DOCSLIB.ORG

Quirini: an Account of Germany in 1507

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Quirini: An account of Germany in 1507 [extract] From: James Harvey Robinson Readings in European History, The Athenaeum Press, Boston , 1906 SINCE, most serene prince [namely, the doge], and most sage and weighty council, all the discord which is now to be observed among Christian peoples appears to be due to the most serene king of the Romans [namely, Maximilian] and to the Empire, it seemed to me my duty to report to your excellencies concerning affairs in Germany with such fullness as to enable you in the present emergencies and in those which you will have to face from, let us say, to-day the better to reach your wise decisions. First, to proceed in an orderly fashion, I will endeavor to narrate all that I have been able to learn of the extent of that country, its government and resources of his Majesty the emperor, and the relations which have existed and now exist between him and the princes and estates of the Empire, and between him and the Swiss; lastly, of the disposition of the Empire and the king toward this republic and the rest of the Christian rulers, and what his Majesty may be able to accomplish at this juncture. Enumeration of the chief German princes This country of Germany is large and populous, full of principalities, towns, cities, burgs, and castles. … Among the temporal rulers there are two kings, about thirty dukes and an archduke, four landgraves, and a great number of counts. The ecclesiastical princes Of those in Germany who are at once spiritual and temporal princes, there are five archbishops -Mayence, Cologne, Treves, Mechlenburg, and Salzburg- and about twenty-five bishops. Of these latter, the chief are Wurzburg, Bamberg, Strasburg, , Augsburg, Freising, Eichstadt, Liege, Constance, and Trent. Beside these, there are twenty abbots, five masters of religious orders, and priors,- all princes of the Empire, who combine spiritual and temporal powers like the bishops. The free towns Besides the above-mentioned principalities there are in Germany about a hundred free towns, on which twenty-eight belong to the Swabian League, sixty-two to the great league of Dantzig and Lubeck [namely, the Hanseatic League],while the rest lie in the region of the Rhine. The principal members of the great league are Danzig, Stolp, Colberg, Lubeck, Limburg, Hamburg, and Stade; of the Swabian League, Nuremberg, Augsburg, Ulm, Memmingen, and Strasburg. The chief of the Rhine district are Cologne, Speyer, Worms, Frankfort, and Constance. And this ends what I have to say about the size of Germany. Limited power The authority over the Empire vested in the emperor, or king of the Romans,, goes no further than the laws and justice permit, and he cannot despotically force the princes and free towns to obey any particular desire of his unless he first convoke all the Empire to diet. How the diet is summoned The king of the Romans, or emperor, who proposes in the interest of the Empire to have a careful deliberation, sends a summons to each prince, whether ecclesiastical or secular, and to each of the free towns, that they should all within two months, or three, or whatever time may seem good to him, come together in a certain place, either in person or through representatives or substitutes, on business of importance to the Empire. And all those who are summoned are obliged to come within the limit set; and if they do not come, they incur whatever penalty the king shall impose upon them; and if they do not pay the penalty, they may be excommunicated by the emperor, just as one is excommunicated by the pope. In this case it is free to all to rob and kill the person excommunicated. For this reason every one takes care to come to the diet or send a representative, and not to disobey the emperor in any matter in which, with the consent of the Empire, he may command. Method of procedure in the diet When all the princes and representatives have presented themselves, either in person or through their substitutes, the diet opens. The king, or emperor, declares the object and cause for the calling of the diet; he then submits a proposal; the princes remain in consultation some days and then make their answer. This the king accepts, and makes another proposition (“interim,” as it is called), and so business proceeds, the diet either taking action or postponing its decision to another time. In this way two and sometimes three months pass. Disputes adjusted by the diet But the princes or their representatives do not spend all their time in deliberating upon the matters for which the diet was summoned, but settle as well a thousand controversies between prince and prince, between free towns and princes, and between one town and another; they make, moreover, divers provisions according as necessity demands. The method of voting by orders, not by individuals [p. 34] In reaching decisions on important matters the diet is wont to have but three votes, or ballots: one is cast by the electors, the second by the princes, and the third by the representatives of the free towns. […] When the diet is about to come to an end, these three votes are compared, and the decision sanctioned by two of them is regarded as conclusive and established; and each prince of the empire whether present or absent, and similarly every free town, is obliged to obey that which the diet decides, under heavy penalties, both as to furnishing money and sending troops in the manner prescribed. Execution of the diet’s decrees The king, or emperor, has full authority, as soon as the diet has dissolved, to order every one to obey its decisions. If, nevertheless, some one ventures to disobey, the whole Empire, in order not to see its commands disregarded, always turns upon the offender, as happened in recent years in the case of the count palatine, who, for his refusal to accede to what was determined upon at the diet of Augsburg, which was especially concerned with the heritage of Duke George of Bavaria, roused the anger of the king and the whole Empire against him, and in a brief space of time was destroyed. For this reason all the princes and free towns are careful to follow the decisions of the diets, nor do they venture to contravene in any way what has been established. Decisions of the diet cannot be changed except by another diet similar to that which first ratified them..
Recommended publications
  • 6 X 10.5 Three Line Title.P65

    6 X 10.5 Three Line Title.P65

    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76020-1 - The Negotiated Reformation: Imperial Cities and the Politics of Urban Reform, 1525-1550 Christopher W. Close Index More information Index Aalen, 26n20 consultation with Donauworth,¨ 37, Abray, Lorna Jane, 6 111–114, 116–119, 135–139, Aitinger, Sebastian, 75n71 211–214, 228, 254 Alber, Matthaus,¨ 54, 54n120, 54n123 consultation with Kaufbeuren, 41, 149, Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz, 255 157–159, 174–176, 214, 250, 254 Altenbaindt, 188n33 consultation with Kempten, 167–168, Anabaptist Mandate, 156n42 249 Anabaptists, 143, 151, 153, 155 consultation with Memmingen, 32, 50, association with spiritualism, 156 51n109, 58, 167–168, 175 in Augsburg, 147, 148n12, 149, consultation with Nuremberg, 65, 68, 149n18 102, 104–108, 212–214, 250, 251 in Kaufbeuren, 17, 146–150, 148n13, consultation with Strasbourg, 95, 102, 154, 158, 161, 163, 167, 170, 214, 104–106, 251 232, 250, 253 consultation with Ulm, 33, 65, 68, in Munster,¨ 150, 161 73–76, 102, 104–108, 167, 189, Augsburg, 2, 11–12, 17, 23, 27, 38, 42, 192–193, 195–196, 204–205, 208, 45–46, 90, 95, 98, 151, 257 211–214, 250, 254 abolition of the Mass, 69, 101, controversy over Mathias Espenmuller,¨ 226n63 174–177, 250 admission to Schmalkaldic League, 71, economic influence in Burgau, 184 73–76 end of reform in Mindelaltheim, alliance with Donauworth,¨ 139–143, 203–208 163, 213, 220 Eucharistic practice, 121 Anabaptist community, 147, 149 fear of invasion, 77, 103n80 April 1545 delegation to Kaufbeuren, Four Cities’ delegation, 144–146, 160–167 167–172,
  • The German Princes' Responses to the Peasants' Revolt of 1525

    The German Princes' Responses to the Peasants' Revolt of 1525

    Central European History 40 (2007), 219–240. Copyright # Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association DOI: 10.1017/S0008938907000520 Printed in the USA The German Princes’ Responses to the Peasants’ Revolt of 1525 Thomas F. Sea HE German Peasants’ Revolt of 1525 represented an unprecedented challenge to the princes and other petty political rulers of the areas involved. While localized uprisings had occurred with increasing fre- T 1 quency in the decades prior to the 1525 revolt and an uneasy awareness of growing levels of peasant discontent was widespread among most rulers of southern and central German lands, the extent of the major rebellion that devel- oped in early 1525 took everyone by surprise. No one was prepared to respond, either militarily or through more peaceful means. Even the Swabian League, the peacekeeping alliance of Imperial princes, prelates, nobility, and cities that even- tually assumed primary responsibility for suppressing the revolt, did little to mobilize its resources for almost six months after the first appeals for help from its members against disobedient subjects reached it.2 When the League did mobilize, its decision created further problems for League members, since most sent their required contingents to the League’s forces only to discover that they needed the troops badly themselves once the revolt spread to their own lands. Since the Council of the Swabian League adamantly refused to return any members’ troops because this would hinder the League’s own ability to suppress the peasant disorders, many members found themselves vir- tually defenseless against the rebels.
  • District Attorney's Office of the Augsburg State Court Presents the Following Information Against the Defendants: 4

    District Attorney's Office of the Augsburg State Court Presents the Following Information Against the Defendants: 4

    CNS translation by Ralph Westbrooke. Pagination preserved from original document. District Attorney's Office of the Augsburg District Court Case Number: 501 Js 20894/90 /F1 Bill of Indictment in the case against 1. Eyerle Anton born 26 August, 1923 in Kaufbeuren, occupation: salesman. Last known residence: Stettinger Strasse 14, 8950 Kaufbeuren; In custody in Landsberg Prison in connection with this case since 14 February, 1992 pursuant to an arrest warrant issued 3 February 1992 by the Augsburg District Court per the version of 6 May, 1992; Date set for the second hearing at the State Superior Court: 28 December 1992 Defense Counsel: Dr. Wolfgang Hammerla und Robert Chasklowicz, Attorneys-At-Law, with offices at Am Bleichanger 5, 8950 Kaufbeuren; Power of attorney: 3 September, 1990 (p. 36 Export Div.) 2 2. Dittel Walter born 31 March, 1926 in Tropau, occupation: technical managing director; citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany, Last known residence: Koenigsbergerstrasse 15, 851 Zellererg/Rieden. In custody since 14 February 1992 in Munich-Stadelheim Prison in connection with this case pursuant to an arrest warrant issued 3 February 1992 by the Augsburg District Court, version of 6 May, 1992: Second hearing by the State Superior Court scheduled for 28 December, 1992 Defense Counsel: Dr. Wolfgang Kreuzer and Klaus Peter Schneider, Attorneys-At-Law, with offices at Hesstrasse 90, 8000 Munich 40: Power of attorney: 20 February 1992 (p. 452 Export Div); Robert Hasl, Attorney-At-Law, Bayerstrasse 1, 8000 Munich 2: Power of attorney: 3 November, 1992 (p. 1205 Export Div); 3. Venkataramanan Subramaniam, a.k.a.
  • Summary of Family Membership and Gender by Club MBR0018 As of December, 2009 Club Fam

    Summary of Family Membership and Gender by Club MBR0018 As of December, 2009 Club Fam

    Summary of Family Membership and Gender by Club MBR0018 as of December, 2009 Club Fam. Unit Fam. Unit Club Ttl. Club Ttl. District Number Club Name HH's 1/2 Dues Females Male TOTAL District 111BS 21847 AUGSBURG 0 0 0 35 35 District 111BS 21848 AUGSBURG RAETIA 0 0 1 49 50 District 111BS 21849 BAD REICHENHALL 0 0 2 25 27 District 111BS 21850 BAD TOELZ 0 0 0 36 36 District 111BS 21851 BAD WORISHOFEN MINDELHEIM 0 0 0 43 43 District 111BS 21852 PRIEN AM CHIEMSEE 0 0 0 36 36 District 111BS 21853 FREISING 0 0 0 48 48 District 111BS 21854 FRIEDRICHSHAFEN 0 0 0 43 43 District 111BS 21855 FUESSEN ALLGAEU 0 0 1 33 34 District 111BS 21856 GARMISCH PARTENKIRCHEN 0 0 0 45 45 District 111BS 21857 MUENCHEN GRUENWALD 0 0 1 43 44 District 111BS 21858 INGOLSTADT 0 0 0 62 62 District 111BS 21859 MUENCHEN ISARTAL 0 0 1 27 28 District 111BS 21860 KAUFBEUREN 0 0 0 33 33 District 111BS 21861 KEMPTEN ALLGAEU 0 0 0 45 45 District 111BS 21862 LANDSBERG AM LECH 0 0 1 36 37 District 111BS 21863 LINDAU 0 0 2 33 35 District 111BS 21864 MEMMINGEN 0 0 0 57 57 District 111BS 21865 MITTELSCHWABEN 0 0 0 42 42 District 111BS 21866 MITTENWALD 0 0 0 31 31 District 111BS 21867 MUENCHEN 0 0 0 35 35 District 111BS 21868 MUENCHEN ARABELLAPARK 0 0 0 32 32 District 111BS 21869 MUENCHEN-ALT-SCHWABING 0 0 0 34 34 District 111BS 21870 MUENCHEN BAVARIA 0 0 0 31 31 District 111BS 21871 MUENCHEN SOLLN 0 0 0 29 29 District 111BS 21872 MUENCHEN NYMPHENBURG 0 0 0 32 32 District 111BS 21873 MUENCHEN RESIDENZ 0 0 0 22 22 District 111BS 21874 MUENCHEN WUERMTAL 0 0 0 31 31 District 111BS 21875
  • Empire of Prints. the Imperial City of Augsburg and the Printed Image In

    Empire of Prints. the Imperial City of Augsburg and the Printed Image In

    OPUS Augsburg 2016 Peter Stoll Empire of Prints The Imperial City of Augsburg and the Printed Image in the 17th and 18th Centuries1 Detail from the frontispiece to David Langenmantel’s Historie des Regiments in des Heil. Röm. Reichs Stadt Augspurg (Augsburg 1734); engraving by Jakob Andreas Friedrich: Augsburg city hall; on top of the cartouche the pine cone from the city’s coat of arms; to the right the eagle signifying the Holy Roman Empire. 1 This text, in a Spanish translation, first served as one of the introductory essays in an exhibition catalogue dealing with Augsburg prints as modellos for baroque paintings in Quito, Ecuador (‘El imperio del grabado: La ciudad imperial de Augsburgo y la imagen impresa en los siglos XVII y XVIII’, in: Almerindo E. Ojeda, Alfonso Ortiz Crespo [ed.]: De Augsburgo a Quito: fuentes grabadas del arte jesuita quiteño del siglo XVIII, Quito 2015, pp. 17-66). For the present purpose, all passages of the text which only made sense in the context of the exhibition have been removed. Nonetheless, the 18th century bias of the text as well as the selection of artists which come under closer scrutiny still reflect the origins of the essay. As it was meant to address not only art historians, but also a general interest readership, it contains much basic information about print- making and the cultural history of Augsburg. OPUS Augsburg 2016 / Stoll, Empire of Prints 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________ A very particular type of factory When in 2001 Johan Roger
  • Pilgrimage to Blessed Francis Xavier Seelos' Homeland

    Pilgrimage to Blessed Francis Xavier Seelos' Homeland

    ADDITIONAL INFORMATION INCLUDED IN YOUR VACATION PRICE: TOUR DIRECTOR-The services of a professional, multilingual Tour Director will be provided throughout. MEALS - 9 Breakfasts, 5 Dinners QUALITY HOTELS- Munich: Similar to Sheraton Arabellapark Fussen area – Similar to Hotel Hirsch Salzburg: Similar to NH Salzburg City Vienna: Similar to Hilton Vienna Please note: Hotels mentioned above are not being held. Properties listed are indicative only. While we will make every attempt to secure the named hotel, the group may be accommodated in one of our Globus standard hotels which may not be the same as mentioned. GROUND TRANSPORTATION - Motor coaches are fully air-conditioned everywhere while touring. No use of the motor coach other than as specified in the itinerary. AIRPORT TRANSFERS- One group airport transfer on arrival and departure. If passengers will be arriving at multiple different times throughout the day, additional transfer costs may apply. SIGHTSEEING - Sightseeing as outlined in the itinerary with inside visits (including admission charges) and special features shown in UPPER CASE in the tour description. Sightseeing with local guides where applicable. OTHER- Mass requested in Munich, Fussen, Salzburg and Vienna Price: $2,161.00 per person based on double occupancy. Estimated Air Rate and available upon request $ 1,348.00 PILGRIMAGE TO BLESSED per person Deposit $ 250.00 per person and Final Payment Due February 15, 2019. FRANCIS XAVIER SEELOS' Ask about insurance options and pre paying your gratuities. HOMELAND Interested in finding out more about this trip? Join us for our 10:30 am mass and information event on Sunday September 16, 2018. MAY 1 - MAY 11, 2019 Celebrate the 200th Anniversary of Father Seelos' birth with a pilgrimage through his homeland.
  • Infanticide in Early Modem Gennany: the Experience of Augsburg, Memmingen, Ulm, and Niirdlingen, 1500-1800

    Infanticide in Early Modem Gennany: the Experience of Augsburg, Memmingen, Ulm, and Niirdlingen, 1500-1800

    Infanticide in Early Modem Gennany: the experience of Augsburg, Memmingen, Ulm, and Niirdlingen, 1500-1800 Margaret Brannan Lewis Charlottesville, Virginia M.A., History, University of Virginia, 2008 B.A., History and Gennan, Furman University, 2006 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Virginia May, 2012 i Abstract Between 1500 and 1800, over 100 women and men were arrested for infanticide or abortion in the city of Augsburg in southern Germany. At least 100 more were arrested for the same crime in the three smaller cities of Ulm, Memmingen, and Nördlingen. Faced with harsh punishments as well as social stigma if found pregnant out of wedlock, many women in early modern Europe often saw abortion or infanticide as their only option. At the same time, town councils in these southern German cities increasingly considered it their responsibility to stop this threat to the godly community and to prosecute cases of infanticide or abortion and to punish (with death) those responsible. The story of young, unmarried serving maids committing infanticide to hide their shame is well-known, but does not fully encompass the entirety of how infanticide was perceived in the early modern world. This work argues that these cases must be understood in a larger cultural context in which violence toward children was a prevalent anxiety, apparent in popular printed literature and educated legal, medical, and religious discourse alike. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this anxiety was expressed in and reinforced by woodcuts featuring mass murders of families, deformed babies, and cannibalism of infants by witches and other dark creatures.
  • A Study of Early Anabaptism As Minority Religion in German Fiction

    A Study of Early Anabaptism As Minority Religion in German Fiction

    Heresy or Ideal Society? A Study of Early Anabaptism as Minority Religion in German Fiction DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ursula Berit Jany Graduate Program in Germanic Languages and Literatures The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Professor Barbara Becker-Cantarino, Advisor Professor Katra A. Byram Professor Anna Grotans Copyright by Ursula Berit Jany 2013 Abstract Anabaptism, a radical reform movement originating during the sixteenth-century European Reformation, sought to attain discipleship to Christ by a separation from the religious and worldly powers of early modern society. In my critical reading of the movement’s representations in German fiction dating from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, I explore how authors have fictionalized the religious minority, its commitment to particular theological and ethical aspects, its separation from society, and its experience of persecution. As part of my analysis, I trace the early historical development of the group and take inventory of its chief characteristics to observe which of these aspects are selected for portrayal in fictional texts. Within this research framework, my study investigates which social and religious principles drawn from historical accounts and sources influence the minority’s image as an ideal society, on the one hand, and its stigmatization as a heretical and seditious sect, on the other. As a result of this analysis, my study reveals authors’ underlying programmatic aims and ideological convictions cloaked by their literary articulations of conflict-laden encounters between society and the religious minority.
  • Luther's Reactions to Peasant Rebellions (1525)1

    Luther's Reactions to Peasant Rebellions (1525)1

    1 Primary Source 7.5 LUTHER’S REACTIONS TO PEASANT REBELLIONS (1525)1 Martin Luther (1483–1546) was the Catholic priest, monk, theologian, and reformer who shattered the unity of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century by launching the Protestant Reformation. Luther’s teachings on the “priesthood of all believers” and worthiness of all trades and professions inspired millions of ordinary people to question the rigid social hierarchies of the time. Movements aimed at devolving authority—both political and ecclesiastical—to the local level emerged and swelled over the next several years. In 1524, massive peasant rebellions in the German lands broke out in opposition to high taxes and oppression and raged into 1525. There is still debate over the causes of the rebellion, but most scholars believe that economic, religious, and social aspects all culminated to spark a revolt against authority in general. The rebellion quickly shifted from a call for reform to an all-out attack on serfdom. The rebels’ demands were put forward in the Twelve Articles (see Primary Source 7.5 - The Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants). Luther was at first sympathetic to the peasants’ cause, and he castigated their lords as tyrannical. Yet in the first of the following passages he cast both sides as non-Christians who would be damned to hell if they continued fighting. Contrary to Luther’s calls for peaceful negotiations to end the war, however, the second passage depicts how the peasants’ uprising turned violent and was brutally put down by German aristocrats. As the rebellion escalated to violence, Luther took a harsher stance on the peasants, whom he now condemned as robbers and rebels to be killed on sight, as illuminated by the third passage.
  • 2020-2021 Undergraduate Catalog

    2020-2021 Undergraduate Catalog

    Introduction Undergraduate Catalog 2020-2021 Official Publication of Augsburg University 2211 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454 The Augsburg University Undergraduate Catalog contains information about academic program requirements and academic and student policies and procedures for Fall Semester 2020 - Summer Semester 2021. It is subject to change without notice. The catalog is intended to complement other university publications including the Student Guide and university website. It is important for students to be familiar with all university policies and procedures. Students are strongly encouraged to consult their advisor(s) at least once each semester to be certain they are properly completing degree requirements. Published 2020 Phone: 612-330-1000 www.augsburg.edu 1 Greeting from the President A university catalog is full of detail and data that offer a map to our lives together as a university community. This is a map grounded in Augsburg’s mission: To educate students to be informed citizens, thoughtful stewards, critical thinkers, and responsible leaders. What has prompted you to study this map of Augsburg University? If you’re already enrolled at Augsburg, I trust you will continue to find here the awe and wonder of an educational experience that is meaningful and challenging. I hope you will be reminded of the relationships and commitments you have formed at Augsburg—they will last a lifetime. I also hope that you find in this map signposts of the progress you have made in your vocational journey and that you will continue to believe that you have rightly chosen Augsburg as the community in which you will spend time for the next several years.
  • Willibald Pirckheimer and the Nuernberg City Council

    Willibald Pirckheimer and the Nuernberg City Council

    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68-3070 SPIELVOGEL, Jackson Joseph, 1939- WILLIBALD PIRCKHEIMER AND THE NUERNBERG CITY COUNCIL. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1967 History, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ©Copyright by Jackson Joseph. Spielvogel 1968 WILLIBALD PIRCKHEIMER AND THE NUERNBERG CITY COUNCIL DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Jackson Joseph Spielvogel, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1967 Approved hy / L ( . Adtiser Department of History ACOONLEDGMENTS The research for this dissertation was completed in 1965-1966 while I was a Fulbright Graduate Fellow in Ger­ many. I would like to acknowledge my appreciation to the staffs of the Nuernberg Oity Library, the Nuernberg City Archives, and the Bavarian State Archives in Nuernberg. Especially deserving of gratitude are Dr. Fritz Schnelbfigl, Director of the latter institution, for his advice and helpfulness, and Marianne Alt for the multitude of services rendered. I am very grateful to Dr. Josef Pfanner, who greatly lightened the task of examining the Pirckheimer- papiere by making available to me Emil Reicke's notes and numerous copies of those papers. I am deeply indebted to ray adviser, Professor Harold J. Grimm, who first inspired in me an interest in Pirck- heimer and the "herrliche Stadt" Nuernberg, and who pro­ vided constant assistance in every aspect of this work. To my wife, who assisted me in innumerable ways, I owe a lasting debt of gratitude. ii VITA March 10, 1939 Born-Ellwood City, Pennsylvania 1 9 6 1 ......
  • Jews in the Medieval German Kingdom

    Jews in the Medieval German Kingdom

    Jews in the Medieval German Kingdom Alfred Haverkamp translated by Christoph Cluse Universität Trier Arye Maimon-Institut für Geschichte der Juden Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur | Mainz Projekt “Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im spätmittelalterlichen Reich” Online Edition, Trier University Library, 2015 Synopsis I. Jews and Christians: Long-Term Interactions ......................................... 1 . Jewish Centers and Their Reach ......................................................... 1 . Jews Within the Christian Authority Structure ......................................... 5 . Regional Patterns – Mediterranean-Continental Dimensions .......................... 7 . Literacy and Source Transmission ........................................................ 9 II. The Ninth to Late-Eleventh Centuries .............................................. 11 . The Beginnings of Jewish Presence ..................................................... 11 . Qehillot: Social Structure and Legal Foundations ...................................... 15 . The Pogroms of ................................................................... 20 III. From the Twelfth Century until the Disasters of – ....................... 23 . Greatest Extension of Jewish Settlement ............................................... 23 . Jews and Urban Life ..................................................................... 26 . Jewish and Christian Communities ..................................................... 33 . Proximity to the Ruler and “Chamber