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Representations of the Virgin Mary on Irish High Crosses: Icons, Narratives and Symbols of Power

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Representations of the Virgin Mary on Irish High Crosses: Icons, Narratives and Symbols of Power Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title Representations of the Virgin Mary on Irish High Crosses: Icons, Narratives and Symbols of Power Author(s) Humphrey, Hayley Publication Date 2011-09-29 Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/2943 Downloaded 2021-09-28T11:07:25Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. Representations of the Virgin Mary on Irish High Crosses: Icons, Narratives and Symbols of Power Hayley Humphrey Supervised by Professor Dáibhí Ó Cróinín College of Arts, Social Sciences and Celtic Studies School of Humanities Department of History National University of Ireland, Galway September 2011 Table of Contents List of Illustrations ......................................................................................................................................... i Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Static Statements: Iconic depictions of the Virgin and Child ............................................... 21 Chapter Two: John the Forerunner: Infancy narratives before Christ ......................................................... 41 Chapter Three: The Birth of Christ: Identifying the Infancy of Christ Cycle ............................................. 63 Chapter Four: Dynamic Commentary: Typological shifts in the midst of iconoclasm .................................. The First Period of Iconoclasm (AD 726-87) ............................................................................... 83 The Second Period of Iconoclasm (AD 815-42) .......................................................................... 98 Chapter Five: Irish Infancy Narratives: Power, Primacy and the Patricians ................................................... Ireland during the First Period of Iconoclasm (AD 726-87) ....................................................... 117 Ireland during the Second Period of Iconoclasm (AD 815-42) .................................................. 123 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 142 Illustrations ................................................................................................................................................ 156 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 193 Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my advisor, Professor Dáibhí Ó Cróinín, for his enthusiastic guidance, which made this research so enjoyable. This dissertation would not have been possible without his support. I am also very grateful to the College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences for funding my studies by means of an NUI Galway Doctoral Research Fellowship. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Royal Irish Academy, and particularly to Anthony Harvey and Franz Fischer, for the opportunity to work on the Saint Patrick’s Confessio project during the first year of my research. Many thanks to my mentors, who have inspired me so much over the course of my studies, and who have taken the time to discuss my research with me, especially: Peter Harbison, Dan McCarthy, Hilary Richardson, and Heather King. Finally, endless thanks go to my parents, James and Cynthia, and to my sisters and best friends, Heather and Honor, for all of their support over the years. List of Abbreviations AI Annals of Inisfallen ATig Annals of Tigernach AU Annals of Ulster AFM Annals of the Four Masters BAR British Archaeological Reports HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office JRSAI Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland PRIA Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Hayley Humphrey List of Illustrations Figure 1. Saint Martin’s cross, Iona. Photo reproduced from Jane Hawkes, ‘Columban Virgins: iconic images of the Virgin and Child in insular sculpture’. In Studies in the cult of Saint Columba, ed. by Cormac Bourke. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1997 2. Saint Oran’s cross, Iona. Photo reproduced from Jane Hawkes, ‘Columban Virgins: iconic images of the Virgin and Child in insular sculpture’. In Studies in the cult of Saint Columba, ed. by Cormac Bourke. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1997 3. High cross, Kildalton, Islay. Photo reproduced from Jane Hawkes, ‘Columban Virgins: iconic images of the Virgin and Child in insular sculpture’. In Studies in the cult of Saint Columba, ed. by Cormac Bourke. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1997 4. Book of Kells, fol. 7v. Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 811. 5. Cuthbert’s Coffin, Virgin and Child. Drawing reproduced from Ernst Kitzinger, Studies in late antique Byzantine and medieval western art, Vol. 2. London: The Pindar Press, 2003. 6. Drumcliff, Co. Sligo. South arm. Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 810. 7. Carndonagh pillar, Co. Donegal. Drawing reproduced from Dorothy Kelly, ‘The Virgin and Child in Irish sculpture’. In From the isles of the north: early medieval art in Ireland and Britain. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Insular Art held in the Ulster Museum, Belfast, 7-11 April 1994, ed. by Cormac Bourke, 197-204. Belfast: HMSO, 1995. 8. Durrow, Co. Offaly. North side. Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 784. 9. Saint Gall Gospels, Last Judgment page. Stiftsbibliothek, MS. 51. Photo reproduced from Françoise Henry, Irish art in the early Christian period (to 800 AD). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1965. Pl. M. 10. Tall or West cross. Monasterboice, Co. Louth. South side. Hayley Humphrey Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 785. 11. Drumcliff, Co. Sligo. West face. Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 817. 12. Drumcliff, Co. Sligo. West face. Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 783. 13. Boho, Co. Fermanagh. West face. Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 782. 14. Durrow, Co. Offaly. North side. Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 784. 15. Ivory book-cover, Genoels-Elderen. Photo reproduced from Gertrud Schiller, Iconography of Christian art, 1. London: Lund Humphries Publishers Limited, 1971. Fig. 75. 16. Ivory relief, Milan or Reichenau. Photo reproduced from Gertrud Schiller, Iconography of Christian art, 1. London: Lund Humphries Publishers Limited, 1971. Fig. 130. 17. Market Cross. Kells, Co. Meath. East side. Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 864. 18. Killamery, Co. Kilkennry. North arm. Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 789. 19. Kilree, Co. Kilkenny. South arm. Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 790. 20. Cross of the Scriptures. Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly. South face. ii Hayley Humphrey Photo reproduced from Peter Harbison, The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and photographic survey. 3 vols. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien, 17, 1. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt, 1992. Vol. 3, fig. 862. 21. Ardane, Co. Tipperary.
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