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Fungal Endophytes in Plants Fungal Endophytes in Plants Edited by Gary A. Strobel Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in JoF www.mdpi.com/journal/jof Fungal Endophytes in Plants Fungal Endophytes in Plants Special Issue Editor Gary A. Strobel MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Gary A. Strobel Montana State University USA Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Journal of Fungi (ISSN 2309-608X) in 2018 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/jof/special issues/fungal endophytes) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-246-4 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-247-1 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Gary Strobel Special Issue: Fungal Endophytes in Plants Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 104, doi: 10.3390/jof4030104 ..................... 1 Tyler Maxwell, Richard G. Blair, Yuemin Wang, Andrew H. Kettring, Sean D. Moore, Matthew Rex and James K. Harper A Solvent-Free Approach for Converting Cellulose Waste into Volatile Organic Compounds with Endophytic Fungi Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 102, doi: 10.3390/jof4030102 ..................... 3 Jo¨el E. T. Ateba, Rufin M. K. Toghueo, Angelbert F. Awantu, Brice M. Mba’ning, Sebastian Gohlke, Dinkar Sahal, Edson Rodrigues-Filho, Etienne Tsamo, Fabrice F. Boyom, Norbert Sewald and Bruno N. Lenta Antiplasmodial Properties and Cytotoxicity of Endophytic Fungi from Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 70, doi: 10.3390/jof4020070 ..................... 18 Yuemin Wang and James K. Harper Restoring Waning Production of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Endophytic Fungus Hypoxylon sp. (BS15) Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 69, doi: 10.3390/jof4020069 ..................... 27 Dong-Hui Yan, Xiaoyu Song, Hongchang Li, Tushou Luo, Guiming Dou and Gary Strobel Antifungal Activities of Volatile Secondary Metabolites of Four Diaporthe Strains Isolated from Catharanthus roseus Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 65, doi: 10.3390/jof4020065 ..................... 39 Yu-Ling Huang, Naupaka B. Zimmerman and A. Elizabeth Arnold Observations on the Early Establishment of Foliar Endophytic Fungi in Leaf Discs and Living Leaves of a Model Woody Angiosperm, Populus trichocarpa (Salicaceae) Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 58, doi: 10.3390/jof4020058 ..................... 55 Andreea Cosoveanu, Samuel Rodriguez Sabina and Raimundo Cabrera Fungi as Endophytes in Artemisia thuscula: Juxtaposed Elements of Diversity and Phylogeny Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 17, doi: 10.3390/jof4010017 ..................... 70 Sunil K. Deshmukh, Manish K. Gupta, Ved Prakash and M. Sudhakara Reddy Mangrove-Associated Fungi: A Novel Source of Potential Anticancer Compounds Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 101, doi: 10.3390/jof4030101 ..................... 91 Sunil K. Deshmukh, Manish K. Gupta, Ved Prakash and Sanjai Saxena Endophytic Fungi: A Source of Potential Antifungal Compounds Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 77, doi: 10.3390/jof4030077 .....................130 Andreea Cosoveanu and Raimundo Cabrera Endophytic Fungi in Species of Artemisia Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 53, doi: 10.3390/jof4020053 .....................172 v Eyob Chukalo Chutulo and Raju Krishna Chalannavar Endophytic Mycoflora and Their Bioactive Compounds from Azadirachta Indica: A Comprehensive Review Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 42, doi: 10.3390/jof4020042 .....................190 Brian R. Murphy, Fiona M. Doohan and Trevor R. Hodkinson From Concept to Commerce: Developing a Successful Fungal Endophyte Inoculant for Agricultural Crops Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 24, doi: 10.3390/jof4010024 .....................202 Gary Strobel The Emergence of Endophytic Microbes and Their Biological Promise Reprinted from: J. Fungi 2018, 4, 57, doi: 10.3390/jof4020057 .....................213 vi About the Special Issue Editor Gary A. Strobel was born and raised in Massillon, Ohio. He completed a B.S. degree at Colorado State University in 1960, and a PhD at the University of California, Davis in 1963. Since that time, he has been on the faculty of Montana State University. His research and academic interests have centered on microbe–higher plant relationships. More recently, he has begun to examine endophytic fungi and bacteria for their novel bioactive compounds and their unique biology. He has lectured at over 400 institutes and universities worldwide. Moreover, he has published over 360 articles in scientific journals and holds over 50 USA and international patents. He has received numerous awards including an NIH Career Development Award, the Wiley Award, Special Recognition from the Royal Nepal Chemical Society, and the MSU-VP Award for Technology and Science. He is an elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and was elected as a full fellow of the Explorer’s Club of the World. Also, he has been awarded a senior BARD fellowship from the government of Israel and a senior CSIRO fellowship from the Australian Government. From 1979 to 2000 he was chief of the Montana NSF EPSCOR program, which encourages and promotes science at all levels of society. In 2012 he was presented the E.O Wilson award for his work on endophyte biodiversity. He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Inventors in 2014 and was presented with the Lowell Thomas Award in 2015 by the Explorer’s Club of the World. vii Journal of Fungi Editorial Special Issue: Fungal Endophytes in Plants Gary Strobel Montana State University, Dept of Plant Sciences, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; [email protected] Received: 24 August 2018; Accepted: 28 August 2018; Published: 1 September 2018 Once in a while scientific developments occur that represents a complete shift in the paradigm of a scientific discipline. The emerging field of endophyte biology is an example of this phenomenon. One hundred years ago the search was on to describe the pathology and causal agent of every plant disease on the planet. Every microbe associated with a plant was suspect. Those not having a pathological etiology were discarded as uninteresting and not worthy of attention. By the mid-twentieth century some investigators began to systematically isolate, describe and name the non- pathogens of plants and they were designated as endophytes if they were found in the living tissues of the plants. Soon it was learned that some of these organisms associated with certain grasses were the cause of abortions and death in livestock. The name endophyte took on a whole new meaning as an unwanted biological case. With the advent of the discovery of certain endophytes making the drug-taxol there was another shift in the thinking and potential importance of these microorganisms. The field of endophyte biology took on a whole new persona. Soon it was realized that there are literally thousands of endophytes making hundreds of compounds that may have uses in industry, medicine and agriculture. Further studies have revealed that plants have a microbiome just as humans and other animal species and that this assemblage of microbes has an important role in the ultimate health and survival of plant species. We are just now putting resources and time into the study and ultimate utilization of these microbes to the benefit of mankind. Some endophytes seem to provide protection to the plant from other microbes, insects and herbivores, others promote growth while others are known that allow the plant to withstand environmental stresses such as heat and drought. The microbiome of plants mainly represents fungi but bacterial species also occur with some regularity. My career began as a student of forestry at Colorado State University in the mid-1950s. I soon learned that this discipline was not organized to address the fundamental questions of science so I became a botany major with a minor in chemistry. Eventually, I went on the UC-Davis in California for a PhD in plant pathology. Again, I felt that chemistry, biological chemistry and microbiology held the answers to the future of plant biology. I became an assistant professor of plant pathology at Montana State University in 1963. I focused on questions relating to the fundamental aspects of plant disease physiology and biochemistry. Phytotoxins, plant receptors and other major topics concerning the biochemistry of plant disease were the targets of my time and energies. In the early 90s we successfully isolated and characterized taxol from a novel endophytic fungus associated with a pacific yew tree growing in Northern Montana. Soon we began to examine endophytes from forests all over the planet. Those trips took us to some of the most beautiful, enchanting, and challenging places and those experiences have left an indelible mark on my memory. By now some of these discoveries have found their way into the real world such as the use of Muscodor albus as a soil treatment as a replacement for the use of methyl bromide. This endophytic organism has been approved by the US-EPA and is now on the market. Furthermore, the volatile antimicrobial compounds of other Muscodor isolates will soon appear in the marketplace. It has been an honor to me to have been asked to serve as the editor of this special volume on endophytes. It caps a long career dedicated to an understanding of how microbes associate with plants and how we can utilize this information to improve crop production as well as our own lives.
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