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THE MARTIAL ETHIC in EARLY MODERN GERMANY Civic Duty and the Right of Arms Richard W Early Modern History: Society and Culture General Editors: Rab Houston, Professor of Early Modern History, University of St Andrews, Scotland and Edward Muir, Professor of History, Northwestern University, Illinois This series encompasses all aspects of early modern international history from 1400 to c.1800. The editors seek fresh and adventurous monographs, especially those with a comparative and theoretical approach, from both new and estab- lished scholars. Titles include: Robert C. Davis CHRISTIAN SLAVES, MUSLIM MASTERS White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 Rudolf Dekker CHILDHOOD, MEMORY AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN HOLLAND From the Golden Age to Romanticism Caroline Dodds Pennock BONDS OF BLOOD Gender, Lifecycle and Sacrifi ce in Aztec Culture Steve Hindle THE STATE AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND, 1550–1640 Katharine Hodgkin MADNESS IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY AUTOBIOGRAPHY Craig M. Koslofsky THE REFORMATION OF THE DEAD Death and Ritual in Early Modern Germany, 1450–1700 Beat Kümin DRINKING MATTERS Public Houses and Social Exchange in Early Modern Central Europe John Jeffries Martin MYTHS OF RENAISSANCE INDIVIDUALISM A. Lynn Martin ALCOHOL, SEX AND GENDER IN LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN EUROPE Laura J. McGough GENDER, SEXUALITY AND SYPHILIS IN EARLY MODERN VENICE The Disease that Came to Stay Samantha A. Meigs THE REFORMATIONS IN IRELAND Tradition and Confessionalism, 1400–1690 Craig Muldrew THE ECONOMY OF OBLIGATION The Culture of Credit and Social Relations in Early Modern England 9780230576568_01_prexvi.indd i 2/28/2011 9:22:55 PM Niall Ó Ciosáin PRINT AND POPULAR CULTURE IN IRELAND, 1750–1850 H. Eric R. Olsen THE CALABRIAN CHARLATAN, 1598–1603 Messianic Nationalism in Early Modern Europe Thomas Max Safl ey MATHEUS MILLER’S MEMOIR A Merchant’s Life in the Seventeenth Century Clodagh Tait DEATH, BURIAL AND COMMEMORATION IN IRELAND, 1550–1650 B. Ann Tlusty THE MARTIAL ETHIC IN EARLY MODERN GERMANY Civic Duty and the Right of Arms Richard W. Unger SHIPS ON MAPS Pictures of Power in Renaissance Europe Johan Verberckmoes LAUGHTER, JESTBOOKS AND SOCIETY IN THE SPANISH NETHERLANDS Claire Walker GENDER AND POLITICS IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE English Convents in France and the Low Countries Johannes. C. Wolfart RELIGION, GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CULTURE IN EARLY MODERN GERMANY Lindau, 1520–1628 Forthcoming titles: Caroline Dodds LIVING WITH SACRIFICE Early Modern History: Society and Culture Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–333–71194–1 (Hardback) 978–0–333–880320–2 (Paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a stand- ing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of diffi culty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England 9780230576568_01_prexvi.indd ii 2/28/2011 9:22:55 PM The Martial Ethic in Early Modern Germany Civic Duty and the Right of Arms B. Ann Tlusty Professor and Chair of History, Bucknell University, Pennsylvania, USA 9780230576568_01_prexvi.indd iii 2/28/2011 9:22:55 PM © B. Ann Tlusty 2011 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–0–230–57656–8 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tlusty, B. Ann, 1954– The martial ethic in early modern Germany : civic duty and the right of arms / B. Ann Tlusty. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–230–57656–8 (hardback) 1. Military ethics—Germany—History. 2. Military socialization—Germany— History. 3. Masculinity—Social aspects—Germany—History. 4. Men— Germany—Attitudes—History. 5. Germany—Militia—History. 6. Germany—History, Military. I. Title. U22.T58 2011 306.2'7094309031—dc22 2011004351 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne 9780230576568_01_prexvi.indd iv 2/28/2011 9:22:56 PM For Helmut 9780230576568_01_prexvi.indd v 2/28/2011 9:22:56 PM This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures and Tables x Acknowledgments xii List of Abbreviations xiv Introduction 1 Armed households 3 The view from the street 5 A culture of weapons 8 1 Keeping the Peace: Household, Citizenship, and Defense 11 Civic obligations 15 The social structure of civic defense 21 Weapons and civic representation 27 Defense systems 31 Military defense and firefighting 32 Police functions 34 Ceremonial duties 35 The night watch 36 The urban soundscape 40 Conclusion 44 2 Duty and Disorder 46 Disinterested citizens and disorderly guards 48 The question of loyalty 50 Guards versus off-duty citizens 53 Conclusion 54 3 Negotiating Armed Power: The Control of Arms and Violence 56 The sanctity of the household 58 Peaceful spaces 60 The open streets 61 Controlling violence 63 Personal injury and manslaughter 68 The weapons ban 70 Guns in the city 76 Gun control in the countryside: The case of Württemberg 81 Conclusion 87 vii 9780230576568_01_prexvi.indd vii 2/28/2011 9:22:56 PM viii Contents 4 The Age of the Sword: Norms of Honor and Fashion 89 The military code of honor 91 The rules of fair play 95 Escalation 102 The formal duel 105 Dueling laws and legal practice 110 Swordplay and the “Good Death” 116 Fashion and the age of the sword 124 Conclusion 130 5 Keeping and Bearing Arms: Norms of Status and Gender 133 Keeping arms: Household arsenals 134 Resort to arms: Gendered patterns 145 Citizens, soldiers, and peasants 158 Conclusion 162 6 In and Out of the Commune: The Social Boundaries of Citizenship 166 Student culture and town–gown relations 167 Peasants 171 “Are you Jews or Landsknechts?” 175 The Catholic clergy 185 Conclusion 188 7 Martial Sports and the Technological Challenge 189 Shooting societies and shooting matches 191 The rise of shooting as a sport 191 Discipline and safety at shooting matches 196 The rules of fair play and reciprocation 197 Technological shifts and good sportsmanship 199 Social and gender identity 200 Military readiness 204 The politics of sport 206 Decline and privatization 209 Sword-fighting 210 Sword dancing 217 Conclusion 221 8 Communities in Conflict: Competing Jurisdictions in the Empire 223 Case study I: Town and country, law and custom: Local defense in a divided village 224 The backstory and the players 224 Fall, 1578 226 9780230576568_01_prexvi.indd viii 2/28/2011 9:22:56 PM Contents ix The aftermath 228 The triumph of custom 231 Case study II: The Swedish rogue and the captain of the guard 232 The backstory and the players 232 Spring, 1633 234 Legal and customary boundaries 237 The aftermath 242 Conclusion 243 9 Citizens versus the State: Household, Community, and Urban Politics 245 A culture of fear 247 Masculine gossip 251 Citizens confront the city 258 Diffusing tension 262 Conclusion 264 10 Conclusion 265 Gender and hierarchy 267 Military theory and the decline of the militia 269 The German example and its context 272 Notes 277 Bibliography 329 Index 358 9780230576568_01_prexvi.indd ix 2/28/2011 9:22:56 PM List of Figures and Tables Figures 4.1 Wound Man. Johan von Parisiis, Eyn new WundArtznei, Title Page. Strasbourg, c. 1550. By permission of the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel 101 5.1 Pike-and-Shot formation from Leonhart Fronsberger, Kriegßbuch Ander Theyl, 1573, between fol. 63 and 64. By permission of the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel 136 5.2 True Contrafactum about a Brunswick Maiden named Gesche Meiburg. Augsburg, after 1615. HAB 36.13 Aug.2, fol. 885. By permission of the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel 147 5.3 Journeyman and apprentice, c. 1600. Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Inv. HB 2013,4 Kapsel 1056c. By permission of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum 155 5.4 Hans Holbein the Younger, Battle scene (detail), c. 1530, Inv. 17243. By permission of the Albertina Museum, Vienna 163 6.1 Sebald Beham, Large Kermis (detail), 1535. By permission of the Ashmolean Museum 172 6.2 Craftsman and Peasant, c. 1600. Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Inv. HB 2013,2 Kapsel 1056c. By permission of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum 173 7.1 Peter Opel, Shooting Match Festivities, c. 1586, BSB- Hss Cod.icon. 399a. By permission of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek 193 7.2 Pritschenmeister and Shooting Stand, Zürich, fifteenth century.
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