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SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability applied on buildings. Evaluation systems for “ blank” Smart Cities and “converted” Smart Cities Ramo de Doutoramento | Arquitetura Especialidade Tecnologias e Gestão da Construção Nome do Doutorando: MBA, MSc ANA CLAUDIA DE OLIVEIRA Nome do Orientador: Doutor Carlos Alberto Assunção Alho Constituição do Júri: Presidente e Vogal: | Doutora Manuela Cristina Paulo Carvalho Almeida Figueiredo, Professora Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa. Vogais: | Doctor Luis Moya Gonzalez, Professor Catedrático, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; | Doutor António José Morais, Professor Associado com Agregação, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa; | Doutor António Álvaro Borges Abel, Professor Auxiliar, Universidade de Évora; | Doutor Francisco Carlos Almeida do Nascimento e Oliveira, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa; | Doutor Carlos Alberto de Assunção Alho, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa. Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor DOCUMENTO DEFINITIVO | OUTUBRO | 2017 VOLUME I SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability applied on buildings Chapter I Introduction VOLUME I 1 SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability applied on buildings Chapter I Introduction Figure 1 - Songdo Central Park image (source: by the author, December 2014) 시작이 반이다 Starting is half the task Sometimes, getting started is the hardest part off any task; just jumping in will move you forward. 2 SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability applied on buildings Chapter I Introduction I | ABSTRACT Successive deployments of Smart Cities around the world are hindered by the difficulty in attracting a critical mass of inhabitants. New technology is not enough as a driver to guarantee a sustained adoption rate within the new cities. The concept of Climate Smart City aims at solving this issue by putting aspects related to liveability and sustainability at the centre. While the role of architecture in Climate Smart Cities is even more important than in Smart Cities, the principles that underlie their design and, ultimately, their success, have never been systematically studied and assessed. This research work systematises and validates the needs of Climate Smart Cities and then proposes a framework of principles for their planning, design and maintenance. The needs are validated with field studies of Songdo City in Incheon, South Korea, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and Minsk, Belarus. By defining the guiding principles underlying the design of Climate Smart Cities, the proposed framework will also enable architects, engineers, decision-makers and, international organisations to benchmark the solutions to be implemented. These principles can be readily implemented in interventions planned for European cities, emerging cities and, underdeveloped cities subject to poorly strategic planning. Key words: Climate Smart Cities, Smart Cities, Green Architecture, Sustainability, Neighbourhood creativity, 3 SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability applied on buildings Chapter I Introduction II | RESUMO O desenvolvimento sucessivo de Cidades Inteligentes pelo mundo, tem criado uma atitude negativa e prejudicial que resulta na dificuldade de atração de habitantes para estes espaços. As novas tecnologias não são suficientemente impulsionadoras para garantir uma taxa de adoção sustentável dentro destas novas cidades. O conceito de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas visam resolver esta questão tendo em conta aspectos relacionados na base da habitabilidade e da sustentabilidade. Enquanto o papel da arquitetura nas Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas é ainda mais importante do que Cidades Inteligentes, os princípios que se encontram subjacentes na sua concepção e, em última instância, no seu sucesso, não foram ainda sistematicamente estudados e avaliadas. Este trabalho sistematiza e valida as necessidades de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas e propõe um conjunto de princípios para a sua planificação, concepção e manutenção. As necessidades foram validadas com os casos de estudo da cidade de ‘Songdo City’ em Incheon, na Coreia do Sul, em Ulaanbaatar na Mongólia e em Minsk na Bielorrúsia. Com a definição dos princípios orientadores subjacentes à concepção de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas, o quadro proposto permitirá que arquitetos, engenheiros, governos, e organizações internacionais afiram soluções a serem implementadas mundialmente. Estes princípios podem ser facilmente implementados em intervenções em cidades europeias, nas cidades emergentes e, em países subdesenvolvidos que estão sujeitos a um mau planeamento estratégico. Palavras-chave: Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas, Cidades Inteligentes, Arquitetura Verde, Sustentabilidade, Bairros criativos, 4 SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability applied on buildings Chapter I Introduction III| Acknowledgements This is an ending stage of my life, that I devoted to academic research since 1999. With the Architecture degree in Lisbon, the Erasmus project in Italy at Milan Polytechnic during 2001 until 2002, with the master's degree in Buildings Rehabilitation finished in 2008 it was a long run and it is completed. With a start in a Ph.D. in Urbanism and, with a change to the Architecture Ph.D. at Lisbon University, with the Energy MBA between 2011 in 2013 between Lisbon and New York at Pratt Institute in NYC Manhattan and, finally since the end of 2013, to this now, between Lisbon to South Korea at the Songdo city, or Lisbon to Belarus, at Minsk city. I wish to express, to all the people, who was part of my career and, were an integrant part at my best and worst moments, my deepest: THANK YOU. Not being able to refer to all the persons, I want to praise and remember , all those, who were involved with their heart with me. To my advisor, Ph.D. Arch. Carlos Alho, (FAUTL), for his strong support, his confidence in myself for so many years and constant concern and dedication and always believing in me: "Thank you for everything!" To you my friend, Gonçalo Cardoso, for all the years that you were here, supporting me. I know that you are proud of my work, I’m proud of you! To you Arch. José Antonio Jacinto Vieira, as a mentor for me! You taught me to fish! Thank you so much! To Professor Han, from INHA University in South Korea, for their willingness and commitment by accepting this challenge to contribute their invaluable enthusiasm and professionalism. To engineer Ferreira Pinto, who always follow my study reading all my work and believing. An intense thanks you for my Minsk team in Belarus at the Belarusian State Technological University, ‘Evgeni', ‘Evgeni' and ‘Alexandro’. An enormous thanks to ‘Duralex’ that helped me so much with the sound of the music: Pedro, Tó, David, Plácido, Carlos & Leonel. To you my motivation! You are strong! You never give up ‘Eric’. 5 SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability applied on buildings Chapter I Introduction To Jorge Nicolau with their help and support! Thank you for your positive mind and energy! To all my real, real friends, those were with me. Thank you so much! Thank you, Line, for never stop believing in me. To my fantastic mother ‘Lena’, for everything that she gave me. For her patience and dedication, you are everything to me! To my exceptional father ‘António’, for being always helping me! From his force and pragmatism to face complex problems and being so patient and so unique! To both, my greatest thanks and my family as well! Doing this research was a chance of life, and it is impossible to come back again. This impressive improvement into my life created an openness of mind and spirit into my life. I learned that sometimes we need to loose things, and that things, are part of the process. We need only to accept. I am very grateful for the experience. 6 SMART CITIES: Green Architecture and Sustainability applied on buildings Chapter I Introduction IV | TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I V | INITIALS AND ABBREVIATION .............................................................................................................9 VI | GLOSSARY .....................................................................................................................................................11 VII | Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................................13 VIII | Table of Graphics ........................................................................................................................................16 Chapter I | Introduction .........................................................................................................................................17 1.1 – Relevance of Climate Smart Cities ..........................................................................................................18 1.2 – Characteristics of Smart Cities ...............................................................................................................27 1.3 - Present day issues affecting Smart Cities ...........................................................................................29 1.4- Research question .......................................................................................................................................32 1.5 – Research goals and contributions .........................................................................................................34

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