The Effects of Familismo Values on Suicidal Ideation, Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness
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Perceived Discrepancies in Family Behavior within Latina/o Emerging Adults: The Effects of Familismo Values on Suicidal Ideation, Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness by Alexis Arevalo, M.A. A Dissertation In PSYCHOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Brandy Piña-Watson, Ph.D. Chair of Committee Kelly Cukrowicz, Ph.D. Andrew Littlefield, Ph.D. Steven Richards, Ph.D. Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School August 2019 Copyright 2019, Alexis Arevalo Texas Tech University, Alexis Arevalo, August 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................vi I. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................1 II. METHOD ........................................................................................................24 Participants ....................................................................................................24 Measures ........................................................................................................25 Procedures .....................................................................................................37 III. RESULTS ......................................................................................................41 Assumptions of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) .............................43 Data Analysis .................................................................................................44 Hypothesized/Structural Models .................................................................46 Ancillary Analyses ........................................................................................53 Equivalent and near-equivalent models .....................................................57 IV. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................83 Implications ...................................................................................................98 Future Directions ........................................................................................100 Limitations ..................................................................................................103 Conclusion ...................................................................................................106 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................108 APPENDICES A. EXTENDED LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................138 ii Texas Tech University, Alexis Arevalo, August 2019 B. INFORMATION SHEETS .........................................................................185 C. DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONNAIRE .....................................................188 D. THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SUICIDE IDEATION INVENTORY ...............................................................................................190 E. THE INTERPERSONAL NEEDS QUESTIONNAIRE ..........................191 F. FAMILISM SCALE ....................................................................................192 G. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALE OF PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT ....................................................................................................193 H. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP MEASURE ..................................................194 I. COLLECTIVE SELF-ESTEEM SCALE .................................................195 J. AUCKLANG INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM SCALE ......196 K. CENTER FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES DEPRESSION SCALE .........................................................................................................197 L. DEBRIEFING STATEMENTS ................................................................198 iii Texas Tech University, Alexis Arevalo, August 2019 ABSTRACT Studies have found no difference in suicidal ideation or suicide attempts in Latina/o young adults compared to other ethnic groups. One way to address this major public health issue is to prevent the manifestation of suicidal ideation in emerging Latina/o adults before they lead to suicidal behaviors and death, which may be done by reducing suicidal ideation through the use of family-centered cultural values (familismo) and the family environment. This study examined five moderation models on Latina/o emerging adults: four examined the interaction between familial beliefs and their family context counterpart (i.e., Latinas/os experienced family interaction or perceived behaviors) on suicidal ideation, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, and the other which tested the interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior on Latina/o emerging adults. Results found two statistically significant moderation. One suggested that individuals were less at risk to feel like a burden to others if they believed they positively contributed to their family, and this negative relationship was strengthened the more individuals held high expectations about how family members, including themselves, should behave to maintain the family integrity. The other, suggested that individuals were more likely to believe they were a burden to others the more they attempted to maintain family accord by avoiding confrontation, and this relationship was strengthened the more individuals had beliefs around prioritizing the family’s needs before one’s own. Results suggest that family environment, perceived behaviors, and perceived burdensomeness may be factors that directly influence suicide-related factors and are not impacted by familial beliefs. However, alternative models were also explored. Implications on these findings are discussed as are limitations and future research directions. iv Texas Tech University, Alexis Arevalo, August 2019 LIST OF TABLES 1. Demographics ...........................................................................................65 2. Estimated Correlation Matrix and Descriptive Statistics for Variables used in Primary Analyses .........................................................................68 3. Estimated Covariance Matrix for the Latent Variables and Suicidal Ideation (count) .........................................................................................69 4. Interaction between Perceived Family Support and Perceived Family Support Belief on Suicidal Ideation (Without Depression as a Covariate) .................................................................................................70 5. Interaction between Perceived Family Cohesion and Family Interconnectedness Belief on Thwarted Belongingness (Without Depression as a Covariate) .......................................................................71 6. Interaction between Perceived Family Membership and Family Honor Belief on Perceived Burdensomeness (Without Depression as a Covariate) ..........................................................................................72 7. Interaction between Perceived Family Harmony and Subjugation of Self Belief on Perceived Burdensomeness (Without Depression as a Covariate) .................................................................................................73 8. Interaction between Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness on Suicidal Ideation (Without Depression as a Covariate) .................................................................................................74 v Texas Tech University, Alexis Arevalo, August 2019 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Hypothesized effects between cultural beliefs and a discrepant context ....9 2. Hypothesized results for beliefs on family support as a moderator on the relationship between perceived family support and no endorsement of suicidal ideation (Logistic Regression Component) .............................20 3. Hypothesized results for beliefs on family support as a moderator on the relationship between perceived family support and suicidal ideation (Poisson/Negative Binomial Regression Component) .............................20 4. Hypothesized results for beliefs on family interconnectedness as a moderator on the relationship between family cohesion and thwarted belongingness ...........................................................................................21 5. Hypothesized results for beliefs on family honor as a moderator on the relationship between family membership esteem and perceived burdensomeness.........................................................................................21 6. Hypothesized results for beliefs on subjugation of self as a moderator on the relationship between family harmony and perceived burdensomeness ........................................................................................22 7. Hypothesized results for thwarted belongingness as a moderator on the relationship between perceived burdensomeness and no endorsement of suicidal ideation (Logistic Regression Component) .............................22 8. Hypothesized results for thwarted belongingness as a moderator on the relationship between perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation (Poisson/Negative Binomial Regression Component) ..............................23