SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability Applied on Buildings

SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability applied on buildings. Evaluation systems for “ blank” Smart Cities and “converted” Smart Cities

Ramo de Doutoramento | Arquitetura Especialidade Tecnologias e Gestão da Construção Nome do Doutorando: MBA, MSc ANA CLAUDIA DE OLIVEIRA

Nome do Orientador: Doutor Carlos Alberto Assunção Alho

Constituição do Júri: Presidente e Vogal: | Doutora Manuela Cristina Paulo Carvalho Almeida Figueiredo, Professora Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa.

Vogais: | Doctor Luis Moya Gonzalez, Professor Catedrático, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid;

| Doutor António José Morais, Professor Associado com Agregação, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa;

| Doutor António Álvaro Borges Abel, Professor Auxiliar, Universidade de Évora;

| Doutor Francisco Carlos Almeida do Nascimento e Oliveira, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa;

| Doutor Carlos Alberto de Assunção Alho, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa.

Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor DOCUMENTO DEFINITIVO | OUTUBRO | 2017

VOLUME II VOLUME II

1 고생 끝에 낙이 온다 At the end of hardship comes happiness

With hard work there is always success. Fighting.

Korean proverb

2 Figure 1 - Songdo Central Park image (source: by the author, December 2014)

3 Annex | Case Studies

Figure 2 – Case studies at the World Map | Minsk, Ulaanbaatar and Songdo. (source: by the author 2016)

4 VII | Table of Figures

Figure 1 - Songdo Central Park image ______2 Figure 2 -Songdo Top view ______3 Figure 3 – Ulaanbaatar city View ______9 Figure 4 – Mongolia location ______10 Figure 5 – Mongolia and Ulaanbaatar location ______10 Figure 6 – Ulaanbaatar location ______11 Figure 7 - Ulaanbaatar Top view ______11 Figure 8 - Ulaanbaator Tul river ______12 Figure 9 - Engraving of N.A.Charushin's panorama photo ______12 Figure 10 - A 1913 panorama of Urga. ______12 Figure 11 - Yurt shaped temple. Beginning of the 20th century ______13 Figure 12 - Generations: yurt, temple and skyscraper ______14 Figure 13 - Ger-tereg on the move ______14 Figure 14 – Yurt in Ulaanbaatar ______15 Figure 15 – Mongolian person ______15 Figure 16 – Ulaanbaatar forest ______15 Figure 17 - Constructivism. Military Club ______16 Figure 18 – Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue ______16 Figure 19 - Chenrezig temple in the Gandan Tegchinling ______17 Figure 20 - Backyard of Chinggis Khaan Hotel in Ulan Bator ______17 Figure 21 – Slums Ulaanbaatar ______18 Figure 22 – Slums and buildings Ulaanbaatar ______18 Figure 23 - Slums Ulaanbaatar ______19 Figure 24 – Ulaanbaatar city center ______19 Figure 25 - Songdo Map ______22 Figure 26 - Songdo Map ______22 Figure 27 – Songdo Map ______23 Figure 28 - Songdo part of the Map ______23 Figure 29 – Miracle on Han River ______25 Figure 30 – Regional Economic pressure ______25 Figure 31 – Yellow sea economic basin ______26 Figure 32 – Limited Land resources ______26 Figure 33 – Incheon Free Economic Zone ______27 Figure 34 – Solutions /Foresight: Incheon International Airport ______27 Figure 35 - Solutions /Foresight: Infrastructure ______28 Figure 36 – Solutions/ Foresight: Land reclamation ______28 Figure 37 – Background of Songdo ______29 Figure 38 – Songdo 2001 ______29 Figure 39 – Songdo 2003 ______30 Figure 40 – Songdo 2005 ______30 Figure 41 – Songdo 2007 ______31 Figure 42 – Songdo 2008 ______31 Figure 43 – Songdo 2009 ______32 Figure 44 – Songdo 2010 ______32 Figure 45 – Songdo 2011 ______33 Figure 46 – Songdo 2012 ______33 Figure 47 – Songdo 2012 ______34 Figure 48 –Songdo 2013 ______34 Figure 49 – Songdo Master plan 2009 ______35 Figure 50 – Master Plan ______36 Figure 51 - Master Plan ______36 Figure 52 - Master Plan ______37 Figure 53 - Master Plan ______37 Figure 54 - Master Plan ______38

5 Figure 55 - Master Plan ______38 Figure 56 - Master Plan ______39 Figure 57 - Master Plan ______39 Figure 58 - Master Plan ______40 Figure 59 - Master Plan ______40 Figure 60 – Incheon Bridge ______41 Figure 61 – Incheon Bridge ______42 Figure 62 – Road Network ______43 Figure 63 – Public transportation ______43 Figure 64 – Congress center ______44 Figure 65 – Sustainability system ______44 Figure 66 – Sustainability system ______45 Figure 67 – Sustainability system ______45 Figure 68 – Open space songdo ______46 Figure 69 – LEED green buildings ______46 Figure 70 – Singdo Golf club ______47 Figure 71 –Songdo Global Campus ______47 Figure 72 – Chadwick International School ______48 Figure 73 – Posco Building ______49 Figure 74 – Partners Songdo ______49 Figure 75 – Transportation Songdo center ______52 Figure 76 – Streets information, Songdo ______58 Figure 77 – Belarus location in Europe ______56 Figure 78 – Minsk Location Belarus ______56 Figure 79 - Minsk general map ______72 Figure 80 - Minsk river Location ______72 Figure 81 - Minsk city center near the river ______74 Figure 82 –Minsk train station center, Railway Station Square ______74 Figure 83 –Minsk GorkyPark ______75 Figure 84 – Museum war park ______75 Figure 85 - Old Town Minsk – Holy Spirit Church ______76 Figure 86 – Outside Minsk near the airport ______76 Figure 87 – Monument near airport of Minsk ______77 Figure 88 – Squirrel at Gorky parks ______78 Figure 89 – Gorky park Minsk ______78 Figure 90 - Gorky park Minsk ______79 Figure 91 – Circus statue Minsk, Belarus horse ______79 Figure 92 - Circus statue Minsk ______80

6 VII | Table of Graphics

Table 1 - Resume Songdo Survey ______50 Table 2 - General Information survey ______51 Table 3 - Transportation Songdo survey ______53 Table 4 - Health and Pollution Songdo survey ______55 Table 5 - Communication/ language Songdo survey ______57 Table 6 - Daily living issues Songdo survey ______59 Table 7 - Survey Songdo graphics ______61 Table 8 - Survey Songdo graphics ______62 Table 9 - Survey Songdo graphics ______63

7 VIII | TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANNEX | ONE ...... 9 CASE STUDY Ulaanbaatar ...... 10

ANNEX | TWO ...... 21 CASE STUDY Songdo ...... 22

8 ANNEX | ONE ..

9 CASE STUDY Ulaanbaatar

Ulaanbaatar or Ulan Bator /ˌuːlɑːn ˈbɑːtər/ (Mongolian: Улаанбаатар, [ʊɮɑːŋ.bɑːtʰɑ r], Ulaγanbaγatur, literally "Red Hero") is Mongolia's capital and largest city. A municipality, the city is not part of any Aimag (province), and its population as of 2014 was over 1.3 million; almost half of the country's total population.1 Mongolia it is located in north central, the municipality lies at an elevation of about 1,310 metres (4,300 ft) in a valley on the Tuul River. It is the country's cultural, industrial and financial heart, the centre of Mongolia's road network and connected by rail to both the Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia and the Chinese railway system.

Figure 3 – Ulaanbaatar city View (source: soyombo.de, 2016)

The city was founded in 1639 as a nomadic Buddhist monastic centre. In 1778, it settled permanently at its present location, the junction of the Tul and Selbe rivers. Before that, it changed location twenty-eight times, with each location being chosen ceremonially. In the twentieth century, Ulaanbaatar grew into a major manufacturing centre. 2

1 Statis.ub.gov.mn. Retrieved 2014-09-07.

2 Ulaanbaatar Official Web Portal". Ulaanbaatar.mn. Retrieved 2013-11-24.

10 Figure 4 – Mongolia location (source: Google maps, 2016)

Figure 5 – Mongolia and Ulaanbaatar location (source: Google maps 2016)

11 Figure 6 – Ulaanbaatar location (source: Google maps, 2016)

Figure 7 - Ulaanbaatar Top view (source: Google maps, 2016)

12 Figure 8 - Ulaanbaator Tul river (source: Google maps, 2016)

Figure 9 - Engraving of N.A.Charushin's panorama photo of the old center of Urga from trip (1888) with Potanin (source: Grigory Potanin 1886)

Figure 10 - A 1913 panorama of Urga. (source: masterpieces.asemus.museum, 19 Feb 2013)

13 The large circular compound in the middle is the Zuun Khuree temple- palace complex. The Gandan temple complex is to the left. The palaces of the Bogd are to the south of the river. To the far bottom right of the painting is the Maimaicheng district. To its left are the white buildings of the Russian consulate area. The Manjusri monastery can be seen on Mount Bogd Khan Uul at the bottom-right of the painting.

Figure 11 - Yurt shaped temple. Beginning of the 20th century (source: architecture Mongolia 2016)

14 Figure 12 - Generations: yurt, temple and skyscraper (source: architecture Mongolia 2016)

Figure 13 - Ger-tereg on the move (source: Ulaanbaatar.com, 2016)

15 Figure 14 – Yurt in Ulaanbaatar (source: Ulaanbaatar.com, 2016)

Figure 15 – Mongolian person (source: Ulaanbaatar.com, 2016)

Figure 16 – Ulaanbaatar forest (source: Ulaanbaatar.com, 2016)

16 Figure 17 - Constructivism. Military Club. Occupied University of Cinema Art. (source: Mongolian architecture, 2016)

Figure 18 – Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue (source: Mongolian architecture, 2016)

17 Figure 19 - Chenrezig temple in the Gandan Tegchinling (source: Mongolian architecture, 2016)

Figure 20 - Backyard of Chinggis Khaan Hotel in Ulan Bator (source: Mongolian architecture, 2016)

18 Figure 21 – Slums Ulaanbaatar (source: Google street view)

Figure 22 – Slums and buildings Ulaanbaatar (source: Google street view)

19 Figure 23 - Slums Ulaanbaatar (source: Google street view)

Figure 24 – Ulaanbaatar city center (source: Google street view)

20 ANNEX | TWO .

21 CASE STUDY Songdo

Smart Cities Songdo International Business District (Songdo IBD) is a new smart city or "ubiquitous city" built from scratch on 600 hectares (1,500 acres) of reclaimed land along Incheon's waterfront, 65 kilometres (40 mi) southwest of Seoul, South Korea and connected to Incheon International Airport by a 12.3-kilometre (7.6 mi) reinforced concrete highway bridge, called Incheon Bridge. Along with Yeongjong and Cheongna, it is part of the Incheon Free Economic Zone.

The Songdo International Business District will feature the Northeast Asia Trade Tower and the Incheon Tower. Schools, hospitals, apartments, office buildings and cultural amenities are to be built in the district. Replicas of architectural hallmarks, including New York City's Central Park and Venice's waterways, will also be incorporated. This 10-year development project is estimated to cost in excess of $40 billion, making it one of the most expensive development projects ever undertaken.

With 106 buildings and 22 million sq. ft. of LEED-certified space, the green building certification by the United States Green Building Council, Songdo IBD makes up about 40% of all LEED-certified space in South Korea.

A small number of Japanese residents have sought to live in Songdo IBD after the Tohoku earthquake.

Figure 25 - Songdo Map (source: Google maps, 2016)

Figure 26 - Songdo Map (source: Google maps, 2016)

23 Figure 27 – Songdo Map (source: Google maps, 2016)

Figure 28 - Songdo part of the Map (source: Google maps, 2016)

24 Songdo 송도

International Business District

Songdo International Business District

Location of Songdo in South Korea

Coordinates: 37°23′20″N 126°39′08″E

Country | SOUTH KOREA

Region | Sudogwon

Provincial | Incheon

TIME Zone | Korea Standard Time (UTC+9)

website | www.songdo.com

Established as Urga 1639

Current location 1778

Ulaanbaatar 1924

Area

TOTAL | 5,829,446!(1,500 acres)

Expected Population (2018)

TOTAL | 258,728

25 Figure 29 – Miracle on Han River (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 30 – Regional Economic pressure (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

26 Figure 31 – Yellow sea economic basin (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 32 – Limited Land resources (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

27 Figure 33 – Incheon Free Economic Zone (source: IFEZ 2015)

Figure 34 – Solutions /Foresight: Incheon International Airport (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

28 Figure 35 - Solutions /Foresight: Infrastructure (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 36 – Solutions/ Foresight: Land reclamation (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

29 Figure 37 – Background of Songdo (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 38 – Songdo 2001 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

30 Figure 39 – Songdo 2003 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 40 – Songdo 2005 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

31 Figure 41 – Songdo 2007 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 42 – Songdo 2008 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

32 Figure 43 – Songdo 2009 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 44 – Songdo 2010 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

33 Figure 45 – Songdo 2011 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 46 – Songdo 2012 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

34 Figure 47 – Songdo 2012 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

35 Figure 48 –Songdo 2013 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 49 – Songdo Master plan 2009 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

36 Figure 50 – Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

Figure 51 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

37 Figure 52 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

Figure 53 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

38 Figure 54 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

Figure 55 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

39 Figure 56 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

Figure 57 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

40 Figure 58 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

41 Figure 59 – Incheon Bridge (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 60 – Greater Songdo Infrastructure (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

42 Figure 61 – Infrastructure (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

43 Figure 62 – Road Network (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 63 – Public transportation (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

44 Figure 64 – Congress center (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 65 – Sustainability system (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

45 Figure 66 – Sustainability system (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 67 – Sustainability system (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

46 Figure 68 – Open space Songdo (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 69 – LEED green buildings (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

47 Figure 70 – Singdo Golf club (source: Songdo IBD 2014)

Figure 71 –Songdo Global Campus (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

48 Figure 72 – Chadwick International School (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 73 – Posco Building (source: by the author 2015)

49 Figure 74 – Partners Songdo (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

SONGDO Survey resumé |

Online survey developed 45 inhabitants of Songdo International City. This survey was conducted between August 1st of 2014 and September 10th of 2014, covers the following areas:

1_GENERAL INFORMATION

2_TRANSPORTATION

3_HEALTH AND POLLUTION:

4_COMMUNICATION/ LANGUAGE

5_DAILY LIVING ISSUES & ENHANCEMENTS

50 Table 1 – Resume Songdo Survey (source: by the author 2014)

51 1. GENERAL INFORMATION - I am studying in Songdo/IFEZ 0% - My spouse works in Songdo/IFEZ 12.50% - I work for a company/organization in Songdo/IFEZ 25.00% - Other work in Incheon Bupyung. 22.50% - I work for a school/academy in Songdo/IFEZ 40.00% - Three months or under 0% - Other 10.00% - Three months to six months 12.50% - I have been here or have been visiting for over a year 17.50% - Six months to a year 27.50% - I have been here or have been visiting for over two years 32.50% - I hold a Korean passport 10.00% - I hold a passport from another country 90.00% 0% 22.50% 45.00% 67.50% 90.00%

1a. Citizenship?

1b. How long have you lived or visited Songdo/ IFEZ?

1c. Why are you here in Songdo/IFEZ

Table 2 - General Information survey (source: by the author 2014)

According to the question number 1, the general information showed that the inhabitants that respond to this survey are from other countries and are analysing Songdo as a city where they are temporarily living.

52 Secondly, at the question 1b the foreigners that live in Songdo stayed in an average time of two years.

The other conclusion that it is possible to get some information is about the location or companies that received more workers from around the world. Most of the established companies existing into Songdo territory had a support by Korean employees and only the percentage of people from other countries is inferior to the local employees.

The initial City Master Plan was supporting a height level of spaces for international companies but during the construction and because of the economic crisis the plan changed, and the transformation was to make an increase in the housing construction.

Figure 75 - Transportation Songdo center (source: by the author, 2015)

53 2. TRANSPORTATION 4 - Advertising banners blocking the view of oncoming traffic 10.00% 0 - Jaywalking 12.50% - Other 20.00% 5 - Right turn against the signal 25.00% 2 - Speeding 25.00% 3 - Inconsiderate parking 32.50% 6 - Ignoring traffic signals 60.00% 1 - Motorcycles and scooters on the sidewalk 62.50% 3 - Cell phone 0% - Other 5.00% 0 - Cash 35.00% 1 - Credit card 42.50% 2 - T - money (for discount) 55.00% - Other 10.00% 5 - Car (ownership and rental) 7.50% 4 - Taxi 10.00% 0 - Subway 15.00% 3 - Taxi (call by phone) 45.00% 1 - Bus (local) 52.50% 2 - Bus (intercity) 72.50% 0 - Not important 2.50% 2 - Kind of Important 2.50% 1 - Somewhat important 5.00% 4 - Very Important 27.50% 3 - Important 30.00% 5 - Extremely Important 32.20% 0%20.00%40.00%60.00%80.00% 2a. How important is this area to you?

2b. Which means of public transport would you like more information about in English? (You can choose more than one)

2c. Do you use any of the following to pay for public transport?(You can choose more than one)

Table 3 - Transportation Songdo survey (source: by the author 2014)

According to the question, number 2 for most of the answers transportation is crucial because the principal city is 45 km distance from Songdo and to arrive at subway it takes almost two hours depending on the final destination. As the survey present more foreigners’ answers, and most of them did not get a personal car, the transportation grid is imperative and will need to be improved to support the number of future

54 inhabitants.

Another conclusion is directly connected to the auto bus grid that is at the moment very fragile and the communication the information will need to be improved and changed to English information with a whole new grip that connects cities easier.

Other problematic that were presented into this survey that talked about the taxi call system where citizens ask for a new and different way and right process in the English language.

According to the 2c answer, no one is using the telephone system to make payments and in general people use the ‘T-money’ system.

Another conclusion that resulted from the survey was the intensive use of the credit card into payments. This result can be an expression about the difficulty to create and open accounts into the Korean banks for the public use of bankcards.

A very hard problem that most of the inhabitants have focused in was the Korean cultural attitude for the motorcycle system delivers into the ‘walking paths’. In this survey, this was determined as a problem that needs to gain a new action removing the motorcycles from the sidewalks.

The last conclusion from this question was a possible and straightforward intervention into the time implemented on the traffic lights. People ask for an improvement in this area because cars pass the red light very easily for not being so much time waiting when there are no pedestrians or even other cars into different hours during the day.

55 3. HEALTH AND POLLUTION No 47.50% Yes 52.50% No 45.00% Yes 55.00% Yes 30.00% No 70.00% Yes 17.50% No 82.50% Yes 35.00% No 65.00% 5 0% 4 50.00% 3 35.00% 2 10.00% 1 5.00% 0 - Not important 0% 1 - Somewhat important 0% 2 - Kind of Important 5.00% 4 - Very Important 20.00% 3 - Important 37.50% 5 - Extremely Important 37.50% 0% 22.50% 45.00% 67.50% 90.00%

3a. How important is this area to you?

3b. Do you think Songdo/IFEZ is a real GREEN City at the moment? Rate the city's efforts at being a Green City, in your opinion. How good a job is the city doing to achieve this aim?

3c-1. Do you have easy access to information regarding the air quality in Songdo?

3c-2. Do you have easy access to information regarding water usage?

3c-3. Do you have easy access to information regarding garbage and recycling protocols?

3d. Do you feel you have access to good medical service in Songdo/IFEZ at the moment?

3e. In case of a medical emergency, are you aware of how to quickly access medical services?

Table 4 - Health and Pollution Songdo survey (source: by the author 2014)

56 According to the question, number 3 combining information about health and pollution system people answered that these two areas are critical for the quality of life.

The question about the green level of the city, people answered, that Songdo is in the direction of a City with quality, but at a level from 1 to 5. The answers were between 3 and 4, show that no one was given the high score to the city, and people believe that the town is arriving under a green direction.

Into the 3c1 the high level of negative answer results in a conclusion of a possible future improvement. The 3c2 is very similar to 3c1 but with a more serious negative answer to the water usage into the city, and the third topic into this question focused that only 30% understand a recycle system without knowing or having more information about the process. Songdo is a specialist city about the centralized waste treatment. About the medical service, people was divided because medical service or even the hospital is located in another city, or in Incheon city centre some kilometres away from the Songdo city, and only using transportation it is possible to arrive there. The initial city master plan had an important focus on the Health system but this action because of economic support, was changed to implement more late in time but, this had introduced a problem, and it is possible to verify that people need an improvement into this area.

57 Table 5 – Communication/ language Songdo survey (source: by the author 2014)

4. COMMUNICATION /LANGUAGE

- I am happy with the communication & language options available 12.50% - Other .No idea 17.50% .Bilingual staff in korean gov offices… - Additional free Korean lessons 32.50%

- Access to better translation services 32.50%

- More Korean signs translated into English 52.50%

0 - Not supported 5.00%

4 - Very supported 5.00%

5 - Extremely supported 5.00%

1 - Somewhat supported 27.50%

3 - Supported 25.00%

2 - Kind of supported 32.50%

0 - Not important 0%

2 - Kind of Important 2.50%

1 - Somewhat important 5.00%

3 - Important 25.00%

5 - Extremely Important 25.00%

4 - Very Important 42.50%

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

4a. How important is this area to you?

4b. Do you feel that IFEZ/Songdo provides adequate language support necessary to meet your daily needs?

4c. What area(s) would you like to see improved in terms of communication and language support.

Table 5 – Communication/ language Songdo survey (source: by the author 2014)

According to the question number 4, the communication, it is critical for

58 everyone in as a general factor. When it arrives at the question, number 4b inhabitants think that IFEZ will need to improve their action with foreigners.

Figure 76 - Streets information, Songdo (source: by the author, 2015)

59 5. Daily living issues & Enhancements

0 - Not important 0%

1 - Somewhat important 0%

2 - Kind of Important 15.00%

5 - Extremely Important 15.00%

4 - Very Important 30.00%

3 - Important 40.00%

0% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 5a. How important is this area to you?

Table 6 - Daily living issues Songdo survey (source: by the author 2014)

According to the question number 5 during the year 2014 and ends of 2015, much research was done, and most of the interviews were made, below describes the several specialists that participate in the surveys, and there were the different specialist from around the world giving their opinion. Their names and information are located in the final Annex of the document.

60 61 Table 7 – Survey Songdo graphics (source: by the author 2014)

62 Table 8 - Survey Songdo graphics (source: by the author 2014)

63 Table 9 -Survey Songdo graphics (source: by the author 2014)

64 65 66 67 68 69 ANNEX | THREE .

70 CASE STUDY Minsk

Minsk (Belarusian: Мінск pronounced [mʲinsk]; Russian: Минск, [mʲinsk], Polish: Mińsk) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Nyamiha rivers. It is the administrative centre of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). As the national capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblast) and Minsk raion (district). In 2013, it had a population of 2,002,600.

The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century (1067), when it was noted as a provincial city within the principality of Polotsk. The settlement developed on the rivers. In 1242, Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It received town privileges in 1499.

From 1569, it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish– Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793, as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland. From 1919 to 1991, after the Russian Revolution, Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union.

71 Figure 77 – Belarus location in Europe (source: Google maps 2016)

Figure 78 – Minsk Location Belarus (source: Google maps 2016)

72 Figure 79 - Minsk general map (source: Google maps 2016)

Figure 80 - Minsk river Location (source: Google maps 2016)

73 Minsk Минск

Minsk District

Location of Minsk in Belarus Coordinates: 53°54′N 27°34′E Country | BELARUS

TIME Zone | Belarus Standard Time (UTC+3) website | www. minsk.gov.by

Founded 1067 Current location 1778 Ulaanbaatar 1924

Area TOTAL | 409.5 km2 (158.1 sq mi) Elevation | 280.6 m (920.6 ft) Population (2014) TOTAL | 1,921,807 Density | 5,966/km2 (15,450/sq mi)

74 Figure 81 - Minsk city center near the river (source: Google street view 2016)

Figure 82 –Minsk train station center, Railway Station Square, a Stalinist example. (source: Google street view 2016)

75 Figure 83 –Minsk GorkyPark (source: by the author, 2016)

Figure 84 – Museum war park (source: by the author, 2016)

76 Figure 85 - Old Town Minsk – Holy Spirit Church (source: by the author)

Figure 86 – Outside Minsk near the airport (source: by the author, 2016)

77 Figure 87 – Monument near airport of Minsk Курган Славы (source: by the author)

78 Figure 88 – Squirrel at Gorky parks (source: by the author 2016)

Figure 89 – Gorky park Minsk (source: by the author, 2016)

79 Figure 90 - Gorky park Minsk (source: by the author 2016)

(source: by the author, 2016)

Figure 91 – Circus statue Minsk, Belarus horse (source: by the author 2016)

80 Figure 92 - Circus statue Minsk (source: by the author 2016)

81 Interviews

This first and second interviews were the base for the general questionnaire. With this example was possible a number of questions that were not at an initial option. David Moore was the chosen person, an engineer from UK established now in South Korea. He worked on the deal team of KPF in Songdo on the planning He supported this research and gives his help and knowledge.

David Moore | first interview 19th February of 2014.

(This was a generic questionnaire about the city story.)

Ana: So David, how it was planned the first earthmoving?

David: It was hard to transport all the material, it took time but it was a success.

Ana: When did you arrive in Korea and with whom you were working with?

David: I arrive in South Korea in 1995 working for Trafalgar, with a contract with Samsung to start improving on construction quality in Seoul and South Korea in general. We arrive because of the bad event in 1994 in Gangnam area where people died in a morning because of a collapse in a bridge because of the bad construction and structure levels in the South Korea. Our team, at that time put it a lot of pressure to improve the quality without time to act. After the first action, Samsung contracted directly the engineers to work directly on their projects. After that was created a company with specialised engineers to work directly in South Korea, but I left in 2004. To improve the quality in South Korea, to make supervision on construction, from independent companies, approving materials and works, was too hard, a huge level of corruption was occurring. The big change it was a new way of work, Samsung has the own projects and wants to work with their rules. And a new moment occur and with a new boom on the government a new Great opportunity was emerging to build a city and being an executive

82 director of the project. This opportunity emerged from a friend from another country, Gale International, from USA. This new project was a joint venture with Gale International and POSCO E&C from South Korea. Daewoo started the beginning of this idea, from the development of a City from the scratch, but it was not well succeeded. The KPF group, join to the project but the first stage was a challenge because their investment, and because of the risk that they took. One of the biggest problems was the language barrier, everything was in Korean and Specialists were not prepared with the Korean language. So, and the project started. The government creates a special free economic zone in Incheon, with a special legislation, very different from existent at the time. The first moment of a clear action of this new attitude with the territory, was the pre-sell apartments that start creating an impulse on the project. As soon as they were ready, a big boom appends, and a very big percentage of the first part was sold. It was very good for the business. The idea for transforming and using rain Water generated less expense, and the energy from the waste for cooling the water to bathrooms it was a good idea. And this solution worked for all the buildings with an initial percentage. This project was special as well because of the New mating system. Everything was located and exist above the ground. Were projected sensors that monitor temperature, energy use and traffic flow. These sensors could alert when the bus it is late or even informed the local authority. And even the idea of the water-recycling system that prevents clean drinking water being used to flush office toilets was very innovative. The waste disposal system project was very innovative. With the created system there are no rubbish trucks trawling the streets or vast bins dotted around blocks of flats. Rather then an old system, all household waste is sucked directly from individual floors through a vast underground network of tunnels, to waste processing centres, where it's automatically sorted, deodorised and treated to be kinder to the environment. But before, the master plan developed by KPF, wait for an approval of 2 years, from the central government. The working team was specialist in sustainability and LEED building certification The Sheraton hotel building was the first LEED certified building at the same time of the first world apartments. Then followed the Convencia and Canal Walk. But with the crises, Gale International was not capable of continue developing and leading the project. In 2011 Korean banks and POSCO agree and they want to control. They continue 12 foreigners out.

For that reasons, LEED projects and regulations on the city, Songdo, had changed, energy modelling to change to see the change. They still produce a system but it has the Korean regulation, not the international LEED certification.

83 Ana: And what about buildings maintenance? How is giving the support?

David: The Maintenance is managed by IFEZ. The water and gas system is supported by a Korean company. A separated company supports energy consumption.

Ana: And what made you come to Korea?

David: In 2005 my company made me the proposal and it was a good stage in my life to accept. I worked on projects for Singapore, Taiwan, and Shanghai that had quality of life. I even had a participation in a Portuguese project called “ Ponte Vasco da Gama”.

Ana: And David the project was always this way?

David: No, the first idea was to create the concept of a beach that was entering on Canal Walk. The city’s objective was since the beginning to have the objective to live, play and work in a sustainable manner. The idea was the water being an integrated part of the city and for that was developed the Central Park. Is it possible to see that the Multinationals are growing with the time pass. But in the economic business plan, for the Korean companies the taxes were not free. This was a rule from bringing more international investment and not transforming the city into a normal Korean city. On the project, was projected to be ready in 2020, a fast train direct to Seoul City because of the time that with the subway a inhabitant take to arrive to the Capital. At the moment, organisations like GCF, Green Climate Fund, Cisco Gale International partnership are now integrated of the initial phase.

Ana: So David, in your opinion what are the reasons to move into a Smart City?

David: A city like this will have the right partners, the new idea of quality into a city and a new way of living using less the car. And this was innovative idea that was unique in the world.

The only problem is at the begging when the city is growing and it is producing the market. There at the moment some doubts about how to

84 bring people into the city transforming this city into something fashion and a developed area.

Ana: What about the Architecture project city planning?

David: KPF, Kohn Pedersen Fox was the company in charge of the urban planning but some regional Korean architecture offices according to the Korean government supported them. Their master plan had elements about smart city. The 12 minutes walking calculation, walking in the street not using cars. The density is on the middle. In New York density it is on the centre. The initial Master Plan was presenting more Offices buildings, but the demand was higher for homes, that made a change into the initial Master Plan.

David Moore, Second interview | 27 march 2014

Ana: Who made the first business plan? Who made the concept of the master plan?

David: Dawoo developed with the Dutch architect, Rem Koolhaas the first master plan

Ana: And, why Cisco?

David: Because it was the company that was free to develop a direct product for our concept project. They were developing the ITEK city solution.

Ana: And what is the situation point today?

David: Mr. Scott Summer from Gale International need to find people to invest in here. And this is a strategic action. Government is not changing, the Songdo taxes on buildings for offices. The crisis made everything stop, 2.5 billions of dollars, and IFEZ is at the moment not able to pay. In an initial time the Business plan was going well, but at a time, the profitability from apartments was more lucrative. So hotels, schools and Commercial areas start to be the focal point, the solution to make fast money. Central park had a different business strategy, an agreement with the Incheon city council. After the crisis, Korean government that was supporting the project was not comfortable with a foreigner country controlling the intervention, and they change, and they start having the

85 control and taking new decisions. The control systems, because of the investment they took 5 or 6 years to start implementing some sensors. Korea is a country that is very intense; critic and competitive and 25 persons commit suicide per day. The workday is so hard.

David More, Gale International interview | 11 June 2014

David is an engineer from UK, that start working with Samsung almost 30 years ago in direction of improving Korean construction level of quality. During the Songdo project he was the manager working with Gale International and creating all combination between different fronts under the construction. David today has he’s own business.

Ana: When did you start to working on Songdo project?

David: When it was your first time in Songdo?

Ana: You accompanied the earthwork of Songdo?

David: Yes completely.

Ana: You know KPF right?

David: Yes, Sure

Ana: You know Gale International?

David: Yes

Ana: You know POSCO?

David: Yes

86 Ana: What it was the Korean opinion about the concept and idea of Building Songdo city? Good or Bad?

David: It was not good.

Ana: What is your personal opinion?

David: Great opportunity to built a new city to be involve in a project like that.

Ana: You think that is a reason to this city not be so international as they plan at the begging?

David: The city miss the offices not final business project

Ana: You think Songdo is a real Green City?

David: Yes

Ana: You think Songdo is a Smart City?

David: No, not anymore.

Ana: You see daily maintenance on the City?

David: Very good.

Ana: You think in the city people and the systems spend less water then in a normal city?

David: Yes.

Ana: You think the systems and the Equipment’s that are down streets are good and the people know that?

87 David: No

Ana: Do you like to live on the city, or you would like to live on the city?

David: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a Piazza in Songdo?

David: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a fast train to the airport and to Seoul?

David: Yes

Ana: What you think it will be the Future? You fell that it would be good or bad?

David: Long term it will be good. It I'll work. Until there it's not so good.

Ana: Do you think there are too much coffee places in Songdo?

David: Yes, but, Korean don't invite people to their homes. Meet friends on coffee. The traditional home Korean to have dinner at home in room. There not house proud.

Ana: Do you think will only that kind of commerce it will be sustainable?

David: Risky. It's difficult they follow trend.

Ana: Do you believe that people used all the parks that you have in Songdo?

David: Yes. Weekends

88 Ana: People in South Korea made exercise frequently?

David: Walking in the mountains.

Ana: The air quality is important for you?

David: No, not

Ana: Do you think Songdo has a good air quality?

David: Relatively. Some days. Not compare to Seoul. Beijing

Ana: You would like to have a marginal where you could circulate and using restaurants seeing the see?

David: Yes, a promenade.

Ana: You would like to have more information about how the systems work on the Songdo city?

David: No, I know how everything works. If I don't have my experience I would like to have.

Ana: You think is easy to have maintenance when you need?

David: No. It's not.

Ana: And when you need help you think is easy to find help?

David: More less easy...

Ana: You think is a good city to work and live?

89 David: Yes. It was design to be good for that.

Ana: Do you recommend this city to a friend for live?

David: Yes

Ana: You would like to see old buildings on Songdo?

David: Traditional buildings.

Ana: Do you like the buildings that they are doing know on the city?

David: No, they’re not good.

Ana: This city could it be built in another part of the world? Near Dubai or near Paris or even New York?

David: Yes, but. In Korea people has the habit to live in apartment.

Ana: To be a sustainable city the Furniture has to be sustainable to. Do you have some business inside the city when you can by this kind of Furniture and Equipment’s?

David: The Korean doesn’t like furniture.

Ana: You think it will better for the population that is living in Songdo that can start using the smart phone to open the door, to turn of energy, turn of gas and other possible decisions?

David: Yes totally

Ana: You would like to have some tourist maps with the Songdo cycling grid? More dynamic and informative?

90 David: Yes.

Ana: You would like to see a piazza open 24 hours? With all the events and technologies? A new way to get residents out of their homes, what do you think?

David: Yes, completely

JHan architect KPF interview | 12 June 2014

JHan is an architect that worked in USA with Kohn Pedersen Fox during some years. He was an intense support in Songdo International city development, because he is an excellent architect, was born in Seoul, South Korea, and the language barrier was difficult to solve with his help. At the moment he is a professor at the Hongik University in Seoul and he has his own business in South Korea, USA and China.

Ana: When did you start to working on Songdo project?

JHan: I started in 2000 from New York when I was working for KPF. At the moment I’m a consultant in Gale International. In 1997, OMA was part of the international competition, nikei sakey, Anton, jkn, luson, and who won was Daewoo.

Ana: When it was your first time in Songdo?

JHan: I visited the site in 2001. I started with the sector 1 approval.

Ana: You accompanied the earthwork of Songdo?

JHan: In 2004 the fist world and Conventia beginning the project development. The Convencia conferences centre was complete different from the palaces and traditional houses. The objective was to transmit a mountain feeling with the view from the down. The conceptual structure was to shape into the concept of a market inside walls.

91 Ana: This is not a good question for you, but know KPF right?

JHan: Right, I was part of the team.

Ana: You know Gale International?

JHan: Yes but during long years it was a client, now, as I told you I’m their consultant.

Ana: And you know Posco?

JHan: Yes was our client 2006 in 29%.

Ana: What it was the Korean opinion about the concept and idea of Songdo city construction? Good or Bad?

JHan: At that moment, no one was interested on a city like Songdo. The country was underdevelopment and the money was very needed in Incheon City centre. This was a project for a long time and with long return on investment. The Canal Walk, for example, nobody was in there to open stores during the first 7 or 8 years.

Ana: What is your personal opinion, if you don’t mind to answer?

JHan: The best challenge was to have the change to draw a complete city, from the beginning.

Ana: You think that is a reason that the city at the moment is not so international as they plan at the begging?

JHan: The International crises action was a very big loss of money. Before 2008 everything was going well and directly connected to the initial plan.

92 Ana: You think Songdo is a real Green City?

JHan: 90% of the initial project was Green City, but at the moment, Green Cities in South Korea are improving and start having special rules.

Ana: You think Songdo is a Smart City?

JHan: Well Songdo has the approach of the smart city, but maybe after the international crises, start following a new concept of smart city with the new management. The new Korean green certification - green building certification has more than 10 years and it is different from the LEED certification.

Ana: You see daily maintenance on the City?

JHan: The government or the city council has a daily strategic plan.

Ana: You think in the city people and the systems spend less water then in a normal city?

JHan: The garbage central vacuum is a special system installed, but the water system it doesn’t arrived yet to a special level. Some of the buildings from the initial phase are LEED certificated they try to spend less water. Central Park has the system that collect the rainwater and re- use it that for the all greens spaces. There were on the table more ideas to collect the water.

Ana: You think the systems and the Equipment’s that are down streets are good and the people know that?

JHan: Yes and for the environment as well.

Ana: Do you like to live on the city, or you would like to live on the city?

JHan: Songdo yes! Block 125

93 Ana: What you think that is missing now?

JHan: Population. International medical services inside the city.

Ana: You would like to see a fast train to the airport and to Seoul?

JHan: Yes, it is needed.

Ana: What you think it will be the Future? You fell that it would be good or bad for Songdo?

JHan: Good.

Ana: Do you believe that people used often all the parks that you have in Songdo?

JHan: Yes

Ana: People in South Korea made exercise frequently?

JHan: Yes

Ana: The air quality is important for you?

JHan: Sure

Ana: Do you think Songdo has a good air quality?

JHan: Not so good

Ana: You would like to have a marginal where you could circulate and using restaurants seeing the sea?

JHan: Yes

94 Ana: You would like to have more information about how the systems work on the Songdo city?

JHan: No, for me no bt for the inhabitants yes.

Ana: You think is easy to have maintenance when you need?

JHan: Yes

Ana: And when you need help you think is easy to find help?

JHan: No

Ana: You think is a good city to work and live?

JHan: Yes

Ana: Do you recommend this city to a friend for live?

JHan: Yes

Ana: You would like to see old buildings on Songdo?

JHan: Yes

Ana: Do you like the buildings that they are doing now on the city?

JHan: Are casual buildings.

Ana: This city could it be built in another part of the world? Near Dubai, near Paris or even in New York?

JHan: It will be possible. Self sufficient with everything that Songdo has.

95 With the same type of concepts implemented.

Ana: To be a sustainable city the Furniture has to be sustainable to. Do you have some business inside the city when you can by this kind of Furniture and Equipment’s connected to the Green International Certification?

JHan: No

Ana: You think it will better for the population that is living in Songdo that can start using the smart phone for doing everything, to open the door, to turn of energy, turn of the gas system and other possible decisions?

JHan: Yes

Ana: You would like to have some tourist maps or a bigger Marketing campaign with Songdo?

JHan: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a piazza open 24 hours? With all the events and technologies? A new way to get residents out of their homes, what do you thinks?

JHan: For sure!

Geoff Dumelie interview | 12 June 2014

Geoff is professor on Chadwick International School and he takes care of children and, he works with other professors and parents that live ether inside and even outside Songdo. He is Canadian and he’s living in Songdo since 2013. He is one of the inhabitants that follow the city development in many stages.

96 Ana: When it was your first time in Songdo?

Geoff: 2011 August

Ana: You know KPF?

Geoff: No

Ana: You know Gale International?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You know what it is Posco?

Geoff: Yes, It’s well known here in Songdo even from international citizens.

Ana: What it was the Korean opinion about the concept and idea of Building Songdo city? Good or Bad? What’s your opinion?

Geoff: A good thing, but Songdo has some problems.

Ana: What is your personal opinion?

Geoff: It's good for me because I have a job. They are selling the city to the world, but it's not so important for the world.

Ana: You think that is a reason to this city not is so international as they plan at the begging?

Geoff: Tax is not enough to companies relocated here. It doesn’t have the strong infrastructure.

Ana: You think Songdo is a real Green City?

97 Geoff: No

Ana: You think Songdo is a Smart City?

Geoff: No.

Ana: You see daily maintenance on the City?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You think in the city people and the systems spend less water then in a normal city?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You think the systems and the equipment’s that are down streets are good and the people know that?

Geoff: No, I didn't

Ana: Do you like to live on the city, or you would like to live on the city?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a Piazza in Songdo?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a fast train to the airport and to Seoul?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: What you think it will be the Future? You fell that it would be good

98 or bad?

Geoff: Keep growing good

Ana: Do you think there are too much coffee places in Songdo?

Geoff: I like keeping them like that.

Ana: Do you think will only that kind of commerce it will be sustainable?

Geoff: It depends of the market

Ana: Do you believe that people used all the parks that you have in Songdo?

Geoff: Yes they use on weekends

Ana: People in South Korea made exercise frequently?

Geoff: Yes, yes

Ana: The air quality is important for you?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: Do you think Songdo has a good air quality?

Geoff: No

Ana: You would like to have a marginal where you could circulate and using restaurants seeing the see?

Geoff: Yes

99 Ana: You would like to have more information about how the systems work on the Songdo city?

Geoff: Yes, everything in Korean it's not smart

Ana: You think is easy to have maintenance when you need?

Geoff: I don’t know.

Ana: And when you need help you think is easy to find help?

Geoff: The school helps you

Ana: You think is a good city to work and live?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: Do you recommend this city to a friend for live?

Geoff: Depend what they were looking for.

Ana: You would like to see old buildings on Songdo?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: Do you like the buildings that they are doing know on the city?

Geoff: No

Ana: This city could it be built in another part of the world? Near Dubai or near Paris or even New York?

Geoff: China, but in American, in as marker scale.

100 Ana: To be a sustainable city the Furniture has to be sustainable to. Do you have some business inside the city when you can by this kind of Furniture and Equipments?

Geoff: It's heard. They really focus.

Ana: You think it will better for the population that is living in Songdo that can start using the smart phone to open the door, to turn of energy, turn of gas and other possible decisions?

Geoff: Not really, silly tool.

Ana: You would like to have some tourist maps with the Songdo cycling grid? And, more dynamic?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a piazza open 24 hours? With all the events and technologies? A new way to get residents out of their homes, what do you think?

Geoff: Yes real

Basic interview questionnaire

Ana: When it was your first time in Songdo?

Ana: You accompanied the earthwork of Songdo?

Ana: This is not a good question for you, but know KPF right?

Ana: You know Gale International?

Ana: And you know Posco?

Ana: What it was the Korean opinion about the concept and idea of Songdo city construction? Good or Bad?

101 Ana: What is your personal opinion, if you don’t mind to answer?

Ana: You think that is a reason that the city at the moment is not so international as they plan at the begging?

Ana: You think Songdo is a real Green City?

Ana: You think Songdo is a Smart City?

Ana: You see daily maintenance on the City?

Ana: You think in the city people and the systems spend less water then in a normal city?

Ana: You think the systems and the Equipments that are down streets are good and the people know that?

Ana: Do you like to live on the city, or you would like to live on the city?

Ana: What you think that is missing now?

Ana: You would like to see a fast train to the airport and to Seoul?

Ana: What you think it will be the Future? You fell that it would be good or bad for Songdo?

Ana: Do you believe that people used often all the parks that you have in Songdo?

Ana: People in South Korea made exercise frequently?

Ana: The air quality is important for you?

Ana: Do you think Songdo has a good air quality?

Ana: You would like to have a marginal where you could circulate and using restaurants seeing the sea?

Ana: You would like to have more information about how the systems work on the Songdo city?

Ana: You think is easy to have maintenance when you need?

Ana: And when you need help you think is easy to find help?

Ana: You think is a good city to work and live?

Ana: Do you recommend this city to a friend for live?

102 Ana: You would like to see old buildings on Songdo?

Ana: Do you like the buildings that they are doing now on the city?

Ana: This city could it be built in another part of the world? Near Dubai, near Paris or even in New York?

Ana: To be a sustainable city the Furniture has to be sustainable to. Do you have some business inside the city when you can by this kind of Furniture and Equipments connected to the Green International Certification?

Ana: You would like to have some tourist maps or a bigger Marketing campaign with Songdo?

Ana: You would like to see a piazza open 24 hours? With all the events and technologies? A new way to get residents out of their homes, what do you think?

Specialist’s Songdo

CIKUTOVIC, Marco - AES Gener with POSCO E&C - Offshore Engineering Manager – Chilean

DIAS, Solemain - Chadwick International School – Admissions director- Brazilian

103 DUMELIE, Geoff - Chadwick International School - Village School Counsellor - Canadian

HAN, Jisop - Opus Design and KPF - design director and architect of all Songdo Project – Korean

JACKSON, Emma - Metroland Media Group - Journalist- Canadian

KIM, May - Collins International – Real State advisor - Korean

MORE, David G. - Gale International – Project Manager - English

POLYCARP, Clifford - Green Climate Found - Director Manager –- Indian

RIBEIRO, João - United Nations UNCITRAL, Reg. C. for Asia and the Pacific - Head of Office - Portuguese

THOMAS, Emily - Incheon University - Visiting professor – American

BASTOS, Marta - Korean Nacional University of Arts – Visiting Professor - Portuguese

Ben Chung – CISCO -GCOE Centre Manager/program Manager- Australian

BRETON, Maybell – Chadwick International School - Middle School Spanish

CARBALLO, Luis Morejón – Deutsche Bank - Director, SubRegional Business Partner - Spanish

Charlie Nam – CISCO - Demo Engineer – Global Centre of Excellence

CHO, Yoona - IFEZ - Public Relations Division / Public Information Team

CHUN, Sung Woo – A KT and Cisco Collaboration - BM Team / Director – CENTIOS

FISKE, Siri – Chadwick International School - Director of Cross Campus Collaboration

GORE, Charles Yan – Università IUAV di Venezia - Ph.D in Urbanism

HEIDER, Christoph – European Chamber of Commerce in Korea - Secretary General

104 HWANG, Young Sam – Incheon University Prof. of Urban & Architecture – School of Urban & Architecture

JEONGSU, Yang – Samsung Electronics – Manager Construction Sales

JUNG, Ji Won – ULIFE Solutions - Strategic Business Division, Assistant Manager

KIM, Dong Sik – Samsung Electronics – Assistant Manager

KIM, Hongjoong – bkl – Bae, Kim & Lee Lcc - Partner

KIM, Jonghoon, Ph.D – Incheon University - Professor of Marketing, College of Business Administration

KIM, Min – MIRO Corporation - President

KIM, Seung Hyeon – bkl – Bae, Kim & Lee Lcc - Attorney at Law / Member of the New York Bars

KIM, Yong Un – Samsung Electronics – System Division/General Manager

KIM, Youngsuk – Konkuk University – SGAU - Chair, Architecture Department, College of Architecture – Institute for Smart Green Architecture and Urbanism

KONG, Eunsook – IFEZ - Public relations Division /MICE Industry Team

KRESSE, Klaas – University of Seoul - Visiting Professor

LEE, Ana – Green Climate Found, Human Resources Assistant

LEE, Jungmin – INHA University - International Centre

LIM, Sue Hyun – bkl – Bae, Kim & Lee Lcc - Partner, member of the Korean & New York Bars

LOURO, Fr. Pedro – Consolata Missionaries

MARTINIUS, Ulrika– Green Climate Found - Human Resources

MINJONG, Yu – Incheon International Relations Foundation - Manager / Division of Global Affairs

MOON, Jihwan – KPF Korea - Architects and Planning Consultants - Associate Principal

105 MYUNGHAE, Cha – IFEZ - Strategic Investment Planning Division/ Expat Support Team Manager

OH, Andrew – Green Climate Found - Facility Manager

PARK, Jung-Nam – Daewoo E&C - Deputy General Manager, Country Region Mechanical Engineering Team

RIDGE, Kieran – Chadwick International School - Upper School English – Manager of Sustainable Club

SACHS, Charles – Chadwick International School - Head of School

SHEIKH, Nasir – Department of Technical and Society - SUNY Korea, The State University of New York

SILVA, Phavana – Chadwick International School - Director of Curriculum

SUK, Yeong Yang – IFEZ - Incheon Help Centre for Foreigners – Korean teacher

SUMMERS, Scott – Gale International Korea, LLC – Songdo IBD - SVP Foreign Investment 1

WILLE, Shelly – Chadwick International School - Village School Principal

WILLIAMSON, Craig – Chadwick International School - Middle School Principal

YEON, Sung Nak – Incheon Catholic University - General Manager

During the research were visited the following entities:

The central CISCO in Songdo in the POSCO’s building on March 26, 2014.

The attended team from CISCO was:

Ben Chung - CISCO - GCOE Centre Manager / Manager program

Charlie Nam - CISCO - Demo Engineer - Global Centre of Excellence

A visit to IFEZ Operations Centre in Songdo on April 18, 2014 was made.

106 He studied the Compact Smart City first and then went to the building G Tower current operations centre of the whole city.

From IFEZ the following members supported this meeting:

CHO, Yoona - IFEZ - Public Relations Division / Public Information Team

KONG, Eunsook - IFEZ - Public relations Division / MICE Industry Team

Within the research was developed into Konkuk University support and an evaluation a student’s group that were developing proposals to Songdo International City, and created a system analysis to introduce into the general research. The following teachers supported the following information:

HAN, Jisop - Gale International Design Advisor - Invited Professor at Konkuk University - SGAU

KIM, Youngsuk - Konkuk University - SGAU - Chair, Architecture Department, College of Architecture - Institute for Architecture and Urbanism Smart Green.

The taught classes at Chadwick International School on the subject of ‘Smart Cities’ supported the future vision for some of the conclusions of the research. The following teachers encouraged the following information:

DUMELIE, Geoff - Chadwick International School - Village School Counsellor

RIDGE, Kieran – Chadwick International School - Upper School English – Manager of Sustainable Club

Some of the information about the city had a development into associations inside the Songdo Community Member - Member of leading group Songdo Community.

During the process the was prepared a direct research into the Milan Polytechnic's library, in Italy, to get all possible information about Smart Cities subject in November 2014.

107 고생 끝에 낙이 온다 At the end of hardship comes happiness

With hard work there is always success. Fighting.

Korean proverb

108 Figure 1 - Songdo Central Park image (source: by the author, December 2014)

109 Annex | Case Studies

Figure 2 – Case studies at the World Map | Minsk, Ulaanbaatar and Songdo. (source: by the author 2016)

110 VII | Table of Figures

111 Figure 55 - Master Plan ______38 Figure 56 - Master Plan ______39 Figure 57 - Master Plan ______39 Figure 58 - Master Plan ______40 Figure 59 - Master Plan ______40 Figure 60 – Incheon Bridge ______41 Figure 61 – Incheon Bridge ______42 Figure 62 – Road Network ______43 Figure 63 – Public transportation ______43 Figure 64 – Congress center ______44 Figure 65 – Sustainability system ______44 Figure 66 – Sustainability system ______45 Figure 67 – Sustainability system ______45 Figure 68 – Open space songdo ______46 Figure 69 – LEED green buildings ______46 Figure 70 – Singdo Golf club ______47 Figure 71 –Songdo Global Campus ______47 Figure 72 – Chadwick International School ______48 Figure 73 – Posco Building ______49 Figure 74 – Partners Songdo ______49 Figure 75 – Transportation Songdo center ______52 Figure 76 – Streets information, Songdo ______58 Figure 77 – Belarus location in Europe ______56 Figure 78 – Minsk Location Belarus ______56 Figure 79 - Minsk general map ______72 Figure 80 - Minsk river Location ______72 Figure 81 - Minsk city center near the river ______74 Figure 82 –Minsk train station center, Railway Station Square ______74 Figure 83 –Minsk GorkyPark ______75 Figure 84 – Museum war park ______75 Figure 85 - Old Town Minsk – Holy Spirit Church ______76 Figure 86 – Outside Minsk near the airport ______76 Figure 87 – Monument near airport of Minsk ______77 Figure 88 – Squirrel at Gorky parks ______78 Figure 89 – Gorky park Minsk ______78 Figure 90 - Gorky park Minsk ______79 Figure 91 – Circus statue Minsk, Belarus horse ______79 Figure 92 - Circus statue Minsk ______80

112 VII | Table of Graphics

113 VIII | TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANNEX | ONE ...... 115 CASE STUDY Ulaanbaatar ...... 116

ANNEX | TWO ...... 127 CASE STUDY Songdo ...... 128

ANNEX | THREE ...... 176 CASE STUDY Minsk ...... 177 Interviews ...... 188

114 ANNEX | ONE ..

115 CASE STUDY Ulaanbaatar

Ulaanbaatar or Ulan Bator /ˌuːlɑːn ˈbɑːtər/ (Mongolian: Улаанбаатар, [ʊɮɑːŋ.bɑːtʰɑ r], Ulaγanbaγatur, literally "Red Hero") is Mongolia's capital and largest city. A municipality, the city is not part of any Aimag (province), and its population as of 2014 was over 1.3 million; almost half of the country's total population.3 Mongolia it is located in north central, the municipality lies at an elevation of about 1,310 metres (4,300 ft) in a valley on the Tuul River. It is the country's cultural, industrial and financial heart, the centre of Mongolia's road network and connected by rail to both the Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia and the Chinese railway system.

Figure 3 – Ulaanbaatar city View (source: soyombo.de, 2016)

3 Statis.ub.gov.mn. Retrieved 2014-09-07.

4 Ulaanbaatar Official Web Portal". Ulaanbaatar.mn. Retrieved 2013-11-24.

116 Figure 4 – Mongolia location (source: Google maps, 2016)

Figure 5 – Mongolia and Ulaanbaatar location (source: Google maps 2016)

117 Figure 6 – Ulaanbaatar location (source: Google maps, 2016)

Figure 7 - Ulaanbaatar Top view (source: Google maps, 2016)

118 Figure 8 - Ulaanbaator Tul river (source: Google maps, 2016)

Figure 9 - Engraving of N.A.Charushin's panorama photo of the old center of Urga from trip (1888) with Potanin (source: Grigory Potanin 1886)

Figure 10 - A 1913 panorama of Urga. (source: masterpieces.asemus.museum, 19 Feb 2013)

119 The large circular compound in the middle is the Zuun Khuree temple- palace complex. The Gandan temple complex is to the left. The palaces of the Bogd are to the south of the river. To the far bottom right of the painting is the Maimaicheng district. To its left are the white buildings of the Russian consulate area. The Manjusri monastery can be seen on Mount Bogd Khan Uul at the bottom-right of the painting.

Figure 11 - Yurt shaped temple. Beginning of the 20th century (source: architecture Mongolia 2016)

120 Figure 12 - Generations: yurt, temple and skyscraper (source: architecture Mongolia 2016)

Figure 13 - Ger-tereg on the move (source: Ulaanbaatar.com, 2016)

121 Figure 14 – Yurt in Ulaanbaatar (source: Ulaanbaatar.com, 2016)

Figure 15 – Mongolian person (source: Ulaanbaatar.com, 2016)

Figure 16 – Ulaanbaatar forest (source: Ulaanbaatar.com, 2016)

122 Figure 17 - Constructivism. Military Club. Occupied University of Cinema Art. (source: Mongolian architecture, 2016)

Figure 18 – Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue (source: Mongolian architecture, 2016)

123 Figure 19 - Chenrezig temple in the Gandan Tegchinling (source: Mongolian architecture, 2016)

Figure 20 - Backyard of Chinggis Khaan Hotel in Ulan Bator (source: Mongolian architecture, 2016)

124 Figure 21 – Slums Ulaanbaatar (source: Google street view)

Figure 22 – Slums and buildings Ulaanbaatar (source: Google street view)

125 Figure 23 - Slums Ulaanbaatar (source: Google street view)

Figure 24 – Ulaanbaatar city center (source: Google street view)

126 ANNEX | TWO .

127 CASE STUDY Songdo

A small number of Japanese residents have sought to live in Songdo IBD after the Tohoku earthquake.

128

Figure 25 - Songdo Map (source: Google maps, 2016)

Figure 26 - Songdo Map (source: Google maps, 2016)

129 Figure 27 – Songdo Map (source: Google maps, 2016)

Figure 28 - Songdo part of the Map (source: Google maps, 2016)

130 Songdo 송도

International Business District

Songdo International Business District

Location of Songdo in South Korea

Coordinates: 37°23′20″N 126°39′08″E

Country | SOUTH KOREA

Region | Sudogwon

Provincial | Incheon

TIME Zone | Korea Standard Time (UTC+9)

website | www.songdo.com

Established as Urga 1639

Current location 1778

Ulaanbaatar 1924

Area

TOTAL | 5,829,446!(1,500 acres)

Expected Population (2018)

TOTAL | 258,728

131 Figure 29 – Miracle on Han River (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 30 – Regional Economic pressure (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

132 Figure 31 – Yellow sea economic basin (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 32 – Limited Land resources (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

133 Figure 33 – Incheon Free Economic Zone (source: IFEZ 2015)

Figure 34 – Solutions /Foresight: Incheon International Airport (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

134 Figure 35 - Solutions /Foresight: Infrastructure (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 36 – Solutions/ Foresight: Land reclamation (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

135 Figure 37 – Background of Songdo (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 38 – Songdo 2001 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

136 Figure 39 – Songdo 2003 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 40 – Songdo 2005 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

137 Figure 41 – Songdo 2007 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 42 – Songdo 2008 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

138 Figure 43 – Songdo 2009 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 44 – Songdo 2010 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

139 Figure 45 – Songdo 2011 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 46 – Songdo 2012 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

140 Figure 47 – Songdo 2012 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

141 Figure 48 –Songdo 2013 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 49 – Songdo Master plan 2009 (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

142 Figure 50 – Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

Figure 51 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

143 Figure 52 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

Figure 53 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

144 Figure 54 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

Figure 55 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

145 Figure 56 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

Figure 57 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

146 Figure 58 - Master Plan (source: Songdo IBD 2015)

147 Figure 59 – Incheon Bridge (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 60 – Greater Songdo Infrastructure (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

148 Figure 61 – Infrastructure (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

149 Figure 62 – Road Network (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 63 – Public transportation (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

150 Figure 64 – Congress center (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 65 – Sustainability system (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

151 Figure 66 – Sustainability system (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 67 – Sustainability system (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

152 Figure 68 – Open space Songdo (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 69 – LEED green buildings (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

153 Figure 70 – Singdo Golf club (source: Songdo IBD 2014)

Figure 71 –Songdo Global Campus (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

154 Figure 72 – Chadwick International School (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

Figure 73 – Posco Building (source: by the author 2015)

155 Figure 74 – Partners Songdo (source: Ph.D. specialist 2014)

SONGDO Survey resumé |

Online survey developed 45 inhabitants of Songdo International City. This survey was conducted between August 1st of 2014 and September 10th of 2014, covers the following areas:

1_GENERAL INFORMATION

2_TRANSPORTATION

3_HEALTH AND POLLUTION:

4_COMMUNICATION/ LANGUAGE

5_DAILY LIVING ISSUES & ENHANCEMENTS

156 Table 1 – Resume Songdo Survey (source: by the author 2014)

157 1. GENERAL INFORMATION - I am studying in Songdo/IFEZ 0% - My spouse works in Songdo/IFEZ 12.50% - I work for a company/organization in Songdo/IFEZ 25.00% - Other work in Incheon Bupyung. 22.50% - I work for a school/academy in Songdo/IFEZ 40.00% - Three months or under 0% - Other 10.00% - Three months to six months 12.50% - I have been here or have been visiting for over a year 17.50% - Six months to a year 27.50% - I have been here or have been visiting for over two years 32.50% - I hold a Korean passport 10.00% - I hold a passport from another country 90.00% 0% 22.50% 45.00% 67.50% 90.00%

1a. Citizenship?

1b. How long have you lived or visited Songdo/ IFEZ?

1c. Why are you here in Songdo/IFEZ

Table 2 - General Information survey (source: by the author 2014)

158 Secondly, at the question 1b the foreigners that live in Songdo stayed in an average time of two years.

Figure 75 - Transportation Songdo center (source: by the author, 2015)

159 2. TRANSPORTATION 4 - Advertising banners blocking the view of oncoming traffic 10.00% 0 - Jaywalking 12.50% - Other 20.00% 5 - Right turn against the signal 25.00% 2 - Speeding 25.00% 3 - Inconsiderate parking 32.50% 6 - Ignoring traffic signals 60.00% 1 - Motorcycles and scooters on the sidewalk 62.50% 3 - Cell phone 0% - Other 5.00% 0 - Cash 35.00% 1 - Credit card 42.50% 2 - T - money (for discount) 55.00% - Other 10.00% 5 - Car (ownership and rental) 7.50% 4 - Taxi 10.00% 0 - Subway 15.00% 3 - Taxi (call by phone) 45.00% 1 - Bus (local) 52.50% 2 - Bus (intercity) 72.50% 0 - Not important 2.50% 2 - Kind of Important 2.50% 1 - Somewhat important 5.00% 4 - Very Important 27.50% 3 - Important 30.00% 5 - Extremely Important 32.20% 0%20.00%40.00%60.00%80.00% 2a. How important is this area to you?

2b. Which means of public transport would you like more information about in English? (You can choose more than one)

2c. Do you use any of the following to pay for public transport?(You can choose more than one)

Table 3 - Transportation Songdo survey (source: by the author 2014)

160 inhabitants.

Other problematic that were presented into this survey that talked about the taxi call system where citizens ask for a new and different way and right process in the English language.

According to the 2c answer, no one is using the telephone system to make payments and in general people use the ‘T-money’ system.

161 3. HEALTH AND POLLUTION No 47.50% Yes 52.50% No 45.00% Yes 55.00% Yes 30.00% No 70.00% Yes 17.50% No 82.50% Yes 35.00% No 65.00% 5 0% 4 50.00% 3 35.00% 2 10.00% 1 5.00% 0 - Not important 0% 1 - Somewhat important 0% 2 - Kind of Important 5.00% 4 - Very Important 20.00% 3 - Important 37.50% 5 - Extremely Important 37.50% 0% 22.50% 45.00% 67.50% 90.00%

3a. How important is this area to you?

3b. Do you think Songdo/IFEZ is a real GREEN City at the moment? Rate the city's efforts at being a Green City, in your opinion. How good a job is the city doing to achieve this aim?

3c-1. Do you have easy access to information regarding the air quality in Songdo?

3c-2. Do you have easy access to information regarding water usage?

3c-3. Do you have easy access to information regarding garbage and recycling protocols?

3d. Do you feel you have access to good medical service in Songdo/IFEZ at the moment?

3e. In case of a medical emergency, are you aware of how to quickly access medical services?

Table 4 - Health and Pollution Songdo survey (source: by the author 2014)

162 According to the question, number 3 combining information about health and pollution system people answered that these two areas are critical for the quality of life.

163 Table 5 – Communication/ language Songdo survey (source: by the author 2014)

4. COMMUNICATION /LANGUAGE

- I am happy with the communication & language options available 12.50% - Other .No idea 17.50% .Bilingual staff in korean gov offices… - Additional free Korean lessons 32.50%

- Access to better translation services 32.50%

- More Korean signs translated into English 52.50%

0 - Not supported 5.00%

4 - Very supported 5.00%

5 - Extremely supported 5.00%

1 - Somewhat supported 27.50%

3 - Supported 25.00%

2 - Kind of supported 32.50%

0 - Not important 0%

2 - Kind of Important 2.50%

1 - Somewhat important 5.00%

3 - Important 25.00%

5 - Extremely Important 25.00%

4 - Very Important 42.50%

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

4a. How important is this area to you?

4b. Do you feel that IFEZ/Songdo provides adequate language support necessary to meet your daily needs?

4c. What area(s) would you like to see improved in terms of communication and language support.

Table 5 – Communication/ language Songdo survey (source: by the author 2014)

According to the question number 4, the communication, it is critical for

164 everyone in as a general factor. When it arrives at the question, number 4b inhabitants think that IFEZ will need to improve their action with foreigners.

Figure 76 - Streets information, Songdo (source: by the author, 2015)

165 5. Daily living issues & Enhancements

0 - Not important 0%

1 - Somewhat important 0%

2 - Kind of Important 15.00%

5 - Extremely Important 15.00%

4 - Very Important 30.00%

3 - Important 40.00%

0% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 5a. How important is this area to you?

Table 6 - Daily living issues Songdo survey (source: by the author 2014)

166 167 Table 7 – Survey Songdo graphics (source: by the author 2014)

168 Table 8 - Survey Songdo graphics (source: by the author 2014)

169 Table 9 -Survey Songdo graphics (source: by the author 2014)

170 171 172 173 174 175 ANNEX | THREE .

176 CASE STUDY Minsk

177 Figure 77 – Belarus location in Europe (source: Google maps 2016)

Figure 78 – Minsk Location Belarus (source: Google maps 2016)

178 Figure 79 - Minsk general map (source: Google maps 2016)

Figure 80 - Minsk river Location (source: Google maps 2016)

179 Minsk Минск

Minsk District

Location of Minsk in Belarus Coordinates: 53°54′N 27°34′E Country | BELARUS

TIME Zone | Belarus Standard Time (UTC+3) website | www. minsk.gov.by

Founded 1067 Current location 1778 Ulaanbaatar 1924

Area TOTAL | 409.5 km2 (158.1 sq mi) Elevation | 280.6 m (920.6 ft) Population (2014) TOTAL | 1,921,807 Density | 5,966/km2 (15,450/sq mi)

180 Figure 81 - Minsk city center near the river (source: Google street view 2016)

Figure 82 –Minsk train station center, Railway Station Square, a Stalinist example. (source: Google street view 2016)

181 Figure 83 –Minsk GorkyPark (source: by the author, 2016)

Figure 84 – Museum war park (source: by the author, 2016)

182 Figure 85 - Old Town Minsk – Holy Spirit Church (source: by the author)

Figure 86 – Outside Minsk near the airport (source: by the author, 2016)

183 Figure 87 – Monument near airport of Minsk Курган Славы (source: by the author)

184 Figure 88 – Squirrel at Gorky parks (source: by the author 2016)

Figure 89 – Gorky park Minsk (source: by the author, 2016)

185 Figure 90 - Gorky park Minsk (source: by the author 2016)

(source: by the author, 2016)

Figure 91 – Circus statue Minsk, Belarus horse (source: by the author 2016)

186 Figure 92 - Circus statue Minsk (source: by the author 2016)

187 Interviews

David Moore | first interview 19th February of 2014.

(This was a generic questionnaire about the city story.)

Ana: So David, how it was planned the first earthmoving?

David: It was hard to transport all the material, it took time but it was a success.

Ana: When did you arrive in Korea and with whom you were working with?

188 director of the project. This opportunity emerged from a friend from another country, Gale International, from USA. This new project was a joint venture with Gale International and POSCO E&C from South Korea. Daewoo started the beginning of this idea, from the development of a City from the scratch, but it was not well succeeded. The KPF group, join to the project but the first stage was a challenge because their investment, and because of the risk that they took. One of the biggest problems was the language barrier, everything was in Korean and Specialists were not prepared with the Korean language. So, and the project started. The government creates a special free economic zone in Incheon, with a special legislation, very different from existent at the time. The first moment of a clear action of this new attitude with the territory, was the pre-sell apartments that start creating an impulse on the project. As soon as they were ready, a big boom appends, and a very big percentage of the first part was sold. It was very good for the business. The idea for transforming and using rain Water generated less expense, and the energy from the waste for cooling the water to bathrooms it was a good idea. And this solution worked for all the buildings with an initial percentage. This project was special as well because of the New mating system. Everything was located and exist above the ground. Were projected sensors that monitor temperature, energy use and traffic flow. These sensors could alert when the bus it is late or even informed the local authority. And even the idea of the water-recycling system that prevents clean drinking water being used to flush office toilets was very innovative. The waste disposal system project was very innovative. With the created system there are no rubbish trucks trawling the streets or vast bins dotted around blocks of flats. Rather then an old system, all household waste is sucked directly from individual floors through a vast underground network of tunnels, to waste processing centres, where it's automatically sorted, deodorised and treated to be kinder to the environment. But before, the master plan developed by KPF, wait for an approval of 2 years, from the central government. The working team was specialist in sustainability and LEED building certification The Sheraton hotel building was the first LEED certified building at the same time of the first world apartments. Then followed the Convencia and Canal Walk. But with the crises, Gale International was not capable of continue developing and leading the project. In 2011 Korean banks and POSCO agree and they want to control. They continue 12 foreigners out.

189 Ana: And what about buildings maintenance? How is giving the support?

David: The Maintenance is managed by IFEZ. The water and gas system is supported by a Korean company. A separated company supports energy consumption.

Ana: And what made you come to Korea?

Ana: And David the project was always this way?

Ana: So David, in your opinion what are the reasons to move into a Smart City?

David: A city like this will have the right partners, the new idea of quality into a city and a new way of living using less the car. And this was innovative idea that was unique in the world.

The only problem is at the begging when the city is growing and it is producing the market. There at the moment some doubts about how to

190 bring people into the city transforming this city into something fashion and a developed area.

Ana: What about the Architecture project city planning?

David Moore, Second interview | 27 march 2014

Ana: Who made the first business plan? Who made the concept of the master plan?

David: Dawoo developed with the Dutch architect, Rem Koolhaas the first master plan

Ana: And, why Cisco?

David: Because it was the company that was free to develop a direct product for our concept project. They were developing the ITEK city solution.

Ana: And what is the situation point today?

191 control and taking new decisions. The control systems, because of the investment they took 5 or 6 years to start implementing some sensors. Korea is a country that is very intense; critic and competitive and 25 persons commit suicide per day. The workday is so hard.

David More, Gale International interview | 11 June 2014

Ana: When did you start to working on Songdo project?

David: When it was your first time in Songdo?

Ana: You accompanied the earthwork of Songdo?

David: Yes completely.

Ana: You know KPF right?

David: Yes, Sure

Ana: You know Gale International?

David: Yes

Ana: You know POSCO?

David: Yes

192 Ana: What it was the Korean opinion about the concept and idea of Building Songdo city? Good or Bad?

David: It was not good.

Ana: What is your personal opinion?

David: Great opportunity to built a new city to be involve in a project like that.

Ana: You think that is a reason to this city not be so international as they plan at the begging?

David: The city miss the offices not final business project

Ana: You think Songdo is a real Green City?

David: Yes

Ana: You think Songdo is a Smart City?

David: No, not anymore.

Ana: You see daily maintenance on the City?

David: Very good.

Ana: You think in the city people and the systems spend less water then in a normal city?

David: Yes.

Ana: You think the systems and the Equipment’s that are down streets are good and the people know that?

193 David: No

Ana: Do you like to live on the city, or you would like to live on the city?

David: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a Piazza in Songdo?

David: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a fast train to the airport and to Seoul?

David: Yes

Ana: What you think it will be the Future? You fell that it would be good or bad?

David: Long term it will be good. It I'll work. Until there it's not so good.

Ana: Do you think there are too much coffee places in Songdo?

David: Yes, but, Korean don't invite people to their homes. Meet friends on coffee. The traditional home Korean to have dinner at home in room. There not house proud.

Ana: Do you think will only that kind of commerce it will be sustainable?

David: Risky. It's difficult they follow trend.

Ana: Do you believe that people used all the parks that you have in Songdo?

David: Yes. Weekends

194 Ana: People in South Korea made exercise frequently?

David: Walking in the mountains.

Ana: The air quality is important for you?

David: No, not

Ana: Do you think Songdo has a good air quality?

David: Relatively. Some days. Not compare to Seoul. Beijing

Ana: You would like to have a marginal where you could circulate and using restaurants seeing the see?

David: Yes, a promenade.

Ana: You would like to have more information about how the systems work on the Songdo city?

David: No, I know how everything works. If I don't have my experience I would like to have.

Ana: You think is easy to have maintenance when you need?

David: No. It's not.

Ana: And when you need help you think is easy to find help?

David: More less easy...

Ana: You think is a good city to work and live?

195 David: Yes. It was design to be good for that.

Ana: Do you recommend this city to a friend for live?

David: Yes

Ana: You would like to see old buildings on Songdo?

David: Traditional buildings.

Ana: Do you like the buildings that they are doing know on the city?

David: No, they’re not good.

Ana: This city could it be built in another part of the world? Near Dubai or near Paris or even New York?

David: Yes, but. In Korea people has the habit to live in apartment.

Ana: To be a sustainable city the Furniture has to be sustainable to. Do you have some business inside the city when you can by this kind of Furniture and Equipment’s?

David: The Korean doesn’t like furniture.

Ana: You think it will better for the population that is living in Songdo that can start using the smart phone to open the door, to turn of energy, turn of gas and other possible decisions?

David: Yes totally

Ana: You would like to have some tourist maps with the Songdo cycling grid? More dynamic and informative?

196 David: Yes.

Ana: You would like to see a piazza open 24 hours? With all the events and technologies? A new way to get residents out of their homes, what do you think?

David: Yes, completely

JHan architect KPF interview | 12 June 2014

Ana: When did you start to working on Songdo project?

Ana: When it was your first time in Songdo?

JHan: I visited the site in 2001. I started with the sector 1 approval.

Ana: You accompanied the earthwork of Songdo?

197 Ana: This is not a good question for you, but know KPF right?

JHan: Right, I was part of the team.

Ana: You know Gale International?

JHan: Yes but during long years it was a client, now, as I told you I’m their consultant.

Ana: And you know Posco?

JHan: Yes was our client 2006 in 29%.

Ana: What it was the Korean opinion about the concept and idea of Songdo city construction? Good or Bad?

Ana: What is your personal opinion, if you don’t mind to answer?

JHan: The best challenge was to have the change to draw a complete city, from the beginning.

Ana: You think that is a reason that the city at the moment is not so international as they plan at the begging?

JHan: The International crises action was a very big loss of money. Before 2008 everything was going well and directly connected to the initial plan.

198 Ana: You think Songdo is a real Green City?

JHan: 90% of the initial project was Green City, but at the moment, Green Cities in South Korea are improving and start having special rules.

Ana: You think Songdo is a Smart City?

Ana: You see daily maintenance on the City?

JHan: The government or the city council has a daily strategic plan.

Ana: You think in the city people and the systems spend less water then in a normal city?

Ana: You think the systems and the Equipment’s that are down streets are good and the people know that?

JHan: Yes and for the environment as well.

Ana: Do you like to live on the city, or you would like to live on the city?

JHan: Songdo yes! Block 125

199 Ana: What you think that is missing now?

JHan: Population. International medical services inside the city.

Ana: You would like to see a fast train to the airport and to Seoul?

JHan: Yes, it is needed.

Ana: What you think it will be the Future? You fell that it would be good or bad for Songdo?

JHan: Good.

Ana: Do you believe that people used often all the parks that you have in Songdo?

JHan: Yes

Ana: People in South Korea made exercise frequently?

JHan: Yes

Ana: The air quality is important for you?

JHan: Sure

Ana: Do you think Songdo has a good air quality?

JHan: Not so good

Ana: You would like to have a marginal where you could circulate and using restaurants seeing the sea?

JHan: Yes

200 Ana: You would like to have more information about how the systems work on the Songdo city?

JHan: No, for me no bt for the inhabitants yes.

Ana: You think is easy to have maintenance when you need?

JHan: Yes

Ana: And when you need help you think is easy to find help?

JHan: No

Ana: You think is a good city to work and live?

JHan: Yes

Ana: Do you recommend this city to a friend for live?

JHan: Yes

Ana: You would like to see old buildings on Songdo?

JHan: Yes

Ana: Do you like the buildings that they are doing now on the city?

JHan: Are casual buildings.

Ana: This city could it be built in another part of the world? Near Dubai, near Paris or even in New York?

JHan: It will be possible. Self sufficient with everything that Songdo has.

201 With the same type of concepts implemented.

JHan: No

JHan: Yes

Ana: You would like to have some tourist maps or a bigger Marketing campaign with Songdo?

JHan: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a piazza open 24 hours? With all the events and technologies? A new way to get residents out of their homes, what do you thinks?

JHan: For sure!

Geoff Dumelie interview | 12 June 2014

202 Ana: When it was your first time in Songdo?

Geoff: 2011 August

Ana: You know KPF?

Geoff: No

Ana: You know Gale International?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You know what it is Posco?

Geoff: Yes, It’s well known here in Songdo even from international citizens.

Ana: What it was the Korean opinion about the concept and idea of Building Songdo city? Good or Bad? What’s your opinion?

Geoff: A good thing, but Songdo has some problems.

Ana: What is your personal opinion?

Geoff: It's good for me because I have a job. They are selling the city to the world, but it's not so important for the world.

Ana: You think that is a reason to this city not is so international as they plan at the begging?

Geoff: Tax is not enough to companies relocated here. It doesn’t have the strong infrastructure.

Ana: You think Songdo is a real Green City?

203 Geoff: No

Ana: You think Songdo is a Smart City?

Geoff: No.

Ana: You see daily maintenance on the City?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You think in the city people and the systems spend less water then in a normal city?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You think the systems and the equipment’s that are down streets are good and the people know that?

Geoff: No, I didn't

Ana: Do you like to live on the city, or you would like to live on the city?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a Piazza in Songdo?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a fast train to the airport and to Seoul?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: What you think it will be the Future? You fell that it would be good

204 or bad?

Geoff: Keep growing good

Ana: Do you think there are too much coffee places in Songdo?

Geoff: I like keeping them like that.

Ana: Do you think will only that kind of commerce it will be sustainable?

Geoff: It depends of the market

Ana: Do you believe that people used all the parks that you have in Songdo?

Geoff: Yes they use on weekends

Ana: People in South Korea made exercise frequently?

Geoff: Yes, yes

Ana: The air quality is important for you?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: Do you think Songdo has a good air quality?

Geoff: No

Ana: You would like to have a marginal where you could circulate and using restaurants seeing the see?

Geoff: Yes

205 Ana: You would like to have more information about how the systems work on the Songdo city?

Geoff: Yes, everything in Korean it's not smart

Ana: You think is easy to have maintenance when you need?

Geoff: I don’t know.

Ana: And when you need help you think is easy to find help?

Geoff: The school helps you

Ana: You think is a good city to work and live?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: Do you recommend this city to a friend for live?

Geoff: Depend what they were looking for.

Ana: You would like to see old buildings on Songdo?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: Do you like the buildings that they are doing know on the city?

Geoff: No

Ana: This city could it be built in another part of the world? Near Dubai or near Paris or even New York?

Geoff: China, but in American, in as marker scale.

206 Ana: To be a sustainable city the Furniture has to be sustainable to. Do you have some business inside the city when you can by this kind of Furniture and Equipments?

Geoff: It's heard. They really focus.

Ana: You think it will better for the population that is living in Songdo that can start using the smart phone to open the door, to turn of energy, turn of gas and other possible decisions?

Geoff: Not really, silly tool.

Ana: You would like to have some tourist maps with the Songdo cycling grid? And, more dynamic?

Geoff: Yes

Ana: You would like to see a piazza open 24 hours? With all the events and technologies? A new way to get residents out of their homes, what do you think?

Geoff: Yes real

Basic interview questionnaire

Ana: When it was your first time in Songdo?

Ana: You accompanied the earthwork of Songdo?

Ana: This is not a good question for you, but know KPF right?

Ana: You know Gale International?

Ana: And you know Posco?

Ana: What it was the Korean opinion about the concept and idea of Songdo city construction? Good or Bad?

207 Ana: What is your personal opinion, if you don’t mind to answer?

Ana: You think that is a reason that the city at the moment is not so international as they plan at the begging?

Ana: You think Songdo is a real Green City?

Ana: You think Songdo is a Smart City?

Ana: You see daily maintenance on the City?

Ana: You think in the city people and the systems spend less water then in a normal city?

Ana: You think the systems and the Equipments that are down streets are good and the people know that?

Ana: Do you like to live on the city, or you would like to live on the city?

Ana: What you think that is missing now?

Ana: You would like to see a fast train to the airport and to Seoul?

Ana: What you think it will be the Future? You fell that it would be good or bad for Songdo?

Ana: Do you believe that people used often all the parks that you have in Songdo?

Ana: People in South Korea made exercise frequently?

Ana: The air quality is important for you?

Ana: Do you think Songdo has a good air quality?

Ana: You would like to have a marginal where you could circulate and using restaurants seeing the sea?

Ana: You would like to have more information about how the systems work on the Songdo city?

Ana: You think is easy to have maintenance when you need?

Ana: And when you need help you think is easy to find help?

Ana: You think is a good city to work and live?

Ana: Do you recommend this city to a friend for live?

208 Ana: You would like to see old buildings on Songdo?

Ana: Do you like the buildings that they are doing now on the city?

Ana: This city could it be built in another part of the world? Near Dubai, near Paris or even in New York?

Ana: You would like to have some tourist maps or a bigger Marketing campaign with Songdo?

Ana: You would like to see a piazza open 24 hours? With all the events and technologies? A new way to get residents out of their homes, what do you think?

Specialist’s Songdo

CIKUTOVIC, Marco - AES Gener with POSCO E&C - Offshore Engineering Manager – Chilean

DIAS, Solemain - Chadwick International School – Admissions director- Brazilian

209 DUMELIE, Geoff - Chadwick International School - Village School Counsellor - Canadian