hasbecomeinavery short working with Yves inbuilding up Not onlydidIhave theprivilege of turned outtobeagooddecision. take alonger-term contract.It from ManchesterUniversity and (especially M the backingofSchumanteam United States. Without Yves and we attractedfromEuropeandthe twenty orsofellows inresidence rewarding –bothforusandthe conferences) but alsohighly seminars weran8workshops and exhausting (apartfromweekly (from theUniversity ofPavia) was E of becomingaprofessorin the In early1999thepossibility arose cess. all ofthemthatitwas suchasuc- large-scale project.Itisatribute to have beenpossibletorunsucha F LP DE ELIPA SPANA , C ATHERINE S OUSA AURIZIO ONIQUE ) itwould not D , K IVRY F ERRERA ATINKA and yN by alization ofEuropeanspace(led Paul Pierson);andtheinstitution- the new politicsofwelfare (ledby H S and labourmarket policy andcor- comparative andEuropeansocial begun attheSchumanCentreon and consolidateresearchalready My plansnow aretocontinuewith Convento. after theintenseactivity ofthe is anew periodofcalm(Ihope) to theBadia,but itwillalsousher Schuman Centreandmoving back betraying Yves andthecrew atthe Institut inBonn. This hasmeant director ofanew Max-Planck- Science, replacingA Department ofSocialandPolitical ber ofbooksonthesametheme. concentrating onproducinganum- the next coupleofyearsIwillbe spaceintheEU.Over ‘corporate’ Europe andtheevolution ofa new reform andnew social pactsin the British Welfare State,welfare on, respectively, theadjustmentof My contributions tothesefocus WEET ÉRITIER EIL and W wholefttobecome , F LIGSTEIN V F welfare states(ledby and theadjustmentof internationalization different projects:on involvement inthree ment policy) orbymy social andemploy- (globalization and pean Commission support oftheEuro- conducted withthe cy orientedresearch shaped eitherbypoli- current work hasbeen All ofmyrecentand porate governance. RITZ IVIENNE AYNE , A S CHARPF S ANDHOLTZ LEC S CHMIDT DRIENNE 22 S TONE and ); ). Social and Political Science by including basic the details on Japan and United States through- out, though detailed discussions are restrict- ed to the European cases. Then there is the theory of change in contempo- rary societies. Starting from a model of a mid- century social compro- mise - based on certain balances between industrialism, capital- ism, traditional com- zenship in the welfare state. I try to the welfare zenship in on any get some perspective specificities shared west European munity institutions, and communi- ty - I see the subsequent destabi- lization of this, initially through a rise in the role of what I call citi- more zenship institutions, but through recently and powerfully of capitalism in the resurgence I also social order. shaping a new other various try to evaluate current attempts at defining change - such as post-modernist ones. I certainly and post-Fordist inadequate in these useful, but find are rarely based on as that they as I have of cases wide a diversity studied here. Colin Crouch strain of that double burden, and in strain of that double burden, separate two the end I had to have concluding chapters, one on each of two theme. Subtle integration monster? subjects, or two-headed I say, they whatever Anyway, well very it. I was doing enjoyed and took the advice that I behaved, to my researchers: give always made your general once you have at it bit by bit. plan, just work While you are writing one chapter, need to be there will ever forget While you are other chapters. any writing one section of a chapter, need to be there will ever forget other sections. On a really dif- any you are writing while day, ficult there will one paragraph, forget other para- need to be any ever looking up and graphs. If you keep much has to be thinking of how done before the whole project is get a nasty you will finished, attack of la nausée. This in more detail is what I have compared west tried to do: I have European countries across a wide range of social institutions: work and occupations, the structure of educa- the family, the economy, tion, religion, nationality and eth- and the mechanisms of citi- nicity, advanced industrial societies over industrial advanced I fear that the past four decades. under the some chapters groan Social Change in Western Europe Western in Change Social

Whether I have made good use of Whether I have learned from them all what I have for the review- to wait have I now ers’ I am anxious, to learn. verdicts that this is a book because I know tried to do too in which I have stu- things at once. I want many to be able to levels dents at many it to be just want I don’t use it, but been trying to book; I have a text I also run two say Something New. parallel themes throughout the book: one is the attempt to pin of the unity and diversity down western European societies; the more general a other is to develop theory of social change in Colleagues and researchers at the to this, invaluable EUI proved in the especially those working which areas of gender and family, prominent had to be very I knew which I themes in the study but the over had completely neglected years. This is the book I have been work- been book I have This is the the Institute ing on since I arrived I had signed in 1995, and although it a contract to write I I knew before even job get a ever would I here, I do not think com- have ever would had pleted it unless I This come to Florence. is not so much because the book has involved writing about the whole of western Europe - I had done that before - because of the but range of subjects I needed to include. For 25 years before I started on this project I work had written almost solely about industrial relations and similar produce trying to themes. Now, something about virtually all aspects of social structure, I need- new ed competence in several religion, eth- family, areas: gender, social class..... nicity,

Colin Crouch Colin 23 Tenth Anniversary Session The Academy of European Law

Summer at the European University Institute has in Private International Law and International Human recent years come to be associated with the Academy of Rights Law: Conflicts and Convergence. ANDREW European Law’s summer courses. Just as researchers BYRNES, Associate Professor of Law, University of are heading off to their home countries, a new wave of Hong Kong students appears to add life and vitality to the Villa Schifanoia. Indeed, the Academy held its Tenth Les rapports entre les droits de l’homme et la paix et la Anniversary Session from 21 June to 2 July (Session on sécurité internationales en droit international. OLIVIER Human Rights Law) and 5 July to 16 July (Session on CORTEN, Research Fellow, Université Libre de Brux- the Law of the European Union). elles

With more than 160 participants from over 40 coun- Judicial Activism versus Judicial Restraint in the Inter- tries, attending lectures and workshops delivered by pretation of Human Rights Norms. CRAIG SCOTT, Asso- leading scholars and practitioners in the respective ciate Professor of Law, University of Toronto fields, the Session proved to be a very successful one. Erosion of the Private-Public Divide and the Growth of Each of the courses focused on a particular theme: the the Human Rights Movement. HENRY STEINER, Profes- international law framework of human rights and the sor of Law and Director of Law School Human Rights European Court of Justice, respectively. The detailed Program, Harvard University programme of the session included the following lec- tures: Droits de l’homme et souveraineté de l’Etat: les fron- tierès ont-elles été substantiellement redéfinies? Session on Human Rights Law HÉLÈNE RUIZ FABRI, Professor of Law, Université de Distinguished Lecture Paris I Is the Human Rights Regime Special in International Law? PIETER VAN DIJK, Member of the Council of State, Session on the Law of the European Union The Netherlands Distinguished Lecture La Constitution européene de la Communauté à l’U- General Course nion. JEAN-VICTOR LOUIS, Professor of Law, Université A Comprehensive Human Rights System. DAVID J. Libre de Bruxelles and EUI; Honorary Legal Adviser, HARRIS, Professor of Public International Law, Univer- Banque Nationale de Belgique sity of Nottingham General Course Rethinking International Human Rights: What Have Rethinking the Foundations of European Law. J. H. H. We Learned, Where Are We Going? RICHARD B. WEILER, Manley Hudson Professor of Law and Jean BILDER, Foley & Lardner Emeritus Professor of Law, Monnet Chair, Harvard Law School; Co-director, Acad- University of Wisconsin Law School emy of European Law

Law 24 Law , and ASH ARISA H. H. NYDER S ENEDICT , M OURGEOIS , B , by Y RFORD B OSEPH , with contri- O EILER (available Feb- (available continued on p. 26 RANCES W NNE LSTON RAWFORD A , by F C ACQUES BBOTT , A OSEPH A , edited by J , J HILIP AMES Australian Society of Legal also a Philosophy and was member of the Executive Committee of the Interna- Association of Philos- tional Phi- and Social ophy of Law losophy (I.V.R.) His main books include: a monograph on political theo- ry of neo-liberalism (in Pol- ish) and three books pub- and “Law lished in Kluwer’s Philosophy Library”: Giving Desert Its Due: Social Jus- Theory tice and Legal (1985), Moral Pluralism and and Neutrality (1990) Legal , J OWSE EUPRECHT H REDERICK L LSTON A (available May 2000) (available , edited by P and F ETER OBERT HILIP , P , R COTT HELTON S , with contributions by J , with contributions S (available March 2000) (available EILER INGSBURY INAH HAI REMONA OANNE ences in Australia. He received a fellowship from the from a fellowship Australia. He received ences in Studies (NIAS), Advanced Netherlands Institute of a visiting professor at Cornell Law twice and was as President of the School in Ithaca, USA. He served Freedom of Speech and Its Limits (1999). He has also books in the area of edited or co-edited various and published over theory, jurisprudence and legal As the titles of his journals. articles in academic fifty J These lectures, revised and substantially developed for developed and substantially revised lectures, These Collected as the in book form appear will publication, new This Law. of European Academy the Courses of by Oxford published four annual volumes, series of lec- this year with the launched Press, was University set of vol- first The from the 1998 courses. tures arising titles: the following umes features Rights People’s by P butions K D The Trade? a Common Law of International Towards and the NAFTA WTO the EU, W C ruary 2000) and Human Rights Democracy Ethnicity, G The Constitutional Law of Europe February 2001) (available OXERRAMON , Professor of , Marie Curie HAW , Regius Professor , Regius S New Appointment New Wojciech Sadurski Wojciech CHEPEL O , Professor of Law, of , Professor S ORMICK RAIG C , Marie Curie Research Fel- , Marie Curie Research ARM AC , Professor of Legal Sociology, , Professor of Legal M P. C grew up and was educated in up and was grew ORAL M EIL AUL , Adjunct Assistant Prof. of Law, Fletch- Assistant Prof. of Law, Adjunct , , Professor of Law, Universidad del País del Universidad , Professor of Law, EONOR ADURSKI S UMM LANKENBURG K B

OJCIECH ATTIAS ENGOETXEA RHARD In Australia, after two years Australia, after two In Sydney, of at the University in Australian National University at the a fellowship of Mel- years at the University Canberra and two and in 1994 was bourne, he returned to Sydney, He Philosophy. appointed to a Personal Chair in Legal Sci- Academy of Social also became a member of the Poland, studying law at the University of Warsaw, of at the University Poland, studying law He also com- where he obtained his Ll.M and Ph.D. at the Institut pleted a year of postgraduate studies Européen des Hautes Etudes Internationales in Nice, France. Returning to Poland, he taught the history of polit- ideas, and legal ical and legal of at the University theory, In 1991 he took up Warsaw. a position at the University in and worked of Sydney, Australia until accepting the position of Professor of Philoso- Theory and Legal EUI, at the phy of Law from Department of Law, September this year. of Public Law, University of Edinburgh; J of Edinburgh; University of Public Law, Interpretation, Integrity and Integration in the Jurispru- and Integration Interpretation, Integrity dence of the ECJ. N er School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University Tufts Diplomacy, and er School of Law Gendering the Court of Justice. J Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit in Europe, Centre for the Study of Law European Law, of Leeds University Department of Law, W The Community of Judges: The Court of Justice in Judges: The Community of H Perspective. Socio-legal Vasco; and L Vasco; of Edin- University and Society, for Law Centre low, burgh Adjudicating European Integration and its Limits: and its European Integration Adjudicating EC. Courts and the the Role of National Examining M Worcester College, Oxford University Oxford College, Worcester B and Libre de Bruxelles Université Research Fellow, E

The Jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice Court European of the Jurisdiction The P Reconsidered. 25 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies triggered bythegrowing importanceofconstitutional ophy andcomparative constitutionalism andhasbeen This projectliesattheintersection ofpoliticalphilos- important issueinthefield ofconstitutional theory. quasi-judicial bodiesinrepresentative democracy, an term attheEUIconcernsroleofjudicialand The mainprojectthatheintendstopursueduringhis toring FreedomofthePressinPoland. also amemberofthecouncilCentreforMoni- and legal issuesforaleading Polishnewspaper, andis freedom ofexpression. Heisacommentator onsocial and philosophicalinquiriesintovarious aspectsof action), theoriesoftheliberalStateanditsfunctions, (including theoriesofdiscriminationandaffirmative of intellectualinteresthave been:theoriesofjustice three English-languagebookssuggest,hismainareas continued from p.25 tres hadreachedasatisfactory stage. prochement” betweenthetwo cen- 1999, oncetheprogressive “rap- be putinplacefromSeptember Report suggestedthenew structure pean Forum, theSelf-Evaluation Schuman CentreandoftheEuro- sources oftheRobert strengths andre- by combiningthe Studies for Advanced creation ofaCentre which advisedthe 1995 MayerReport, ommendations ofthe Following therec- goals. achieve itsfuture strong positionto objectives but isina met itsoriginal RSC hasnotonly Centre, whilethe pillar oftheoverall structureofthe pean Forum hasbecomeanessential launched threeyearsago. The Euro- of consolidationwhichwas Forum have completedtheprocess Schuman CentreandtheEuropean ous CouncilsofInstitute,theRobert place onitsproposalswiththevari- Report andthediscussionsthattook Following theSelf-Evaluation The RobertSchumanCentre for Advanced Studies for Advanced ing youngscholarsatthebeginning large numberofbrightandpromis- ambition torecruitinternationallya emphasis onEurope,but for its just foritscontinuedresearch EUI Centrewillbedistinctive not ly intheUnitedStates.However, the place now formany years,especial- tigious institutionsthathave beenin ies willtrytoemulatetheotherpres- The new Centrefor Advanced Stud- combining academicactivities. the morechallengingprocessof staff andhasbeencompletedwith the merger oftheadministrative This processbegan in1995-6with Villa LaFonte legal theoristsfromvarious Europeancountries. some ofthebest,mostinteresting andmostinnovative informal schemewhichwould helpbringtoFlorence up aEuropeanLegal Theory Network, arelatively In additiontothislong-termproject,heintendsset recent undemocraticpasts. nisms againstthecontrastingbackgroundoftheir and challenge-ofcraftingnew constitutionalmecha- Europe, wheresocietiesface theuniqueopportunity- emerge. They areparticularlyevident inCentral es madebyparliaments,difficult issuesoflegitimacy tive bodiesacquiretheauthoritytodisplacechoic- however, moreuniversal: whenever non-representa- cial power versus parliamentaryrepresentationare, democracies ofCentralEurope. The dilemmasofjudi- tribunals inthemostadvanced post-communist Y apply. and everyone isencouragedto ic qualityandresearchexcellence. able toachieve thehighestacadem- pean questions,theCentrewillbe mon interestsandfocusisonEuro- from othercontinentswhosecom- researchers fromEuropeaswell It ishopedthatbyattracting senior fellows. of theircareeraswellmore for Advanced Studies for Advanced Robert SchumanCentre Director ofthe VES M ÉNY available every year thirty fellowships are candidates. Nearly demic qualitiesofthe research andtheaca- the proposedtopicof tion oftwo criteria: through acombina- competition and the basisofopen tute, but chosenon invited bytheInsti- not pre-selectedor the fellows. They are selection processof ture concernsthe Another specialfea- 26 opinion continued on p. 29

ment – et les domaines où il pour- ment – et les domaines innombrables. rait être étendu sont seuls les étu- Après tout pourquoi incités à cette diants seraient-ils mobilité européenne ? Dans symbole, l’effi- d’autres secteurs, le pourraient éga- cacité et la politique par lement être réconciliés, les droits en développant exemple européenne ou liés à la citoyenneté encore par la création d’une police commune des frontières. Plus prosaïque mais pas moins dif- est la réforme des procédures ficile de la Commission. L’administration communautaire a été influencée à son origine par les modèles français et allemands, par les traditions du service public classique c’est à dire et juridique un style relativement le temps et la mul- Avec formaliste. des com- tiplication/diversification les élargissements pétences, avec successifs, la Commission est deve- nue une « usine à gaz ». Les règles de la soi-disant transparence conju- inspirée par la méfiance guée avec ges- de mauvaise quelques affaires tion ou népotisme ont suscité la plus naturelle mais aussi la plus stu- pide des réactions : la multiplica- tion des contrôles formels, adminis- sur un corps qui tratifs et financiers manquait déjà de ressort. Non seu- lement la Commission au bord de la mais, plus paralysie administrative, le tâtillon respect des formes grave, aux se substitue progressivement objectifs de la politique elle même. par oublier la substance à On finit la procédure. force de privilégier s’at- la Commission devrait Enfin, taquer de front à la réforme mana- geriale. Il est heureux que le dossier à Neil Kinnock, un ait été confié des idées avec Venant britannique. sur le management, différentes

par Yves Mény Yves faire pour les pilotes. En revanche, faire c’est à dire la l’état de la machine, La Commission est préoccupante. de course conçue machine svelte de plus originairement ressemble alle- de guerre en plus à ces avions de toutes mands qui à force d’ajouts au sol par sortes se sont écrasés dizaines. Sans réforme majeure, la Commission ne sera ni à même de bien gérer les dossiers qui lui sont ni à même de convaincre confiés l’opinion publique de leur bien- fondé. Il serait nécessaire d’agir sur plu- sieurs fronts : symbolique, politique procédural, managérial. Les symboles sont l’accessoire, l’écume des choses, mais en poli- essentiels. tique ils sont souvent de Prodi de Saluons l’initiative demander aux Commissaires de s’installer prés de leurs services, d’européaniser leur cabinet. Sou- d’éthique haitons que les règles soient renforcées même si les pro- assez mineurs. blèmes sont en fait Des Mais ce n’est pas suffisant. changements de méthode, des et d’agir doivent modes de faire rapidement être mis en place et ren- dus publics. Mais que l’on nous grâce de la transparence, cette fasse de tarte à la crème qui sous prétexte à nu transfère les mettre le pouvoir mécanismes de décision réels dans des coulisses plus profondes. La politique peut rejoindre le sym- bole quand les mesures prises par- lent au public : les programmes pour étudiants Erasmus et Socrates concilient de ce point de vue un sur les jeunes impact extraordinaire un coût très bas. avec C’est le bon modèle d’association – même s’il peut de la société civile être amélioré dans son fonctionne-

Commission Prodi: l’intendance doit suivre doit Prodi: l’intendance Commission Les hommes et femmes choisis par Prodi sont compétents, expérimen- tés et surtout judicieusement placés. Il n’y a donc pas trop de soucis à se Les attentes à l’égard de la Com- Les attentes à l’égard mission sont donc considérables : à l’Est, réforme insti- élargissement tutionnelle, gestion des Balkans, Sud de la la rive coopération avec Méditerranée, relations commer- les Etats-Unis, politique ciales avec commune de défense et de sécurité des ne sont que quelques exemples questions pressantes qui attendent Commission sans la nouvelle compter l’ordinaire, c’est à dire toutes les politiques communau- taires, de l’agriculture au marché intérieur en passant par l’environ- nement. Cette pause est bienvenue car si Cette pause est bienvenue l’Union Européenne présente bien il est injuste d’en faire des défauts, sur la Com- porter tout le fardeau mission. Mais cette injustice signi- aussi que c’est encore la Com- fie mission qui est au centre des choses, qui présente le maximum de consé- de visibilité et par voie le maxi- quence prend en charge mum de responsabilité, la sienne mais accessoirement celle bien sûr, qui pourrait être plus légitiment au Conseil des Ministres, attribuée au Par- au Conseil Européen, voire lement. Le processus de décision communautaire est si complexe d’identifier qu’il est bien difficile qui est responsable de quoi. Rarement un agenda politique aura Rarement un agenda que celui qui attend été aussi chargé équipe. La R. Prodi et sa nouvelle place bénéfi- Commission mise en temporaire, cie d’une lune de miel de mars, la bref répit entre la crise électorale de piteuse participation devant de passage juin et l’examen en septembre. le Parlement 27 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies C M The symposiumwas organized by shaping it. role ofbothEuropeandJapanin recent globalizationphase,andthe most pressingissuesregarding the but very frank,way someofthe policy makers todiscussinapolite, together prominentacademicsand of GlobalSociety”,itbrought Broadly titled“WhatistheFuture Japan Club. annual SymposiumoftheEU- hosting on27-29Octoberthe10th and policy dialoguewithJapanby continued itstraditionofacademic The EuropeanUniversity Institute EU-Japan ClubSymposium for theremainderofsympo- Palazzo Vecchio, settingthetone The openingsessiontookplace in tilateral issues. motion ofvarious bilateralandmul- predisposition togreaterjointpro- ing understandingpairedwitha year’s symposiumwas ofincreas- among theparticipantsinthis other arestillpresent,thefeeling difficulties inlearningfromeach logue. and aregular overall political dia- joint sectoralco-operationactivities bilateral relations,now filled with influence intheimprovement of al symposiamayhave exerted real gatherings inBrusselsanditsannu- ing the1990s,Club’s monthly cal co-operationanddialogue.Dur- matters andlittlesubstantialpoliti- marked byconfrontationsintrade the endofaperiodrelations The EU-JapanClubwas createdat Organizations. the JapanFederationofEconomic lic relationsinstituteaffiliated with and theKeizai Koho Center, apub- support oftheJapanFoundation, the Club,whokeeps securingthe DGI andlong-timeco-ordinatorof Department, andMs.D Social andPoliticalSciences ORRADO ARTIN 1 While misperceptionsand R fromtheCommission’s , What istheFutureofGlobalSociety? HODES , Professorinthe ANIELA D I quent lecturebyProf.H and moreoriginal,was thesubse- Less upbeat,but equallyintriguing speak andactunited. the European(Monetary)Unionto chiefly theneedformembersof and many challengesremainahead, polar financial world. Yet, asMr volatility inanincreasinglymulti- Europe whilehelpingtoreduce that bringsstabilityandgrowth to already proved tobeasuccessstory since itslaunchtheEurohas Woods system,inlessthan ayear since thecreationofBretton tions. The mostremarkableevent highly oftheEuroanditsimplica- of monetaryaffairs, whospoke European Commissionerincharge Y The first lecturewas given byMr aspects ofglobalization. between thepositive andnegative the difficulty offullydistinguising Japan Club,thenremarked about Governor oftheBoardEU- External RelationsandHonorary the EuropeanCommissionfor ZLER and technology. DrH nated bytherationalityofscience lems ofaglobalizingworld domi- thus helpaddressthepressingprob- their characteristicopennessand social sciencessoastomaintain need todevelop new thinkinginthe changes. least inthecurrentmoment of in adaptingtonew situations,not necessity ofpluralismandcalmness can people,heindirectlyupheldthe creation mythsofaNative Ameri- metaphors fromnationalidentity ies (Nichibunken) inKyoto. Using Research CentreforJapaneseStud- General attheInternational the EU-JapanClubandDirector- K S P President oftheInstitute,Dr sium. Inthewelcomeaddress, ATRICK ILGUY VES AWAI , Former Director-General of -T aGovernor oftheBoard , IAL DE HIBAULT recalled, itisjustafirst step M ASTERSON S ILGUY , stressedthe ORST , former K AYAO REN DE - KI After bothlectures,H.E. T be muchimproved inbothEurope believes, theruleoflaw couldstill given toProf.Y The final word forthedaywas facilitate this. the backgroundofEUshould other regions oftheworld, but that should listenmoretounderstand Milan, whoconcludedthatEurope Professor ofJapaneseEconomyin was thatofC education. An interestingcomment Europe andJapan,theroleof of currency collaborationbetween ization ofcurrencies,thepossibility world, thetrendtowards regional- Asia, the Americanization ofthe models inEuropeandindustrial the marchofdiverse development monitoring orexploring, including raised anumberofideasworth one, chairedbyDrK session ofthesymposium. The first panel discussionsensuedineach Following thelectures,interesting tions. political, business andculturalrela- multilateral level andinbilateral for enhancedco-operationatthe projects. Yet, thereismuchroom rent ones,filled withco-operation 1980s withthemuchsmoothercur- tentious bilateralrelationsofthe trasted thelargely limitedandcon- an official addressinwhichhecon- to theEU,delivered rathercalmly Court ofJustice. Yet, Prof.M tions, especiallytheEuropean and theinstrumentalityofinstitu- ticipation despitewealthorsize, tion oftheprinciplepluralistpar- promotion ofitsmyth,theapplica- cessful forthreemainreasons:the pean projecthassofar beensuc- State, andthenaddedthattheEuro- faire andtheBismarckian Welfare beyond thecurrentonesoflaissez- based globalparadigmthatgoes on theneedofcreatingamorerule- Advanced Studies, who first spoke of theRobertSchumanCentrefor K IMURA JapaneseAmbassador , VES ORRADO M ÉNY M RENZLER , director AKAYU OLTENI 28 ÉNY - , , Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies - EN R AKENORI (National TO ICOLAS I continued on p. 30 AIICHI (Osaka University) pondered (Osaka University) , three interesting papers were , three interesting papers (St. Andrews, Scotland) start- Scotland) Andrews, (St. Sous le titre ÉNY NOKI NGER I lecture led to a very lively panel ses- panel lively very led to a lecture only could which differences sion in inter- bridged. Specially partially be reaching sim- the idea of esting was and between Europe ilar progress the as competition law Japan in has agreement recent transatlantic achieved. chaired by Prof. In the third session, M on the risks of short-term thinking, and on the related issue of account- ing for policies with long-term con- sequences, as such as those of the European Central Bank, an institu- tion lacking proper accountability. Prof. D Finally, Graduate Institute for Policy Stud- Graduate Institute for Policy recent recounted the Tokyo) ies, arduous process of reforming the central administration in Japan, being successful despite eventually generation by a new driven largely who were hop- of elite bureaucrats, ing at the same time to create a stronger that exacts framework leadership and accountability from given on the issue of “Democratic given N Accountability”. Dr ed by suggesting organizing a glob- ed by suggesting organizing the co-ordina- al opposition through inter- tion of knowledge-intensive, organi- national non-governmental World zations, maybe around the Prof. T Afterwards, Bank. S ’ Europe:Les pilotes et la machine MATO Paru dans le Monde le 4 septembre 99 Paru concluded that compris pour des questions qui ne le justifient pas ; ne compris pour des questions qui ne le justifient des agences les erreurs commises pas répéter au niveau des monstres bureau- c’est à dire enfanter à Bruxelles, cratiques où les objectifs ne seront plus que celui de ou les respecter les oukases du contrôleur financier d’un rapporteur de la Commis- fantaisies éventuelles Européen. Bref, au sion compétente du Parlement national) d’ailleurs au niveau européen (comme niveau organisation pour une nouvelle il y a matière à réflexion de l’action publique et la mise en œuvre d’une véritable responsabilité. MATO Giuliano Amato although the European example is although the European example to replicate difficult probably very or inter- in other parts of the world the like national organizations one should welcome a more WTO, par- to bring diverse global exercise find ties closer together hoping they since the possible to converge, ways be less may of regulations failures of costly than the possible failures risk. Prof. A systemic market has gone far enough to have near- enough to have has gone far domestic applicability direct legal of its supranational deci- of many sions. Prof. A collaborative doctrines, by which doctrines, collaborative con- into to take try would countries investigate and even sideration, the direct negative upon request, the of their actions for implications only the EU Yet country. affected , MATO A IULIANO (former Japanese AKIZAWA

K

OJI The second session, titled “Reregu- The second Rule Making” lation: International of Mr opened with the views was K and internationally, and legal devel- and legal and internationally, the drive may in Europe opments as an globalization both process of building a key and as example block. appartenant à une tradition qui ne confond pas la réfor- le discours sur la réforme, on peut espérer que me avec de La clef le jour. des changements importants verront : comment débar- est dans la question suivante l’affaire rasser la Commission de tous les bagages inutiles qu’el- des ans sans pour autant renatio- le a accumulés au fil naliser les politiques. La solution n’est ni dans l’aug- facili- mentation du personnel, ni dans celui du budget, tés qui ne remédient en rien au problème. Elle est sans doute dans la restructuration des taches (abandonner les telle pour satisfaire programmes fractionnés à l’excès ou telle clientèle) et surtout dans la constitution d’agences autonomes sur le modèle de l’agence du Ali- à médicament à Londres ou des marques et brevets cante. La piste est prometteuse mais à condition de res- de bon sens : ne pas multiplier à pecter quelques règles le recours au modèle de l’agence, y tort et à travers continued from p. 27 continued from promoter of a ‘Constitution for Europe’ while at the Institute and Treasury, Italian Minister of the now concentrated on the historical progress of both hard and soft legal the long-term goal of with ways commonalties among con- finding regulations flicting domestic-market addressing the risks of supranation- of The evolution cartels. al private has doctrine in this field legal behav- from the unilateral moved states with extrater- iour of powerful more to newer, ritoriality effects, Afterwards, Prof. G Afterwards, foreign minister) on the need to bal- foreign minister) on process of positive ance the overall preservation globalization with the He went on to pre- of local diversity. using the sent the term ‘glocalizing’, in of Sony succesful example such a balance. He then achieving of a multilevel described the idea based on the harmoniously world the need to for arguing individual, local govern- strengthen the family, ments, as well as global and region- al multilateral institutions, and civil Asia. societies, especially in 29 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies ed withProf.M universities. The daywas conclud- society, andtheroleofJapanese definitions fordemocracy andcivil United NationsSystem,thelackof accountability, theevolution ofthe tional institutionwithsome European Parliament asasuprana- tive reforms,theexample ofthe topardesque natureofadministra- culties ofattackingthegat- various issues,includingthediffi- The ensuingpaneldiscussionraised tive Japanesepoliticians. the largely entrenchedandineffec- continued from p.29 Prof. T The fourthSession,chairedby the power ofideas. V innovation inJapan. To this,Prof. ization, whichcouldstiflecreative homogenization, largely American- ion, andwarned aboutexcessive tion fromthepointofview offash- meaning ofidentityandglobaliza- who gave his thoughtsaboutthe (President oftheFlorenceHouse) speak was MrR Adaptability ofElites”.Firstto under Globalization:Education, to thetheme“SocietyandIdentity Women’s University), was devoted tions”, was delivered byProf. Harmonization andMoralObliga- The secondlecture,‘Globalization, also happeninginEuropeanart. homogenization istosomeextent of Louvain) added thatsuch ANDE W OMIHIDE César dePrado Yepes ALLE (Catholic University ÉNY K ASHIOKA OBERTO ’ S reminder of G (Kyoto UCCI , Prof. S nization andconflictresolution. approach tointernationalharmo- argued infavour ofamultilateral democratic accountability, and desires foreconomicefficiency and eralism asbeingagainstgeneral problems ofbilateralismandunilat- Association. Itcentredaboutthe dent oftheJapaneseEconomists’ Hitotsubashi University, andPresi- the InstituteofEconomicResearch, was delivered byProf.R The final lectureofthesymposium al recognitionmechanisms. tionally isthroughtheuseofmutu- the bestway toconverge interna- idea ofmany otherparticipantsthat lateral ones,andagreedwiththe tions, andindividually intomulti- Japan togetherintoregional institu- problem ofbringingbothChinaand Studies Unit,commentedonthe from theCommission’s Forward Prof. P European Commission’s DGXIII, Information Societyunder the Development projectsrelatedto the uation panelofResearch and chaired. Currentlychairoftheeval- ment Japangroup,five ofwhichhe a memberoftheEuropeanParlia- Medical Sciences,andfortenyears Social Committee,Professorof ber oftheFrenchEconomicand chaired byProf.P The final afternoonsessionwas accommodate socialvalues. economic efficiency would have to Post-Washington Consensus,where and tryingtoshapetheagendaofa inequalities globalizationbrings, groups ofpeopleopposedtothe voicing theconcernsoflarge trends byemerging globalnetworks Stand?”. Hedescribedtherecent Global PublicPolicy: Where dowe “Emerging EliteNetworks and University of Warwick) andentitled Globalization andRegionalization, H Afterwards, DrW pollution misdeeds. solving now theirpresentandpast to futuregenerationsthecostsof developed countriesnottotransfer uphold themoralobligationon the issueofglobalwarming, to K OTARO IGGOTT OMPIDOU UZUMURA S (Director oftheCentrefor UZUMURA spoke onhow info- then wentonto OMPIDOU OLFGANG , Economistat , Mem- ICHARD P APE , Tuscan hillsoffered byMrG second evening inthemistof gramme includedadinneronthe cultural andsocialevening pro- Vasariano onthefirst evening, the leria degli Uffizi andtheCorridoio visit tothePalazzo Vecchio, laGal- body’s expectations. After arushed respect, theSymposiummetevery- the formalwork isdone.Inthis friendly andrelaxed mannerafter progress alsooftenhappensina In bothJapanandItaly, real Club would have toundertake. younger membersoftheEU-Japan find ways tobridge,ataskthatthe one hastokeep ponderingonto she describedthemaindichotomies nal way. Oftenusingmetaphors, marized thesymposiuminanorigi- ity Funds,UKLottery)whosum- D The final word was given toLady excessive uniformization. fail toexhort againsttheperilsof various sciencefields, but didnot for new formsofglobalizationin communications multimediaallow /index.htm. please visitwww.jmission-eu.be/club activities, includingthis Symposium, For moreinformation ontheClub’s Summer 1996,pp.104-120. tant Partners.” Survival. Vol. 38,no.2, “Japan andtheEuropeanUnion:Reluc- reinforce it,seeNuttall,Simon(1996) bilateral relationshipandsuggestionsto 1 outside Nippon. assortment ofJapanesearmoury collection, includingthelargest masterpieces initsampleJapanese ing many ofthemostimportant Stibbert, whichiscurrentlyexhibit- and avisitonthelastdaytoMuseo For asummaryofthehistory IANA B RITTAN C SRDE ÉSAR (President ofChar- P RADO 30 Y UCCI EPES , Conference i AUDAT L. L , in collaboration ARAINE MATO that anticompetitive State mea- that anticompetitive within their jurisdiction sures fall measure dele- only when such a undertaking gates to a private that should be independent- power authority, by a private ly exercised measure pro- or when the State Accordingly, vides for a State aid. to reconsider the need has arisen that we framework the regulatory from our post- inherited have forebears, and to devise medieval institutional frame- an innovative to power sufficient with work without accomplish this task, but of the the pozitions offending Commission or the Court. the teach- to employ In an effort ings of current economic and legal theory to tackle the problem of regula- reforming anticompetitive tion, Prof. A with Dr. L with Dr. Department, 1998) (Ph.D., Law a conference entitled organized Impact of Anticompetitive The Financial support for Regulation. by provided the conference was Eni Enrico Mattei the Fondazione Approximately 25 econ- of Milan. from a number omists and lawyers of EU countries (Belgium, France, Spain, the UK), as well as Italy, Australia and the US, gathered on 10 and 11 of September to address these issues. to The goal of the conference was guidelines a set of draft derive based on economic theory that step could be used as a first promoting reform of laws towards both national and and regulations, European, to eliminate their anti- The confer- effects. competitive into four panels: divided ence was 1 considered regulations Panel the professions and pri- affecting 2 focused Panel businesses; vate the provi- affecting on regulations 3 sion of public services; Panel concerned with the institu- was tional aspects of reform and the role of competition authorities; background of Europe revealed background can regulation that anticompetitive to the post- be traced back period, when a national medieval being were army and bureaucracy of the constructed as the backbone Any formed nation States. newly aimed at instrument regulatory protecting the ‘polis’ - the security needs the financial of the Crown, deemed in of the State, etc. – were about the public interest. Concerns and competition did not efficiency exist. the for- In the decades following mation of the European Union, protection of competition has become a paramount concern. in Europe, Numerous regulations at both national and Community conflict with the overall levels, goal of protecting competition. One reason that anticompetitive is continue in effect regulations that strong interests, such as incumbent professionals or an incumbent monopolist in a public- greatly from benefit service sector, and therefore such regulations the European Yet oppose reform. Commission and the Court of Jus- their defined narrowly tice have anticompetitive to review powers held have They State measures. - IU

during his tenure as

MATO Conference participants with Prof. Amato and Dr Laudati in the centre Conference participants with Prof.

A The Anticompetitive Impact of Regulation of Impact Anticompetitive The

head of the Italian Competition Authority in 1993. His interest and research into the historical legal LIANO The cost to society of anticompet- initially became a regulation itive concern to EUI Professor G Many public regulations currently public regulations Many designed in in force in Europe are a harm- have that they such a way on competition in the ful effect with apply, in which they market social benefit. no corresponding applica- instance, regulations For of professional ble to the provision condi- define services typically the profession tions for entry into requirements, through licensing of activity the scope of permissible the professionals, and the duties of the professionals to their clients and to other professionals. Such are often written in regulations restrict compe- terms that severely tition, ostensibly to protect the a lack from consumer who suffers information to judge of sufficient the competence of the profession- of these restric- many al. In fact, tions are designed and adminis- tered by groups made up of incum- bent professionals, with an aim to restrict competition and keep prices high.

Conference 31 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies of consumerssomeprofessional vided. To addressthisvulnerability too littleoftheservicemaybe pro- fect information,andtoomuch or would ifthey benefited fromper- for professionalservicesthanthey consumers maypayhigherprices this informationasymmetryisthat than standardized. The result of are frequentlycustomizedrather needs are,andthatsuchservices vices oftendonotknow whattheir that theconsumersofsuchser- fessional servicesareuniquein examination hasrevealed thatpro- regulation oftheprofessions. The consequences ofanticompetitive agency hasdoneinexamining the currence, reportedonthework his of theFrenchConseildelaCon- 2000. Prof.F is scheduledtobecompletedin tralian review began in1995,and anticompetitive effect. The Aus- nating orrevising thosewithan the goalofidentifyingandelimi- review ofallitsregulations with has undertaken acomprehensive Australia istheonlycountrythat sumer Commission,was present. Australian CompetitionandCon- Prof. A address theseissues.For instance, most qualified intheworld to The participantswereamongthe guidelines. as toderive afirst draftofthe ideas ofeachtheparticipants,so purpose ofwhichwas togatherthe and Panel 4was atourdetable,the Prof. F cessfully implemented. process tobeundertaken andsuc- political momentumforareform lenge istocreateandmaintain emphasized thatthegreatestchal- away toinsignificance. Thus, he legislation thatultimatelyfaded regulatory impactanalysisofnew which producedrequirementsfor improving regulatory efficiency, projects focusedmoregenerallyon have undertaken regulatory review he notedthatmany othercountries still opentoquestion.Moreover, the ultimatesuccessofproject confronted intheirefforts, leaving that Australian reformershave considerable politicalproblems RÉDÉRIC LLAN F ELS ELS J ENNY Chairmanofthe , reported onthe , Vice-Chair Prof. J the “real”needsofconsumer. auditors arebeingusedtoassess services inFrance,independent Sixth, theguidelinesshouldspeci- Fifth, theguidelinesshouldspeci- Fourth, theguidelinesshouldpro- Third, theguidelinesshouldspeci- Second, thetypeofcompetitive First, theregulators shouldbe was asfollows: economic guidelines.Hisproposal suggested anoutlineforthedraft panel discussions,Prof.A participants oftheirpapersandthe Following thepresentationbyall the professions. provisions ofregulations affecting most blatantlyanticompetitive complement toeliminationofthe tion, but isatleastanecessary auditing maynotbeaperfectsolu- fy aninstitutionalarchitecture, various typesofregulations. less restrictive alternatives for should provide examples of restrictive alternatives. They fy how tosearch forless effect. regulation anticompetitive for assessingthegravity ofthe vide aneconomicmechanism petitive effect. of whetherithasananticom- applies mayaltertheanalysis which agiven regulation ous sectors,how thecontext in providing examples fromvari- fy throughaseriesoffootnotes distribution. consumers, orthesystemof range ofproductsavailable to quences forinnovation, the ous examples areconse- and sharingmarkets; lessobvi- are limitingentry, fixing prices, identified. Obvious examples of theregulation shouldbe restriction thatisasideeffect from it. of restrictionsthatmightresult specify whetherthey areaware tive oftheregulation, andto required toindicatetheobjec- ENNY concluded thatsuch MATO Reacting toProf.A believes thatifthisweredonewith with competitionprinciples. He State foritsdegree ofcompliance al legislation ineachMember this would involve scoring nation- ing internationalbenchmarking, “competition scoreboard.” Follow- Amato atanearliertimefora favoured aproposalmadebyProf. tion Directorate,statedthathe European Commission’s Competi- Dr. K once every five years. fied onaregular schedule,suchas lations would have tobere-justi- sion” mechanism,bywhichregu- gested theuseofa“sunsetprovi- were therehistorically. Hesug- provisions aretherebecausethey some ofthemostanticompetitive ing regulation, heobserved that transparency. With respecttoexist- proposal, whichwould increase accompany any new regulatory statement” shouldberequiredto gested thata“competitionimpact respect tonew regulation, hesug- perceived market failure. With regulation inplacetoaddressthe other countriesthatdonothave a should includebenchmarkingwith Analysis ofneedforaregulation necessary unlessproven otherwise. presumption thatregulation isnot regulation.” This would establisha initial provision for“zero-based the guidelinesshouldincludean Trade Commission,suggestedthat economist withtheUSFederal instance, JohnHilke, asenior of furthersuggestions.For al, theparticipantsmadeanumber fied. procedure couldalsobespeci- authorities aswell. A screening possibly withthatofnational expert supportofDG4and who would work withthe and prestigiousindividuals, of influential,knowledgeable council, composedofagroup pendent Europeancompetition possibility would beaninde- anticompetitive effects. One national regulations fortheir screening bothCommunityand institution responsiblefor appropriate toEurope,foran IRTI M EHTA , aDirectorinthe MATO ’ S propos- 32 Conference ✁ , to derive the draft to derive urged the method fol- the urged AUDATI L EUI Review AUDATI AUDATI ARAINE lowed by the US Supreme Court, lowed the legislation to consider whether a advances in question directly The interest. substantial State assessment process of making this anticompetitive will often reveal and will of the legislation, effects less restrictive help identify any alternatives. of crafting the guide- The work lines will continue. Further work Amato and will be done by Prof. L Dr. Research Fellow, Robert Schuman Research Fellow, Studies Advanced Centre for the objectives of the regulation. the objectives on six years’Based as a experience a commission charged member of he legislation, with evaluating difficult that it is extremely argued which can be objectives, to define and implicit. both explicit L Dr. guidelines based on the papers and and Table, discussion at the Round on further comments by the partic- guide- the draft Thereafter, ipants. lines, papers and discussions will be published in a book during the The book will be pre- year 2000. sented to the European Commis- sion, and will hopefully generate a of interest to sup- level sufficient port carrying forth this important work. L , Please send me a complete list of EUI Working Papers Working Please send me a complete list of EUI Annual Report The President’s Please send me Please send me the EUI brochure 2000/2001 Please send me ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ RUZZONE B criteria, that S ’ Badia Fiesolana MATO INEVRA disagreed with this took issue with the European University Institute European University To The Publications Officer To agreed with this sugges- ENNY ENNY I-50016 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy Publications of the EUI EHTA tion, noting that the extensive accrued in the thus far experience public-utility sectors could be used more focused guide- to developed lines for these sectors. Prof. J first of Prof. A first be required to state the regulators Senior Economist with the Re- search Department of the Italian suggested Competition Authority, a compromise: to draft general a distinction keep guidelines but between structurally competitive services and public utilities. Dr. M suggestion, on the ground that it suggestion, on the to not be politically feasible would reform if guidelines were achieve basis, as inter- written on a sectoral easily mobilize est groups would that gen- against them. He believes less be far eral guidelines would such focused resis- to meet likely G tance. Dr. stituency that would be necessary that would stituency support of in a consensus to create a consensus, Absent such reform. representing groups powerful could place pres- interests affected politicians to prevent sure on reform. Director of the Alberto Heimler, Authority’s Italian Antitrust suggested Research Department, be guideline would that a different However, needed for each sector. Prof. J Fax: +39 0554685 636; e-mail: [email protected] Fax: - ASSI , Profes- , Economics CARPA S also argued in favour also argued discussed the impor- INISCALCO ARLO S

ENNY OTTA ...... M Signature ...... Date ...... Address ...... Name ......

OMENICO Professor at the University of at the University Professor added that international Turin, be used in benchmarking should sunset provi- conjunction with a multilat- involve would This sion. each gov- eral meetings at which what it explain ernment would the discuss does, and all would approaches. merits of the various Prof. J MO tance of educating the public as to regulations anticompetitive how trans- hurt their interest. He urged process, in the review parency help this process of which would the con- education, and help build EUI Economics Professor M sor of Economics at the University of Bologna, questioned whether in still exist national markets Europe. of international benchmarking of international States. He among the EU Member that such benchmarking argued of advantage the have would that, in his the difficulty avoiding no European institution view, it to decide that be likely would purely to review has the power with no effect national regulation on trade between Member States. C However, D a high degree of credibility, it of credibility, degree a high as effect, an important have would to not want would Member States the bottom of the list. appear at 33 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies And Portugalaccountsforthe lowest numberof refer- fewer ECJtrialsthanGermany and theNetherlands. law. At thesametime,GreeceandSpainhave faced Member Stateforviolating European environmental Court ofJustice(ECJ)more oftenthanany other er withBelgium,hasbeencalledbeforetheEuropean themselves atthevery bottom ofthelist.Italy, togeth- Denmark. GreeceandItaly, onthecontrary, find France, andisonlytoppedbytheNetherlands European countries,suchasUK,Germany, and into nationallaw compares wellagainstNorthern Spain andPortugalintransposingEuropeanpolicies South dichotomy. For example, theperformanceof States, whichdoesnoteasilyfit intoasimpleNorth- EU environmental laws acrosstheEuropeanMember First, thereissignificant variation incompliancewith leaders andSouthernlaggardsalike. tion failure andnon-compliance faced byNorthern politics andignoresthegeneralcausesofimplementa- ic NorthernEuropeanimagesofSouthern differences amongthem. This view reproducesspecif- these countriesdoesnotonlyneglect theconsiderable characteristicsof oncertain‘Mediterranean’ problem’ environmental policies. Yet, blamingthe‘Southern considerable problemsintheimplementationofEU To besure,theMediterranean MemberStatesdoface referred toasthe‘MediterraneanSyndrome’. in protectingtheirenvironment have beenalso European countries ficulties ofSouthern mental law. The dif- with EUenviron- ability tocomply lic willingnessand undermine thepub- are believed to legislative processes party-dominated mented, reactive and tion, andthefrag- telism, andcorrup- vidualism, clien- ture inclinedtoindi- capacity, acivic cul- administrative their politicalandadministrative institutions.Lacking tries isusuallyattributed tosystemicdeficiencies of gards. The poorimplementationrecordofthesecoun- Portugal) have thereputationofbeingparticularlag- Southern MemberStates(Italy, Greece,Spain,and States withEUenvironmental law isratherlow, the .Whereas theoverall complianceoftheMember Why thereisnoSouthernProblem On Environmental LeadersandLaggards in theEuropeanUnion bear. This isusuallythecaseifaEuropean environ- strations oftheMemberStates arelittleinclinedto costs initsimplementation,which thepublicadmini- expected ifaEuropeanpolicy imposesconsiderable First ofall,complianceproblems shouldonlybe ers insufficiently transposed,appliedandenforced? cessfully implementsomepolicieswhileleaving oth- the North-Southdivide? Why doMemberStatessuc- tation ofEUenvironmental policies,whichcutsacross How canweexplain suchvariations intheimplemen- regions alreadyenactedthenecessarylegislation. tion Prevention andControlDirective, someSpanish debating onhow to implementtheIntegrated Pollu- Spain. And whileGermanpolicy-makers arestill facing asmany Europeaninfringementproceedingsas Access toInformationDirective, Germany has been ronmental Impact Assessment Directive andthe munity in1986.IntheimplementationofEnvi- four yearsbeforeiteven joinedtheEuropeanCom- the contrary, hadlegally implementedtheDirective Water Directive of1980intoGermanlaw. Spain,on Court ofJusticetocorrectlytransposetheDrinking many morethan10yearsandarulingoftheEuropean menting EUenvironmental policies,too.IttookGer- encounter significant problemsineffectively imple- mentally moreadvanced Northerncountriesoften cies withinonecountry. Inotherwords, theenviron- between countries.Italsovaries acrossdifferent poli- with Europeanenvironmental law doesnotonlydiffer appear tobetheenvironmental laggardsoftheEU, tries withEUenvironmental law. GreeceandItaly the complianceoffourSouthernEuropeancoun- There issimplynoconsistentoutcomewithrespectto Denmark. ences totheEuropeanCourtofJustice,togetherwith Second, compliance law. EU environmental implementation of inthe South divide’ talk abouta‘North- variation inorderto much cross-national leaders. There istoo the laggardsand oscillate between finally, seemsto countries. Spain Northern leader puts upwiththe whereas Portugal 34 Environmental Studies continued on p. 37 ferent levels of government (national, regional, local). regional, (national, government of levels ferent legally even is not IPPC Directive that the No wonder yet. into German law transposed reg- and national of European But the incompatibility lead to implementation not necessarily ulations does mobilization of The and non-compliance. failure pressure public authorities to domestic actors who enforce EU environmental implement and effectively of compli- the level improve may significantly law parties can raise concerns about ance. First, political of policies vis-à-vis the the proper implementation can organizations Second, environmental government. act as a ‘watchdog’ pub- the attention of both drawing and European) and the public lic authorities (national of non-compliance with EU envi- opinion on incidents play a cru- can Media coverage ronmental legislation. interest groups powerful And third, cial role here. of com- and industry) can mobilize in favour (business did in case of the Eco- as they pliance with a policy, Audit Regulation. in bringing Domestic mobilization is most effective with the Euro- about compliance if it is able to link-up European pean Commission, which may withdraw proceeding funding from, or open infringement Thus, against recalcitrant Member State authorities. Commission the Catalan socialists complained to the cutting through about the authorization of a motorway gov- which the Catalan (conservative) a nature reserve an environ- ernment had issued without demanding Commis- As a result, the mental impact assessment. the European sion decided to freeze the loan which and Reconstruction had granted Bank for Investment for the and asked for the construction of the motorway impact assessment elaboration of an environmental measures. including corrective of the combined pressure from Another example (Commission) is (domestic actors) and above below Impact the implementation of the Environmental As (EIA) of 1985 in Germany. Assessment Directive years, transposition for two delayed legal Germany complaints filed organizations environmental several of the with the Commission claiming direct effect by the European Court of confirmed EIA, which was in 1990, enacted a law finally When Germany Justice. and complaints deficient still vastly transposition was groups continued resulting of German environmental infringement proceedings of the Commission in new rulings of the In light of several against Germany. of the EIA European Court of Justice and the revision its is currently revising in 1997, Germany Directive to bring it in formal compliance with EIA legislation EU regulations. as serious leaders can face In sum, environmental problems in implementing European environmental laggards, particularly if Euro- as environmental law the corresponding national do not fit pean regulations

require investments in new technology which are pro- new in require investments companies and hence could put at for many hibitive the effective risk a considerable number of jobs. Or, Pollution Prevention implementation of the Integrated (IPPC) of 1996 commands the and Control Directive environ- of the permits for the different integration soil etc.) required in the air, mental media (water, authorization of an industrial plant into one single authorization procedure This integrated procedure. change in the highly signify a revolutionary would law, fragmented structure of German environmental where authorization competencies are dispersed (indus- public authorities at one level across different public health) as well as across dif- environment, try, mental regulation does not fit the corresponding legal the corresponding not fit does regulation mental States. Member in the regulations and administrative change to may have the Member States As a result, procedures, administrative introduce new their laws, acquire technologies, measurement new into invest to manpower more employ and expertise, additional Moreover, regulations. enforce the new monitor and is regulations environmental new the enforcement of of those domestic the opposition to provoke likely to bear the costs of com- have actors who ultimately and agriculture, which may pliance, such as industry production technologies in order to upgrade their have stan- European environmental to meet the stringent the the prompt compliance with example, dards. For have of 1980 would Directive Water Drinking closure of 20% of German required the immediate in the fertilizing practice of wells and a serious change enforcement of the strict Likewise, German farmers. in Spain would European air pollution regulations 35 Call for Papers tends tobeorientedtowards theproblemsand adapt toanever growing environmental acquis which pare formembership(Malta,Cyprus, Turkey) have to environmental policies. And thosecountriesthatpre- considerable problemsintheimplementationofEU the EU(Italy, Spain,PortugalandGreece)doface The Mediterraneancountries,whichareMembersof drome’. have beenalsoreferredtoasthe‘MediterraneanSyn- European countriesinprotectingtheirenvironment, EU environmental law. The difficulties ofsouthern ingness andorganizational capacitytocomplywith processes arebelieved tounderminethepoliticalwill- fragmented, reactive andparty-dominatedlegislative individualism, clientelism,andcorruption,the administrative capacity, acivic cultureinclinedto their politicalandadministrative institutions.Lacking tries isusuallyattributed tosystemicdeficiencies of gards. The poorimplementationrecordofthesecoun- countries have thereputationofbeingparticularlag- with EUenvironmental law isratherlow, thesouthern Whereas theoverall complianceoftheMemberStates The deadlineforapplications isJ by February15,2000.Contributions totravel expenses andaccommodationareavailable. Environmental PoliciesinSouthernStates at theEuropeanUniversity InstituteFlorence,Italy the RobertSchumanCentrefor Advanced Studies The ImplementationofEuropean ‘Mediterranean Syndrome’. Coming to Terms withthe Environmental Studies Workshop Robert SchumanCentrefor Advanced Studies I-50016 SanDomenicodiFiesole,Italy Coordinator forEnvironmental Studies e-mail: [email protected] CALL FORPAPERS Applications shouldbesentto: 18-19 May2000 anuary 31,2000 European University Institute organized by Via deiRoccettini9 Dr. Tanja Börzel A. NrhSuh divide) andcross-policy. ‘North/South’ (between Mediterraneancountriesbut alsoacrossthe take acomparative approachbothcross-country Schuman-Centre especiallywelcomespaperswhich problem. The Robert- policy isaparticular‘Southern’ the implementationgapinEuropeanenvironmental The workshop willaddressthequestion towhatextent significant changesinpolicy andinstitutions? pean policies?DoEuropeanregulations give riseto How doMediterraneanCountriesimplementEuro- what factors doestheirlevel ofcompliancedepend? ance withEuropeanenvironmental law vary, andon ly implementEuropeanpolicies?Doestheircompli- tics impairtheirwillingnessandcapacitytoeffective- characteris- mental law? Docertain‘Mediterranean’ the challengesofimplementingEuropeanenviron- Northern environmental leadersoftheEU,copewith lower level ofenvironmental protectionthanthe How dotheMediterraneancountries,whichhave a member states. level ofenvironmental protectionoftheNorthern . Prospective Participants willbenotified 36 Environmental Studies ÖRZEL A. B ANJA Coordinator for Environmental Studies at the RSCA Coordinator for Environmental at the Max-Planck-Projectgroup and Research Fellow on Common Goods in Bonn ing. As a result, domestic mobilization is often diffuse is often mobilization a result, domestic As ing. envi- (trans)national While effective. hence, less and, more and more influ- become organizations ronmental is a however, This, groups are still weak. ential, local Euro- in Northern we can also observe problem which environ- organized (Trans)nationally pean countries. successful in mobiliz- been quite have mental groups transposition of ‘misfitting’ ing against the deficient com- legal Improving law. EU policies into national lobby- through concentrated pliance is often achieved at the national and European level. ing activities in is able to trace failures the Commission Moreover, compliance is increas- legal Yet, transposition. legal law. in European environmental ingly less a problem public authorities often manage to circumvent Rather, in the practical regulations European down or water trans- finally Germany application and enforcement. some of its Yet, Directive. Water posed the Drinking are not always standards (particularly for pesticides) Here, domestic actors are enforced at the local level. as the crucial for detecting issues of non-compliance to control Commission simply lacks the capacity of correct the level Member State compliance beyond powerful relatively the implementation. But even legal not able to are organizations German environmental and enforce- systematically monitor the application at the local regulations ment of EU environmental level. of compliance problems as the result The explanation national regu- of the incompatibility of European and in lations and the absence of domestic mobilization an alter- implementation provides of effective favour to the ‘Mediterranean Syndrome’native in the expla- the nation of compliance problems. It emphasizes leaders and general problems which environmental in the imple- may face laggards alike environmental societal mentation process. Strengthening domestic resources, them with financial actors by providing in could be a crucial factor information, and expertise member state compliance with European improving law. is pub- of this contribution version (The extended of the Robert Schuman Paper Working lished as a Centre, RSC 99/16). T Tanja A. Börzel Tanja

the UK, often succeed in ‘uploading’ their more strin- As a result, the to the European level. gent regulations stan- environmental Southern countries with lower to adapt their have power dards and less bargaining in order to imple- structures and administrative legal ment European policies which are often oriented the economic interests and ecological prob- towards The ‘uploading’ lems of the Northern Member states. to the European regulations of national environmental leaders, such as why environmental also explains level increasing problems in complying with face Germany, The Northern leaders may law. EU environmental they protection but environmental share a high level approaches. in their regulatory significantly still differ policies reflect the British If European environmental or Dutch rather than the German approach to environ- in case of the Environmental like mental regulation, Pollution Pre- Assessment or the Integrated Impact similar faces Germany and Control Directive, vention as the Southern Member States in the difficulties implementation process. in domestic mobilization is lower of Second, the level Southern European countries, where environmental still limited and citizen groups have organizations is only emerg- awareness resources and environmental First, the politically and economically more powerful First, the politically or Germany Member States, like Northern European regulations. This is not to deny that the overall com- that the overall is not to deny This regulations. in Northern legislation EU environmental pliance with four higher than in the countries is still European of level the lower Member States. However, Southern of a general incapacity is not the result of compliance imple- and Greece to effectively Portugal, Spain, Italy, ment EU policies. continued from p. 35 from continued 37 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies R with threeexternal participants(C attend, but theRound Table wentaheadinhisabsence, French Foreign Minister, was unfortunatelyunableto vo War. The intendedstarguest,H Defence Policy oftheEuropeanUnionafterKoso- on thissubjectforaRound Table ontheSecurityand Schuman Centrebroughttogetheragroupofexperts With theseissuesinmind,on29OctobertheRobert for sometimetocome. defence andsecuritypolicy willremainontheagenda Balkan Region meansthatthetopicofEuropean probability oflong-termEuropeaninvolvement inthe ment toCentralandEasternEurope.Moreover, the European Union,andwiththechallengeofenlarge- ernmental Conferenceoninstitutionalreforminthe larly withtheimminentopeningofanew Intergov- policy iscurrentlyamuchdiscussedsubject,particu- urgency bytheKosovo crisis.Defenceandsecurity European debate,they have beengiven anew senseof While defenceandsecurityarenotnew issuesinthe security anddefencepolicy? pean defenceandsecuritypolicy? What isEuropean what lessonsaretobedrawn forthefutureofEuro- Seven monthsafterthestartof“War forKosovo”, Round Table C holm InternationalPeaceResearchInstitute,and ject significant forceoverseas, beingthustotally members ofNATO, lacksthemilitarycapacitytopro- known –thatEurope,morespecifically theEuropean revealed morestarklyafact whichhadalreadybeen There was generalagreementthattheKosovo war the pressureofevents. developing beyond eachpoliticalagreement,under ing target –thesituationis continuallyandrapidly reflected thedifficulties faced intryingtohitamov- from thepanelliststhansecond. This perhaps The first aimproved toelicitrathermore agreement and opportunitiesforfuturedevelopments inthisarea. current trends,but alsotospeculateaboutpossibilities defence andsecuritypolicy, andevaluate some ofthe cific issuesraisedbytheKosovo war forEuropean The Round Table aimedtoaddresssomeofthespe- a very lively discussion. both researchersandothers,helpedcontribute towards informal basis,andtheaudienceofinterestedpeople, fact enabledthediscussiontoproceedonamore tik) andtwo oftheInstitute’s own professors(T London SchoolofEconomics,A Security andDefencePolicy oftheEuropean ISSE HRISTOPH and J B AN ERTRAM Z IELONKA , Stiftung Wissenschaft undPoli- Union aftertheKosovo War ). Mr Védrine’s absencein DAM HRISTOPHER R UBERT OTFELD V Stock- , ÉDRINE HOMAS H ILL , , to respond[C find EuropeanStatesdangerouslylackingtheability ing commitments,andthatany furthercrisiscould pean forceswerealreadyseverely stretchedbyexist- other hand,itwas emphazisedthatbothUSandEuro- enable existing resourcestobebetterdeployed. Onthe operation inprocurementanddefenceplanningcould of theUSAinEurope[C missed) displayadeepambivalence towards therole larly France(andhereMr Védrine’s contribution was emerged asastrongtheme. The Europeans,particu- The relationshipbetweentheEUandUSA mony, withtheUS[J may wellleadtoincreasedconflict,ratherthanhar- defence capacitywould have bothcostsandgains, ership. The development of a genuineEuropean less likely towelcomehaving tosharepolitical lead- with theUSeagertosharefinancial burden, but European securityanddefencewas alsohighlighted, Conversely, USambivalence towards developments in unhappy atsuchdependenceon American leadership. European security, many Europeanleaderswere a desiretomaintainan American commitmentto there was stillarelianceonUSmilitary capacityand H changing thismayprove too high[J leadership, but itwas argued thatthepotentialcostsof most particularlythenecessarydependenceonUS strated tohave seriousweaknessesbytheKosovo war, tary incapacity[C damage inflictedonEuropean credibilitybyitsmili- status, whilstothersplaced more emphasisonthe EU’s internationalcredibilitydependsonitscivilian Z PHER United Statesfor“thedirty, heavy stuff” [C the immediatefuture,withacontinuedrelianceon firmed thisview oftheEUasaninternationalactorfor and theKosovo war canbeconsideredtohave con- approbation anddisapproval, asa‘civilian power’, strength. The EUhasoften been described,withboth pointless, stressingthattherewereotherways touse capacity would becostly, divisive, andultimately Jan Zielonkaargued thataEuropeanUnionmilitary politically completelyunacceptable[C sive increasesindefencespending,whichwas simply attempt todevelop suchacapacitywould requiremas- a capabilitywas eithernecessaryorpossible. Any cussants diverged intheirassessmentsofhow far such this kind.Frominitialpointofagreement,thedis- dependent onUSmilitaryassetsforanoperationof IELONKA ILL ], althoughitwas suggestedthatincreasedco- H ILL .Te‘iiinmdl was clearlydemon- ]. The ‘civilian model’ stressed theextent towhichmuchofthe HRISTOPH HRISTOPH AN B Z ERTRAM IELONKA HRISTOPHER B ERTRAM ]. ]. AN ]. Z IELONKA H HRISTOPHER ILL ]. While HRISTO 38 ]. J AN - Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies AYNE /W on TONE S on TRATH S LEC O ROUWER B MCO (Oxford University/University of (Oxford University/University used to complain that her diplomats always ESTON W ANDHOLZ S 20 March by B organized Workshop Intermediality 22 – 26 March Mediterranean Programme Conference by I organized Democratic Ethnic Cleavages, Perceived Governance Consolidation and Democratic Countries in Mediterranean April – 1 31 March by A organized Workshop California) on Space The Institutionalization of European LISON HATCHER ‘Defence’ tasks Petersberg the this mean – does assis- humanitarian peace-making, (peacekeeping, 1? and a Kosovo the capacity to undertake tance) or has certainly thrown Kosovo – how? Co-operation into sharper focus, contested concepts some of these 2 are 1 and of both Kosovo the lessons and if anything, both in developing must be imaginative that the EU capabilities, and that military and economic/political or for- about military hardware the debate is not only also more broadly but building, institution eign-policy on the future nature and shape related to discussions of the European Union. were raised than could possibly more questions Far adequately in the limited time been dealt with have and nature of a the future shape Whatever available. the international scene, one thing European entity on the from the discussions was which clearly emerged and dealing experience, which the Kosovo to extent be a crucial test of the EU’s with the aftermath, would an inter- issue for the EU as and a defining credibility, The institutions and policies created to national actor. capacities the EU’s deal with this situation will define years to come. Mrs and international identity for many T Researcher in the Department of Political and Social Science brought her problems, but never answers. This Round answers. never brought her problems, but that there are still more ques- showed certainly Table of the extent tions than answers, and indicates the scope for future discussion. A HRISTOPH pointed out, ILL emphasises that H on ERTRAM UREL S HRISTOPHER VES on on Centre for Advanced Studies Advanced Centre for ]. and Y also argued that in discussing Euro- also argued ILL

HODES ERDIER H R V ÉNY M

]. Kosovo 1 refers to the air war, in which refers to the air war, 1 ]. Kosovo OTFELD ARTIN R

ANIEL VES The Origins of Universal Banking The Origins of Universal 2 – 4 March by Conference organized D 14 – 15 January 14 – 15 January by Conference organized Y The Local Dimension of European Employment 7 – 8 February by Conference organized M Populism

Forthcoming Events in the Robert Schuman in the Events Forthcoming HRISTOPHER DAM ERTRAM all aspects of the concept “European Defence Co- all aspects of the concept “European operation” are contested. ‘European’ – does this refer defined? only to the EU or to Europe more broadly pean security and defence policy we must ask how far we must ask how pean security and defence policy can be useful traditional concepts and understandings Policies must be devel- situation. in this entirely new to deal with internal to answer how oped which begin against considerations of human pitted sovereignty of interven- the legality versus rights; of legitimacy as C tion. Unfortunately, 85% of the assets were provided by the US, and which by the US, assets were provided 85% of the 2 refers to the sta- By contrast, Kosovo lasted 78 days. of the assets are Euro- task. In this, 85% bilization for to last can be expected involvement pean, and to win 1 the goal was Kosovo Where as in decades. in the 2 there must be success in Kosovo militarily, Most of the dis- and social fields. political, economic and more widely has concen- cussion within NATO inadequacy 1 – on the of Kosovo trated on the lessons the to bridge assets and on how of European military B gap in military capabilities. Kosovo 2 will prove the more demanding role, where the more demanding 2 will prove Kosovo also with holding the baby but Europe is not only left Adopting the bringing it up too. the responsibility for 2 role for the EU in Kosovo this same terminology, power’ role as a ‘civilian reinforces the EU’s [C do and is doing that what Europe can Bertram argued policy. as security in the Balkans should be redefined A B An extremely useful distinction was drawn between drawn was distinction useful An extremely [C 2 and Kosovo 1 Kosovo called was what 39 Mediterranean Programme Jerusalem andthemaintenance ofthestatusquoin Jerusalem. Sheespeciallyworked onthestatusof Advancement ofPeaceattheHebrew University of the HarryS. Truman Research Instituteforthe historian, appointedasResearch Fellow since1992at in Turkey. UmitC ly working onabookthepoliticaleconomyofIslam and politicaleconomyofconsumption.Sheiscurrent- history ofentrepreneurship,state-business relations, bul. Herrecentresearchinterestsincludetheoryand Professor ofEconomicsatBogaziciUniversity inIstan- months attheRobertSchumanCentre.A These JeanMonnetFellows spendbetweensixandten five post-doctoralfellows, threemorethanlastyear. This Academic Year, theMediterraneanProgramme has Post-doctoral Fellowships second SummerSchoolisplannedforJuly2000. Political andStrategic Researchal-Ahram,Cairo). A Paris) andProf.A M M Flows”, was directedbyProf.A The first one,entitled“MigrationsandDemographic working separatelyandalsoincollective sessions. Z MANN the SummerSchool,Prof.G ranean Flows’, between5and15July. The Directorof organized itsfirst SummerSchoolon‘Trans-Mediter- of activity. At theendofprevious Academic Year it Mediterranean Programmehasentereditssecondyear Starting withthe Academic Year 1999-2000,the Summer Schoolon Trans-Mediterranean Flows by Prof.D group dealingwith“SecurityandPolicy’, was directed Investigación paralaPaz, Madrid). The thirdworking European Parliament/Research Fellow oftheCentro Institution Building’,was directedbyProf.S erpool). The second,‘ThePartnership: Economyand Berlin) andProf.A P inars given byanumberofscholars–includingProf. main typesofactivities: ontheonehandmorningsem- Europe. The SummerSchoolwas structured alongtwo ticipants comingfromtheMediterraneanand d’études politiquesdeParis &CNRS)selected24par- sions oftheEuropeanarmies.M changing securityconcerns,roles,identitiesandmis- Turkish militaryinthe1990sagainstbackdropof lematizing thepoliticalcourseanddiscourseof Ankara. Shefocusesoncomparative research prob- associate ProfessorofpoliticsatBilkent University in HILIPPE IELONKA ARTIN AKDISI , Y K VES F (Institute ofMoney andBanking,Beirut) – andontheotherhandthreeworking groups ARGUES ÖHLER IDIER M ÉNY B , H (Adviser totheGreenGroupat The MediterraneanProgramme DEL BD IGO , P IZRE NDREW EBA HILIPPE (Institut d’étudespolitiquesde -M S H AKALLIOGLU ONEIM G ANDOUSSA EDDES HASSAN C. S ARILYN S CHMITTER AID (University ofLiv- YSE , S S ALAMÉ A is currentlyan E TEVEN ORDEGIAN LI C YSE AGLAR (Centre for , andJ B (Institut Reports UGRA H EYDE AMIR (FU is a AN is - Greek-Turkish dispute andtheBalkans. studies includethe Arab-Israeli conflict,Iraq,the to sanctionsandinterventions inthe MiddleEast.Case civil/regional conflicts.Itwillpayparticularattention focus ontheendofCold War eraanditseffects on sions oftwo courses(Friday-Monday). The coursewill Institute. Itwillconsistof10courses,given infive ses- a regular seminarinoneofthefourdepartments ofthe This isthefirst timethattheProgrammeisorganizing and conflict-resolutionaroundtheMediterranean”. seminar on“War gamesandpeaceprocesses: conflict Leading Arab BusinessGroups”.A Programme hefocuseson“PoliticalEthnographyof Colombia University in1996. At theMediterranean States. Hereceived hisPh.D.inpoliticalsciencefrom political andeconomicliberalizationofMiddleEastern comparative politicsofdeveloping countriesandthe State relationsinIsrael.B rence, sheisconcentratingherresearchonChurch- holy placesofChristendom.DuringherstayinFlo- ry andCivilization Department,C G The MediterraneanProgrammehasappointedProf. International RelationsSemniar ing theMediterraneanProgrammesecretary. gramme’s WWW page,orcanbeobtainedbycontact- December of1999ontheMediterraneanPro- 31 January2000. The callwillbepublishedinearly Applications forthe Academic Year 2000-1aredueby East andNorth Africa. eign Affairs madeavailable tonationalsoftheMiddle benefit fromagranttheItalianMinistryofFor- apply foragrantfromtheircountryofcitizenship,they (Algeria). While nationalsofEUmembercountries (Iran) andF and PoliticalSciencesDepartment:B into thedoctoralprogram. Two ofthemareintheSocial three studentsthroughtheMediterraneanProgramme For thefirst time,this Academic Year theEUIenrolled Research Students Revisited”.tional Theory “Near-East–Western Relations: The IslamicInterna- region. Currentlyheisworking onaprojectentitled and strategic issuespertainingtotheMiddleEast and State,Islamic-Western relations,thePeaceprocess written onissuesrelatedtoIslamicpolitics,leadership from whichhereceived hisdoctorate(1990).Hehas cal Science,University ofCalgary, Alberta, Canada, Politics. Heisaffiliated withtheDepartmentofPoliti- International Relations,andMiddleEastIslamic ical Scientist,specializinginComparative Politics, HASSAN S ALAMÉ ATMA S AYYED to teachanInternationalRelations (Egypt) andoneintheHisto- RAD G MR LASSER HAHNAZ S ABET ABAK studies the is aPolit- K R 40 AHIMI HERFI Mediterranean Programme - UÑOZ M OHAMED AMIL AL K ARTÍN M USTAFA EMA ROUWER B MCO (Rabat) & I OZY (Rochester University) and M University) (Rochester T LI A MIRAUX (Université Mohammed V, Rabat) V, Mohammed (Université A (Cairo University and American University in University American and University (Cairo OHAMED AMRAN ERRIANE ALÉRIE AYYID X. Urban Politics, directed by G X. Urban Politics, directed Cairo) and National of International Articulation The IX. directed Mediterranean Countries, in Southern Tourism by K Mediterranean Programme Co-Ordinators B and M stage of their be at any participants can Workshop in their Ph.D. writing, advanced career (i.e. students well-established scholars), but young professionals, doing research on the topic of the should currently be original paper at the and should present an workshop Meeting. Application Procedure apply for participation by send- Those interested should abstract of their ing a one-paragraph (max 250 words) not later than 3 to be received paper and a current CV, whether will be informed December 1999. Participants are oblig- They are selected by 20 December 1999. they The 2000. ed to send a draft paper by 28 February incen- financial Mediterranean Programme provides for participants who are national of and resident in tives They Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries. In expenses. for their travel up to 500 Euros will receive for a maximum addition, their hotel rooms will be paid of four nights. please visit: more information on the Meeting, For www.iue.it/RSC/ResearchRSC-3a1.htm#meeting. Pro- more information on the Mediterranean For gramme, please visit: www.iue.it/RSC/ResearchRSC-3a1.htm Or contact: Secretary of the Mediterranean Programme e-mail: [email protected] Ann-Charlotte Svantesson, + 39 055 4685 770 fax: + 39 055 4685 785; Tel.: Mediterranean Programme Studies Advanced Robert Schuman Centre for Institute European University 9 dei Roccettini, Via I-50016 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy V (Bilkent University and EUI) and M and EUI) University (Bilkent S - AL IOLA AFADI UPRET S D AUGIRON BERMEYER (Columbia (University AED -M (Paris) and (Paris) AKALLIOGLU (GREMMO, -O S ENI SSAAD AUDOUIN -H ERNARD IZRE A B C AZI AKHLOUF EYDEMANN D H M AGUI (American University in (American University MIT ONGUENESSE L ATHALIE ATIHA TEVEN ARLA AYAT (ECES, Cairo) and R B (Institut national d’études démo- (al-Mishkat, Cairo) (Georgetown University) and V University) (Georgetown AWZY SEF LISABETH F ARGUES F ERGANY (American University in Cairo) (American University AMIHA F

RMBRUST A

ADER HILIPPE HAFIK VIII. Perceived Ethnic Cleavages, Democratic Consol- Ethnic Cleavages, VIII. Perceived in Mediterranean idation and Democratic Governance Countries, directed by U (CNRS, Cairo) and N (CEDEJ, Cairo) VII. Migration in the Southern and Eastern Mediter- ranean, directed by F of Minnesota), and S University) direct- Trade, and (Arab) Free Euro-Mediterranean IV. ed by S (OECD, Paris) and Restructuring Unionism, Changing Labour V. directed by A Cairo), and E Lyon) in Mediter- Knowledge and Legal Education VI. Legal ranean Societies, directed by B N graphiques), and C (Havard School of Public Health, Harvard University) Harvard School of Public Health, (Havard Societies in the III. Changing Economies and Changing and Losers in the Process of Eco- Winners Middle East: nomic Reform, directed by R S South of the Mediterranean. Generations The New II. directed by Changes, Challenges and Opportunities, P TER Workshops African Cinemas: Culture I. Middle Eastern and North directed by W World, Transregional and Politics in a The Programme is, thanks to a generous contribution is, thanks to The Programme First Mediter- the organizing Region, Tuscan from the to be Meeting, and Political Research ranean Social to Meeting wishes The 22-26 March 2000. held from especially from the Southern bring together scholars, European countries, and and Eastern Mediterranean, original who can present high-standard elsewhere, The Mediterranean Programme research papers. of the papers in the form of encourages the publication issues of journals, or working thematic edited volumes, The meeting Programme. papers of the Mediterranean round- a few lecture and a keynote programme includes The core structure of the Meeting, table discussions. in which about 12 scholars is ten workshops however, research: discuss their original The First Mediterranean Social and Political Social and Mediterranean The First Meeting Research 41 Quelle charte constitutionnelle? ment européen,ungroupede travail, présidéparG L’on rappellera à cetégard que,àlademandeduParle- pour autantledéroulementde laprochaineCIG. traction d’untelréagencementdestraités,sansretarder rapidement, etdémontreraitainsilafaisabilité etl’at- accompli enlamatière.Cetravail pourraitêtrefinalisé quiyadéjàété le ‘travail préparatoireimportant’ et delaCommission.Lechoixl’IUEs’explique par services juridiquesrespectifsduConseil,Parlement tut Universitaire Européen,encollaborationavec les de àlaCommissionrecourirauxservicesl’Insti- assurément ambitieux,legroupedesSagesrecomman- Pour procéderàlaréalisationtechniquedeceprojet cée parl’avis conformeduParlement européen. conforter lalégitimité démocratique,elleseraitrempla- ment desparlementsoureferendanationauxafin d’en en question,laquellepasseaujourd’huiparl’assenti- Quant àlaprocédurederatification desamendements au processusdelaConférenceintergouvernementale. tains casàunemajoritésuperqualifiée, sesubstituerait dure envisagée, unedécisionduConseil,prisedanscer- devra continuerdeseréformer. Danslanouvelle procé- voire trenteÉtatsmembres,uneEuropequipourtant sante dansuneEuropecomprenantvingt,vingt-cinq, priée àl’heureactuelle,ellerisquedes’avérer paraly- jugée pard’aucunsextrêmement lourdeetpeuappro- internationale classiquederévision destraités.Déjà tiques del’Union,nesoientplussoumisàlaprocédure traités, notammentceuxquionttraitauxdiverses poli- En outre,lesSagesproposentqueautrestextes des droits desescitoyens. ses objectifsetorientationsgénérales,ainsiqueles cadre institutionneluniquedel’Union,sesprincipes, lesdispositionsdedroitprimaireconcernantle mental’ des Sagessuggèrederéaménagerdansun‘traitéfonda- ceux desÉtatsassociésenvoie d’yadhérer, legroupe intelligibles etaccessiblesauxcitoyens del’Unionetà rendre lanatureetlefonctionnementdecelle-ciplus traités surlesquelsreposel’Unioneuropéenne destextes des dernier estconsacréeàla‘réorganisation’ Une partiedurapportqu’ilsontprésentéle18octobre pective del’élargissement del’Unioneuropéenne réformes institutionnellesquerendnécessairelapers- part desesvues,entouteindépendance,surles mission européenneainvité ungroupedesSagesàfaire tale quidevrait démarreraudébut del’an2000,laCom- En vuedelaprochaineConférenceintergouvernemen- LIANO Le rapportduComitédesSagesrecommandel’InstitutUniversitaire Européen pour procéderàuneréorganisation destraitésfondantl’Unioneuropéenne A MATO Quelle charteconstitutionnellepour 3 , avait étéconstituéauseinduCentre l’Union européenne?—Suites… 2 . Afin de . Afin 1 . IU - loi organique rarchisation destraitésetàlacréationéventuelle d’une le groupeA droits fondamentauxpourl’Unioneuropéenne,ceque Les Etatsontdéjàacceptéleprinciped’uneChartedes H tut universitaire européen. péen qu’uneétudedefaisabilité seraitconfiée àl’Insti- le PrésidentProdiaannoncédevant leParlement Euro- cuns nommentdéjàletraitédeParis. Le1erdécembre, sinki introduise,enguisedepréambule, cequed’au- nium prévue àl’occasionduConseileuropéend’Hel- groupe desSagessuggèrequelaDéclarationduMille- et d’unreprésentantduprésidentdelaCommission.Le et nationaux,d’unreprésentantdechaqueÉtatmembre, une “enceinte”composéedeparlementaireseuropéens d’État etdegouvernement ontmissurpiedàceteffet dé. LorsduConseileuropéende Tampere, leschefs groupe A de certainesdesoptionsdéveloppées danslerapportdu retenues parlestroisSagess’inscrivent endroiteligne caractère constitutionneldestraités’.Lesorientations d’établir des‘Stratégies etoptionspourrenforcerle Robert Schumanaucoursdel’été1998danslebut 4 3 2 1 ERVÉ Lafond dansEUIReview, Summer1999,p.28. les servicesduParlement. V. aussi lecompterendudeF. également ététraduitedansplusieursautres languespar 105 FR,mai1999,114p.;une synthèse decetteétudea le desétudes,Documentdetravail, Série politique,POLI tionnel destraités,Parlement européen,Directiongénéra- Stratégies et optionspourrenforcerlecaractèreconstitu- Quelle charteconstitutionnellepourl’Unioneuropéenne? Bribosia. Bogdandy, etJoseph Weiler. LerapporteurétaitHervé ter Ehlermann, Yves Mény, ChristophSchmid, Armin von Dehousse, BrunoDe Witte, LuisDiez-Picazo,Claus-Die- Le groupeétaitcomposédeStefano Bartolini,Renaud 2159. octobre 1999,Documents,n° the EuropeanCommission,publiédansEuropedu20 The InstitutionalImplicationsofEnlargement –Reportto Simon, ancienministrebritannique. magne Richardvon Weizsäcker ainsiquedeLordDavid de l’ancienprésidentlaRépubliquefédéraled’Alle- Ministre belgeJean-LucDehaene,etégalement composé Le groupedesSagesétaitprésidéparl’ancienPremier B RIBOSIA MATO MATO 4 . , enparticuliercellesrelatives àlahié- avait également vivement recomman- 42 European Forum 2000 and , will IUSEPPE ILLER TRÅTH Z S O TRÅTH S ACQUES , will be dealing with O ARIMON M and B Stefano Bartolini Stefano , will be focusing on ‘The Impact AMON ISSE URCA B R E and R D HOMAS RAINNE ERTOLA G is orga- The workshop place on 26-27 November. take of a joint project with the nized within the framework the ‘Domestic Socio-economic Consequences of The second, in co-operation with the Law EMU’. Department and Professors J Structures and of Europeanization on Domestic Legal Practices’. It is hoped that these internal workshops the- relevant new groups help to define and working for future years’matic axes programmes. Forum Conferences is represented activities The third part of the Forum’s in held at the EUI or by conferences and workshops other academic institutions and bringing EUI mem- bers together with those of other academic institutions to discuss in depth parts and aspects of the overall thematics. of these conferences, with the title ‘From the The first Plan to EMU’Werner and directed by B nization of a series of internal workshops and working internal workshops nization of a series of and staff EUI of fellows, groups with the participation sub-topics of more specific researchers on a number consequences of Euro- relating to the domestic are at the such internal workshops Two peanization. in co-operation The first, moment being organised. Prof. G with the Department of Economics and B , T - AR B ARTOLINI B TEFANO will direct the TRÅTH S TEFANO O Political Representation Political and B Bo Stråth ISSE R Directed by S Between Europe and the Nation State: State: the Nation and Europe Between HOMAS

The Reshaping of Interest, Identities and Identities of Interest, Reshaping The , T

Workshops and Working Groups Working and Workshops The second component of the programme is the orga- their work in progress. The goal of the weekly semi- in progress. their work an opportunity to fellows First, to give nar is twofold. and guests to present their research in progress; sec- research endeavours ond, to link these individual the relation- that specifies within a broader framework ship between the domestic changes in interest defini- tion and articulation, those in identity formation and those in the forms of their political representation. Activities in 1999-2000 Activities year 1999-2000 S During the academic TOLINI Seminars weekly seminar on The forum will hold a regular visiting Thursdays at 9.00 a.m. in which fellows, to present guests, and EUI researchers will be invited Forum of the Robert Schuman Centre. The overall Schuman Centre. of the Robert Forum is ‘Between Europe programme theme of this year’s of Collective The Reshaping and the Nation-State: Interests, Identities and Political Representation’. will the Forum this encompassing perspective, Within dimensions of the domestic conse- discuss several quences of ‘Europeanization’ through a series of con- and seminars. ferences, workshops

Activities in 1999-2000 in Activities 43 European Forum 2000 be heldon3-4Decemberat OhioStateUniversity, ‘Multiple IdentitiesandEuropeanization’. The first, to Two conferenceswillbedevoted tothethemeof party system. effects, prospects and problemsofa‘multi-level’ pean andnationalparties(andparliamentarygroups); linkage andco-ordinationproblemsbetweenEuro- zation; changesininter-party competitionpatterns; ments; internalpartytensions,conflictsandreorgani- integration process:-electoralalignmentsand realign- insofar asthey aretransformedand/oraffected bythe cern thefollowing aspects ofEuropeanpartysystems cation process. The mainissues tobeaddressedcon- State, isalteredbythelong-termimpactofunifi- cal representationwithintheclosed-boundaryNation between theformsofcorporate,territorialandpoliti- what extent theequilibriumthathadbeenreached conference isdevoted todiscussingwhetherand directedbyS Representation’ peanization andtheReshapingofNationalPolitical on thetopicof‘Multi-level Party Systems: Euro- A secondconferencewillbeheldon16-18December lished tostudythesequestionsbeyond theworkshop. During theautumnaworking group willbeestab- between themonetaryissueandpoliticaleconomy. uisites forattemptingtoestablishanew connection quence taken onnew meaning,belongstotheprereq- debated, andthatsocialquestionshave asaconse- tally sincethe1970s,when Werner Planwas insight thatlabourmarkets have changedfundamen- and labour-market andsocialpoliticsontheother. The nomic politicsandpoliticaleconomyontheonehand are central. The focusisonthelinkagebetweeneco- of thepreconditionsforapoliticaleconomyinEurope tity formulations.Questionsofeconomicpoliticsand monetary unionsincethe1970sandinterestiden- nections betweenideasforaEuropeaneconomicand shop —andtheprojectistoinvestigate thecon- nected totheForum programme. The aimofthework- National Working-Life InstituteinStockholmcon- Thomas Risse TEFANO B ARTOLINI . The S larly fromCentralandEasternEurope. will begiven toincludingyoungresearchers,particu- ars tofosteracademicco-operation.Specialattention the EUI,aswellextended researchvisits ofschol- shops tobeheldatthepartnerinstitutions,including IDNET willorganize several conferences andwork- bases oftheEuropeanintegration project. as wellthepoliticalculturesandlegitimacy identities, inter-European perceptionsanddiscourses European UniononEuropean,national,andsocial 4. The influenceoftheEasternenlargement ofthe change; these processesofidentityformationand 3. The rolethemediaandpublicdiscoursesplayin ties change; 2. The micro-mechanismsbywhichcollective identi- der dimension; social groupsinvarious countries,includingthegen- of aEuropeanpolityonthecollective identitiesof 1. The impactofEuropeanizationandtheemergence sets ofquestions: Nation State.Inparticular, IDNETinvestigates four and transformscollective identitiesrelatingtothe processes bywhichEuropeanizationimpactsupon sociologists andsocialpsychologistsinvestigating the plinary network IDNETincludes political scientists, Humboldt University Berlin,Germany. The interdisci- Norway; theUniversity ofKonstanz, Germany; and Council, Rome,Italy; ARENA, University ofOslo, Institute forPsychologyoftheNationalResearch Columbus, Ohio,USAanddirectedbyT Advanced Studies(T Network partnersaretheRobertSchumanCentrefor tion withthe1999-2001EuropeanForum activities. brings togetherfive researchinstitutionsinconjunc- mission’s FifthFramework Programme. This network (IDNET)fundedbytheEuropeanCom- Discourses’ ‘Europeanization, Collective Identities,andPublic between thisyear’s Forum andthe Thematic Network Special mentionshouldbemadeoftheconnection IDNET an editedvolume. participants willpresentanddiscussdraftchaptersfor ue thediscussionsfrommeetinginColumbus, and ond, tobeheldinspring2000attheEUI,willcontin- cal scientistsfromtheUSandEurope. The sec- philosophers, sociologists,psychologists,andpoliti- with aneye toEuropeanization.Itwillbringtogether empirical problemsinstudyingmultipleidentities, will discussthetheoretical,methodological,and TEFANO B ARTOLINI HOMAS R ISSE , co-ordinator);the HOMAS 44 R ISSE , European Forum and ISSER V ERRERA ELLE F and J AURIZIO , M EMERIJK H HODES R NTON (University of Rotterdam) have (University ARTIN EMERIJK HODES H R ARTIN NTON been commissioned by the Portuguese government to government been commissioned by the Portuguese and employ- write a major report on social protection of the EU in Jan- ment for the Portuguese presidency uary-June 2000. to establish an was of the Forum objective A final Wel- on the informal pan-European research network that we also were successful State and we believe fare in the Forum of the fellows in this ambition. Many with one another and aware in contact were previously an others it was for many but work, of each other’s intellectual relationships. new opportunity to forge that all of those who spent all or part of the hope We to year with us in Florence will use the experience pan-European research generate further collaborative initiatives. M ‘Scandinavia’ and A and Belgium’. on ‘the Netherlands to consolidate was of the Forum One of the objectives linkages between the Robert Schuman the and extend mak- of policy and the world Centre and its activities during the Forum achieved successfully was This ing. run with the sponsor- in the form of six conferences organizations, of external ship and collaboration Commission –notably the European Directorates- and XII Affairs) and Social V (Employment General This collaboration will continue into this (Research). work- academic year with a number of policy-oriented place in collaboration with shops planned to take DG V. In addition, M A on ARTIN ANOW M UHNLE (Universi- K HILIP on ‘Health Care TEIN ERRERA F on ‘the United King- on ‘Social Assistance on ‘Social REEMAN F on ‘Unemployment Policy on ‘Unemployment HODES AURIZIO on ‘France’, P R Recasting the Welfare State Welfare the Recasting ARGION on ‘Pension Reform in Europe’, LASEN F ICHARD ALIER C ARTIN P ALME and R P is writing on the ‘New Politics of Wel- Politics of is writing on the ‘New ALERIA OCHEN RUNO (EUI), was one of the largest Forums to date Forums one of the largest (EUI), was OSS ORAN OAKIM R

M

ICK HODES IONA Regimes’, J Regimes’, Reform’, V M on ‘Germany’ , M fare’, J fare’, Reform’, B dom’, Maurizio Ferrera on ‘Italy’, S All of the authors were associated with the 1998-9 or visitors. as full-time or part-time fellows Forum F Among forthcoming publications, in 2000 a series of Among forthcoming publications, in 2000 will be published in articles stemming from the Forum Politics, European West a special issue of the journal States’, edited Welfare entitled ‘Recasting European The aim of this co-directors. Forum Welfare by the on the is to present leading-edge research volume States resulting from Welfare recasting of European at the European Uni- Welfare on the European Forum The chapters will Institute in Florence, 1998-9. versity analyses of topical of both comparative the form take programmes: issues (i.e. reforms of the major social pensions, health, social security and the changing politics), and in-depth in welfare political cleavages studies of changes in the major European countries. will be to analyse the impact of The objective retrenchment and reform and add to the ongoing the origins of pres- convergence, debates about policy the shifting sures for reform (domestic and external), between modernizers and vested balance of power in social involved interests, the nature of the trade-offs and the outcomes in terms of cost innovation policy and equity. resource redeployment saving, R number of high- produced an impressive The Forum from the of which are available quality papers, many are in the Robert Schuman Centre (RSC) and/or papers working process of being published as Forum will be part of or articles in books and journals. Some while in residence. monographs produced by fellows The European Forum on ‘Recasting the Welfare State’ Welfare on ‘Recasting the The European Forum by M in 1998-9, directed number of conferences and and generated a record complete- at least this co-director leaving workshops, of concluded, the subject now Although ly exhausted. important for State – remains Welfare – the the Forum of the the activities Moreover, activities. the RSC’s wel- to the RSC’s stimulus an extra given have Forum publi- which this year will see both programme, fare and various carried out in the Forum cation of work initiatives. ups to Forum follow

European Forum 1998/99 Forum European Milan) and M and Bocconi, ties of Pavia 45 Conference integration into EUandNATO after World War II,as banks oftheriver Rhinesymbolized West Germany’s ment fromBonntoBerlin. The smallquiet town onthe changing Germany isthemove ofthefederalgovern- One very tangible expression ofthischangedand a countryonitsway toanunclearanduncertainfuture. tion ofdiscontinuityandtheconcomitantview onitas Central tothecurrentdebateonGermany istheasser- I. Unification, Identity, andthe‘BerlinRepublic’ debates inthe Teatro. success: between50and80spectatorsfollowed the members theconferencecanbecalledanunqualified power politics.In terms ofparticipationbyInstitute willingness torefrainfromunilateralstrategies and man foreignpolicy andscepticismaboutGermany’s side revealed amixtureoftrustinthecontinuityGer- ished project. The perspectives onGermany fromout- widely agreedthatinternalunification isstillanunfin- Kosovo conflict.Onthedomesticpanel,participants tary interventions andthelessonstobelearnedfrom Foreign Ministry, gave aspeechoninternationalmili- tion L perception inotherEuropeancountries.Inthisconnec- noon was devoted toGermany’s foreignpolicy andits part intheafter- ety, thesecond in Germansoci- itics andchanges led domesticpol- ing sessiontack- While themorn- many inEurope. new roleofGer- process andthe unification rent stateofthe to assessthecur- German experts German andnon- to bringtogether conference was main aimofthe Political ScienceandtheRobertSchumanCentre. The erously sponsoredbytheDepartmentsofHistoryand Theatre oftheBadia. The event was supportedandgen- nized aone-dayconference,heldon22Octoberinthe mark theoccasion,agroupofEUIresearchersorga- and thedramaticchangesassociatedwiththatevent. To Ten yearshave passedsincethefall oftheBerlin Wall Conference organized byEUIresearchers UDGER V OLMER German Sentiments- ten yearsafterthefall oftheBerlinwall Re-assessing politicalandsocialchange , MinisterofStateintheGerman about Germany by J tics afterunification. Debatesonthefirst panel, chaired alleged new qualitiesanddimensionsofGermanpoli- hasbeencoined,toexpress the term ‘BerlinRepublic’ tween Germanpoliticsanditspast.Inrecentyearsthe Rhineland toBerlinthusentailsanew confrontationbe- decades. The decisiontomove thegovernment fromthe no otherpoliticalsymbolhasdonebefore,morethan40 during theCold War, andtheBerlinwall epitomized,as In addition,itwas thefocusofideologicalconfrontation the Weimar Republicandtheterrorof Third Reich. izes Prussiantraditions,thefailed democratizationof its partners.Berlin,however, atthesametimesymbol- well asstandingforreliable,rationalpoliciestowards W Berlin, revolved aroundthishighlycontestedterm. the enlargement towards Eastern Europe oftheUnion. European integration andbothsupports andpromotes many remains animportantvehicle intheprocessof was achieved withtheirconsent. EuropeanizedGer- was notdirectedagainstGermany’s neighbours,but embedded inaEuropeanframework: thisunification but isdeeply did notleadtoaGerman‘Sonderweg’ national boundaries.Inaddition,thesecondunification marked byasharpcongruenceofStatebordersand century, theterritorialshapeofGermany todayis has taken place.Incontrasttothesituationin19th tional conditionsunderwhichthesecondunification strate theentirelydifferent political,social, andinterna- cation in1870/71totheevents after1989todemon- sity ofPennsylvania, comparedthefirst Germanunifi- ILLFRIED ACKIE S O’R POHN EILLY , professorofsociologyattheUniver- from the Wissenschaftszentrum life forover four cal andcultural tre oftheirpoliti- resented thecen- East, Berlinrep- Germans inthe than 16million many. For more debates onGer- in Western times neglected GDR –afact at the capitalof Berlin was also Last notleast, global, division. German, but years ofnotonly 46 Conference , for her OLMER V addressed LESSING UDGER OLMER B V ENITA POHN S UDGER provocative statements elicit- statements provocative S ’ ILLFRIED W was appointed Foreign Minister in appointed Foreign was was one of the founding members of was IECKMANN also made clear that East Germans accept- clear that East Germans also made D ISCHER OLMER F V IECKMANN HRISTOPH UDGER OSCHKA part of cultural life, are controlled completely by West by completely life, are controlled cultural part of that the representa- the result with companies, German Governing is neglected. East German reality tion of an of up a certain possibility from Berlin opens Germany term, however. in the long unification inner achieving D Minister of State in the German foreign ministry. L with guidelines of German foreign policy the new abroad. In this connec- respect to military involvement B to thank like tion we would are now risking being replaced by a neo-liberal dogma. risking being replaced are now Germans for the first West This risk has united East and time. C with the other pan- discussion ed a particularly lively ally East elists and the audience, centring on his specific process. German perception of the inner unification of German tackled the evolution Other contributions between East identity and ‘normality’, the differences Germans, and the role of the post-Communist West and the PDS. Party, – New in Military Interventions II. Participation German Normality? On the occasion of the German Sentiments conference, the EUI had the honour to welcome L which supported anti-militarism and the Green Party, When had its roots inter alia, in the Peace Movement. J rule, dramatic 1998 after 16 years of conservative changes in the aims and means of German foreign pol- the decision to participate in Whilst were expected. icy with received was Yugoslavia the recent air raids against allies, it caused protest and relief among Germany’s open turmoil in the ‘fundamentalist’ of the faction In his speech, L Green party. ed the West German model under certain conditions, model under certain German West ed the econo- and a social market namely those of democracy found under which consensus was The conditions my. - - US US highlighted identified as an even identified stated that ‘the Ger- IECKMANN D IECKMANN IECKMANN , professor of political science , professor of political HRISTOPH Christoph Dieckmann USCONI , later as the who presented themselves R underlined the continuity with the Western- with the the continuity underlined OHL K NRICO

POHN stressed the contingency of the situation after the stressed the contingency -E , real German unity will be reached only when , real German unity will be reached only

ELMUT IAN man unification was not a marriage of equals, but was man unification bank- A morally and economically instead an adoption. intact and adopted by another, rupt German State was complete.’ domination is Western In economic terms, that 95% of East German public by the fact expressed German hands through West property has passed into D the ‘Treuhandanstalt’. that the media, and thus a large problem more severe fall of the Wall, and the total failure of political scien- and the total failure Wall, the of fall 1989, reuni- In November events. tists to predict these like clearly not on the agenda. Politicians was fication H G oriented, integrationist policy of the Bonn Republic. of the policy integrationist oriented, as may serve political centre new Berlin as Germany’s Eastern part and Western link between the a mediating formation of a common and foster the of the country national identity. been achieved so far, D so far, been achieved the enduring ‘non-simultaneousness’life in the East- of Before 1989, peo- parts of the country. Western ern and West, the ple from both countries were oriented towards Republic and with East Germans looking to the Federal unity has that any to the US. Denying Germans West Assessing the current state of inner unification, East Assessing the current state of inner unification, German journalist C CONI being sur- stop West people in both the East and the are one people. prised that they architects of German unity, were initially hesitant and unity, architects of German such as by facts unification were only pushed towards of people from the GDR to the the continuing exodus supported by the call ‘we are one peo- This was West. ple’ though it should on the streets of East Germany, of nationalism be interpreted less as an expression According to R Westernization. than as a desire for at Turin, remarked that experts have tended to recon- have that experts remarked Turin, at a logical, as restrospectively struct German unification R against this view, Arguing process. governable CONI

Here S Here 47 work as interpreter of the speech. LUDGER VOLMER left French perspective, this means a common experience little doubt about the fact that German participation in and another step in the process of Germany’s Western- international military interventions is a painful issue for ization, rather than the threat of a new German isola- a politician from the Green Party with a commitment to tionism. pacifism and peaceful conflict resolution. The Russian journalist KONSTANTIN EGGERT, former In VOLMER’S view, the military action against commentator for Isvestija and currently working for the Yugoslavia and the sending of troops to Kosovo was ‘an BBC in Moscow, reported a prevalent pro-German atti- absolute exception made in a case of humanitarian tude in Russia. Despite the sufferings in World War II, emergency’. It should thus not be viewed as proof of a Germany is now perceived as one of Russia’s most new German political strategy. According to VOLMER, important partners and a reliable supporter of Russian the German government does not feel obliged to inter- vene in other regional conflicts in a similar way. More- over, NATO should not be viewed as a global policeman with the right or the obligation to intervene in every conflict situation. Instead of relying on military alliances such as NATO, the United Nations should be strengthened as the only legitimate actor in internation- al conflict resolution. ‘The only alternative to the UN is a better UN’, VOLMER said. This necessitates a reform of the decision-making procedures in the UN Security Council as well as an improvement in the financial and institutional capacities of the UN to interfere actively in international conflicts. In the European context, a simi- lar role could be envisaged for the OSCE. Brigitte Sauzay VOLMER identified the classic notion of international law as one of the main reasons for the awkward strug- concerns in international politics. German aid for the gle over coming to terms with humanitarian interven- reconstruction of the Russian economy and civil soci- tions. He pointed out that international law was ety, which enormously exceeded contributions from designed to tackle international wars rather than domes- other European countries, is also widely appreciated by tic conflicts, which nowadays represent the main cause the Russian public. EGGERT rejected ideas from nation- of violence. In VOLMER’S view, large-scale violation of alist circles about a German-Russian alliance to set up a human rights limits State sovereignty and may justify counter-balance to the global hegemony of the United international intervention. Military action should, how- States. Instead of dreaming of past glory as a super- ever, remain a means of last resort in German foreign power, Russian politicians should now be guided by policy. Asked for alternatives, VOLMER underlined the realism and pragmatism in their foreign policies, Eggert importance of preventive measures to avoid the out- said. Given reasonably favourable economic conditions, break of open violence. In addition, the fostering of an Russian-German relations could reach a new quality of international and intercultural dialogue was presented cooperation among equals within ten or fifteen years. as one of the main concerns of German foreign policy. With some observations from a British perspective, III. Perspectives on Germany from Outside Oxford historian PETER PULZER completed the round of After VOLMER’S presentation and a debate with external views on Germany. Reviewing the unification researchers, the floor was opened to the second panel of process, Pulzer pointed to the irony of the British atti- experts, chaired by Thomas Risse, professor of interna- tude, stressing liberalism and national self-determina- tional relations at the EUI. BRIGITTE SAUZAY, GERHARD tion for the Soviet bloc on the one hand, but initially SCHRÖDER’S adviser on Franco-German relations, opposing German wishes for unification on the other. stressed the continuities in German policies towards Compared to the close Franco-German co-operation in France. In her view, Germany has changed significant- the EC, Anglo-German links remained underdeveloped ly over the last few years. This process has been rather in the post-war years and constrained the bargaining independent of unification, and has been due to the con- power of the Thatcher administration in the negotiation straints of globalizing markets which have challenged of German unity. Alternating with France as the main the social security system and the specific German target of public antipathy in the yellow press, Germany model of the ‘soziale Marktwirtschaft’. These ruptures is today viewed by British politicians as a sincere but – which were almost invisible in the Kohl era – came to slightly unpredictable partner in Europe. the fore after the Schröder government took over. In France it is strongly felt that with GERHARD SCHRÖDER’S JENS STEFFEK / DAVID GILGEN cabinet a new generation of German politicians has come to power, who experienced their intellectual socialization in the turmoil of the 1968 period. From a

European Forum 48 Colloque ALAYRET P ARIE -M EAN J EPPERT C.T. G C.T. LEXANDER Transporte nach Österreich durchführt. Der Honorar- durchführt. nach Österreich Transporte bereit, die Geschichtsfor- erklärte sich spontan konsul seines Unter- Institut durch Einschaltung schung am unterstützen. nehmens zu Unterstützung wird in Kürze Dank dieser großzügigen Parlament Wiener vom Papier mehr als ein Kubikmeter die stenogra- Während werden. zur Badia transportiert von des Nationarats für die Zeit Protokolle fischen dürften, eintreffen Jahresende vor 1945 bis 1995 noch erst später zu ist mit den Bundesratsaufzeichnungen Dokumente wurden bereits in rechnen. Die restlichen an und können eingegliedert den Bibliotheksbestand werden. Selbst neuere Jahrgänge der Badia eingesehen www.parlament.gv.at/pd/ sind unmittelbar zugänglich: frames/pm_m.html. wird die EHI- Nach Erhalt der Bundesratsdokumente öster- Sammlung von Bibliothek die vollständigste besit- in ganz Italien reichischen Parlamentsprotokollen zen. A fouillées, fondées sur les particulièrement butions du Archives aux sources de première main conservées historiques des CE à Archives ou aux CES à Bruxelles Florence. marquée par La seconde journée, tenue à l’Institut fut été abordés: une approche plus politico-juridique. Ont syndicales internationales le rôle des organisations (Groupe II au sein du CES) et les opérateurs écono- le Parle- miques (Groupe I); les relations du CES avec les Conseils économique et ment européen ou avec compa- social des Etats membres ainsi que l’évolution Trai- le créé par rée du CES et du Comité des Régions té de Maastricht. La table ronde qui clôtura les débats permit aux acteurs (M. Jacques Genton, 1er secrétaire général du CES, Mme Baduel Glorioso, ex-présidente, Mme Fabrizia Giacomina Cassina, membre actuel du CES) de présen- consultatif. au sein de cet organe ter leur expérience plus que tirer les conclu- fit Venturini M. Patrick Enfin sions de quatre sessions du colloque en présentant le de renouvellement les perspectives rôle et la légitimité, que le Comité économique et social et de synergies ou mettre en place pour s’adapter valoir entend faire aux réalités d’une société européenne en rapide évolu- tion à l’aube du troisième millénaire. - ERDIN , der gegenwärtig als ein- , der gegenwärtig ECKER B

. Organisée conjointement par l’Insti- . Organisée ETER

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économique et social de l’Union européenne économique et social ziger österreichischer Professor am EHI die Abteilung die ziger österreichischer Professor am EHI zum Verbindung Geschichte leitet, nahm ratsuchend F in Florenz, Dr. österreichischen Honorarkonsul tés européennes à travers l’expérience du Comité éco- l’expérience à travers tés européennes nomique et social de la première journée, qui eurent pour Les travaux cadre l’Aula Magna du Rectorat de Florence, ont porté du rôle du CES dans le pro- sur la genèse, l’évolution les autres cessus décisionnel et sur ses rapports avec institutions communautaires. Des discussions émergea contesté au départ, qui parvint peu l’image d’un organe inté- à peu, par l’utilisation judicieuse de son règlement l’influence de ses Présidents et la conquête pro- rieur, prendre en considé- à faire du droit d’initiative gressive du CES en L’action ration, sinon à imposer ses avis. matière de Politique agricole commune, son influence son ou ACP d’Outre-mer et sur l’Association CEE/Pays rôle dans les origines de l’union monétaire et de la poli- tique sociale européenne et ont donné lieu à des contri- Le 30 octobre s’est tenu à l’Institut la seconde journée Le 30 octobre s’est tenu à l’Institut la seconde du colloque CE) et par l’Université historiques des tut (Archives du l’égide d’Etat de Florence (Pôle européen) sous européenne, Comité économique et social de l’Union cette manifestation, placée sous la Présidence d’hon- Venturi- neur du secrétaire général du CES, M. Patrick ni, a réuni des chercheurs, professeurs d’Université, témoins et acteurs en vue de retracer l’histoire de cet son rôle spécifique consultatif et d’examiner organe dans le processus de construction européenne depuis sa création en 1958 à nos jours. ANDO in Prato ist, die regelmäßig tätigen Spedititionsfirma Das zunächst als schwierig erscheinende Problem Das zunächst als schwierig erscheinende in Florenz der österreichischen Gemeinde wurde von schnell gelöst. P Die EHI-Bibliothek ist unablässig bemüht, den Bestand ist unablässig Die EHI-Bibliothek sämtlicher EU-Mitgliedstaa- der Parlamentsprotokolle zu ver- bis heute Weltkriegs des Zweiten Ende ten vom der österreichi- Dank einer Schenkung vollständigen. besitzt sie jetzt die stenografischen schen Regierung des Bundesrats für den des Nationalrats und Protokolle Um auch die Pro- auf Mikrofiche. Zeitraum 1861-1934 zu erhalten, hat die für die Jahre nach 1945 tokolle zum öster- unmittelbar Kontakt Bibliotheksdirektorin aufgenommen, das sich erstaun- reichischen Parlament hat, der EHI-Bibliothek sämt- licherweise bereit erklärt Verfü- Dateien unentgeltlich zur liche ausgedruckten und Transportkosten diese für die gung zu stellen, wenn das Binden selbst aufkommt. 49 Archives historiques des CE ciblée maisdevaleur hautementpolitique-,imprégnée de laméthodeléguée parJeanMonnet-concrète, militant fédéraliste Altiero Spinellietdanslerespect par leParlement européensousl’impulsionduvieux C’est pourtantdanslesillage résurrectionnelouvert plus qu’ilsneprouvent. consolide àlalumièredesdocumentsquiéclairent et dénoue.L’évidence unanimementreconnuese Emile Noëlsait,suit,suggère économique etdouanière…Enchaquecirconstance précieuses maissèchementmécaniquesdel’union Tindemans quilaisseseuless’égrener leséchéances au ConseileuropéendeParis; lenaufrage durapport tentent dereprendrelesrênes,dusommetLaHaye ments despartisansd’uneconstructionpolitiquequi dépouilles; lestâtonne- quement, àleursyeux,les dévoyée dontvalent uni- brisures d’uneEurope s’engouffrent dansles tagne etduDanemarkqui cousse delaGrande-Bre- France; l’arrivée àsares- nations convoitée parla le pasàuneEuropedes l’union politiquequicède de gaulliste; la‘chimère’ gracié parlepouvoir leur promoteuràêtredis- conduisent finalement tion administrative qui tion maisaussid’affirma- à desfins desimplifica- re del’Auswärtiges Amt l’égide del’ancientitulai- des exécutifs opéréesous ter Hallstein;lafusion geante duprésident Wal- sous lahouletteintransi- tions delaCommission d’abord serein,desposi- du processuscommunautaire:l’affermissement, reparcourir quelquesunesdesétapesfondamentales affaires européennes,notesquipermettentdoncde placéaucoeurdesinstitutionscomme commis’ des milliersdenotesécritesetreçuesparle‘grand nautés européennes(1958-1987). Ainsi l’ondécouvre de secrétairegénérallaCommissiondesCommu- tiel desdossiersqu’ilaeuàsuivre danssesfonctions européennes auprintemps1997.Ils’agitpourl’essen- déposés aux Archives historiquesdesCommunautés Selon lavolonté d’EmileNoël,sespapiersontété A proposdufonds‘EmileNoël’ aux Archives historiquesdes Communautés européennes Emile Noë point. Silamonnaieuniquesemble propreàforger les Les progrèsenregistrés àMaastrichtnesuffisent munauté setrouve detoutespartsappeléeàl’ériger. Europe, unenouvelle architectures’imposeetlaCom- re précipitéel’invoque. Avec l’implosion del’autre responsabilisée surlascèneinternationaleoùl’histoi- d’une Europedémocratiséeetpolitisée,c’estàdire encore, dansdespapiersquiillustrentsavolonté entendre savoix aujourd’huiconsignée,àcetégard Noël neperdpasdevuelecourseuropéenetfait tion intellectuelleetobservatoire privilégié, Emile Depuis celieud’excellence, instigateurdefermenta- contact parlebiaisdel’enseignementnotamment. taires; jeunesseavec laquelleiln’ajamaisperdule engagements déjàeuropéens,encorepré-communau- lui-même àsesdébuts, côtoyée danssespremiers avec sondépartdeBruxelles. Lesdizainesdediscours L’engagement européend’EmileNoëlnes’éteintpas le del’Europeau-delàdugrandmarché. te unique,porteurdelacohésionéconomiqueetsocia- en jouantunrôlecapitaldansl’établissementdel’Ac- mesure, commeentémoignenticiencorelesarchives, contribue àdonnerl’Europelesmoyens desapleine parvient àfaire passerlemeilleurdelui-même.Il du présidentConseilGuyMollet,qu’EmileNoël en outredesidéauxsocialistescultivés jadisauxcôtés phique etmentalqu’ila, avide d’espacegéogra- jeunesse réceptive et anciennes amours,une renoue avec ses 1994. EmileNoëly sidence entre1987et péen dontilexerce lapré- titut universitaire euro- terrain d’électionàl’Ins- européenne), trouve un par letraitéd’Union le (encouragéebientôt sion individuelle nouvel- portunité d’unedimen- taire maiscommel’op- du nonpasausenstotali- Homme européen,enten- l’Homme maisaussid’un gable d’uneEuropede tent. Sapoursuiteinfati- dans lesdossiers-,l’attes- -et dorénavant contenus devant despublicsvariés par ‘l’apôtrelaïque’ tenus avec persévérance 50 Fonds Emile Noël LLAIRE A nibles, les autres seront ouverts par tranches annuelles chaque année en janvier. Les dossiers actuellement consultables se réfèrent principa- lement aux thèmes suivants: Conseil de l’Europe et discours la de de Guy Mollet, travaux Communauté économique euro- péenne et fusion des exécutifs (incluant l’échange de notes Wal- les présidents internes avec et leurs ter Hallstein et Jean Rey cabinets, de commissaires et leurs cabinets), premières négo- ciations d’adhésion et premier sommet européen (La Haye), Turquie, association de la réunions de la Commission ELARDINI -B REVITI P EYER M ATHERINE UTH Ce texte est la version originale d’un papier destiné à être originale est la version Ce texte to Emile Noël” dans le cadre de la publié dans “Tribute au bureau Press suite au colloque tenu Lothian Foundation Londres en octobre 1997. Depuis sa de la Commission à du fonds a été l’inventaire de l’année, rédaction, au début achevé. (notes prises par Emile Noël au cours des réunions personnali- sur les ‘cahiers’), correspondance avec d’Emile Noël seul et avec tés européistes, voyages les présidents, conférences, discours, articles de journaux d’Emile Noël (ce dernier groupe de dos- siers est consultable sans condition de date). présente une description détaillée des L’inventaire documents. Il a été réalisé sur la base de donnée ‘Eurhistar’au site et il est consultable sur internet historiques (http://wwwarc.iue.it/). Archives des R avec lui, à l’arrivée de nombreux pèlerins de la de pèlerins de nombreux à l’arrivée lui, avec il est vrai, plus, Noël n’est Emile à Florence. mémoire simple- Il est désormais, tout vivant. un monument ment, un monument. C Emile Noël Secrétaire exécutif de la CEE Secrétaire exécutif Le fonds Emile Noël Le fonds Emile

Le traitement des dossiers est désormais achevé et Le traitement des dossiers est désormais achevé au public dans les conditions le fonds a été ouvert lesquelles se réfèrent à la stipulées par le légataire, à l’échéance trentenaire en d’ouverture règle de l’Union euro- Archives vigueur auprès des péennes. Les dossiers sont donc consultables 30 ans mettre l’infor- de pouvoir Afin après leur création. mation à disposition des chercheurs dans les meilleurs délais, les dossiers ont été classés par 650 dossiers cou- années. Dès à présent environs vrant les années 1949 à 1970 (inclus) sont dispo- Par décision testamentaire, Par Emile Noël (*17.11.1922 à Istan- en Viareggio V 24.08.1996 à bul, Italie, de nationalité française, normalien, haut fonctionnaire à géné- Affaires la commission des rales de l’Assemblée consultati- du Conseil de l’Europe de ve 1949 à 1956, secrétaire exécutif de la Commission de la Commu- nauté économique européenne de 1958 à 1967, secrétaire géné- ral de la Commission des Com- munautés européennes de 1967 à 1987, président de l’Institut uni- européen de 1987 à versitaire 1993) a déposé ses papiers per- historiques Archives sonnels aux des CE auprès de l’Institut uni- européen de Florence. versitaire Le fonds mesure 54 mètres linéaires et se compose de 2800 dossiers. C’est le fruit de ces réflexions, dosage pérenne de har- réflexions, C’est le fruit de ces qui gît désormais sur près de diesse et de lucidité, de notes Chronos d’archives. trente mètres linéaires Noël ou reçues des cabinets, des rédigées par Emile correspondance, discours, directions générales, cahiers consciencieu- les fameux articles, sans oublier les séances hebdomadaires de sement annotés durant inestimable de cet l’inventaire la Commission…: espérer que son point. Il faut patrimoine est à bon lecture des donnera lieu, à côté de la achèvement apportés par ceux qui ont eu témoignages directs de travailler l’honneur de connaître Emile Noël ou fondements d’un gouvernement européen, il faut son- il faut européen, gouvernement d’un fondements les structures), (réformer modalités ses nouvelles ger à (élaborer la politique compétences à ses prochaines les sché- et rénover et de sécurité commune) étrangère mécanisme de (approfondir le mas d’élargissement différenciation). 51 The Thursday evening concerts Strike Back

It only started last year and has already become a formation which is increasingly gaining international major pillar of the Institute’s cultural life: fame - if only for the fact that its components come from all over Europe and change every year. Who will “Soddisfare una sete insoddisfatta di musica” (satisfy- miss them singing ‘Jesu meine Freude’ by JOHANN ing an unsatisfied thirst for music), had been the orig- SEBASTIAN BACH or hear them risk ZOLTAN KODALY’S inal intention of the initiators, LOUISE DE VALOIS and motet ‘Veni Emanuel’? As well as the CIUE, some of DIETRICH VON BIBER, of the Thursday evening con- the EUI’s finest musicians will exhibit their capacities. certs at the Badia, the ‘Con- If you want to know which certi del giovedì sera alla of your fellow researchers Badia’ as the proper title are suffering from multiple goes. Unaware of the inten- personalities, be there on sity of the EUI communi- December 9th, at 9 p.m. in ty’s thirst they were sur- the Badia. prised by the success of the first season. This confirmed After the ‘end of the millen- the need for music, but it nium break’ the Thursday also proved again that the evening concerts will con- real music lover is never tinue in spring 2000. A satisfied: hence, there is highlight will be the pro- still a thirsty community gramme on 9 March at 9 waiting for new barrels of p.m., featuring two out- music. standing German musi- cians: CHRISTINE RALL,a And remedy is at hand: sup- saxophonist trained by the ported by GIOVANNI MUG- famous Raschèr-Saxophon- NAIO, who joined the direc- Quartet, and STEFAN torial board for this second THOMAS, a prize-winning season, LOUISE and DIET- composer-pianist, will give RICH put together another us a broad insight into the fine programme of almost a music of what will by then dozen extraordinary con- be the ‘previous century’, certs, ranging from early Renaissance vocal polypho- starting with the Hot-Sonata from 1930 by jazzy ny to unleashed hot-jazz contemporary music for sax- expressionist ERWIN SCHULHOFF and ending with ophone and piano. The following outline is just to give recent compositions by STEFAN THOMAS himself. An you a clue to what is coming up - we are still engaged evening which every sceptic should attend: if you still in negotiations with musicians from both sides of the need to be persuaded that contemporary music can French-English Channel. also be fun and funny, then let these musicians have a try at you. This year’s concert series starts with a homage to one of the fathers of modern European music, JOHANNES Two weeks later, 23 March, will be the turn of JESSI- OCKEGEM, whose vocal compositions deeply influ- CA KUHN, prize-winning violoncellist, and her piano enced composers for centuries to come. His spectacu- partner, Russian-born DMITRI VINNIK. Their pro- lar choir settings from the late 15th century will be gramme will consist of three of the most important performed by the renowed Florentine ‘Ockegem Con- and profound contributions to the Cello-Piano reper- sort’ under the direction of SILVIO SEGANTINI, and they toire ever written, including Duos by LUDWIG VAN will be illustrated by readings of extracts from a con- BEETHOVEN, BENJAMIN BRITTEN and DMITRI temporary text by FRANCESCO FLORIO, who gives an SHOSTAKOVICH. account of his personal acquaintance with JOHANNES OCKEGEM. If you are looking forward to an encounter If March 2000 is already offering a superb prospect, with the 15th century, come to the Badia on Thursday the May programme is no less promising: on the 4th 25 November 1999, at 9 p.m. of May, a Thursday of course, the ensemble ‘In Due contro un Basso’ will show up at the Badia to play The last concert of the century will be given by the quite an extraordinary set of pieces, featuring quite an Institute’s hidden musical talents, above all by our extraordinary set of instruments: this Trio of Violin, very own Coro dell’Istituto Universitario Europeo, a Viola and Double Bass (MATHIAS HOCHWEBER, JAKOB

Concerts 52 Concerts UGNAIO M Saxophonist Christine Rall IOVANNI for the ‘Concerti del giovedì sera’ for the ‘Concerti del giovedì whose work guarantees the run- whose work ning of the concerts: operational service, porters and especially the It is thanks to publication office. these con- them that we can enjoy of advantage certs. So please take and hard work, other people’s a by having their efforts reward nice evening. Starting on 25 November! G from the departments, who have the departments, from accom- to pay the it possible made for our visiting artists. modation sup- financial and beyond Above those to thank all have port, we services and entities institutional S ’ Trio S , who ’ , violin; ANDI , piano are -L IMMERMANN , violoncello; Z EMËNOV CHUMANN S S IÈVRE INSBURGH ANARDI B GOR LOIS G Z E A OBERT D NTONIO EERT ERND TÉPHANE G S The stress of the EUI’s-Maggio- stress of The a week already continues musicale chamber another fine later with I ensemble: composer’s op.63 and the same Volkston’ Pieces ‘im Five op. 102 by one of the will be separated the piano- to major contributions 20th century, trio repertoire of the B forming a Piano Trio, and have Trio, Piano forming a pro- promised us a wonderful the make gramme, which will green with Amici della Musica R envy! us with all kinds of help provided backing. But an and financial came also important contribution imagined Ballet without dancers imagined Ballet without ‘Presence’This is such 1961. from a courageous programme that it by a large should be rewarded audience. Excuses based on June papers or similar trifles will not be accepted! we tell you before? It Oh, didn’t costs almost nothing: researchers only pay 5,000 Lit. and will have All others – and we free drinks. hoping all others, invite explicitly for an increasing interest also from our Florentine hosts outside the Institute - will get free drinks dur- will have ing the break as well, but All to pay 10,000 Lit. per ticket. been possible not have this would all enti- of without the joint efforts The most con- ties of the Institute. sistent support came from the Secretary General, Dr. Institute’s A . , - - and AND EORG ANRI ENZE OSEPH L S IPPELS H ICHARD MADEUS T . This TELLARIO A ERG , R , J B . All this and . , G RHAN RISTINA OLF ERNER W W ÄNDEL ELIX VON H LBAN URCELL and E Liederabend OLFGANG P ANS UGO CHOENBERG UN S S , A and F and , H ’ , a pianist performing regu- Y , W

) than more zap around will Composer-pianist Stefan Thomas Stefan Composer-pianist

OZART AYDN ENRY RNOLD USTIG TRAUSS RIEDRICH AGONE SANG A more on Thursday (surprise!) 11 more on May 2000, at 9 p.m. in the Badia. accompanied by S But also come to K Don’t miss this one! miss Don’t will be splendid young soprano 300 years of music history, per- of music history, 300 years by a dozen pieces forming about as composers such different very H S F larly for the Italian radio-television Let yourself become RAI. network enchanted by the dreamy melodies of turn-of-the-century-composers such as H SHAMER H M F KIRCH L I 53 People 9-10 October 1-3 October The Alumni Association MeetsinBerlin Our Third EmbassytoRome 54 Where are they now?

s e can be reached at the ll e

IERRE x

-P u r EAN following address: following Box: 830 413 CERMOC - P.O. Amman – Jordan. Zahran - 11183 +962 6 4 611 171 Tel: 6 4 611 170 +962 Fax: Email: [email protected] analysing the ways in which corpo- in the ways analysing and voluntary ratist organizations in Jordan, associations business have Palestine Lebanon, Syria, and to the gradual con- been responsive policies in of economic vergence Middle East) the Mashreq (or The aim is to analyse the region. which the mechanisms through be able to actors may identified system that an exchange build of a bot- reflects the characteristics tom-up process of economic co- of the region, operation, at the level despite the resilience of institution- al, political, and security obstacles. J m

B (and present) EUI members

u 2000 then. Year i n n i n

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M send you an invitation. See you in the

m others happen to be in Bruxelles at the onwards in their agendas for our party. (Invitations will go out in December to time, please let us know so that we can all those resident in the Benelux. Should light Friday, 21 January 2000 from 6 p.m. light Friday,

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collaboration with Jordanian collaboration as well as pub- research institutions mainly in work, lishing scientific Arabic and English. is a Amman-based CERMOC The which French research institution to pro- since 1988 has contributed of scholars moting the participation European and and students from centres Middle Eastern research development and institutions in the research programmes of collective related to the societies and States in the contemporary Middle East. In this respect, a three-year research project has been organized and under the title “Configurations in Regionalism Actors of the New This research pro- the Mashreq”. gramme, which is coordinated by J European and Arab research insti- European and The main purpose of his tutions. research programme lies in

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J R A ASSARINO HRISTIAN C day 21 January 2000 in Bruxelles. We are therefore asking all former are therefore asking We IERRE

’s job has consisted not only job has consisted not ’s -P New Year Ð and for once the New Mil- Ð and for once the New Year New pub near the Commission headquarters. over drinks and a few snacks in an Irish lennium Ð with an informal get-together The Associa- EUI Alumni tion has the pleasure of inviting its

It has now become a tradition to start the members to a reception to be held on Fri- IERRE EAN in developing research activities in research activities in developing social and of history, the fields political sciences, and economics, seminars in also in organizing but In September 1999, J Colin Crouch. His doctoral Colin Crouch. in Feb- research will be published ruary 2000. Ph.D. in Political and Social Sci- Ph.D. in Political and University ences at the European 1998. He Institute in December the EUI on a topic relat- at worked and development ed to business contemporary return migration in under the supervision of Tunisia, Professors C P took up the position of research Amman-based Cen- manager at the tre d’Etudes et de Recherches sur le Contemporain Moyen-Orient Study and (CERMOC, Centre For Research on the Contemporary Middle East). Since then, J

J 55 In memoriam patient huntforinformation in though henever losthistasteforthe move towards politicalscience, career asahistorianwas rapidly to fects underthesecondEmpire. This Conseil d‘Etat,andthenonthepre- published hisfirst researchonthe France. Itwas inFrancetoothathe from 1960to1965asanassistantin lowing whichhe spent theyears Economics andtheParis IEP, fol- cation, attheLondonSchoolof Vincent Wright hadatwofold edu- his academiccareerillustrates. rather, aEuropean,asthe courseof He was acitizenoftheworld, or one sideoftheChannelorother. translation. Infact hewas notfrom true –tobeincapableofdoinga bilingual, but claimed–anditwas both cultures.Hewas perfectly of amanateaseineithercountry, in cent was themostperfectexample French (orEnglish?)inFrance, Vin- British (orFrench?)inBritain, who worked underhimcantestify. and akindlyattentiontowhichall frankness, softenedbyahumanity irony; amanofsometimespitiless ness was temperedbydistanceand fessional whoseacademicserious- exception, thecounterpoint;apro- never forgetting thenuance, lyst, asortofBritishCartesian,yet the overall picture;arigorousana- to bringinthedetailswithoutlosing tante, withapassionforfacts able to give theillusionofbeingadilet- him unique:atirelessworker able deployed thequalitiesthatmade energeticallyend, VincentWright astating humour. Rightuptothe faced hisforecastdestiny withdev- offer hisbookstolibraries;andhe on, completemanuscriptsinhand, meet theobligationshehadtaken he hadleft;tookevery actionto the chancesofcure,how muchtime lutely everything, abouthisdisease, wanted toknow everything, abso- were carriedtotheextreme: he the virtuesweknew inhim,but asit Faced withtheillness,hedisplayed he hadbeenfoundtohave cancer. ning ofJuly, exactly oneyearafter Vincent Wright leftusatthebegin- In memoriam Vincent Wright director ofcollections,andassoci- several editorialcommittees, a research. Hewas alsoamemberof ing alarge number ofvocations for European questions,andencourag- young experts onFranceor training animpressive cohortof taught allover EuropeandtheUS, He was aformidableeducator, who But hewas muchmorethanthat. twelve hoursaday!)tohisresearch. devote himselffully(meaning with thefreedomtobeable Nuffield College, Oxford,lefthim since hispositionasfellow of Vincent Wright was notaprofessor, talks onsocialchangeinEurope. nasco, ofaseriescolloquiaand Henri Mendrasand Arnaldo Bag- was theinitiation,togetherwith this interestincomparative analysis in Europe. Another dimension of disseminating comparative studies play amajorpartinstructuringand European Politics,whichwas to he foundedthequarterly West In 1977,alongwithGordonSmith, politics. from theaspectsofbothpolicy and with himinexploring publicaction, Rhodes frequentlycollaborated Rhodes, JackHayward andMartin Britain. Howard Machin,Rod his colleaguesorformerpupilsin suing very closeco-operationwith comparative perspective, whilepur- no Cassese, Wolfgang Müller)ina colleagues (JacquesLagroye, Sabi- plied hiscollaborationswithforeign shifted directionagain.Hemulti- After the80shisacademicpath quevillian view ofourcountry. of studentsintoanuanced, Toc- United States,initiatingthousands became asuccessinEuropeandthe tics ofFrancecameout,andrapidly manual The Government andPoli- weeks beforehisdeath.In1978 which heputthefinal touchafew a work onGambetta’s prefectsto departmental archives ofFrance,for systematically exploited allthe very few researchersatall,tohave only Briton,andprobablyoneof archives. Heisundoubtedlythe Y ative andstimulatingspirit. encouragement toemulatehis cre- students andatthesametime an additional opportunityforpost-doc in particularattheEUI.Itwillbean contribution hegave to Academia, tribute tohismemoryandthe Comparative Politics)isamodest his nameattheRSC(inHistoryand The creationoftwo Fellowships in on thoserecallinghimpostmortem. possible, fail tobebroughtbear caustic humourwould not,ifitwere memory ofauniquepersonwhose intellectual andhumanvacuum, the of 62, Vincent Wright leaves agreat municative laugh.Dyingattheage through hishumourandcom- mind, wereasitdownplayed capacity forcollaboration,hisacute himself seriously. Hiswork, his worked seriously, hedidnottake darin orabaron.Becausehe was theabsoluteoppositeofaman- panied byaswollen ego. Vincent ters lessso,especiallyifnotaccom- mics abound;suchstrikingcharac- ble personality. Excellentacade- recall therichnessofanincompara- tual meritsof Vincent Wright, I immense professionalandintellec- Personally, over andabove the ing itinitsdiversity. runs throughhiswholework, unify- checking facts. This majorconcern gave prioritytoidentifyingand Without beinguntheoretical,he to explain andinterpretreality. market ratherthanfortheircapacity often constructedfortheuniversity had acertainmistrustoftheories, was fecundandvery diverse. He Vincent Wright’s researchactivity member ofitsResearchCouncil. tivities, inparticularsince1995asa associated withitthroughmany ac- from 1980to1982,heremained After teachingtherefortwo years, the EuropeanUniversity Institute. with many universities, inparticular nonetheless hadprivileged relations had thebulk ofhiscareer, Vincent Faithful toNuffield wherehehad ate professoratseveral universities. VES M ÉNY 56 Vincent Wright Fellowships offers: at the EUI 1 February 2000 1 February Via dei Roccettini, 9 dei Via 2000-2001 EUI web site: www.iue.it Applications are invited for Applications are invited Deadline for applications: Deadline for European Universiry Institute European Universiry from September 2000-June 2001 Application and information pack:

e-mail: [email protected] web site: www.iue.it/JMF/Welcome.html Vincent Wright Fellowship in History in Wright Fellowship Vincent post-doctoral research fellowships tenable post-doctoral research fellowships EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN I-50016 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy State Formation and the Development State Formation for post-doctoral students and junior academics for post-doctoral students and junior

RSCAS web site: www.iue.it/JMF/Welcome.html one for proposals related to the area of research on for proposals related to the Vincent Wright Wright Fellowships Vincent Vincent Wright Fellowship in Comparative Politics in Comparative Wright Fellowship Vincent The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Advanced Centre for The Robert Schuman of Administration since the XIXth Century in Europe Administration since the XIXth of one 57 IueIn memoriam fesseur àl’InstitutUniversitaire EuropéendeFlo- Sociales deParis) etdeFranco Angiolini alorspro- Flandrin (EcoledesHautes EtudesenSciences Michel avait entreprisesousladirectiondeJean-Louis constituer àtermelathèsede doctoratd’histoireque tal Pasteur oùilmourutle24mai.Cestextes devaient Duez àlademandedeMichelquiétaitalorsl’hôpi- emps 1993.“Jel’aifait avec GillesBelinetDaniel avaient étécopiéssurl’ordinateurdeMichelauprint- C’est elle-mêmequinousapprendquelestextes travail etdesécritsdeMichelRey. permettent d’ensavoir plussurl’originedesnotesde de préface àcetteéditionenseptembre 1998quinous Anne-Sophie Perriauxaécritquelquesmotsenguise aujourd’hui vulejour. tion quelemanuscritétablitpar Anne-Sophie a l’IUE quedel’associationdes Alunni denotreinstitu- aussi biencommeresponsabledespublicationsde préhension etlesoutienimmédiatdeBirgitte Schwab mage posthumeàMicheletl’aideprécieuse,lacom- ont dèsledébut soutenunotreidéederendreunhom- Département d’HistoireetCivilisation del’IUEqui En outre,c’estgrâceàlasensibilitédesmembresdu avait étéconservé dansl’ordinateurdeMichel. Anne-Sophie entre1997et1998àpartirdecequi ténacité etàl’énormetravail d’éditioneffectué par cette année.Cettepublicationdel’IUEdoittoutàla tion de Anne-Sophie Perriauxetavulejourenjuinde thèse dedoctoratd’histoireaétéétabliesousladirec- tion entre1988et1991destinésàconstituersa chercheur dansleDépartementd’HistoireetCivilisa- Une éditionposthumedestextes deMichelRey, L’amitié àlaRenaissance,Italie,France, In memoriamMichelRey, 1953-1993: Michel Rey Angleterre, 1450-1650 avait voulu parlerdemafille Alice, néeenfévrier saire quisecélébraitquelques joursaprèslesienet mort. Ilm’avait téléphonéenmarspourmonanniver- savais mêmepasMichelmaladedeuxmoisavant sa jusqu’au momentoùsamort m’aétéannoncée.Jene SIDA etjen’ensavais rien,jen’enaijamaisriensu personnels. Michelétaitmalade.Ilavait contractéle cher qu’ilaétéautravers dequelquessouvenirs bien je voudrais parlerquelquepeuici,enévoquant l’ami relation là,deceMichelconnudurantcinqannéesque Et eneffet, silelecteur nem’enveut pas,c’estdecette prématurée enmai1993,deprofondsliensd’amitié. sa connaissanceetdenoueravec luijusqu’àsamort sur l’amitiéàl’IUE,làoùj’aieulebonheurdefaire a menéMichelàFlorenceetconduiresondoctorat de l’homosexualité”, unedirection,cettedernière,qui cialisé- l’autreattachéeàlarecherched’unehistoire seigner auxadulteshandicapéscommeéducateurspé- l’éducation spécialisée,-Michels’estoccupéd’en- social. Ilentrelacedeuxtrajectoires,l’uneconsacréeà révélateur del’importancequ’ilattachaitaulien court intellectueletprofessionneldeMichelRey… est phie deMichel(pp.7-8)etsoulignelefait que“lepar- Anne Sophieareconstruitdesélémentsd’unebiogra- de cesentimentun“objetconnaissance”historique. Renaissance, l’époquechoisieparMichelpourfaire de sous-entenduscommel’amitié,l’amitiéàla immédiat dansnotrevécu quotidienmaisaussiplein frontation avec lestravaux d’autruisurunthèmeaussi lectures etquelquefoisdéjàmûrprêtàlacon- quelque foissoutenud’unefine analyseetdenotes intellectuel curieux,quelquefoisseulementébauché, laissant àchacunleplaisirdedécouvrirunparcourt Du travail deMichelensoijen’entendspasparlerici ainsi unhommageànotreamicommun. fieri nousrelietousunpeuetpermetderendre Sophie etmoiconnaissionsl’adressecettethèsein sur latabledetouslesamisMicheldont Anne- Aujourd’hui cettepublicationestlà,surmatableet créer”, écrit-elleencore. effectuée àl’IUE,”lacohérencequeMichelvoulait permettent dedonneràlalecturepublication tembre 1992….” Untelplanetlatabledesmatières teur Temple University PressdePhiladelphiaensep- le pland’ensemblequeMichelavait adresséàl’édi- références bibliographiques).Ilsontétéclassésselon cation (lesajoutssignalés,portentsurlesseules adopté, …,lepartideneleurapporteraucunemodifi- en septembre1988. Anne-Sophie ajoutequ’elle“a rence…”, commencéeavec uneboursedechercheur 58 In memoriamIue en parlions. laquelle nous retenue avec univers et de la univers partie de son cela aussi faisait Michel nous avait l’interrogions pas, amoureuse et nous ne amoureuse et nous discret sur sa vie discret sur sa sexualité mais restait mais sexualité ne cachait pas son homo- ironiques et rieurs. Michel mots tendres et ses regards mots tendres accueillis à Paris en 1991 accueillis à Paris âgé” pensais-je alors, ses âgé” pensais-je et les conseils “d’homme plus et les conseils quille bonhomie et la sagesse quille bonhomie faisions l’un l’autre, sa tran- l’un faisions sourire, les photos que nous nous que nous les photos sourire, tima, dans la Maremme, son Maremme, dans la tima, chez lui et nous avions été frappé par chez lui et nous avions

les conditions difficiles et précaires de son les conditions difficiles

Florence OIRET

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ICHEL M ERGE logement mais là encore je n’avais pas questionné logement mais là encore je n’avais

In memoriam Michel Rey, 1953-1993: L’amitié à la 1953-1993: L’amitié In memoriam Michel Rey, Angleterre, 1450-1650“, Renaissance, Italie, France, Européen, 1999. Florence, Institut Universitaire l’évidence. Sans aucun doute j’ai ainsi pêché de super- Sans aucun doute l’évidence. là où j’aurais dû m’interroger sur mon ami au- ficialité delà de son apparent dénuement sur l’amitié des Mais, c’est lui Michel qui travaillait et les Princes et des puissants, l’amitié en politique la douceur de amitiés des politiques, qui connaissait qu’il offrait l’amitié désintéressée. C’est cette amitié l’acuité et la au fond de nous avec quand il voyait à toutes sincérité de ceux qui tiennent immensément notre devenir les petites choses. Chaque seconde peut l’empêchait dernier instant mais cette certitude ne sérénité son comporte- nullement de déterminer avec laquelle on ment quotidien. Seul la quotidienneté pour retenue et qualité, rendait tout entier mais avec s’offre -peut-être- aux yeux de Michel, la vie -sa vie- plus maintenant que j’en supportable. Pour l’affronter, connais l’histoire et le déroulement, je me rends compte qu’il était doué d’un patience, d’un optimisme et d’une force de caractère exceptionnels. Cher Michel tu m’as accompagné pendant quelques années ici à la Badia Fiesolana et ton amitié a été je pourrai intense et me manque. Grâce à ton livre aujourd’hui penser que, comme tant d’autres amis qui sont passés par ici et que les circonstances ont appelé le temps ailleurs et dont les visages s’estompent avec et la distance, tu es quelque part là où la vie nous a séparé et que ton rire que je sens si proche de moi illu- mine d’autres visages et d’autres instants là-bas où je n’irai pas. S

1450 - 1650 - 1450

Institut universitaire européen universitaire Institut

Italie, France, Angleterre France, Italie,

(1953 - 1993) - (1953

L’Amitié à la Renaissance la à L’Amitié In memoriam Michel Rey Michel memoriam In

Aujourd’hui quand mon souvenir se porte vers se porte Aujourd’hui quand mon souvenir Michel, je me rappelle surtout nos longues prome- près de Campiglia Marit- nades sur la plage, en hiver, Sans doute Michel avait raison de maintenir un espace Sans doute Michel avait pas sa part et sa de liberté vitale où la maladie n’avait pour ceux qui conduite fut certainement un exemple Et pourtant je lui en du SIDA. et souffrent souffraient parlé du mal qui le terras- de ne pas m’avoir ai voulu laissé plus de place, au moins à la sait, de ne pas avoir plus proche de lui, plus préoc- pour une amitié fin, cupée de ce qui se passait et du temps qui s’écoulait et allait nous éloigner pour toujours. inéxorablement Michel lui préférait entendre des mots normaux sur la de cette année là, trois en février naissance de ma fille, en nous un monde sa disparition et de voir mois avant au-delà de son mal, loin de son mal et ignare de toute cette accumulation de douleurs et depuis si longtemps. Anne-Sophie m’a dit depuis, que Anne-Sophie m’a établi des rapports dif- Michel avait et donc gens différents des férents avec des gens des rapports “normaux” avec “normaux” comme moi et ma compagne d’alors pour qui la maladie de Michel n’était de nullement présente. Il était ainsi capable de lui, repousser la douleur et la maladie loin de gens reprenant force et courage en présence à ces qui tout ignoraient. Il tenait énormément permettaient rapports comme d’ailleurs à ceux qui lui que j’ai su plus de s’ouvrir et de parler de son mal –ce Anne-Sophie- et se avec tard dans mes conversations sensible montrait un ami présent et discret, toujours pas que la aux détails, aux petites choses. Il ne voulait de sa maladie change les éléments de ce divulgation rapport sincère, fort et libre de conditionnements. il force d’âme exceptionnelle: une avoir Michel devait vivait de réconfort métaphysique et trouver ne pouvait n’était pas un loin des prêtres ou du moins, la religion Michel était élément de ses pensées et de ses discours. et de sa abstraction du SIDA ainsi capable de faire des moments intens- conséquence inéluctable. Il vivait nous au cours desquels sa quotidienne fragilité es avec dominée, rejettée physique restait absente, ensevelie, sans que personne ne puisse soupçonner la présence de ce mal inéluctable. qu’il avait hâte de connaître. Au connaître. de hâte avait qu’il je me parlait où Michel moment que aucune idée n’avais médicaments tous les depuis des qu’il prenait plus pouvaient années ne lui et que cette con- rien pour été la dernière aurait versation lui. J’étais tranquille et avec comme si heureux de l’entendre le tenaient à les recherches qui été ter- auraient bientôt Paris avant se revoir minées. On aurait dû l’été. 59 Staff Her hobbiesincludeinternational voluntary work, badmintonandswimming, andsheisakeen cinema-goer. of Heidelberg. organising internationalvoluntary exchanges inBern,andadministrative conference assistantattheUniversity Her previous working experience includes jobsasprojectmanagerinanemployment office inKemi, Finland, versity ofKielreadingPoliticalScience. took aMastersinInternationalRelationsfromtheUniversity of Tampere, whilstalsospendingtimeattheUni- Eija was borninthenorthernmostpartofFinland,closeto Arctic circle.Shewas educatedinFinlandand Responsible for: Email: [email protected] tel: 4685.(2)377 Head ofHumanResourcesandCareerServices Eija Heikkinen His extra-curricular interestsincludefootball(ABU), cricket, andfood-bothconsumingpreparingit. tract negotiator andadministratorattheUniversity ofNottingham. His previous jobsincludeinformationofficer inanEUconsultancy firm inBrussels,andlatelyresearchcon- Dublin andULB-Brussels. Dave was bornthiscenturyinDublinandeducatedat Trinity College Responsible for: Email: [email protected] tel. 4685.(2)246 Head ofResearch Administration David Crowley Undergraduate teachingatUS universities basedinFlorence Traineeships/Stages atEUInstitutions Career serviceswebsites Employer contacts Organisation ofCareerforums Information andadviceoncareersjobsearch Development ofaCareerservice Follow-up forJeanMonnetFellows inresidence Jean MonnetFellows andprofessors Administration oftherecruitmentproceduresforresearchstudents, geting ofResearchProjects Assistance toResearchersandProfessorsinthecostingbud- tant appointmentsinconjunctionwiththeProfessors Co-ordination oftherecruitmentprocedureforResearch Assis- of externally-funded grants Advice toadvanced researchersonMarieCurieandothertypes jects Management ofinternallyandexternally-funded ResearchPro- Introducing New Academic Service Staff Members 60 New Researchers Department of History and Civilization of History and Department GR Georgios, ANTONIOU BR Isabel Regina, AUGUSTO F Sandrine, BERTAUX Maria Efpraxia, E ANDINACH BOZINIS L Anne Rebecca, Maud BRACKE B Victor, Guy Olivier DONNEAU F Aline Juliette, DUREL Agneta, S EDMAN Karin Antero, FIN Jari ELORANTA UK Giuseppe, FINALDI FRANCESCHINI Chiara, I Massimiliano, I FRESTA Olga, RS GRINKRUG A HUBER Renate, DK Winther, JORGENSEN Kirsten D KARAHASAN Devrim, ALG KHERFI Chahnaz, UKR KIKU Veronica, Martin, D KOHLRAUSCH LAFFRANCHI Cristina, CH Iassen, BG LAZAROV LEDERLE Julia Christine, D MASS Sandra, D Marie, NL MIGGELBRINK Joachim Johannes

The Institute Welcomes Welcomes Institute The

its New Research Students Research its New

ARGENTESI Elena, I ARGENTESI Elena, BILLMEIER Andreas, D Matthieu, F BUSSIERE Luca, I CASOLARO BG GUEORGUIEV Iliian, UK Andrew, David Mark JEAVONS MENEGAKI Angeliki, GR GR Vasiliki, MILLIOU Chrysovalantou I Tommaso, NANNICINI I Paolo, PAESANI PEDERSEN Michael, DK Juhana, FIN Tuomas PEKKARINEN E PELLICER GALLARDO Miquel Llorenc, POLANEC Saso, SLV F Sebastien Patrice, RENOU Ludovic Manuel, E RABAGO RIVAS E GARCIA Juana Maria, SANTAMARIA GR Konstantinos, TATSIRAMOS Guillaume Arthur Alex., F VANDENBROUCKE VERLAINE Michel, L Ekaterina, RS VOSTROKNOUTOVA D WEBER Stefan, D Ursula, WIENRICH Ulrike Ilija, HR ZOVKO Department of Economics Department 61 New Researchers WURTZBACHER EstelleEvelyne, F VEYA Geraldine,CH VERDELHO ALVES MariaLuisa, P VASSILOPOULOS Christos,GR TYNES DoraSif,IS TAOUFIQI Hidia, F SLINN Ania Maria,UK ROESSEL Stefan, D RINGELHEIM JulieCatherine,B RALLI Tommi Juhani,FIN PREINERSTORFER RIEDLKristina, A I PIERUCCI Alessandra, NEMETH Kristin, A MARZAL YETANO Elia,E MARQUIS MelJacob,USA MACIEJEWSKI Mariusz,PL LENZ MiriamCorinna,D LEMMENS Koen KarlRosalinde,B LAURSEN Andreas SteenMyllerup,DK KHANNA Devika, UK KARAMPATSAS Konstantinos, GR JAVAID Fouzia Ranah,UK HOSAKA Mieko, J HOFFMANN FlorianFabian, D GUSTAFSSON Tord Magnus,S GHALEIGH Navraj Singh,UK FOURTOY Frederic Andre Gabriel,F ENGBLOM LarsSamuel,S DUNLEAVY NicolaMarie,IRL DE STREEL Alexandre Marie Alfred A., B DE LASIERRAMORON Susana,E COLETTA Gianluigi,I I CHIRICO Alessandra, CARPANO EricPierre,F BONAFE BeatriceIlaria,I BARTELS Lorand Alexander, NL EST ALBI Anneli, ADRIAANSE Paul Christiaan,NL Department ofLaw TROILO Simona,I TASCA Luisa,I DK Thornvig,SORENSEN Anders PUTO Artan,AL PRAT SABARTES Marc,E PIERRE Benoist,F PEREZ TOSTADO Igor, E OSTERBERG PerOscarMartin,S ORLUC KatianaNataschaFlorence,D IRL O’MALLEY Aidan, MUNOZ SANCHEZ Antonio, E WHEATLEY JonathanMichael,UK WENNERSTEN Peter, S TRIGA Vassiliki,GR TERRIER JeanDenisJacques,CH SOLERA Cristina,I SELO SABICSenada,BH SAYED Fatma, EGY RAMOS DIAZLuisJavier, E RAHIMI Babak,IR NOWENSTEIN PIERY GracielaIrene,E MOLINA ROMO Oscar, E MENDEZ JORGEFernando,UK MC GARRY Katherine,IRL MARTINSEN DorteSindbjerg, DK MARTENS Kerstin, D KOYNOVA Maria, BG KIES RaphaelDonaldGuidoJean,L KEUNE MartinusJohannes,NL GRANGE Aline Marie,F FRITZ Verena Maria,D DE FRANTZMonika, A DA SILVA TORRES JoaquimJosePablo, P BOURGAIN Marina Therese Anne, F D BOERSCH Alexander, BLOKKER Paulus Albertus, NL ATTUCCI Claudia,I AMIR MOAZAMI Schirin,D Department ofSocialandPolitical Science ZUKOVA Galina,LV ZARTL Karin, A YOUNG Lorna,UK 62 European University Institute 3-year Post Graduate Grants for September 2000

in Law Economics History Social and Political Sciences in one of the largest structured doctoral programmes in the world in these disciplines. Unique in its international, comparative and interdisciplinary character, it brings together academics and research students from different backgrounds and traditions in a 3- year programme leading to a doctorate recognised in the EU Member States.

Monthly grants:

Austria: EUR 1017 Ireland: EUR 898 Belgium: EUR 1041 Italy: EUR 878 Denmark: EUR 1749 Luxembourg: EUR 1136 (before taxes) The Netherlands: EUR 932 Finland: EUR 1597 Portugal: EUR 1022 France: EUR 1032 Spain: EUR 811 Germany: EUR 869 Sweden: EUR 1284 Greece: EUR 780 United Kingdom: EUR 898

Consult our website http://www.iue.it or send an email to Grants [email protected]

Closing date for applications: 31 January 2000

63 Vacancies ment at a senior level and one appointment at an intermediate level;ment ataseniorlevel atanintermediate itmight andoneappointment Preference would torelatethevarious begiven topicsto tocandidatesable is lookingfor candidateswithadistinguishedrecord ofscholarly contemporary concerns in Europe. The department willmake Thedepartment oneappoint- inEurope. concerns contemporary Please mark the application envelope with the code of the chair as given above given as chair the of code the with envelope application the mark Please publications and experience inpostgraduate teachingand publications andexperience be willing to consider a part-time appointment incomparative appointment law.be willingtoconsiderapart-time legal issues of discrimination includingracelegal andgender; issuesofdiscrimination ol rd a,legal implicationsofglobalisation; world trade law, in order and information toreceive anapplication pack. nomto ehoois intellectualproperty, information technologies, The Department ofLawisseekingcandidates The Department with expertise inoneofthefollowingwith expertise fields: Deadline for applications: 31 January 2000 31January Deadline for applications: h otat r o oryas renewable once. The contracts arefor four years, A Chairin high technologyincludingbiotechnology. - The European Institute University A Chairin The Institute is an equal opportunity employer.The Instituteisanequalopportunity law ofimmigrationandsocialexclusion nent www.iue.it [email protected] +39-055-4685.444 Internet: +39-055-4685.332 Email: Fax: Tel.: I-50016 SanDomenicodiFiesole Interested applicants shouldcontact Interested applicants the Headof Academic Service, - European UniversityInstitute international economiclaw international otrlspriin tofill doctoral supervision, Via deiRoccettini9 - International Law International Comparative Law Comparative law andscience: Dr A NDREAS Italy and F RIJDAL , ( LAW10 (LAW2 : ) ) ; 64 Vacancies LAW8) , RIJDAL F Italy NDREAS Dr A Via dei Roccettini 9 doctoral supervision,doctoral to fill European University Institute European along with new applications.along with new the Head of the Academic Service,the Head of the European Community Law ( Interested applicants should contact I-50016 San Domenico di Fiesole Tel.:Fax:Email: +39-055-4685.332 Internet: +39-055-4685.444 [email protected] www.iue.it The Institute is an equal opportunity employer. The European University Institute The European The contracts are for four years, four are for The contracts once. renewable Deadline for applications:Deadline for 31 January 2000 appointment will be made at a senior level. appointment made will be This chair previously advertised is still vacant. This chair previously in order to receive an application and information pack. application an to receive and information in order Applications already received will be considered, Applications already received

A Chair in A Chair in

publications and experiencepublications and teaching in postgraduate Applicants for this post would be expected to teach across a to teach across be expected this post would Applicants for Please mark the application envelope with the code of the chair as given above is looking for candidates with a distinguished record of scholarly record a distinguished with candidates for is looking

wide range of issues relating to European law and institutions. law of issues relating to European wide range The 65 Vacancies a senior level, suitably qualified suitably individualsatany level ofseniority a seniorlevel, Whilst the Department wouldWhilst theDepartment prefer tomake at anappointment is lookingfor candidateswithadistinguishedrecord ofscholarly Please mark the application envelope with the code of the chair as given above given as chair the of code the with envelope application the mark Please publications and experience inpostgraduate teachingand publications andexperience h otat r o oryas renewable once. The contracts arefor four years, The Institute is an equal opportunity employer.The Instituteisanequalopportunity wishes tomake inthearea anappointment Deadline for applications: 31 January 2000 31January Deadline for applications: The European Institute University Interested applicants shouldcontact Interested applicants the Headof Academic Service, in order toreceive anapplication nent www.iue.it [email protected] +39-055-4685.444 +39-055-4685.332 Internet: Email: Fax: Tel.: I-50016 SanDomenicodiFiesole The Department ofEconomics The Department European UniversityInstitute A Chairin of otrlspriin tofill doctoral supervision, are welcome toapply. applied microeconomics applied and information pack. Via deiRoccettini9 Dr A NDREAS ECO10 Italy Economics F RIJDAL , 66 Vacancies Academic Service Via dei Roccettini, 9 dei Roccettini, Via European University Institute European University For the attention of Dr A. Frijdal the attention of Dr For 50016 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) - Italy Position Announcement Position for Senior Research Fellow Research for Senior

BP Amoco Chair in Transatlantic Relations Transatlantic in Amoco Chair BP Email: [email protected] • Tel: 0039.055 4685246 • Fax: 0039.055 4685444 • Fax: 0039.055 4685246 Tel: • Email: [email protected]

investment. This includes analysing the institutional structures for decision-mak- This includes analysing the institutional structures investment. Atlantic. ing on both sides of the global governance. The deadline for applications is 1st February 2000 applications is 1st February The deadline for at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Advanced for Schuman Centre at the Robert In this context, the BP Amoco Chair in Transatlantic Relations at the Robert Schuman Transatlantic Amoco Chair in the BP In this context, successful The for the position of a Senior Research Fellow. applications Centre invites of publications) in research record (PhD and a number a proven candidate should have transatlantic economic relations, and some transatlantic relations, preferably concerning in managing research projects and activities. experience of the transatlantic programme and also to the activities to organise He/She is expected intellectual leadership. He/She will co-operate in this task with the programme provide the academic advisor and with the administration of the RSC. director, of other European Com- The candidate should be fluent in English, and the knowledge to The appointment will be made for two munity languages will constitute an advantage. four years. on Applications should include a curriculum vitae, list of publications, a statement of the transatlantic pro- to be conducted in the framework planned research activities gramme, and the names of three referees. The European University Institute has just announced the establishment at the Robert Institute has just announced the The European University Relations. Transatlantic Amoco Chair in Studies of the BP Advanced Schuman Centre for a pro- will develop by a Euro-American company, appropriately endowed The Chair, well as basic research by leading scholars as policy-oriented gramme of highly relevant issues of common European-American interest. Atlantic on key from both sides of the themes: on the following The programme will initially concentrate – of the transatlantic relationship, especially in the areas of trade and Governance – in The international role of Europe, the U.S. and the transatlantic relationship 67 Last page A Gordon andBreachPublishers, Amsterdam, 1999,300pp The Management ofUncertainty. Learningfrom Chernobyl Angela Liberatore of transboundaryenvironmental risks. for allwhoseektounderstandandimprove thepracticalmanagement tive focusupon“uncertaintymanagement”isacompellingaccount selects informationtobebroadcastas“news”. Liberatore’s compara- and disseminateknowledge; andthemassmedia,whichaccesses know); socialmovements andinterestgroups, whichpushtoutilize decide how muchthey want toknow (andwhatthey letthepublic tists, whochoosewhatis“relevant” knowledge; politicians,who Management ofUncertaintyillustratestheinteractionamongscien- The policy communicationmodeldeveloped byLiberatorein The regional approachtomanagingtransnationalenvironmental risks. ined, inordertoprovide insightintotheparticularrealitiesofa national organization towhichthesecountriesbelong-isalsoexam- Italy andGermany. The responseof theEuropeanUnion-supra- quences ofChernobylinthethreeneighboringcountriesFrance, mental change,withaspecialfocusonEurope. conducts researchonsocietalandpolicy aspects ofglobalenviron- Development oftheEuropeanCommissioninBrussels,whereshe rently works intheDirectorateGeneralforScience,Researchand Royalties aredonatedtoaNGObasedinKiev Chernobyl. Shecur- result ofherdissertationandisdedicatedtoChernobyl’s victims. Ph.D inPoliticalandSocialSciences1992. The above bookisthe NGELA Learning fromChernobyl L The Managementof IBERATORE Uncertainty , aformerresearcheroftheInstitutetookher responses andlong-termconse- includes discussionofshort-term risk. This comparative analysis about themanagementofnuclear not taken, andwhatwas learned why certainactionswereor emerged indifferent countries, definitions oftheaccident eratore explains whydifferent ing fromChernobyl, Angela Lib- agement ofUncertainty:Learn- from Chernobyl?In The Man- what -ifanything -was learned different ways totheevent? And different countriesrespondin unforeseeable -risk. Why did unprecedented -thoughnot 1986 confrontedEuropewithan IThe Chernobyldisasterof April authors andnotthoseoftheInstitute. reflect theopinionsofindividual Views expressed inarticlespublished Berlin &mibGMbH mationsdienst desLandes Presse-undInfor- Page 46,© deutscher VerlagGmbH; Unkel- BilderdienstSüd- Copyright Rainer Page 7,© Photographs: Weston Alexandre Stutzmann; Alison Martin Rhodes; Risse; Thomas Previti Allaire; Fabián Pereyra; Catherine Palayret; LuisaPasserini; na Nordera;Jean-Marie Rommel; Serge Noiret;Mari- Müller; FerdinandMüller- Massimo Motta;Johannes A. Mény; RuthMeyer-Belardini; Höfert; LaraineLaudati; Yves Geppert; David Gilgen; Almut Elena Gennari; Alexander C.T. Yepes; KathinkaEspaña; Colin Crouch;CésardePrado Brouwer; Hervé Bribosia; tolini; Tanja A. Börzel;Imco ValérieBar- Stefano Amiraux; Contributors: Danny BurnsandPaolo Romoli Design: Schwab; Antonio ZanardiLandi ni; GianfrancoPoggi;Brigitte Andreas Frijdal;LuisaPasseri- Editors: European University Institute I-50016 SanDomenico,Italy [email protected] Translations byIainFraser Fax +39•0554685636 EUI Review Via deiRoccettini,9 An initiative ofthe in December1999 Printed attheEUI http//www.iue.it/ dtr’Note Editors’ e-mail: Jens Steffek; 68