SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability Applied on Buildings
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SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability applied on buildings. Evaluation systems for “ blank” Smart Cities and “converted” Smart Cities Ramo de Doutoramento | Arquitetura Especialidade Tecnologias e Gestão da Construção Nome do Doutorando: MBA, MSc ANA CLAUDIA DE OLIVEIRA Nome do Orientador: Doutor Carlos Alberto Assunção Alho Constituição do Júri: Presidente e Vogal: | Doutora Manuela Cristina Paulo Carvalho Almeida Figueiredo, Professora Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa. Vogais: | Doctor Luis Moya Gonzalez, Professor Catedrático, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; | Doutor António José Morais, Professor Associado com Agregação, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa; | Doutor António Álvaro Borges Abel, Professor Auxiliar, Universidade de Évora; | Doutor Francisco Carlos Almeida do Nascimento e Oliveira, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa; | Doutor Carlos Alberto de Assunção Alho, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa. Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor DOCUMENTO DEFINITIVO | OUTUBRO | 2017 VOLUME II VOLUME II 1 고생 끝에 낙이 온다 At the end of hardship comes happiness With hard work there is always success. Fighting. Korean proverb 2 Figure 1 - Songdo Central Park image (source: by the author, December 2014) 3 Annex | Case Studies Figure 2 – Case studies at the World Map | Minsk, Ulaanbaatar and Songdo. (source: by the author 2016) 4 VII | Table of Figures Figure 1 - Songdo Central Park image ________________________________2 Figure 2 -Songdo Top view _______________________________________3 Figure 3 – Ulaanbaatar city View ___________________________________9 Figure 4 – Mongolia location ______________________________________10 Figure 5 – Mongolia and Ulaanbaatar location __________________________10 Figure 6 – Ulaanbaatar location ____________________________________11 Figure 7 - Ulaanbaatar Top view ___________________________________11 Figure 8 - Ulaanbaator Tul river ____________________________________12 Figure 9 - Engraving of N.A.Charushin's panorama photo __________________12 Figure 10 - A 1913 panorama of Urga. ________________________________12 Figure 11 - Yurt shaped temple. Beginning of the 20th century _______________13 Figure 12 - Generations: yurt, temple and skyscraper _____________________14 Figure 13 - Ger-tereg on the move __________________________________14 Figure 14 – Yurt in Ulaanbaatar ____________________________________15 Figure 15 – Mongolian person _____________________________________15 Figure 16 – Ulaanbaatar forest ____________________________________15 Figure 17 - Constructivism. Military Club _____________________________16 Figure 18 – Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue ___________________________16 Figure 19 - Chenrezig temple in the Gandan Tegchinling ___________________17 Figure 20 - Backyard of Chinggis Khaan Hotel in Ulan Bator ________________17 Figure 21 – Slums Ulaanbaatar _____________________________________18 Figure 22 – Slums and buildings Ulaanbaatar ___________________________18 Figure 23 - Slums Ulaanbaatar _____________________________________19 Figure 24 – Ulaanbaatar city center _________________________________19 Figure 25 - Songdo Map ________________________________________22 Figure 26 - Songdo Map ________________________________________22 Figure 27 – Songdo Map ________________________________________23 Figure 28 - Songdo part of the Map _________________________________23 Figure 29 – Miracle on Han River __________________________________25 Figure 30 – Regional Economic pressure _____________________________25 Figure 31 – Yellow sea economic basin _______________________________26 Figure 32 – Limited Land resources _________________________________26 Figure 33 – Incheon Free Economic Zone _____________________________27 Figure 34 – Solutions /Foresight: Incheon International Airport ______________27 Figure 35 - Solutions /Foresight: Infrastructure _________________________28 Figure 36 – Solutions/ Foresight: Land reclamation ______________________28 Figure 37 – Background of Songdo _________________________________29 Figure 38 – Songdo 2001 ________________________________________29 Figure 39 – Songdo 2003 _______________________________________30 Figure 40 – Songdo 2005 _______________________________________30 Figure 41 – Songdo 2007 ________________________________________31 Figure 42 – Songdo 2008 ________________________________________31 Figure 43 – Songdo 2009 _______________________________________32 Figure 44 – Songdo 2010 ________________________________________32 Figure 45 – Songdo 2011 ________________________________________33 Figure 46 – Songdo 2012 ________________________________________33 Figure 47 – Songdo 2012 ________________________________________34 Figure 48 –Songdo 2013 ________________________________________34 Figure 49 – Songdo Master plan 2009 _______________________________35 Figure 50 – Master Plan _________________________________________36 Figure 51 - Master Plan _________________________________________36 Figure 52 - Master Plan _________________________________________37 Figure 53 - Master Plan _________________________________________37 Figure 54 - Master Plan _________________________________________38 5 Figure 55 - Master Plan _________________________________________38 Figure 56 - Master Plan _________________________________________39 Figure 57 - Master Plan _________________________________________39 Figure 58 - Master Plan _________________________________________40 Figure 59 - Master Plan _________________________________________40 Figure 60 – Incheon Bridge _______________________________________41 Figure 61 – Incheon Bridge _______________________________________42 Figure 62 – Road Network _______________________________________43 Figure 63 – Public transportation ___________________________________43 Figure 64 – Congress center _____________________________________44 Figure 65 – Sustainability system __________________________________44 Figure 66 – Sustainability system __________________________________45 Figure 67 – Sustainability system __________________________________45 Figure 68 – Open space songdo ___________________________________46 Figure 69 – LEED green buildings __________________________________46 Figure 70 – Singdo Golf club _____________________________________47 Figure 71 –Songdo Global Campus _________________________________47 Figure 72 – Chadwick International School ____________________________48 Figure 73 – Posco Building _______________________________________49 Figure 74 – Partners Songdo _____________________________________49 Figure 75 – Transportation Songdo center _____________________________52 Figure 76 – Streets information, Songdo _______________________________58 Figure 77 – Belarus location in Europe _______________________________56 Figure 78 – Minsk Location Belarus _________________________________56 Figure 79 - Minsk general map ____________________________________72 Figure 80 - Minsk river Location ___________________________________72 Figure 81 - Minsk city center near the river ___________________________74 Figure 82 –Minsk train station center, Railway Station Square _______________74 Figure 83 –Minsk GorkyPark _____________________________________75 Figure 84 – Museum war park ____________________________________75 Figure 85 - Old Town Minsk – Holy Spirit Church _______________________76 Figure 86 – Outside Minsk near the airport ____________________________76 Figure 87 – Monument near airport of Minsk __________________________77 Figure 88 – Squirrel at Gorky parks _________________________________78 Figure 89 – Gorky park Minsk ____________________________________78 Figure 90 - Gorky park Minsk ____________________________________79 Figure 91 – Circus statue Minsk, Belarus horse _________________________79 Figure 92 - Circus statue Minsk ___________________________________80 6 VII | Table of Graphics Table 1 - Resume Songdo Survey __________________________________50 Table 2 - General Information survey ________________________________51 Table 3 - Transportation Songdo survey _____________________________53 Table 4 - Health and Pollution Songdo survey __________________________55 Table 5 - Communication/ language Songdo survey _____________________57 Table 6 - Daily living issues Songdo survey ___________________________59 Table 7 - Survey Songdo graphics __________________________________61 Table 8 - Survey Songdo graphics __________________________________62 Table 9 - Survey Songdo graphics __________________________________63 7 VIII | TABLE OF CONTENTS ANNEX | ONE .. .................................................................................................................9 CASE STUDY Ulaanbaatar ..................................................................................................10 ANNEX | TWO . .................................................................................................................21 CASE STUDY Songdo .........................................................................................................22 ANNEX | THREE . ..............................................................................................................70 CASE STUDY Minsk ............................................................................................................71 Interviews ............................................................................................................................82