1908. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. . 2949

:By 1\Ir. SHEPPARD : Petition of citizens · ot Texas, for res­ The message also announced that tile House had disagreed toration to the coins of the motto "In God we trust"-to the to_the amendments of the- Senate to the bill (IL R. 152l9) mak­ Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures. ing appropriations for the current and contingent e:x:p€nses of By Mr. SIMS : Petition oi voter.s of Eighth Congressional the Indian Department, for fulfilling treaty stipulations with ·District of Tennessee, for a parcels-post law-to the Committee various Indian tribes, and for other purposes, for the fiscal year on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. ending J nne 30, 1909; asks a conference with the s~na te on Also, petition of' me1'chants of Atwood, Tenn., against a the- disagreeing votes of the two Houses thereon, and had ap­ parcels-post law-to the Committee on the Post-Office and Post­ pointed Mr. SHERMAN, :Mr. MARSHALL, and :Mr. STEPHENS. of Roads. Texas managers at the conference on the part of the House. By Mr. VREELAND: Petition of B. F. Greenman, against The- mesSage further tran mitted to the Senate resolutions amendment of section 3893. of Revised Statutes (S.' 1518, Pen­ of the House on the death of Hon. REDFIELD PROCTOR, late a rose bill)-to the Committee on the Judiciary. Senator from the State of Vermont. By Mr. WARD: Pape1· to accompany bill for r·elief of Frank The message also announced that the Speaker of the House 1\I. Gre s-to- the Committee on Invalid Pensions. had appointed Mr. HAsKINs, :Mr. FosTER of Vermont, 1\!r. Also, petitfon of Hightstown (N. J.) Grange, No. 96, Patrons PARKER of New Jersey, Mr. LlTTr.EF:IELD, Mr. LAMB, and l\fr. of Husbandry, for national highway commission-to the Com­ SLAYDEN members of the committee on the part of the House . mittee on Agriculture. to attend the funeral of the late Senator. A1 o, petition of W. R. Van Nartinck, for H. R. 11562, for ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED. repayment of collateral inheritance to Stevens Institute of Technology, of Hoboken, N. J.-to the Committee on Ways and The messa~ ruther announced that the Speaker of the House Means. had signed the following enrolled bills, and they were thereupon signed by the Vice-President: S. 4376. An act granting pensions and increase of pensions to SENATE. certain soldiers and sailors of the civil war and certain widows of such soldiers and sailors ; FRIDAY, March 6, 1908. S. 5ll0. An act granting pensions and increase-of pensions to certain soldiers and sailors of the civil war and certain widows Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. EDWARD E. HALE. and dependent children of such soldiers and sailors; The Jomnal of yesterday's proceedings was read and ap- S,, 5255. An act granting pensions and increase of pens-ion to proved. ce-rtain soldiers· and sailors of the Regular Army and Na'\"y, and DEATH OF THE KING AND THE CROWN PRINCE OF PORTUGAL. certain soldiers and sailors of wars other than the ctvil war, and The VICE-PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a communica- to widows and dependent relatives of such soldiers. and sailors; tion from the Secretary of State, transmitting a cop-y of a dis- H. R. 3923. An act to fix the limitation applicable in certain patch from the- American minister at Lisbon, stating that he had ca~~it. 6195. An act to authorize A. J. Smith and his associ­ been requested by the Portuguese minister of foreign affairs to · ates to erect a dam across the Choctawhatchee Rive1·, Dale convey to Congress sincere acknowledgments of the resolutions County, Ala.; and of condolence :passed by the United States Senate and.the House - H.lt.l5247. An act to authorize the Idaho and Northwestern of Representativ-es- in view of the assassination of the King and Railway Company to construct a bridge ac:ross the Spokane Crown Prince of Portugal, which, with the accompanying paper, River near the city of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations and ordered to be printed. PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. LANDS IN UONTA.NA AND IDAHO. The VICE-PRESIDENT presented a petition of the Illinois The VICE-PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a communica- Coal Operators' Association, praying for the establishment of tion ·from the. ecretary of the Interior, transmitting, in re- a bureau of mining, which was referred to the Committee on spouse to a resolution: of the 28th ultimo, certain information Mines and Mining. relative- to the numb-er ot acres of land examined and classified He also presented resolutions ad(}pted by the· Washington in the State of Montana under and in conformity with the pro- Chapter~ American Institute of Architects, of Washington, D. C., vision of the act of Congress approved February 26, 1895, pro-- favoring the plans of the Park Commission in adhering to the Yiding for the examination and classification of certain mineral .original plan of L'Erifant as indorsed by Washington and land in the States of Montana and Idaho-, etc-., which was re- Jefferson and in extending its principles in their plans for the fened to the Committee on Public Lands and ordered to be Greater Washington, which were referred to the Committee on printed. the Distl'ict of Columbia. _ MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE. He also presented a petition of the mayor and council of Brunswick,. Ga., p£aying that an annual appropriation be n1ade A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. W. J. for the improvement of the rivers and harbors of the country, BROWNING, its Chief Clerk,. announced that the House had which was referred to the Committee on Commerce. pa sed the following bills: .Mr. PLATT presented a petition of the Central Fro ration S. 4351. An act for the- relief of the Alaska Pacific Railway of Lab-or, of Albany, N. Y., praying for the. enactment of legis- and Terminan Company; and la.tion providing for the construction of the proposed Bew S. 5155. An act authorizing the exchange of lands for the en- battle ships at Government navy-yards, which was referred to largement of maneuvering grounds. the Committee on Naval Affairs. The me-s~age also announced that the House had agreed to He also presented -a petition of sundry citizens of "'Wolcott, the amendments of the Senate to the following bills: N. Y., praying tor the- ratification of international arbitration H. n.. 598. An act granting an increase of pension to William treaties, which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Re1a- Poor ; and tions. II. R..l3102. An act to authorize the county of Elmore, Ala., He also presented a petition of Local Union. No. 55, Inte·r&'t- to con truct a bridge across Coosa. River, Alab-ama. tiona! Typograp-hica1 Union, of Syracuse, N. Y., p-raying for the The message :further announced that the House had passed repeal of the duty on white paper, wood pulp, and the materials the- following bills and joint resolution, in which it requested used in the manufacture thereof. which was referred to the the concurrence of the Senate: Committee on Finance. H. R.15444. An act extending the time for the construction of :Mr. DICK. I present a petition from sundry telegraphers, the dam across Rainy River; citizens of Ohio, praying :for the enactment of legislation .plac- H. R. 15841. An act to amend section 4896 of the Revised ing the telegraph systems of the United States under the pro-- Statutes; • vision of certam bills which have been introduced in the Sen- H. n..16073. An act to authorize the town of Edgecomb, Lin- ate and House of Representatives. I ask that the petition ~ coin County, Me., to maintai.A a free bridge across tide waters; printed in the RECORD, omitting the names, and that it be re- H. R. 16740. An act to amend an act entitled ".An act to au- ferred to the Committee on Interstate Commerce. thorize the construction of a bridge across the Monongahela There being no objection, the petition wa referred to the River, in the State of Pennsylvania, by the Liberty Bridge Committee. on Interstate Commerce and ordered to be printed Company. approved March 2,- 1907; in the RECORD, omitting the names, as follows~ H. R. 16874. An act to amend section 13 of an act entitled To the Members of the Senate and H01t8e ot Representatives in (Jon- "An act to divide the State of Texas into four judici:fi dis- gress assembled: tricts," approved Mareh 11, 190-2; and We, the undersigned. respectfully petition Congress as follows: H. J. Res.l.01~ Joint resolution authorizing the Secretary ot 1. To- enact legislation placing the telegraph systems o! the l:Tnfted States under the provisions of an act whereby in any controversy War to secure a suitable design f or a s tatu e o f th e lat e Co mmo- threatening to interfere with or interrupt the telegraph service the dore John D. Sloat at Monterey, Cal. Federal Government shall cause an investigation to be made on request -2950 .~CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 1\f.AROH 6,

of either party to the controversy. President Roosevelt said, on this Sunday banking in post-offices in the handling of money orders subject, in his message to Congress : " The need for some provision for such investigation was forcibly illustrated during the past summer. A and registered letters, which were referred to the Committee strike of telegraph operators seriously interfered with telegraph com­ on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. munication, causing great damage to business interests and serious Mr. BRANDEGEE 1n'esented a petition of sundry manufac­ inconvenience to the general public," etc. 2. To enact legislation compelling telegraph companies to show turing companies of Bridgeport, Conn., praying for the enact­ plainly and accurately on each telegram delivered by them the time ment of legislation to create a national forest reserve in the such t elegram was filed for transmission at the place from whence southern 4,ppalachian ap_d White mountains, which was re­ it came and the time such telegram was received at the office from which it was delivered. (H. R. 15123, H. R. 15267, and S. 4395.) ferred to the Committee on Forest Reservations and the Pro­ 3. To enact legislation designed to prevent mailing of telegrams by tection of Game. telegraph companies .which are accepted for telegraphic transmission. Mr. KNOX presented a petition of the Board of Trade of Telegrams were mailed in every State of the Union during the recent telegraphers' strike, and evidence is on file at Washington. (H. R. Scranton,· Pa., praying for the enactment of legislation pro­ 15929.) viding for the establishment of an American merchant marine, 4. To cause a general Investigation of the telegraph companies, es­ which was referred to the Committee on Commerce. pecially as to the justifiability of their joint increase in telegraphic rates to the public of 20 per cent to 60 per cent, the reduction or 10 He also presented petitions of Hydetown Grange, Pah·ons of per cent in salaries of employees, and the conduction of their business Husbandry, of Hydetown; of H. D. Ott and sundry citizens of during the telegraphers' strike. (H. J. Res. 126.) Smithport; W. H. Bicker and sundry other citizens of Alba; Mr. DICK presented a petition of sundry citizens of Toledo, Fulton Grange, No. 66, of Furniss; J. J. Ashtor and sundry Ohio, praying for the enactment of legislation to establish a other citizens of Union City; Keystone Grange, No.2, of Trappe; national forest reserve in the southern Appalachian and White Chestnut Ridge_ Grange, No. 1133, of Washington, all in the Mountains, which was referred to the Committee on Forest State of Pennsylvania, praying for the enactment of legislation Reservations and the Protection of Game. providing additional protection to the dairy interests of the He also presented a petition of Convoy Grange, No. 153, country, which were. referred to the Committee on Agriculture Patrons of Husbandry, of Convoy, Ohio, and a petition of and Forestry. Pomona Grange, Patrons of Husbandry, of Wyandot County, He also presented petitions of Charles C. Leeds, of Pittsburg; Ohio, praying for the enactment of legislation to create a na­ J. S. Peacock, of Lancaster; of the faculty of Franklin and tional highway commission, which were referred to the Com­ Marshall College, Lancaster; John W. Harshberger, of Phila­ mittee on Agriculture and :H'orestry. delphia; WiUiam H. Fritz & Oo., of Philadelphia; William L. He also presented a petition of Local Union No. 122, Mu­ Du Bois, of Phiadelphia; John C. Trautwine, of Philadelphia; sicians' Protective Union of Newark, Ohio, praying for the en­ George Burnham, jr., of Philadelphia; R. E. Cha e, of Edin­ actment of legislation to prohibit Army and Navy bands from boro; Hemsing & Son, of Souderton; J. S. Kent Company, of entering into competition with civilian bands, which was re­ Philadelphia; E. F. M. Cope, of Stroudsburg; Frank T. Gucker, ferred to the Committee on Military Affairs. of Philadelphia; Henry Gawthrop, of Swarthmore; J. H. Stern­ He also presented petitions of Local Division No. 522, Broth­ bergh, of Reading; Owen M. Bruner Company, of Philadelphia; erhood of Locomotive Engineers, of Chicago Junction ; of Frank­ Charles M. Betts & Co., of Philadelphia, all in the State of lin Lodge No. 628, Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, of Co­ Pennsylvania, and of J. E. Defebaugh, of Chicago, Ill., pray­ lumbus, and of Local Lodge No. 470, Brotherhood of Railroad ing for the enactment of legislation to establish a national for­ Trainmen, of Painesville, all in the State of Ohio, praying for est reserve in the southern Appalachian and White mountains, the passage of the so-called "La Follette-Sterling employers' which were referred to the Committee on Forest Reservations liability bill," which were referred to the Committee on the and the Protection of Game. Judiciary. He also presented petitions of Edward King, of Newcastle; He also presented the petition of J. Elmer Hall, of Worcester, Standard Steel Works Company, of Philadelphia; The Gris­ Mass., praying for the passage of the so-called " Dick bil1," wold Manufacturing Company, of Erie; E. B. Heckel, of Phila­ amending the presen.t law granting pensions to certain enlisted delphia; The Consumers' League of Philadelphia; James H. men, soldiers, and officers _who served in the civil war and the Mann, of Lewistown ; Monongahela Tube Company, of Pitts­ war with Mexico, which was referred to the Committee on Pen­ burg; Galland Brothers Company, of Wilkes-Barre, and Bryden sions. Horse Shoe Company, of Catasauqua, all in the Si.:'lte of Penn­ He also presented petitions of sundry citizens of Toledo, sylvania, praying for the enactment of legislation providing for Canton, and Cincinnati, all in the State of Ohio, praying for the creation of a tariff commission, which were referred to the the enactment of legislation providing .for the construction of Committee on Finance. all battle ships at the Government navy-yards, which were re­ He also presented memorials of the American Preserve Com­ ferred to the Committee on Naval Affairs. pany, of Philadelphia; the Keystone Watch Case Company, Mr. HOPKINS presented a petition of sundry citizens of of Philadelphia; the W. 0. Hickok Manufacturing Company, Galesburg, Ill., praying for the enactment of legislation ·pro­ of Harrisburg; Standard Underground Cable Company, of viding for the construction of at least one of the proposed new Pittsburg; Union Drawn Steel Company, of Beaver Falls, battle ships at the Government navy-yards, which was referred and Union Steel Casting Company, of Pittsburg, all in the to the Committee on Naval Affairs. State of Pennsylvania, remonstratiilg against the passage of the He also presented a petition of Local Union No. 194, Inter­ so-called "Gardner eight-hour bill," which were referred to national Typographical Union, of Joliet, Ill., and a petition of the Committee on Education and Labor. · Local Union No. 390, International Typographical Union of He also presented petitions of Local Union No. 86, Inter­ Pontiac, Ill., praying for the repeal of the duty on white paper, national Typographical Union, of Reading; Local Union No. wood pulp, and the materials used in the manufacture thereof, 7, International Typographical Union, of Pittsburg; Local Union which were referred to the Committee on Finance. No. 119, Printing Pressmen, of Scranton; Local Union No. 240, He also presented a memorial of the executive committee of International Typographical Union, of Altoona; Local Union the Association of Commerce of Chicago, Ill.,· remonsh·ating No. 239, International Typographical Union, of Carbondale; against the enactment of legislation to change·and restrict the Local Union No. 258, International Typographical Union, of sale of grain and provisions for future delivery, which was re­ Easton; Local Union No. 112, International Typographical ferred to the Committe& on the Judiciary. Union, of Scranton; Local Union No. 141, International Typo­ He also presented a petition of Local Lodge No. 750, Brother­ graphical Union, of Williamsport; Local Union No. 77, Inter­ hood of Railroad Trainmen, of Chicago, Ill., praying for the national Typographical Union, of Erie; Local Union No. 456, passage of the so-called "La Follette-Sterling employers' liabil­ International Typographical Union, of Washington; Local ity bill." which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. Union No. 270, International Typographical Union, of New­ .Mr. McCUMBER presented a petition of sundry citizens of castle, and Local Union No. 151, International Typographical Glenburn, N. Dak., praying for the passage of the so-called Union, of Oil City, all in the State of Pennsylvania, praying "parcels-post bill," and also for the inspection of grain under for the repe~l of the duty on white paper, wood pulp, and the Federal control, which was referred to the Committee on Post­ materials used in the manufacture thereof, which were referred Offices and Post-Roads. to the Committee on Finance. He also presented a petition of the Christian Endeavor So­ He also presented petHions of the Merchants and Business ciety of Eureka, N. Dak., praying for the enactment of legisla­ Men's Association of Sunbury, and W. H. & F. Jordan, jr., tion to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, and of Burgess in the District of Columbia, which was referred to the Com­ & Chester, of Baltimore, 1\Id., praying for the passage of the mittee on the District of Columbia. so-called "Fowler currency bill," which were referred to the He also presented a memorial of sundry citizens of Harvey, Coiilil!ittee on Finance. · N.Dak., and a memorial of sundry citizens of Lincoln, N. Dak., He also presented memorials of Frederick A. Riehle, of Phil­ remonstrating against the enactment· of legislation to prevent adelphia; The Hale & Kilburn . Manufacturing Company, of 190-8. CONGRESSION·AL RECORD-SENATE. 2951

Philad~lphia; G. A. Bisler (Incorporated), of Philadelphia; He also presented a memorial of Hazen S. Pingree Camp, No. Codling-Ewen Lumber Company, of Philadelphia; Pomona 5, United Spanish War Veteran~. of Detroit, Mich., remonstra­ Grange, No. 23, of West Franklin, all in the State of Penn­ ting against the enactment of legislation to abolish certain pen­ sylvania, remonstrating against the passage of the so-called sion agencies throughout the country, which was referred to the "Aldrich emergency currency bill," which were referred to the Committee on Pensions. Committee on Finance. He also presented a petition of the State Federation of Mr. CLAPP presented a memorial of sundry citizens of Bel­ Women's Clubs of Charlotte, Mich., praying for the enactment grade, 1\finn., remonstrating against the passage of the so-called of legislation to establish a national forest reserve in the "parcels-post bill," which was referred to the Committee on southern Appalachian and White Mountains, which was re­ Post-Offices and Post-Roads. ferred to the Committee on Forest Reservations and the Pro­ He also presented a memorial of sundry citizens of Monticello, tection of Game. . ' Minn., remonstrating against the passage of the bill (H. R. He also presented a petition of Park Lodge, No. 555, Brother­ 13477) to amend the Revised Statutes relating to post-offices and hood of Railroad Trainmen, of Detroit, .Mich., praying for the post-roads, which was referred to the Committee on Post-Offices passage of the so-called "La Follette-Sterling employers' lia­ and Post-Roads. bility bill," which was referred to the Committee on the Judi­ 1\Ir. LODGE presented a memorial of the Women's Auxiliary ciary. of the Massachusetts Civil Service Reform Association, remon­ He also presented a petition of the Credit l\Ien's Association strating against the passage of that part of the so-called ,; cen­ of Grand Rapids, 1\lich., praying for the adoption of certain sus bill" providing for appointments by noncompetitive exam­ amendments to the present national bankruptcy law, which was ination, which was referred to the Committee on the Census. referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. Mr. CURTIS presented a petition of sundry citizens of Taw, He also presented a petition of Grand Traverse Grange, Kans., praying for the repeal of the present anticanteen law, No. 379, Patrons of Husbandry, of Traverse City, 1\Iich., pray­ which was referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. ing for the establishment of savings banks, which was referred He also presented a petition of sundry citizens of Mound City, to the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. Kans., praying for the enactment of legislation to regulate the He also presented a petition of the Federation of Labor of manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors in the District of Detroit, 1.\fich., praying for the enactment of legislation pro­ Columbia, which was-xeferred to the Committee on the District viding for the construction of the next proposed new battle of Columbia. ship at one of the Government navy-yards, which was referred lie also presented petitions of the Southwestern Lumbe1·men's to the Committee on Naval Affairs. Association, of Kansas, praying for the adoption of a certain He also presented resolution adopted by the Polish-American amendment to the interstate-commer(!e law, which were referred Societies of l\1anistee1 1\lich., expressing their disapproval of 'to the Committee on Interstate Commerce. the expropriation measure proposed to be enacted by the Mr. BULKELEY presented a memorial of sundry citizens of Prussian Government, which was referred to the Committee on Mansfield Center, Conn., and a memorial of sundry citizens of Foreign Relations. Cromwell, Conn., remonstrating against the passage of the so­ 1\fr. PENROSE presented petitions of 1,177 citizens of the called " Crumpacker bill," providing for the employment of addi­ State of Pennsylvania, praying for the enactment of legislation tional clerks for the taking of the Thirteenth and subsequent providing additional protection to the dairy interests of the censuses, which were referred to the Committee on the Census. country, which were referred to the Committee on Agriculture Mr. BURKETT presented a petition of the Credit Men's As­ and Forestry. sociation of Omaha, Nebr., praying for the adoption of certain He also presented petitions of sundry citizens of the States amendments to the national bankruptcy law, which was referred of Pennsylvania, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio, to the Committee on the Judiciary. praying for the enactment of legislation to regulate the salaries He also presented a petition of the Woman's Suffrage Associa­ at post-office substations, which were referred to the Committee tion of Table Rock, Nebr., praying for the adoption of an amend­ on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. ment to the Constitution to prohibit the disfranchisement of citi­ 1\fr. CULLOM presented a petition of sundry citizens of zens of the United States on account of sex, which was referred Illinois, praying for the enactment of legislation to prohibit to the Select Committee on 'Voman Suffrage. the interstate transportation of intoxicating liquors, which was He also presented a petition of sundry citizens of Lincolii., referred .to the Committee on the Judiciary. Nebr., praying for the enactment of legislation providing for the SALES FOR FUTURE DELIVERY. construction of at least one of the proposed new battle ships at the Government navy-yards, which was referred to the Commit­ 1\fr. CULLOM. I present a memorial of bankers of the city tee on Naval Affairs. of Chicago, protesting against the passage of any bills for Mr. BURROWS presented a memorial of the Farmers' Insti­ the modification. of the system of selling grain and other com­ tute of Lakeview, Mich., remonstrating against any reduction modities · for future delivery now in vogue on the principal being made in the duty on sugar imported into the United exchanges of the country. I ask that it be printed in the States, which was referred to the Committee on Finance. RECORD, with the names attached, and referred to the Com­ He also presented petitions of sundry citizens of Jackson, mittee on the Judiciary. Detroit, and Muskegon, all in the State of Michigan, praying There being no objection, the memorial was ordered to be for the repeal of the duty on white paper, wood pulp, and the printed in the RECORD, with the names attached, and referred materials used in the manufacture thereof, which were referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, as follows: to the Committee on Finance. CHICAGO, March ! , 1908. He also presented petitions of sundry citizens of Palo, Hills­ To the Senate of the United States: dale, Mason, Gladwin, Hadley, Jackson, and Clayton, all in the The unde1·signed bankers of t he city of Chicago, emphatically dis­ approving of the provisions of Senate bill 4298, introduced by Senator State of Michigan, praying for the passage of the so-called GoRE, of Oklahoma, and Senate bill 3619, introduced by Senator DAVIS "Sherwood pension bill," granting more liberal rates of pen­ of Arkansas, or any bills having in view the impa irment, or even m o di~ sions, which were referred to the Committee on Pensions. fication, of the system now in vogue on the pt·incipal exchanges of the country of selling grain and other commodities for future delivery He also presented petitions of sundry volunteer officers of the hereby respectfully protest against their passage. ' civil war of St. Johns, Kinderhook, Coldwater, Sturgis, and If any such bills should be enacted it would be, in our judgment Kalamazoo, all in the State of Michigan, praying for the enact­ well-nigh disastrous to the commercial, agricultural, and financial in~ terests of the country. ment of legislation to create a volunteer retired list in the W e have no hesitation in saying that this system has been and is War and Navy Departments for the surviving officers of the of incalculable advantage, particularly to the agriculturist and secures civil war, which were referred to the Committee on Military to him the unfettered operation of the law of supply and' demand. It is our firm conviction that such proposed legishition would inflict Affairs. . on the community a loss quite out of proportion to the evils sought to He also presented a petition of the Marine Engineers' Bene­ be eradicated thereby. ficial Association of Detroit, Mich., and a petition of the Ship­ It would seriously interfere with our making loans on grain or pro­ visions, as we WC!Uld be deprived ~?f. an op_en, r eady, and constant masters' Association of Detroit, Mich., praying for the enact­ market for these Important commodities, which sustain a vital r ela­ ment of legislation providing for the appointment of an addi­ tion, directly and indirectly, to. our industrial and commercial life. tional judge of the United States district court for the eastern We trust that you can consistently use your best efforts to defeat any such proposed legislation. district of that State,.which were referred to the Committee on The Merchants' Loan and Trust Company, Orson Smith the Judiciary. president: '.rhe Continental National Bank of Chi~ He also presented a petition of the Medical Society of Mar­ cag

cock, vice-president; lllinois Trust and SAvings ~ank, Mary C. Bergen, Public School 73. F. T. Haskell. vice-president-; State Bank ot Ch1cago, K. It. Brady, Public School 151, Brooklyn. H. A .. Haugan, president; Union Trust q<>mpan:y-, by Charles Perrine, principal Public School 110, Brooklyn. F. H. Rawson, president; The CommerClal National Eliza S. Pell, principal Public School 96. Bank, by Geo. E. Roberts, president; Royal Trust ~om­ M. A. Regan, Public School 107. pany, by E. T. Mack, vice-president; The Amencan A. B. 'l'urner, Colle"'e of the City of New York. Trust and Savings Bank, E. A. Potter, president ; Joseph Allen, College of the City of New York. The Fort Dearborn National Bailk of Chicago1 by Samuel Newman, College of the City of New York. Nelson N. Lambert, vice-president; The Hamilton J. H. Grotecloss, Public School 11. National Bank, by J. H. Cameron, vice-president; FNew York City, -remon­ Ellen M. Philips, principal Public School 131. strating against the great addition to the Navy involved in J. G. Bowtell, Normal College. Royal Whitman, Columbia University. the plan of authorizing at once the construction of four new A. G. Jacob, Jamaica High School. . battle ships. I ask that the memorial be printed in the RECORD. H. F. Walker, Columbia University. There being no objection, the memorial was ordered to be G. M. Swift, Columbia University. George N. Boardman, Columbia University. printed in the REcoRD, with the names, and referred to the Edwin C. Broome, Adelphi College. Committee on Naval Affairs, as follows: A.. Henry Grant, Jersey City' High School. Samuel .Ayers, Public School 132. To the Representatit:es and Senatars in Congress: J. C. Gordy, New York University. We, the undersigned members of faculties in universities and col­ Caroline Emanuel, Public School 50. leges and ~ducators of New York City, voicing, as we believe, the Charles C. Uoberts, Public School 25. ~ sentiments of many thousands of American citizens, earnestly protest Emma L. Johnston, Brooklyn Training School. against the extravagant demand for an addition of over $60,000,000 M. A. Bigelow, Teachers' College, Columbia University. in the form of four new battle ships, cruisers, etc., to the naval bud~et Isabella :5ulivan, Public School 170. of last year, inasmuch as no danger threatens the country not known :Maurice J. Thompson, Public School 6. last April when President Roosevelt told the world : " We are no M. Allen Stat·r, Columbia v.iversity. longer enlarging our Navy. We are simply keeping up its strength. William E. Grady, Public School 64. The addition ot one battle ship a year barely enables us to make good Ellen T. O'Brien, Public School 36. the units which become obsolete." Kate M. Falvey, Public School 7!:!- Sixty-five per cent of the national income is now expended on war, Jessie Ashley, New York University. past and present. 'l'he increase of our naval budget has recently been Jennie Birmingham, Public f;chool 90. used in the l!'rench Assembly as a reason for increasing its own ; is Charles Bikle, Horace Mann School. largely responsible for the increase of armaments among Asiatic nations, George Philip Knipp, Columbia University. anq is well-nigh certain to retard that reduction in the armaments of Agusta L. Cassidy, Public School 49. the world for which we have so long been waiting. Benjamin Veit, Public Sch·ool 1. .The growing discontent throughout the world at the appalling in­ William B. Coley, Columbia University_ crea e of waste of national resources must be heeded. We feel that this l\f. B. BaiTinger, Public chool 39. protest is the more necessary, inasmuch as there are various new and Tet·e a C. Burke, Public School 121. t'J!ective methods now available for promoting international friendship Downing Bain, New York University. and rationally settling difficulties which these new demands seem to Clara American, Public Sc!:wol 127. ignore. Gertrude Hirst, Columbia Cniversity. William H. MaxwelL city superintendent of schools. William N. Story, Public School 34-. John H. Finley, president of the Colle§.,.e of the City of New York. Elizabeth J. Hofer., l'ublic School 174. Clarence D. Ashley, dean of the Law chool, New York University. William J. O'Leary, Public School 5, Brooklyn. Henry W. Leipziger, supervisor of public lectures. Elizabeth V. Gaines, Adelphi Colle~e. John Bates Clark, ColumbiA University. John F. Reigart, principa School 2. George W. Kirchwey, dean of the Law School, Columbia University. Emma Sylvester, principal Public School 35. Charles P. Fagnani, Union Theological Seminary. Paul Monroe, Teachers' College. Andrew W. Edson, associate city superintendent of schools. • v. E. Kilpatrick, principal Public School 52. Samuel T. Dutton, Teachers' College, Columbia University. Millicent Baum, principal Public School 168. H . C. Bumpus, American Museum Natural History. William L. Ettinger, Public School 147. Frederick Dielman, College of the City of New York. Isaac Price, Public School 65b. Alfred G. Compton, College of the City of New York. Olivia J. Hall, Public School 157. James C. Egbert, Columbia University. James Sullivan, Boys•· High· School, Bt·ooklyn. James Voot·hees. Columbia University. Charles J. Pickett, principal Public School 26, BronL Francis H. Stoddard, New York University. Margaret E. l\!~~oltby, Barnard Colle~e. Carl Lorentzen, Jew York University. H. l\1. C. Vedder, New York Universtty. .Tames Harvey Robinson, Columbia University. Willi:un L. Fuller, Girls' High School. Henry R. Seager, Columbia University. Charles Gray Shaw. New Yot·k Univet·sity. Edward L. Thomdike, Teachers' College, Columbia University. J. F. Kemp, Columbia Diversity. John Dewey, Columbia University. Florence M. Marshall, Horace Mann School. A. D. T . Hamlin, Columbia University. W. L. Bulkley, principal l'ublic School 80. Calvin Thomas, Columbia Univer ity. ~'. ·M. McMurry. Teachers' College, Columbia University. William E. B. Starkweather, CoU~e of the City of New York. l<'rancis M. Burdick, Columbia University. John F . Harris, principal Public School 9u . •T. E. ~pina-arn, Columbia niversity. 1\1. I". O'Connell, principal Public School 31. J. n. Wheeler, Columbia University. Jennie l\I. 'l'ower, principal l'ublic School 114. Conzalez Lodge, 'l'eaehers' Colleg-e, Columbia University. :5adia E. Baird. Public School 48. 1-Ierbert L. Osgood, Columbia University. Helena A. Hulskamp, Elementary School 63 . •Toseph French Johnson, New York University. Mary L. Brady, Public School 177. D. W. Hering, New York Uni>ersity. ll'lorence E. Viet~.-,.Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn. Arthur B. Lamb. New York University. Mary A. Willis, Yacker Collegiate Institute. I>r. Henry G. Pif:!ard, Columbia University. John F. Woodhull, Columbia University. Charle Lane Poor, Columbia University. 1\1. Adelainde Nutting, Teacher·s' College, Columbia University. Louis Celamarre, College of the City of .New York. George N. Olcott Columbia Uni-versity. George C. Scott, College of the City of Jew York. Charles P. Bet·key, Columbia Univer·sity. William J. Bt·ewster. Columbia University. Julia :emery Turner. Packet· Coll<'giate Institute. William G. McGuckin, College of the City of New York. E. L. Kuntz, Columbia niversity. Anna U. Olsson, principal Public School 141, Brooklyn. J"oseph E. Messenger, New York. G orge Meason Whieher, Normal College. Clarence H. Youn"", Columbia University. Hiram H. Bice. Edith C. Squires, Packer Collegiate Institute. Eu~ene ll. Pool. M. D., Columbia University. B. Kelly. Public School 87, Br()('klyn. F. W. 0 born, Adelphi College. Lyman A. Best, Public School 10 . .Tames C. ReJ·nolds. .Tohn J. Wells, Public School 35, Broo)dyn• Edwin A. Greenlaw. Adelphi College. 1\1. D. Batchelder, Horace Mann School. Ellen Mmmy, Public School 3 , Bronx. E. G. Sibler, New York University. Annie :J. l<'arley, Public School 183. F. A. Irvine. Public School 6 , Br•loklyn. Elenore E. Elliott. Public School 57. I al>el D. Fisher, Adelphi College. Catherine P. Candler, Normal College. Agnes E. De Monde, principal Public School 116, Brooklyn. E. Aubert, Normal College. K ate S. Anthony, Horace Mlllln School. Herbert G. Lord, Columbia University. C. F . Chandler, Columbia University. Laura B. Collier, Packer Collegiate Institute. :May F. M. Aleer, principal Public School 188. :m. F. Nichols, Columbia University. Charles A. Beard. Columbia University. Robert Peele, Columbia University. Ernest ligen. College of the City of New York. Virgil Prettyman, Homce 1\lann School. A. Beatrice Beard, Adelphi College. Thomas C. Baker, Public School 44, Brooklyn. W. E. Waters. New York University. Bernard J. Devlin. Public School 13, Br·onx. Ida !keller, Public School 6 ' . 1\1. E. Quinn. Public School 125. C. L. Speranza, Columbia University. Ella Keith. Normal College. Frederick L. Ludgueer, principal Public School 152, Brooklyn. Kathleen 1\1. Kullen, Public School 66, Brookiyn. Mrs. Maria Kraus-Buelte, Kraus' Seminary for Kindergartners. Margaret S. Winslow, Public School 18, BrookiYI!. •

1908. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2953

Harriet L. Bogue, Public School 55, Brooklyn. Charles F. Horne, College of the City of New York. Gertrude E. Hale, Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn. Frank Rollins, Stuyvesant IIigh School. Julia B. Anthony, Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn. Leon B1·ummer, New York university. Emily H. Welch, Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn. Nathan Abbott, Columbia niversity. Edwin B. Tiline, Public School 27. George T. Holm, Columbia University. Mary Walsemaim, Public School 8, Brooklyn. N. Louise Roethgen, Adelphi College, Brooklyn. Matilda C. kine, Public School 20, Brooklyn. Phillip D. Kurrison, Bellevue Medical School. M. W. Kennerly, Normal Coll~e. Franz Boas, Columbia niversity. l\1. J. Merritt, Public School 29, Brooklyn. - Carl Leonardo Speranza, Columbia University. Joseph C. Pfister, Columbia University. Frederick H. Wilkens. New York University. Mary A. Regan Public School 31, Bronx. Rudolph M. Binder·. New York University. William l'. McCarthy, Public School 42, Bronx. Helen H. Tanzer, Normal College of the City of New York. Mary . V. Connolly, Public School 113. Mary J. McHench, principal Public School 114, Brooklyn. L. A. McLauthJ New' York University. Mnrgaret M. Slattery, principal Public School 53, New York City. Channing Ruda, New York Universit;y. Eliza A. Caterson, Public School 21, New York City. Charles C. Holden, Public School 17, Bronx. Julia C. Cremins, New York University. James . C. Wells, Columbia University. Amanda C. Northl·op, Normal College. Jame C. Rogers, Public School 128, Brooklyn. Jes e H. Bigham, department of -manual training, New York City. Olin Cartridge, Horace Mann School. Mabel L. Chesley, Erasmus High School, New York City. Elizabeth F. Doherty. Public School 42, Brooklyn. Arthur Schultze, New York University. Henry C. Sherman, Columbia University. Miss Miriam Werner, Normal College, New York. ENROLLMENT OF CHOCTAW AND CHICKASAW INDIANS. William Fox, College of the City of New York. Priscilla Fletcher, Normal College. Mr. TELLER. I present the petition signed by Hon. Henry Henry E. Bliss, College of the City of New York. W. Blair and a large number of Indians in the Choctaw and C. Howard Parrnly, College of the City of New York. Chickasaw Nation, praying for the enrollment of all such de­ Sarah Goldie, Public School 190. Kate l\1. Stephens, Public School 135. scendants born or who shall be born after the approved enroij Walter W. Arnold, Horace Mann School. ment until the National Government's and tribal existence sh:t' Ida E. Robins, Teachers' College, Columbia University. Elizabeth M. Wheelock, Horace Mann School. be terminated, and for other purposes. Edmund M. Foote, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia The petitioners have asked me to have the petition inserte~ University. in the RECORD. I do not think it is wise to lumber up the John S. Fitzpatrick. Public School 81, Brooklyn, Augusta Beck, Public School 8, Brooklyn. RECORD with these petiti0ns, but, as a matter of considernble in­ Kate Van Wagenen, Public School 2. Bronx. terest to a large portion of new-made citizens, I move that the Andrew E. Eichman, Public School 97, Brooklyn. petition be printed as a. document and referred to the Committee .Tames E. Lough, New York University. Louise Cnstle, Public School 92, Brooklyn. on Indian Affairs. Edward Bush, Public School 18, Brooklyn. The motion was agreed to. Curtis Claassen, New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. EXTENSION OF PARCELS-POST SYSTEM. Leslie J. Tompkinsj New York University Law School. Mr. BURNHAM. I present a letter from the Postmaster­ Gorham Bacon, Co umbia University. Carlos F. MacDonald, Uni-versity and Bellevue Medical College. General containing certain data relati1e to the proposed exten­ Barclay W. Br·adley, College of the City of New York. sion of the parcels-post, with exhibits on the same subject. I F.dward Mandell, Public School 188. l\lat·y A. Mason. Public School 79, Brooklyn. move that the letter, with the exhibits, be printed as a document Uo e Becker, jr., Public School 118, Brooklyn. and referred to the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. Kate Morgan Ward, Packer Collegiate Institute. The motion was agreed to. Fred H. ykes, Columbia University. F. N. Cole, Columbia University. Mr. BURNHAM. I ask that the letter and exhibits be also David neddon, Columbia University. printed in the RECORD. Allan Abbott, Horace Mann SchooL There being no objection, the letter and exhibits were or­ C. l\I. Baker, Horace Mann School. Adolph Werner, College of the City of New York. dered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: Emory B. Lease, College of the City of New York. OFFICE OF THE POSTMASTE:R-GENERAL, Marie-Louise Raoux, Normal Coll~e. Washington, D. a., March -i, 1908. Mary Amelia Sheldon, Normal College. MY DEA:R S~NATOR: It affords me great pleasUre, in compliance with Lewis F. Mott, College of the City of New York. your request, to place at your disposal the data which are available Charles A. Downer. College of the City of New York, relative to the proposed extension of the pa.rcel post. Marion . Coan. Normal College. It does not appear to be generally appreciated that a comprehensive Susan El. Van Wert, Normal College. system of parcel post is already in satisfactory operation in most for­ 'Thomas J. Meighan, Public School 27, Bronx. eign countries. Exhibit 1 gives detailed information on this subject. I L. G. immons, Normal College. show here the limit of weight which bas been fixed in a number of A. Wadsworth. Columbia University. instances: Frederica J. Constantini. Normal College. Great Britain, 11 pounds; Germany, 110 pounds; France, 22 pounds; Ma,rgaret Laing, Public School 117, Brooklyn. Italy, 11 pounds; Chile, 11 pounds; New Zealand, 11 pounds; Austria, IIenry G. Kost, College of the City of New York. 110 pounds; Belgium, 132 pounds; The Netherlands, 11 pounds; Cuba, Joseph G. Furey, Public School 123, Brooklyn. 11 pounds. · Hlla A. Nourse, Columbia University. The rates in the countries mentioned are much lower than those Jefferson B. Fletcher, Columbia University. shown in Exhibit 2, which have been recommended for the general Herbert M. Richards, Barnard College. parcel post in the United States. · Marie H. Brooks, Horace Mann School. The present rate on the general parcel post is 16 cents a pound for John King Clark, Public School 23, Bronx. people in our own country, the limit of weight being 4 pounds, while Roland H. Williams, Horace Mann School. the rate from the United States to 29 foreign countries is 12 cents a Frank E. Brooks, Horace Mann School. pound and the limit of weight to 24 of these countries is 11 pounds. In A. L. McDevitt, Public School 61, Brooklyn. other words, our own people must pay 4. cents a pound more for the Maud V. Keyes, Horace Mann School. privilege of dispatching packages to each other than when destined to harles D. Raine, principal Public School 147. residents of a foreign country. I have therefore urged a rate of 12 Winifred T. Cullen, Public School 56. cents a pound for packages forwarded through the mails to post-offices El. G. Bridgham, Public School 111. in the nited States and its possessions, subject to the same regula. Lillian E. Rogers. Horace Mann School. tions as exist at the present time, with the exception of increasing the Mary E. O'Donnell, Public School 90, Brooklyn. weight limit to 11 pounds. The service can be rendered at a cost well C. C. Calkins, Public School 6, Brooklyn. within the rates recommended. l\1. Louise Rockwood, Public School 46, Brooklyn. According to the Report of the Record of Weight of Second-class ~ail Honor E. Quinn, Public School 63, Brooklyn. Matter, transmitted by the Post-Office Department to the House of Rep­ Lizzie F. Spafford, Public School 161. resentatives under date of February 1, 1907, the average haul of all C. F. Kayser·, Normal College. ' second-class matter was 540 miles. James T. Shorwell, Columbia University. Of the total receipts of the Post-Office Department, 69 per cent are Eugenie C. Levie, Public School 124. expended for labor and supplies and 7 per cent for conveyance charges Walter B. James, Columbia University. Q,ther than those paid the railroads for tr.ansporting the mall. A gen­ I abella F. Wright, Public School 104. eral rate for parcel post of 12 cents a pound would produce a revenue N. B. Foster, ~olumbia University. of $240 a ton. Even on the basis of a 540-mile average haul I find L. G. Forward, Bellevue Hospital Medical School. the debit and credit sides of 1 ton of parcel post to be as follows: Prince A. Movine, Belle-vue Hospital Medical School. By pos~~ge ______240.00 Mary S. Woolman, Teachers' College, Columbia University. To railroad transportation, 540 miles, at 53 cents _____ $29. 70 Oliver C. l\Iordock, Public Sehool 10, Brooklyn. Other transportation charges______16. 80 Marion Clarey Public School 19. Labor and supplies------165.60 Robert F. Smith, College of the City of New York. Dorothy C. Hess, Normal College. Total cosL ------212. 10 Mary G. Peabody, Horace Mann School. H. H. Presby, New York College of Pharmacy. Profit------27.90 Edward S. Page, Public School 77. .A local parcel post confined to rural-delivery routes is also advocated Margaret Knox, Public School 15. at the rates given in Exhibit No. 3. The Department favors the es­ J. Loaz, Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn. tablishment of this special service because of its ability to render it Freda M. Brunn. Adelphi College, Brooklyn. with great advantage to the farmer, the country merchant, and other Eugenie Menut, Horace Mann School. patrons of the routes, as the necessary machinery-over 38,000 routes Stephen P. Duggan, College of the City of New York. now regularly covered by rural carriers-is in operation. There are Linneas E. La Ferra, Columbia University. some fifteen millions of people living on these routes, which shows L. Emmett Holt, Columbia University. the vnst possibilities of the rural ser-vice. It has been e timated that harles P. Warren, Columbia University. if but three packages of the maximum weight were handled each trip Emma J. ~iacAlarney, Hm;ace Mann School. on the rural routes now establi bE.'d, the resulting revenue, even at the J. D. Miller. low rates given, would more than wipe out the postal deficit. The •

2954 CONGltESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE .. MARCH 6, increased cancellations would automatically advance the salaries of It would inevitably tend toward the improvement of the roads. Bet­ postmasters of the. fourth class and the remaining revenue, which t er roa?s and improved postal facilities in the rural districts would would be clear gain, would be of great asslstance ln making the rural result. m increased values of farm lands. The rural service as now service self-sustalnlng. The rural service will ln all probability cost orgaruzed has accomplished something in thlB direction ; its enlarge­ the Government this year $34,000,000, an lncrease of $10,000,000 over ment will add to the good attained last year. Believe me, faithfully, yours", G. VON L. MEYER. The history and advantages of the rural delivery should be under­ stood by our people. There is a feeling in many quarters that it ls Hon. ~NRY E. BURNHA!If, an extravagance and an unnecessary drain upon the postal revenues. Umted States Senate, Washington. The first rural route was establlshed in the latter part of 1896, $14,840 being expended for rural delivery during that fiscal year. At that time the postal deficit was 11,411,779. Durlng the fiscal year ended . EXHIB~T 1. June 30, 1907, the expenditures for rural delivery aggregated $26,671,- Parcels-pht), as well as the proposed rate of 12 cents a pound (U2 ditional pound. per hundredweight), are alike prohibitive on practically all lines of mer­ chandise. Mail-order houses make their shipments usually by freight or express and would continue to do so. EXHIBIT 2. Antagonism to the proposed measures, when analyzed and found Rates recommended by the Postmaster-General in his annual report not to be the result of selfish motives, appears to be based upon inac­ (year ended June ::!0, 1907) for packages forwarded through the mails curate or insufficient information. In illustration I desire to invite to post-offices in the United States and its possessions, subject to the attention to a communication of the Richmond Commercial Club, of regulations which exist at the present time, with the exception of ill­ Richmond Ind., which appeared in the Co~GRESSIONAL RECORD of creasing the weight limit to 11 pounds. January 4 1908. In this letter the statement was made that a certain Cents. mail-<>rder'house would save $40,000 a year on the mailing of catalogues One ounce------1 alone. Catalogues are rated as third-class matter, whereas the Depart­ Over 1 ounce and not exceeding 3 ounces______2 ment's recommendations with respect to parcels post relate to fourth­ Over 3 ounces and not exceeding 4 ounces______3 class matter only. Catalogues are now mailable at 1 cent for 2 ounces, Over 4 ounces and not exceeding 5 ounces______4 or cents a pound, 4 cents a pound less than the rate proposed for the Over 5 ounces and not exceeding 6 ounces______5 general parcels post. The mail-order house referred to, therefore, would Over 6 ounces and not exceeding 8 ounces------6 gain nothing under the proposed law in the mailing of its catalogues. Over 8 ounces and not exceeding 12 ounces______9 With the adoption of new conveniences of life by urban residents, Over 12 ounces and not exceeding 16 ounces______12 and the ever-increasing attractions of the city, especially potent in their influence upon the younger generation, the importance of affording farmers and ruralites generally every legitimate advantage becomes EXHIBIT 3, more and more apparent. The free rural delivery has improved mate­ rially and intellectually the life of great numbers of these people. Is Rates recommended by the Postmaster-General in his annual report it too much to ask that the Department shall make a further use of this (fiscal year ended June 30, 1907) for packages covered by the special important system, a use which, while adding appreciably to the postal local parcels post on rural delivery routes. revenues, will directly and vitally benefit every man, woman, and child Cents. within reach of a rural route? The countryman would have the neces­ For the first pound------5 sities of life delivered at his gate at an average cost of 2 cents a For each additional pound, up to 11 pounds______2 pound, thereby facilitating and increasing consumption. This would For fractional parts of a pound : mean augmentation of the trade of thousands of country merchants. 'l'wo ounces or less______1 The commercial traveler should appreciate the advantages of this sys­ Over 2 ounces and up to 4 ounces------2 tem; !t would increase his orders, because the country merchant buys Over 4 and up to 8 ounces------3 trom the jobber or the wholesaler. Every component part of our com­ Over 8 and up to 12 ounces------4 mercial system would feel the efiects of an increased prosperity. Over 12 ounces and up to 1 pound------6 1908. CONGRESSI0NAL RECORD-SENATE .. 2955

EXHIBIT 4. EXHIBIT 6. [S. 5115, Sixtieth Congress, first session. In the Senate of the United MEYER WILL WAGE ACTIVE CAMPAIGN FOR PARCELS POST-HAS STARTED States, February 10, 1908.] MACHINERY FOR HIS REFORM, AND WILL MAKE GRillT BEFORT TO BOUSB AND EDUCATE PUBLIC SENTIMENT IN ITS FAVOR BF~ORE CON· Mr. KEAN Introduced the following bill, which was read twice and GRESS CONVENES-AMERICA SHOULD CATCH UP WITH PROCESSION­ referred to the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads: TALKS ABOUT PLANS FOR THE HERALD--!ffiSU:r.£~ OF THE OPERATION A bill to increase the limit of weight of fourth-class mall matter, to OF SYSTEM IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, THE COST OF TRANSPORTATION, amend the P.Ostage rates chargeable thereon, and for other pur­ AND BENEFITS WHICH ACCRUE. poses. [By Ernest G. Walker.] Be it enacted, etc., That parcels of merchandise or other matter not WASHINGTON, D. C., October 13, 19(!1. embraced in the first, second, or third class of mail matter, and not Postmaster-General George von L. Meyer, in his speech at Boston exceeding 11 pounds in weight, shall, subject to the provisions of exist­ Saturday upon his plan for a parcels post, has started the machinery ing law governing matter of the fourth class, except as hereby amended, for his reform with all the acumen of an old campaigner. He is be admitted to the mails as such matter at the following rates of post­ going to put the matter squarely up to the people before Congress ·age: One ounce, 1 cent; over 1 ounce and not exceeding 3 ounces, 2 comes on the scene. cents; over 3 ounces and not exceeding 4 ounces, 3 cents ;.over 4 ounces Quick and cheap transport for more of the innumerable small packages and not exceeding 5 ounces, 4 cents ; over 5 ounces and not exceeding 6 that Americans have to exchange is to be the dominant issue of a good ounces, 5 cents ; over 6 ounces and not exceeding 8 ounces, 6 cents; business administration of the Post-Office Department. By and by over 8 ounces and not exceeding 12 ounces, 9 cents; and over 12 ounces Mr. Meyer is going out to make more speeches at places where they and not exceeding 16 ounces, 12 cents. will do the most good for the cause. He wants to arouse and educate public sentiment. The parcels· post is not-an exceedingly attractive subject to every­ body. Probaoly hundreds of thousands of people who patronize the EXHIBIT 5. United States mails have never thought seriously about what a parcels [S. 4122, Sixtieth Congress, first session. In the Senate of the United post is, although it enters tremendously into the domestic, commercial, States, February 10, 1908.] and industrial economics of the world. It is a vehicle for the car­ riage of billions of dollars of values annually. Admittedly the United Mr. BuRNHAM introduced the following bill, which was read twice States is far behind the procession. And yet the readiness with and referred to the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads: which a few pounds of a given article can be moved from Washington to Boston, or from town to town between the two great oceans, means A bill to provide a rural delivery parcel post for merchandise and other a vast deal to the convenience as well as to the pocketbooks of a great articles mailed on rural delivery routes, and for other purposes. number of people. Be it enacted, etc., That the Postmaster-General is authorized, under European countries employ the machinery of the posts in this her­ such regulations as he may prescribe, to establish a domest~c rural parcel culean task. Many years ago they went far beyond the transmission post at special rates of postage, for the delivery on rural delivery routes of information through the mails and utilized the service for the trans­ of foodstuffs (including groceries, provisions, meats, fruits, and vege­ mission of materials. The United States has been doing the same tables), dry goods, d1·ugs, books, and other merchandise, unless the same thing since 1863, but only to a limited degree. Mr. Meyer now wants shall be unmailable under this act or any other act as hereby amended. this country to catch up a little. SEC. 2. That such special rates of postage on such parcels of mer­ WILL HAVE BILL DRAWN. chandise shall be 5 cents for the first pound. and 2 cents for each addi­ That is why he is trying to awaken . t.be people to what he wants. tional pound or fractional part thereof, and on parcels weighing less He expects to speak in Philadelphia, Chicago, and other cities about than 1 pound as follows : Two ounces or less, 1 cent; over 2 ounces and the parcels posts, and by the time Congress is here will have a bill not exceeding 4 ounces, 2 cents; over 4 ounces and not exceeding 8 drawn. It will be introduced early in December and will cover the ounces, 3 cents; over 8 ounces and not exceeding 12 ounces, 4 cents, changes the Postmaster-General intends recommending in his annual and over 12 ounces and not exceeding 1 pound, 5 cents : P1·o'Vided, That report. These will be the admission to the mails of parcels of a such postage shall be prepaid by ordinary postage stamps affixed to such maximum weight of 11 pounds, at 12 cents a pound ( 4 pounds is now parcels, and that the character of such matter shall be indicated by the the maximum, at 16 cents a pound), and a local service on rural de­ words " Rural Parcel Post," stamped on each of such parcels by the livery routes at 5 cents a pound, with 2 cents for every additional postmaster or rural carrier receiving__ it: Provided (1~rthe1·, That the pound up to 11. This local service will be confined to each rural establishment of such rural parcel posl: and special postage rates shall route and can not be extended beyond it. Mr. Meyer believes this, if not in any wise afiect the mailing of or postage rate on packages of adopted, will make the rural delivery of mail self-sustaining, and the third and fourth class matter, except within the limitations stated : postal service, as a whole, would probably yield a surplus. Prot:ided further, That nothing herein contained shall be taken as au­ Postmaster-General Wanamaker first actively urged the establish­ thorizing the acceptance or delivery at the special rates of postage ment of a parcels post on a large scale. · He summed up the situation herein provided of any parcel ofiered by any person acting as agent or epigrammatically in his 100 reasons for it and only four reasons against representative, upon commission or otherwise, for any person or com­ it~tbose four being the express companies. Others after him, es­ pany not resident on such rural delivery route : And pro'Vicled further, That only such parcels shall be received for delivery at the special pecially the late Postmaster-General Bissell, made like recommendations. rates of postage herein provided as are ofiered by bona fide merchants But Mr. Meyer now bas an advantage in his campaign, which none of or dealers whose regular places of business are on rural delivery routes his predecessors had in the rural-delivery routes. Every one of the covered by this act, in the ordinary and regular course of their business, many thousands of routes would be a little parcels service in itself, and by residents on such routes in their individual capacity. aside from being a line of communication by which small packages SEc. 3. That parcels covered by said special postage rates and de­ could be conveyed from all parts of the country or to any part of the liverable by said rural parcel post under this act shall not exceed 11 country. Mr. Meyer is building much upon that fact. The local serv­ pounds in weight, 3 feet 6 inches in length, or 6 feet in length and ice at cheaper rates will also protect the local storekeepers, to which girth combined, and such parcels shall conform to the Postal Laws and the big department stores and mail-order establishments are bogeys. Begulations concerning mailability, except as they are_modified by this ASKS NO RADICAL STEP. act and regulations promulgated in pursuance thereof. If he cari carry his recommendations through and persuade Congress SEc. 4. That perishable artiCles of food submitted for mailing under to enact them into law, it may be that he will have efiected a greater said rural parcel post shall not be accepted by postmasters or rural de­ advantage to the country than is likely to follow from any other trans­ livery carriers more than three hours before the departure of the mail, pot·tation statute of the last decade. Parcels-post enthusiasts at least and then only at the risk of the sender, and the postmaster or rural think so, drawing their conclusions from observations of the ser-vice carrier hall stamp or note on any .such parcels the time of acceptance in Europe. and of transmittal, and the words "At the sender's risk." " I shall not urge any radical step," said the Postmaster-General SEc. 5. That the provisions of this act shall apply only to parcels recently in explaining his plans. " I only want the present service mailed on and addressed to rural delivery routes, as follows: extended toward ·such a domestic parcels post as we already have by ( 1) From the post-office or station . from _which one or more rural postal treaties with a number of foreign countries. A service that the delivery routes emanate to any intermediate post-office or .to any patron Government gives its own people with those abroad is none too good on any of said routes emanating from said post-office or station and for us at home. · supplied by rural carrier. "The extension proposed would enable- the Department to ascertain (2) From any intermediate post-office on any rural delivery route to how far we can safely go, and also to adapt it!~elf gradually to new the post-office or station from which said route emanates, or to any requirements. It is a large business proposition. We do not know intermediate post-office, or to any patron on that or any other rural how much additional equipment would be needed eventually. Probably route emanating from said post-office or station and supplied by rural the equipment on the rural routes would be nearly adequate for the carrier. local and general parcels service. In the cities it might be otherwise. · (3) From any patron on any rural delivery route to the post-office But by making a comparatively small extension of the service we could or station from which said route emanates, or to any patron or inter­ determine whether it would be advisable to go further. I shall only mediate post-office on that or any other rural delivery route emanating indicate in my annual report a belief that the establishment of a local from said post-office or station and supplied by rural carrier : Provided, parcels service in the big cities would be advisable, but shall not urge That in all cases where, under this act, parcels are mailed at a post­ the incorporation of that feature into law at present. office on a rural route which emanates from a station of such post­ " I antil!ipate opposition to this improvement of the postal service, office, such parcels shall be ofiered for mailing at such station ; and in but I believe it will not be influential after the details have been ex­ all cases where parcels mailed under this act are addressed to a post­ plained. I regard the apprehensions of the small storekeepers as with­ office on a rural route terminating at a station of such post-office, such out foundation. That has been the case in European countries, where parcels shall be delivered to addressees at such station, and in the the same kind of opposition has shown itself at times. The local serv­ later case addressees shall call or send for such parcels. ice on the rural routes at lower rates will give the local dealers an SEC. 6. That the proviso in the act of April 28, 1904, chapter 1759 advantage." (33 Stats., p. 440), relative to the transportation of merchandise by SEEKS EXPERTS' VIEWS. , rural carriers for patrons, is hereby repealed. Postmaster-General Meyer is taking pains to collect the opinions of SEC. 7. That seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions, and plants, when postal experts on his recommendations. He will have the views of a mailed under this act, shall be chargeable with the postage rates and large number of postmasters long before Congress convenes. They are subject to the limit of weight herein provided. - being invited to present whatever objections they may see and also to SEC. 8. That all provisions of law applicable to the third and ·fourth o!Iet· practical suggestions. clas es of mail matter, and all provisions of law applicable generally Ever since he announced his intention of urging a better parcels-post to mail matter, and not inconsistent with the provisions of this act, are service for the United States the Postmaster-General has been the re­ hereby extended and made applicable to matter of like character mail­ cipient of many letters. These come from various classes of people. able under this act : Pro'l:illcd, That matter so mailable shall be subject Most of them commend his plan, but the retail associations, such as the to the rates of postage and the limitation pf weight herein pro­ associations of hardware men and grocers, come out in bold opposition. vided. It is such people as these that the Postmaster-General hopes to con- 2956 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SENATE .. MARCH 6, vert when they are brought to understand the details of what he wants as a maximum weight of 110 'pounds is carried within a radius of 62 to do. Some of these critics, besides claiming that the legislation miles. The conditions there are somewhat the same as with the would favor the catalogue houses, argue that the Government should dwellers in the Appalachian ·and Blue Ridge mountains, to whom it _not go into a general freight business, and that i! the express compa­ has been declared that a parcels post would be a great boon, because nies al'e charging exorbitant rates, the Interstate Commerce Commission, there is no prospect that either the railroad ·or the express companies which now has authority over them, should step in and require that the will ever approach their hamlets and villages. . rates be lowered. Tbis Swiss law includes an agricultural parcels post and likewise The operations of parcels posts in other countries make a very inter­ a pa senger post, agitation for both of wbich has gene~;ally followed esting transportation· chapter. They are conducted on a gigantic scale, the e tablishment of· parcels post in most countrie . The pas enger and, apart from what J. Henniker Heaton, long_ an English member of post of Switzerland is something like the mail co3.ches in the United Parliament from Canterbury, and a great advocate of postal reforms, States before the coming of railroads, except that the coaches are calls " grandmotherly regulations," have worked with practically world­ owned by the State and the fees are prescribed by the same authority. wide success. Shopping by mail is made easy, whether one in the coun­ A very huge business is done in sending parcels through the mails. A try would trade with the local draper or the big metropolitan merchant. Treasury official. who was traveling in Switzerland during the past summer, saw at one railroad station several enormous baskets filled FACILITATED BY TELEPHONE. with hams and provisions. 'l'hey ·were samples of mall parcels under An extension of parcels posts in the United States would be enor­ the 110-pound limit. mously facilitated, as the matter is viewed at the Post-Office Depart­ ment, by the prevalence of telephones. Farmers and culturists now CASH-ON-DELIVERY PLAN. have them the country over. Telephone wire have followed in the The general rates are more liberal than in any other country. A par­ wake of the rural free-delivery wagon. The postage is now: too ex­ c~l weighing 1 pound is carried anvwhere within the boundaties of the pensive and the limit of the package too small. But instead of a nderation for 3 cents, r. 5-ponnd parcel for 5 cents, a 11-pound parcel 4-pound package for 16 cents, let there be a 1"1-pound package for 25 for 8 cents, a 22-pound parcel for 17 cents, a 33-pound parcel for 23 cents and the rural routes will do a rushing business. Rural patrons cents, and a 44-pound parcel for 33 cents. Parcels weighing as much will telephone to town for half the things they want-for hardware, as 110 pounds are carried w.ithin a radius of 62 miles for 60 cents, groceries, and dry goods-and in turn will l>e sendin~ to town butter, which enables many . of the peasants to market much of their light cheese, eggs, and vegetables. A great saving of time m many branches produce by mail. The rates are so adjustable that housewives can of industry will be possible under the general extension that Mr. Meyer secure anything by post from a paper of pins to a bag of flour. The wants. It would be a boon to manufacturers of a great variety of V. P., or value payable, system is a. part of the Swiss postal arrange­ small articles. The Postmaster-General refuses to consider whether ments, so that the purchaser can pay for his good.c;; on delivery, and this would injure the express companies. He approaches the matter there is but one financial transaction connected with the purchase as purely as a parcels-post extension that should give postal patrons a far as he is concerned. A provision for delivery makes the service all quicker and cheaper service. the more attractive. Great Britain's conservative enactments will likely be a model for Belgium's parcels post has even a higher-weight limit than Switzer­ any extension of the parcels-post service by Congress. The service is land, for it accepts articles o! 62 kilograms, or about 132 pounds, in almost twenty-five years old over there. It has become one of the most one package, and puts no limit upon the size, except that unwieldy important and highly appreciated postal features. Its growth has been packages are subject to an extra charge of 50 per cent. But up to 5 continuous and phenomenal. The scope has frequently been broadened. kilograms, which is the conventional 11-pound limit of a majority of There was an early clamor for an agricultural parcels post. The own­ the parcels-post countries, the charge is 50 centimes, or 10 cents; for ers of small farms in remote localities wanted it. The growers of 10 kilograms 12 cents, and 2 cents extra for every additional 10 kilo­ spring flowers in Kerry said it would enable them to compete with the grams ( 22 pounds). A higher charge is made in Belgium, as in several south of France and the Scilly Isles. Eventually the agricultural par­ other European countries, if the parcel is to be carried on an express cels post was authorized and also spacious dimensions for packages. train. It amounts to 6 cents for 5 kilograms. The fee for delivering Flower growers can now send full-length orchids and long-stemmed roses at residences is 6 cents additional. by post, where formerly only simple blooms were admissible. Germany and Austria maintain the 50-kilogram limit. The first­ SE~W FISH, EGGS, L~D FRUIT. named country enforce3 the 50 per cent extra charge for unwieldy The produce of the culturists goes forward to London and other big articles. It also has what is called the "zone system." · For conveyance English cities in tremendous volume. Fresh fish, dispatched from sea­ 10 geograpbic miles the charge is 6 cents (25 pfennigs) and 13 cents port towns to the large hotels, are delivered with celerity. Meats, (50 pfennigs) for greater distances. If the parcel weighs more than cheese, fruits vegetables, and freshly laid eggs in mail packages under l1 pounds, there is a charge of 1 cent (five pfennigs) for each addi­ the 11-pound 'limit form a very. considerable factor in the commerce of tional kilogram carried 10 miles 10 pfennigs for 20 miles, 20 pfeunigs the Kingdom. • for 50 miles, 30 pfennigs for 100 miles, 40 pfennigs for 150 miles, and The general rates are low. A 1-pound parcel takes a 3-penny 50 pfelinigs, approximately 13 cents, for more than 150 miles. The stamp. That is 6 cents in our money. For 2 pounds an 8-cent stam:p same rate of charges applies in Austria. is required ; for 3 pounds, a 10-cent stamp; for 5 pounds, 12 cents; for A TABLE OF CHARGES. 7 pounds, 14 cents; 8 pounds, 16 cents; 9 pounds, 18 cents; 10 pounds, 2J.) cents, and 11 pounds, 22 cents. Four-pound parcels cost as much The French parcels-post Law requires presentation at the railroad as 5 pounds and 6 pounds cost as much as 7 pounds. For inland par­ station. Some other European countries, like Great Britain, require it cels 3 feet 6 inches is the maximum length ; 6 feet the maximum meas­ to be delivered at the post-office. The French maximum weight is 10 urement· for length and girth. These have been adopted as standard kilograms (22 pounds) without any restriction as to size. The postage dimensions in the services of numerous other countries. Parcels should rates are 12 cents up to 3 kilograms ; 16. cents up to 5 kilograms, and not be posted at a letter box, but presented at the counter of a post­ 30 cents up to 10 kilograms. These rates are for delivery at a railroad office. The Government virtually guarantees the sender against loss up station. An extra fee of 25 centimes (5 cents) is charged for de­ to 10. Payment of a registry fee of 4 cents, in addition to the regular livering the parcel at the residence of the addres ee. postage. insures' the parcel for 25 ; a 25-cent registry stamp canies an A table of the parcels-post charges of everal countries follows : It msurance of $1,000. There have been demands, not yet conceded, for shows the maximum weight carried, the minimum charge collected, and the cash on delivery system that several Europe.a.n countries have also the charge for an 11-pound package, the limit for many of the a~~~ . parcels-post countries. The big retail stores of Londo!l avail themselves extensively of the parcels service for delivery of goods. The rates, ranging from 6 to 22 Maximum Minimum cents are not prohibitive. In many cases the Government service is. weight of charge1or Charge for cheaper and quicker. Laundries return washing by parcels post. In parcel. a parcel. 11 pounds· Germany, where the rates are even cheaper, lads a'Yay at school send their soiled linen home by mail to be washed, and it IS returned to them by the same conveyance. . Australia------11 $0.12 $0.72 POSTED LIVE BABY. BelgiumAu tria______------_ 110 .00 .12 Many curiosities, as well as staple articles of trade and foodstuffs, 132 .10 .16 are carried in British parcels. A live baby, it is said, was posted in Chile------­ 11 .10 .17 London not lo~ ago and promptly delivered at its destination. A mouse Cnba------­ 11 .10 .46 was brought all the way from India, where the parcels post has bPen France...------­ 22 .12 .16 developed much more than in England. Several kinds of live animals, Germany ------110 .03 .13 includmg bees, are accepted, if "properly packed." Great Britajn______11 .00 .22 Sydney Burton, the postmaster-general of Great Britain, in his last Italy------11 .12 .20 report statistically demonstrates the continuous ~rowth, and conse­ 8 witzerlan

Certain elementary items of cost enter mto the service- of European was · 721,164 pounds, an increase of 28.73 per cent. Only one-fifth of countries that would not be identical with the maintenance of a similar !he dispatches of the last mentioned fiscal year went to Europe, which service in the United States. In Germany a considerable mileage of the mdicates that a good share of the parcels ~usiness was with Mexico railroads are State owned. They carry certain parcels in the mails and Central South America. Parcels for Germany, Hongkong, Japan, without compensation. In large sections of Europe there has never Norway, Belgium, Great Britain, Sweden, and Denmark are acc.epted been anything like adequate service by express companies, _and in the only for a maximum weight of 4 pounds and 6 ounces, where the maxi­ absence of business enterprises in establishing such transportation the mum weight for the other countnes with which the Post-Office Depart­ people have been compelled to look to their governments for relief. The ment now has conventions is 11 pounds. cheap rates for parcels post there were originally, in some part, intended The customs officials say that the parcels-post business with foreign as an accommodation for the poorer classes. . . countries is increasing by lea_Qs and bounds. Within recent months The distances for transportation are less and the population is better facilities for the collection of customs dues have been inaugu­ denSer. The United States is 225 times larger than Switzerlan~ 60 rated, with the result, it is said, that-many packages which hitherto times larger than England, 17 tim~ larger than Germany, 12 times passed without being noted are now being examined and recorded. l~rger than the three countries co.mbined. In England the average 'l'hese -are offices of exchange, S() called, in several of the larger post­ distance a letter or mail package travels is 40 miles; in Germany it is offices of the United States where customs officials are stationed to­ attend to the collection of duties on these parccls from abroad. In the 42 miles; in the United- States it is said to be 542 miles. Washington City post-offices this foreign parcels-post business is said DIFFICULT TO ESTIMATE COST, to have increased 300 per cent within the last twelve months. The Treasury Department keeps about twenty-five customs employees now No accurate information is available as to whether the European on duty at the New York City post-office to attend to the foreign parcels posts are in reality self-supporting. Tlley certainly are nearly parcels-post business which goes through that office. Dutiable pack­ so and, in some instances, are regarded as profitable government ven­ ages to minor -offices are handled from exchange offices. Such mail ad­ tures. Everywhere the service is characterized by prompt transmission dressed to Plymouth, Mass., for instance, would be held till the ad­ and prompt delivery. The percentages of loss ru·e very small. The dl·essee had forwarded to the postmaster at Boston the amount of duty several national constituencies that have a parcels-post system would required. - no more relinquish such pTivileges than American cities would re­ linquish eler.tric lights or automobiles. One European enthusiast pro­ INSPECTORS 0~ WATCH. nounced th~ establishment of the parcels-post "a service to mankind The customs officials find no serious difficulties in the enforcement of only less splendid than that of the tTansmission of thought." the laws with reference to the foreign parcels post. There was at first ' In England it is claimed the parcels-post service would be a source some abuse of the privileges which the parcels conventions offered, but of profit but for the amounts paid to the railroads for transportation, the obstacles that the customs inspectors encounter at·e minor ones, the share of 55 per cent of the receipts being regarded as exorbitant. and the Treasury Department expects they will be eliminated. Many of Generally the parcels post is so joined with the rest of the mail service them have already disappeared under the new regulations for "mail that its entire cost can not be counted. importations" which were issued Jast March. - The international business has grown to enormous proportions. The The inspectors are on the watch for parcels that happen to be sent figures collected at-Beme for 1904, in connection with the Postal Union, f1·om countries with which the United States has arrangements solely show· that the parcels mailed across the frontiers of 36 nations and under the universal postal convention. Commercial papers not ex­ colonies that year numbered something like 38,000,000. -The small per­ ceeding 4 ~ounds and 6 ounces in weight, and samples qf merchandise not exceedmg 12 ounces, .may be brought here unde~; th.at convention, centage of that total. where the value was declared, showed an aggre­ but parcels are tabooed. and subject the sender to a fine. Parcels from gate of about $162,000,000 worth of property. In that list the United countries having parcels-post conventions with the United States are ::)tates would have stood about eleventh on the showing. for th-e fiscal inspected for dutiable articles, but fines are not imposed except for year of 1906, when 264,438 parcels of an average weight of 2~ pounds were sent from this counh·y abroad. Tunis sent more, according to the articles such as cigars and. ci~arettes that are put up in illegal quanti­ figures, than the United 'States. Germany, leading all other nations ties. A declaration of the dutiable articles is required with each parcel. both in the dispatch and receipt of·parcels in int.ernational mails, sent Anything as bulky as a box containing a new spring hat can be sent a total of 11,675,385, of which 11,343,516 were cle.ssed as "ordinary" to most ·of the American countries or colonies, ranging from Newfound­ and 331,869 were " with a declared value " of $23,352,378. Austria, land to the Danish West Indies and Chile, under existing parcels-post · enjoying close postal relations with Germany, dispatched 10,659,300 conventions. With a few exceptions, parcels can be sent to those Farcels to other countries, of which 1,082,430 had a declared value of American countries of a maximum length of 3 feet and 6 inches and of :fi68,396,578. a maximum length and girth combined of 6 feet. The rate is 12 cents a pound or fraction thereof._ Registry co~ts 8 ce~ts in addition thereto. HAS BECO:IIE GEEAT FACTOR. TO MAKE PEOPLE REALIZE. 'The totals of " receipts " and "dispatches " of course balance for the The customs officials likewise inspect another class of mail importa· thirty-six counh·ies in question, but are not the same for each country tions-those which come under existing postal conventions with Canada, represented. The rank in parcels dispatched runs: Germany, Austria, Mexico, Cuba, and the Republic of Panama. No declaration of contents France. Hungary, Great Britain, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Nether-­ and value is required from those countries and everything is admitted lands, Tunis, British India, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Russia, Denmark, Lux­ that is allowed under the · postal laws of the country where the mail emburg, Japan, and Egypt. In parcels received the order is: Germany, originated. · Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Great Britain, Belgium, 'L'be legislation that Postmaster-General Meyer has in mind comes Russia, Netherlands, Denmark, Roumania, Spain, Bosnia-Herzegovina, h<.me to practically every household in the United States. Tbere is Sweden, Norway, Luxemburg, '.funis, and so on. Switzerland, in 1904, hardly a family in all the land that would not find it a decided con­ received across her borders 2, 788,406 parcels by post, of which 2,635,090 venience at times- If Mr. Meyer succeeds in making the people realize were " ordinary " and 133,316 were declared of a value of 9,863, 86. this and the arguments for the improvement of the service become Of 6,352,360 pa.r·cels that came over the Austrian frontier, 778,380 had a g~nerally '?Jlderstood, no

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES, S.1146. Mary P. Bradley~ S. 1248. George Harwood. Mr. FRYE, from the" Committee on Commerce, to whom were S. 1252. Henry A. Redfield. referred the following · bills, reported them severally without S.1334. Andrew J. Boswell. amendment and submitted reports thereon: 8.1419. Orville E. Campbell. A bill ( S. 5664) to increase the efficiency of the personnel of 8.1432. Charles E. Mayhew. the Life-Saving Service of the United States; and .. S. 1510. Martha E. Doebler. .A bill (S. 57 7) to amend section 4463 of the Revised S. 1584. Charles M. R. Atwell. Statutes of the United States. S.1597. William Foster. Mr. WARREN, from the Committee on Public Buildings and S. 1598. Eliza W. Garwood. . Grotmds, to whom was referred the bill (S. 4441) to acquire 8.1599. Jacob F. Greenman. certain land in the District of Columbia as an addition to S.1601. Catherine Lyda and Samuel.I.;yda, Rock Creek Park, . reported it without amendment, and sub­ 8.1647. William T. 'l'rott. mitted a report thereon. S. 1648. Henry C. Hart. Mr. MARTIN, from the Committee on Commerce, to whom S.1775. George Callender.· was referred the bill (H. R. 17511) to authorize the construc­ S. 1926. Ignatz Gresser. tion of a bridge across Bayou Bartholomew at Parkdale, Ashley S. 2155. Albert Pohl. County, Ark., reported it without amendment. S. 2161. David L. Beard, alias Lewis ·Beard. Mr. KEAN, from the Committee on Claims, to whom was 8. 2240. John W. Vest. referred the bill (S. 2969) for the relief of 0. Maury & Co., S. 2256'. John McDonnell. of Bordeaux, France, reported it with amendments and sub­ S. 2293. Wellington W. Whitnett mitted a report thereon. S. 2384. Benjamin F. Housley. 1\fr. FLINT, from the Committee on Public Lands, to whom S. 2401. Caleb Houdyshell. was referred the bill ( S. 4687) to relieve William G.. Gosslin S. 2406. James W. Divelbiss. and his assigns of and from the effect of a release made by S. 2429. Charles Kort. him and his wife Marthena Gosslin of certain land in Cali­ S. 2430. ·William Elias. fornia, reported it with an amendment and submitted a report S. 2436. John W. Taylor. thereon. · 8. 2500. John D. Dillingham~ 1\fr. HALE, from the Committee on Naval Affairs, to whom S. 25 1. William Dickerman. was referred the bill ( S. 5617) authorizing the Secretary of S. 2745. Eldred Huff. the Navy to accept and care for gifts presented to vessels of S. 2942. John M. Taylor. the Navy of the United States, reported it without amendment 8. 3030. John Hunter. · and submitted a J:eport thereon. S. 3117. James W. Lankford. 1\fr. DIXON, from the Committee on Indian Affairs, to whom S. 3136. Annie . Penrose was referred the bill (S: 4793) authorizing the settlers on S. 3204. Lewis F. Sycks. Crow Reservation lands in Montana to mortgage same for the S. 3255. Handy S. Day. construction of irrigation systems prior to final proof, reported S. 3260. James S. Henl'y. it with amendments and submitted a report thereon. S. 3379. Francis M. Frazier. He also, from the Committee on Public· Lands, to whom was S. 3447. William N. Berry. referred the bill (H. R. 14043) to provide for the extension of S. 3459. Stephen 0. Bryant. time within which homestead entrymen may establish their S. 3765. Helen E. Fish. residence upon certain lands w_ith:in the limits of the Huntley S. 3787. Ira D. Marston. irrigation project, in the county of Yellowstone, in the State 8. 3832. James R. Potter. of Montana, reported it without amen-dment and submitted a 8. 3888. John D. Harris. report thereon. S. 3901. David Kohr. Mr. CLARK of Wyoming, from the Committee on Public S. 3975. George W. Thomas, Lands, to whom was referred the bill (H. R. 16493) limiting S. 3999. Milton S. Lytle. and restricting the right of entry and assignment under the S. 4129. James Rugan. desert-land law and authorizing an extension of time within S. 4180. Samuel N. King. which to make final proof, reported it without amendment and • 8. 4192. Martha E. Gabriel. submitted a report thereon. S. 4230. John L. Welch. 1\Ir. NELSON, from the Committee on Public Lands, to whom 8. 4262. George W. Belknap. was referred the bill (H. R. 16860) to establish a United States S. 4458. William F. Fowler. land district in the Territory of New Mexico to be known as the 8. 4478. William M. Gentry. Tucumcari land district, reported it without amendment and S. 4495. Alice J. Hackney. submitted a report thereon. · S. 4611. Calvin T. Blessing. Mr. McCUMBER, from the Committee on Pensions, to whom S. 461 . Philester S. Elliott. were referred certain bills granting pensions and increase of pen­ S. 4619. William H. Elliott. sions, submitted a report accompanied by a bill ( S. 5938) grant­ S. ;4623. John H. Steward. ing pensions and increase of pensions to certain soldiers and '8. 4624. Joseph Hanna. sailors of the civil war, and certain widows and helpless and de­ S. 4756. Celia A. Baldwin. pendent relatives of such soldiers and sailors, which was read S. 4758. Rose Maxey. twice by. its title, the bill being a substitute for the following S. 4772. Lewis E. Kauffer. Senate bills heretofore referred to that committee: · 8. 4 05. Charlotte 1\f. Peters. S. 5. Charles E. Dunn. S. 4 22. David K. Adkins. S. 8. Stephen L. Ethridge, 8. 4838. James l\1. Swisher. S. 52. Delia R. Seely. S. 4847. Nathaniel T. Gourley. S. 80. James Henry. 8. 4 73. Lulia A. Derby. S. 118. James H. Hutchins. S. 5011. Lewis L. Bell. S. 581. Henry S. White. 8. 5022 . .August Ihringer. S. 620. Nathaniel Walker. 8. 50 0. John W. Cheatham. S. 621. James Ferguson. • S. 5170. Martin B. Bartholomew, S. 622. Almond J. Whaley. S. 5171. Edward D. Barker. S. 632. J. Woodruff Lewis. S. 5181. Newbry Briggs. S. 637. John H. Shumway. S. 5230. Thomas Wallace. S. 771. Mary McCandless. 8. 52 8. Caroline P. Hill. s. 772. Daniel McDonald• S. 5301. Elijah H. Bartlett. • 8. 775. Martha Doty. 8. 5320. Charles Kane. 8. 793. John C. Collins. S. 5373. James H. Wright. 8. 859. Henry T. Ayers. 8. 540 . John McCann. S. 884. Jennie E. Sawyer. S. 5492. Emily C. Cummings. 8. 885. Daniel R. Hanwell. 8. 5532. James A. Miller. S. 887. Amanda A. Trueworthy. 8. 5538. John S. Bagley, formerly John S. Brown. 8. 1082. Michael Brannan. 8. 5539. William ll. Drake. 8:1140. Hency J. F. Wert. S. 5570. Ann Eliza Hemenway, 1908. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .. 2959

S. 5599. Rose Anna Griffith. RIVER IMPROVE!£ENTS IN NORTH CAROLINA.. S. 5671. Samuel E. Bernard. Mr. SIMMONS, from the Committee on Commerce, to whom l\Ir. NEW~l)S, from the Committee on cOmmerce, to whom was referred the following concurrent resolution submitted was referred the bill (H. R. 16746) to authorize T. H. Friel by himself on the 3d instant, reported it without amendment; or assigns to construct a dam across 1\Lulberry Fork of the Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), Black Warrior Ri"\"er, reported it without amendment. That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed 1\fr. PENROSE, from the Committee on Post-Offices and Post­ to cause surveys and examinations to be made of Neuse River from Roads, to whom was referred the bill (S. 1518) to amend sec­ Pamlico Sound to Kinston, N. C. ; of '.rrent River from its junction with Neuse River to Trenton, N. C.; of '.rar River from .Pamlico Sound to tion 3 93 of the Revised Statutes, reported adversely thereon, Washington, N. C.; of Pasquotank River from Albemarle Sound to Eliza­ and the bill was postponed indefinitely. beth City, N. C.; of Roanoke River from Albemarle Sound to Weldon, N. C. ; of Chowan River from Albemarle Sound to a point opposite Win­ RIVER IMPROVEMENTS IN DELA. ~ A.RE. ton, N. C., with a view to improving the navigability of all said rivers Mr. HOPKINS, from· the Committee on Commerce, to whom and providing channels of 10 feet depth, so as to conform the depth of said rivers from their mouths in said sounds to the points specified with was referred the following concurrent resolution, submitted by the depth of the canal authorized by the river and harbor act of 1906, l\Ir. du PONT ,..on the 3d instant, reported it without amendment: to connect the waters of Pamlico Sound and its connecting sounds with Resolved by the Senate (the Hottse of Representatives concurring), the Atlantic Ocean at Beaufort, N. C. That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to cause a survey to be made, and to submit a plan and estimate for BILLS INTRODUCED. dredging and otherwise improving the navigation of each of the follow­ ing-named waters: Mr. du PONT introdced a bill (S. 5939) for the relief of the The upper waters of the Pocomoke River from the town of Snow Hill, heirs of Lewis D. Brown, which was read twice by its title and Md., up to or near the town of Gumboro, Del. ; referred to the Committee on Claims. The Nanticoke Rivet· from the town of Seaford to the town of Middle­ Mr. CURTIS introduced a· bill (S. 5940) to establish a sub· ford, in Sussex County, Del ; The Christiana River from the city of Wilmington to the town of treasury at Kansas City, Kans., which was read twice by its Christiana, in Newcastle County, Del. ; title and referred to the Committee on Finance. The Laurel River in Sussex County', Del.t from the town of Laurel to Mr. MAR'riN. On behalf of my colleague [Mr. DANIEL], its mouth. That the expense of such surveys and investigations be paid out of who is detained from his seat on a very sad official mission, I the fund appropriated for such examinations and surveys. • introduce a number of bills. DONATION OF CERTAIN CANNON. The VICE-PRESIDENT. The-bills will. be read by title. 1\fr. LODGE. From the Committee on Military Affairs I re­ Mr. MARTIN (for Mr. DANIEL) introduced a bill (S. 5941) port back favorably the joint resolution (S. R. 28) authorizing for the relief of the heirs of John 1\lillbourn, deceased, which was read twice by its title and, with the accompanying paper, and directing the Secretary of War to donate certain cannon, referred to the Committee on Claims. with their accessories, to the State of New Hampshire, and I He also (for 1\fr.'DA.NIEL) inh·oduced a bill (S. 5942) for the ask for its present consideration. relief of the legal representatives of the estate of Henry H. The Secretary read the joint resolution, and there being no Sibley, deceased, which was read twice by its title and referred objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, proceeded to the Committee on Claims. to its consideration. He also (for 1\fr. DANIEL) introduced a bill (S. 5943) to place The joint re olution was reported· to the Senate without Louis Weber, a first-class musician, late of the Marine Corps, ~, amendment, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read on the retired list, which was read twice by its title and referred the third time, and passed. to the Committee on Naval Affairs. 1\fr. LODGE. From the same committee I report back the He also (for Mr. DANIEL) introduced a bill (S. 5944) for the joint resolution (S. n. 8) authorizing and directing the Secre­ relief of John F. Wingfield, which was read twice by its title tary of War to loan certain cannon, with their accessories, to and referred to the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. the State of New Hampshire, and I move that it be indefinitely He also introduced a bill (S. 5945) to provide for the ap­ postponed. pointment of a commission to select sites for certain public The motion was agreed to. buildings on lands owned by the Government in the city of OMNIBUS CLABIS EILL, \Vashington, and to procure and report to Congress preliminary 1\lr. FULTON. I am directed by the Committee on Claims plans and estimates of cost therefor, which was read twice by to report back with amendments the bill (H. R. 15372) for the its title and referred to the Committee on Public Brrildings allowance of certain claims reported by the Court of Claims and Grounds. under the pro"\"i ions of the acts approved March 3, 1883, and He also introduced a bill ( S. 5046) for the relief of the estate March 3, 1887, commonly known as the Bowman and the Tucker of Lewis D. Crenshaw, deceased, which was read twice by its acts, and I submit a report thereon. title and, with the accompanying papers, referred to the Com- The VICE-PRESIDE ... TT. 'rhe bill will be placed on the mittee on Claims. . Calendar. Mr. SIMMONS introduced a bill ( S. 5947) to provide for the l\Ir. F1JLTON. I wish to say in connection with the report defense of Beaufort Harbor, North Carolina, and the inland that this is a bill commonly designated as the "omnibus claims waters of the State tributary thereto, which was read twice by bill," and in reporting back, as there are various amendments, its title and referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. the committee found it more convenient to recommend that all 1\fr. FOSTER introduced a bill (S. 5948) to protect the banks the items in the House bill be stricken out and to amend the of the l\Iississ~ppi Ri"\"er in front of the city of New Orleans bill by putting most of those items back in connection with La., which was read twice by its title and referred to the Com~ other items recommended by the committee. These items are rui ttee on Commerce. grouped by States, hence to do otherwise than as recommended l\Ir. HALE introduced the following·bills, which were sever· by the committee would require a multitude of amendments. ally read twice by their titles and referred to the Committee on I ask that the report when printed shall be printed as indi­ Naval Affairs: cated. The items which were contained in the original bill A bill (S. 5949) to regulate the use of wireless telegraphy; and which have been retained by the amendment have been and marked to be printed in roman, and those items which are A bill (S. 5950) to provide for the disposition of pensions due propo~ed by the Senate Committee on Claims are marked to inmates of the Naval Home. be printed in italics; so that not only in the original bill when 1\Ir. FLINT introduced a bill (S. 5951) to increase the limit reprinted, but also in the printed report the House items will of cost of the public building at San Diego, Cal., which was appear in roman and the amendments proposed by the com· read twice by its title and referred to the Committee on Public mittee in italics. Buildings and Grounds. The VICE-PRESIDENT. Without objection, the bill will be He also introduced a bill ( S. 5952) for the relief of George printed as indicated. S. Patten, which was read twice by its title and referred to the MESSENGER FOR COMMITTEE ON RULES. Committee on Public Lands. 1\fr. HEMENWAY introduced the following bills, which were l\fr. KE.A.N, from the Committee to Audit and Control the severally read twice by their titles and referred to the Com­ Contingent Expenses of the Senate, to whom was referred the mittee on Public Buildings and Grounds: resolution submitted by Mr. ALDRICH on the 4th instant, re­ A bill (S. 5953) to provide for the purchase of a site and the ported it without amendment, and it was considered by unani­ erection of a public building thereon at Juneau, in th.e Territory mous consent and agreed to, as follows: of Alaska ; and Resolved, That the Committee on Rules be, and it is hereby, author­ Ized to employ a messenger. to be paid from the contingent •fund of A bill ( S. 5954) to provide for the purchase of a site and the the Senate, at the rate of $1,440 per annum until otherwise provided erection of a public building thereon at Juneau, in the Territory for. of Alaska. 2960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. MARCH 6,

Mr. HOPKINS introduced the following bills, which were A bill (S. 5980) granting an increase ·of pension to Joseph C. severally read twice by their titles and referred to the Com­ Lambert (with accompanying papers) ; and nnittee on Pensions: A bill ( S. 59 1) granting an increase of pension to Elijah A bill ( S. 5955) granting an increase of pension to Christian Johnson (with accompanying papers). Kaiser (with an accompanying paper); Mr. 1\IARTIN (for Mr. DANIEL) introduced a bill (S. 50 2) · A bill ( S. 5956) granting an increase of pension to Hannah to · amend an act entitled "An act to regulate commerce," and Young; and . a.cts supplementary thereto, approved June 30, 1906, which was A bill (S. 5957) granting an increase of pension to Harriett read twice by its title and referred to the Committee on Inter­ Scott (with accompanying papers). state Commerce. Mr. JOHNSTON inh·oduced the following bills, which were AMEND1fE~TS ~0 APPROPRIATION BILLS. severally read twice by their. titles and referred to the Com-. Mr. NELSON submitted an amendment proposing to abolish mittee on Claims: the use of irons, single or double, as a form of punishment in A bill (S. 5958) for the relief of the heirs of Gen. John A. t~e Navy of the United States, etc., intended to be proposed by Quitman; and . . A bill ( S. 59G9) for the relief of W. K. Spiller, administrator him to the na¥al appropriation bill, which was 1·eferred to the Committee on Naval Affairs and ordered to be printed. of C. C. Spiller, deceased. Mr. WETMORE introduced a bill (S. 5960) granting an in­ Mr. HEYBURN submitted an amendment propo ing to in­ crease of pension to Charles S. Arnold, which was read twice by cr&'lse the salary of the surveyor-general of Idaho from $2,000 - its title and, with the accompanying papers, referred to the to $3,000, intended to be proposed by him to the legislative, etc., Committee on Pensions. appropriation bill, which was referred to the Committee on Ap­ propriations and ordered to be printed. Mr. S~OO'l' introduced the following bills, which were seler­ ally read twice by their titles and referred to the Committee on ~fr. BRANDEGEE submitted an amendment proposing to Public Buildings and Grounds: ra1se the Committee on Forest Resenations and the Protec­ A bill ( S. 59tH) to pro-vide for the erection of a public build­ tion of Game to a standing committee of the Senate, intended to ing at Richfield; Utah; be proposed by him to the legislative, etc., appropriation bill, A bill ( S. 5962) to proYide for th~ erection of a public build_. which was referred to the Committee on Appropriations and ing at Bri..,.ham icy, Utah; and ordered_ to be printed. . A bill ( S. 5963) to 11rovide for the erection of a public build­ Mr. PE?\~OSE submitted an amendment proposing to allow ing at Park City, Utah. railway mail clerks thirty days' leave of absence, with pay, each He al o introduced the following bills, which were seyerally .rear, etc., intended to be proposed by him to the postoffice ap­ read twice by their titles and referred to the Committee 011 propriation bill, which was referred to the Committee on Post­ Pensions: Office and Post-Roads and ordered to be printed. A bill (S. 5964) granting an increase of pension to William He also submitted an amendment proposing to appropriate D. Gaby; a.nd $2,000,000 for the actual and necessary e:X}Jen es, division super­ A bill (S. 5965) grantirig an increase of pension to Thomas J. intendents, assistant division superintendents, and chief clerks, Redman. Railway Mail Service, while actually traveling on business of Mr. BACON inh·oduced a bill (S. 5066) to e tablish a fish­ the Postoffi.ce Department, etc., intended to be propo ed by him hatching and fi h-culture station for the hatching and propaga­ to the post-office appropriation bill, which was referred to the tion of shad upon or near the seacoast in the State of Georgia, Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads and ordered to be which was read twice by its title and referred to the Committee printed. on Fisheries. · He also submitted an amendment p1·oposin(J' that after June Mr. FORAKER introduced a bill (.S. 5961) for the relief 9f 30, 190 , employees of first and second cla s post-offices and in -officers of the Philippine Volunteers, which was read twice by other post-offices having city delivery service be granted lea\e its title and referred to the Oonunittee on Claims. of absence, with full pay, not exceeding thirty days in a fiscal He also inh·oduced a bill (S. 5968) granting an increase of year, intended to be proposed by him to the po.,t-offi.ce approprin.­ pension to Harriet V. Gtidley, which was read twice by its tion bill, which was referred to the Committee on Post-Offices title and referred ·to the Committee on Pensions. and Post-Roads and ordered to be printed. .Mr. WHYTE introduced a bill (S. ·5969) to provide for the AMENDMENTS TO OMNIBUS CLAIMS BILL. sale of lot 4, square 1113, in the city of Washington, D. C. which l\Ir. CLARKE of Arkansas submitted two amendments in­ was read twice by its title and referred to the ·committee on tended to be proposed by him to House bill 15372, known as the· the Dish·ict of Columbia. " onmibus claims bill," which were ordered to lie on the table Mr. CLAPP introduced a bill (S. 5970) granting an increase of and be printed. pension to James Karr, whiCh was read twice by its title and, Mr. CULLOM submitted an amendment intended to be pro· with the accompanying paper, referred -to the Committee on posed by him to House bill 15372, known as the " omnibus claims Pen ions. bill," which was ordered to lie on the table and be printed. Mr. HALE inh·oduced· a bill ( S. 5971) granting a pension to Mr. BAILEY (by request) submitted an amendment intended Ida R. Foss, which was read twice by its title and referl'ed to to be proposed by him to Hou e bill 15372, known as the " omni­ the Committee on Pen ion . bus claims bill," which was ordered to lie on the table and be 1\fr. W AR~'ER inh·oduced the -following bills, which were printed. seyerally read twice by their titles and referred to the Com­ AMENDMENT TO FINANCIAL BILL. mittee on Pensions: Mr. BURKETT submitted an amendment intended to be pro­ A bill ( S. 5972) .granting an increase of pension to Thomas posed by him to the bill (S. 3023) to amend the national bank­ C. Lyon; ing laws, which was ordered to lie on the table and be printed. A bill ( S. 5073) granting an increase of pension to Frederick W. Odell (with accompanying papers); GRADING AND INSPECTION OF GBAIN. A bill ( S. 5974) granting an increase of pension to George On motion of Mr. McCuMBEP. it was T. Smith (with accompanying papers) ; and . Ordered, That there be printed for the use of the Senate document A bill ( S. 5075) granting an increase of pension to James A. room 500 copies of Senate Document No. 116, relative to the gradin"' and inspection of grain. "' Whitworth. Mr. BORAH introduced a bill (S. 5916) to amend the military • HEARINGS BEFORE COMMITTEE ON NAVAL AFFAIRS. record of William J. Sailor, which was read twice by its title Mr. HALE submitted the following resolution, which was and, with the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee referred to the Committee to Au

PARCELS POST AND POSTAL SAVINGS BAl'lili:S. - the present consideration of Senate bill 273G. Neither bill Ml.". PENROSE. I offer a resolution pronding for the 11rint­ will lead to debate. ing of additional copies of certain bills pending before the The Secretary read the bill, and there being no objection, Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads, and I ask unanimous the Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, proceeded to its consent for its present consideration. consideration. It proposes to appropriate $50,000 to acquire, The resolution was read and considered by unanimous con­ by purcha·se, candemnation, or otherwise, a site and cause. sent, as follows: to be erected thereon a suitable building, including fireproof Rcsoked, That there be printed for the use of the Committee on Post­ vaults, ele-vators, and heating and ventilating apparatus, for Offices and P o t-Roads 15,000 copies each of SE:'nate bills 5115 and the use and accommodation of the United States post-office in 5122 and 3,000 copies each of Senate bills 1234, 4853, and 5508. the city of Lagrange, Ga. :Jfr. CULBERSON. May I ask what committee the resolution The bill was reported from the Committee on Public Build­ comes fi'oru? ings and Grounds with an amendment, to add the following: Mr. PENROSE. The Committee. on Post-Offices and Post­ The building shall be unexposed to danger from fire by an open space Roads. For the information of the Senator, I will state that of at least 40 feet on each side, induding streets and alleys. these bills relate to the parcels post and postal savings banks. There is \ery great demand from all over the country for The amendment was agreed to. copies of those measures. The total cost will be less than $500, The bill was reported to the Senate as amended, and the and under the rule the resolution can now be considered. amendment was concurred in. The VICE-PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read resolution,. the third time, and passed. The resolution was agreed to. The title was amended so as to read: "A bill to provide for the purchase of a site and the erection of a public building in INDIAN APPROPRIATION BILL. the city of Lagrange, Ga." The VlCE-PRESIDE..."'\"T laid before the Senate the action of the House of llepresentati\es disagreeing to the amendnients PUBLIC BUILDING AT CORDELE, GA. of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 15219) making appropriations Mr. CLAY. I ask the Se~ate to consider the o.ther bill' tv for the current and contingent expenses of the Indian Depart­ which I referred, whi.ch was also passed O\er at my instance ment, for fulfilling treaty stipulations with yarious Indian when reached on the Calendar. tribes, and for other purposes, for the fiscal year ending June There being no objection, the bill (S. 2732) to provide for 30, 1900, and requesting a conference with the Senate on the the erection of a public building in the city of Cordele, Ga. \\US illsagreeiug votes of the two Houses thereon. read and considered as in Committee of the Whole. It pro­ Mr. CLAPP. I moye that the Senate insist on its amend­ poses to appropriate $50,000 to acquire, by purchase, condemna­ ments and agree to the request of the House, the conferees tion, or otlterwiEe, a site and cause to be erected thereon a nit­ on the part of the Senate to be appointed by the Chair. able building, including fireproof l"aults, eleYators, and heating The motion was agreed to, and the Vice-President appointed and Yentilating ap1Jaratus, for the u e and accommodation of Mr. CLAPP, Mr. McCUMBER, and Mr. OWEN, the conferees on the United States post-office in the city of Cordele, Ga. the pa;'t of the Senate. The bill was reported from the Committee on Public Build­ HOUSE BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION ~RRED. ings and Grounds with an amendment, to add at the end of tlle The following bills were severally read twice by their titles, bill the following: and referred to the Committee on Commei·ce: The building shall be unexposed to danger from fire by an open space H. R. 15444. An act extending the· time for the .construction of at least 40 feet on each Bide, including streets and alleys. of a dam across Rainy River; The amendment was agreed to. H. R.1G073._An act to authorize the to\Vll of Edg.ecomb, Lin­ The bill was reported to the Senate as amended, and the coln County, Me., to maintain a fre~ bridge across tide waters; amendment was concurred in. and The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, II. R.16749. An act to amend an act entitled "An act to au­ read the third time, and passed. thorize the construction of a bridge across the Monongahela The title was amended so as to read: "A bill to proride for River in the State of Pennsylvania by the Liberty Bridge the purchase of a site and the erection of a public building in Company," approved March 2, 1907. the city of Cordele, Ga..." H. R. 15841. An act to amend section 4896 of the Revised _ OCEAN MAIL SERVICE. Statutes, was read twice by its title and l'eferred to the Com­ Mr. FRYE. The Senator from New .Hampshire {Mr. GAL­ mittee on Patents. LINGER], who is absent on a sad errand, called my attention to H. R.16874. An act to amend section 13 of an act entitled the fact that the bill (S. 28 ) to amend the act of March 3, 1801, ".An act to divide the Stat-e of Texas into four judicial districts," relating to oeean mail ser'liee, was by unanimous consent to be approved March 11, 1002, was read twice by its title, and re­ consid-ered yesterday morning. Of course it could not recei\e ferred to the Committee on the Judiciary. consideration yesterday morning, and he requested me to a.sk H. J. Res.101. Joint resolution authorizing the Secretary of that it might be brought before the Senate this morning; but War to secure a suitable design for a statue of the late Com­ the Senator fi·om New York [Mr. DEPEW] has gi\en notice that modore John D. Sloat at Monterey, Cal, was read twice by its at this time he would desire to occupy the floor with his speech title, and referred to the Committee on the Library. on the currency question. · INDIAN APPROPRIATION BILL. r ask unanimous consent that on Tuesday morning this bill Mr. DIXON submitted the followi:ilg resolution, which was may be taken up immediately after the routine business for considered by unanimous consent and agreed to: consideration. Resolved, That the Senate conferees on H. R. 15219, "An act mak­ The VICE-PRESIDEl\"'T. The Senator from Maine asks Ing appropriations for the current and contingent expenses of the In­ unanimous consent that the unanimous-.consent agreement here­ dian Department," etc., are hereby instructed to insert on page 37~ tofore made with regard to the bill mentioned be modified, and line 15 after the word "dollars," the following: "the same to be im­ mediately available." that the bill be taken up for consideration immediately after ADJOURNMENT TO MOND.AY, the close of the routine morning business on Tuesday, March 10. Is there objection? Mr. HALE. I move that when the Senate adjourns to-day Mr. TELLER. Will that interfere with the financial bill? I it be to meet on Monday next. do not want to have that interfered with. The motio:Q. was agreed to. Mr. FRYE. It is to be taken up only immediately after the AMENDMENT OF NATIONAL BANKING LAWS. routine business. Of course, at 2 o'clock the currency bill will Mr. CLARKE of Arkansas. I wish to give notice that im­ be the unfinished business. mediately after the close of the morning business on W ednes­ Af.r. TELLER. I believe we have had notice given of u day next I will address the Senate on what is known as the speech to be made on Tuesday. "Aldrich bill," if it shall not at that time be engaged in more Mr. BEVERIDGE. At 2 o'clock is the notice. important business. · 'Mr. FRYE. At 2 o'clock on that day. PUBLIC BUILDING AT LAGRANGE, GA. Mr. TELLER. Very well. The VICE-PRESID~"'T. Without objection: it is so orde.ed. Mr. CLAY. The bill (S. 2736) ·to provide for the erection of a public building in the city of Lagrange, Ga., and the bill AMENDMENT OF NATIONAL BANKING LAWS. ( S. 2732) to provide for the. erection of a public building in Mr. DEPEW rose. the city of Cordele, Ga., were, when reached on the Calendar, The VICE-PRESIDENT. The Chair lays before the Senate passed over at my instance._ I ask unanimous consent for the unfinished business.

XLII-186------2962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .. ~lARCH 6,

There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the 1800 to 1900 it was two hundred and fifty millions and in the :Whole, resumed the consideration of the bill (S. 3023) to amend short period of seven years from 1900 to 1907 it was one hundred the national banking laws. and· sixty-three millions . .Mr. DEPEW. .Mr. President, Presidents, Secretaries of the 'Vhile according to Lord Cromer $150,000,000 are buried in Treasury, and Comptrollers of the Currency have for many the ground by the Egyptians, who are universally money hoard­ .years seen the defects in our banking system and urged legisla­ ers, and a large sum used in the arts, the amount available for tion. Eminent bankers, both at home and abroad, have taken currency is constantly and rapidly increasing. The Russo­ the same view. For various reasons Congress has failed to act Japane e war and the San Francisco earthquake and fire or even to seriously consider any of these suggestions. The burned up and destroyed a very appreciable percentage of the legislative body is always conservative, at least in the sense that capital of the world. Indush·ial expansion, the con olidation it never acts until there is a strong public pressure behind. of indush·ies into strong and unified corporations with increas­ Legislation may at times seem radical, but it is always because ing productive power and requiring more money, great enter­ the representatives believe such measures properly interpret and prises by governments and by corporations, the requirements put in force the popular will. of the railways caused by the increase in traffic, and amounting We have had several disastrous panics, the most noted being within the last year to a thousand millions of dollars, have those of 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893 and 1907. locked up immense amounts of capital otherwise tluid into All but the last became subjects of rancorous party discus­ permanent investments. The railroad companies tried to raise sion, and there was no agreement at the times of their occur­ in round figures $1,600,000,000, but could sell only a small por­ rence as to the causes of their happening. But now contem­ tion of their 4 per cent bonds, and including what they obtained porary opinion with great unanimity puts the blame upon our by the issue of short-term notes carrying 6, 7, and 7! per cent system of banking and currency and demands action and re­ interest, were ahle to borrow only $!>60,000,000, or about two­ medial legislation. thirds of their immediate practical needs. The industrials were Under the delicate system of credit upon which the commer­ having ~mch prosperity that they needed about $600,000,000, and cial transactions of the world are now based there will always nearly two-thirds of the sum were secured by the sh·onger be panics. They may come frOm wars or from fabulous de­ concerns at exorbitant interest, but those which failed to get sh·uction of property by earthquakes or fire or from over­ the money for their capital requirements were forced into the speculating, resulting in the bankruptcy of financial institutions, hands of receivers. '.rhe tremendous volume of our internal succeeded by loss of confidence. These panics occur in every commerce, the feverish activity of our manufacturers and the one of the great industrial countries. They happen in England, active demand and high prices for the food products of the Germany, Austria, Italy and France, but less frequently in West and Northwest, and for the cotton of the South, and for France because the French are the most conservative and the our coal, iron, copper, gold and silver, expanded our credit until least speculative of all peoples. They are a thrifty nation of probably at the time our trouble began D8 per cent of our busi­ savers and investors, and not of exploiters and promoters. They ness was being done by credit agencies and not more than 2 lose capital, as they did in the Panama Canal, to the extent of per cent with currency. hundreds of millions, but it is taken out of their stockings and When the annual demand came for $300,000,000 of reserve not out of their business. While these financial and industrial money to be taken from the banks in the central re erve cities disasters are common to manufacturing, producing and trading to the West and South to move the crops, it called for a cur­ nations, they never imperil the whole structure of trade and tailment of . over $1,200,000,000 in credits and the calling finance in other countri~s as they do with us. They never lead of loans to meet this demand. If we had a cenh·al bank to such stringency of money and phenomenal rates of interest. or if there was by some Government agency concerted ac­ The rate of interest marks the price which business pays for tion among our 6,600 national banks our affairs would never capital. As it advances new enterprises stop, production is cur­ have reached this perilous condition. In Germany, for in­ tailed and industries shut down, until finally, if money must be stance, the commercial paper of all banks in the Empire had at prices which necessitate great and continuing losses, the would have been indorsed by the banks which had discounted whole community is involved, capital and labor are both tem­ it and, being rediscounted in the central bank, have been the porarily out of employment, with bankruptcy for the one and basis for currency to meet the demand and tide over the crisis starvation or re1iance upon charity for the other. . without endanger~ng the whole manufacturing and commer­ The United States is the greatest creator of wealth of all cial fabric. But we have a currency which we can not expand, countries, and its productiveness is almost as great as that of all except by processes too slow to do any good, and which can not other nations who might be deemed its rivals combined. A finan­ contract when the demand for currency relaxes. We have to cial panic with us leaves the field strewn with the dead and maintain a national debt to have any currency, and we have to wounded, but our enormous possibilities for the creation of retain our present system to furnish a market for Government wealth speedily bring back prosperous times. The new and bonds in national emergencies at a rate which makes them eager recruits and contestants for fortune fail to remember fr~m 15 to 25 per cent higher on the same interest charge than those who have fallen in the battle and take little heed of the those of any other country. lessons of the catastrophe. With our people so keen upon busi­ There is no doubt that hasty and ill-considered legislation in ness propositions, with our agricultural and mineral produc­ many States had much to do with the panic. One-seventP. of tion throwing the balance of trade in our favor every year, the wealth of the United· States is invested in railroads. A very with our gold reserve kept at a higher average than that of large amount of the securities upon which business is done is any other nation, because it tlows in to us to pay the inter­ based upon these securities. There are many tliousands of rail­ national balances which are due, these recurring disasters, so road freight rates in force at the same time, and they a1:e fre­ · universal and so terrible, must be caused by deficiency some­ quently changed according to the necessities of competition or where in our system. 1We have a larger per capita currency of the traffic. Whether a reduction of rates will be confisca­ than any other country in Europe except France, and yet tory or not can only be ascertained by an investigation and the money, mere currency, has been for months commanding a testimony of experts. This is thoroughly understood by the in­ premium, and in one of our panics gold was raised to 250 per vesting public, both in this country and in E.urope. Rate-reduc­ cent. The German, French and English financiers say such tion bills were pas ed in many legislatures without reference to conditions are impossible with them. They are unanimous in committees, without discussion, and with a whoop-la cry of" Hit the opinion that their safety and our peril are because they iliem again; they have no friends." The machinery of the. possess central banks with power to issue emergency currency, Mauretania or Lusitania is as complex as a watch. .Any man while our currency is rigid and inelastic, and there is and can could throw a crowbar into it and produce derangements which be no unity of action among our 6,600 independent banks. might jeopardize the safety of the ship, or do damage which There have been efforts made in this discussion to locate and would require experts and time and money to repair. Governor place the blame for this panic. It furnishes a fine field for Hughes stated the true principle of the treatment of rates when, partisan attack, but a calm and .judicial review of the situation having advised and secured from the legislature the creation will develop many and sufficient reasons which are neither po­ of public utilities commissions with full power, he courageously litical, personal nor partisan. Undoubtedly the large and con­ vetoed a 2-cent fare bill, which had been unanimou ly pas ed, tinuing increase year by year in the production of gold, which is on the ground that until those commi ions had investigated the universal standard of value, deranges calculations and ex­ and reported neither the Governor nor the legislature had any changes. The figures of this increase for the last decade are information upon which to base intelligent action affecting the startling. The world's production of gold was $7,000,000 in 1700, securities owned by millions of investors and the employment $12,000,000 in 1800, $262,000,000 in 1900 and $425,000,000 in 1!>07. and wages of millions of men. · This shows that while in the hundred years from 1700 to 1800 1.\fuch has been said here and everywhere against Wall street, the increase was only five millions, in the hundred years from and sometimes New York is made interchangeable with Wall 1908. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE .. ·2963

street. One of the most eminent agricultural experts in the side of the market in Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, Buffalo, country said to me recently: San Francisco and New Orleans, Charleston, Atlanta, Gal­ If you New Yorkers would stop buyin~ diamonds and autmobiles veston and Boston, Portland, .Me., Portland, Oreg. and Seattle. the farmers with their seven thousand millions of salable products this Commodore Vanderbilt once said to me that any fool could year will save the country. make a million, but it took a wise man to keep it. It is these 1'\ew York is the financial center of the United States, and, fools who are responsible for the exaggerated fortunes of if our banking system was scientific, would be of the world. which we hear so much, and it was the wise use of these for­ · It is the greatest manufacturing city in the world. It has four tunes in the recent panic by the wise men who had accumu­ millions of inhabitants within its boundaries, and if those who lated and kept them which saved from annihilation fools and · reside in the suburban districts and have their daily business wise men alike whose all was embarked in their business. in New York are included, as they ought to be, six millions of The discussion of this question has taken a wide range, and · people belong to the metropolis, or more than the population has been able and exhaustive. A stranger reading these argu· of fo'urteen of the sovereign States of the United States. Every ments would come to the conclusion that there is neither spec­ section of the country-1'\orth, South, East and West-has ulation nor gambling anywhere in the United States except in as many representati,-es there as can be found in their largest the New York Stock Exchange, and that the New York banks · cities. Every country bank is in a sense a bqmch of New York both promote and help speculation, and thereby involve bankers in titutions. If a railroad is to be constructed or extended or and banking institutions, national and State, all over the coun­ its facilities enlarged, a mine opened, a water power developed, try who are entirely innocent of such practices. Not only the a burned town rebuilt or a disaster like that of the Johns­ Um ed States, but Canada, Mexico, the South American Repub· town fiood alleviated by the raising of millions of dollars, the lies and the West Indies on this side of the ocean, and Europe applicants all come to New York, and if the money can not be on the other, transact their purchases and sales of securities on raised there it can be had nowhere. The various interchanges the New York Stock Exchange which are listed there. Pure of the metropolis are the thermometers of values and of and simple speculative transactions are only the fringe upon advancing or receding prosperity. Not over 1 per cent of the its serious business. I believe in the virtue of the country people who operate in these exchanges are New Yorkers. Every without conceding the wickedness of the metropolis. There is city in the United States has' branches representing the houses not much difference in the human nature of the pavement and · which buy and sell on the stock, cotton, produce, coal of the field. The banking mind works in like channels all over and metal exchanges of New York. E,-ery bank in the United the world. States sends its surplus funds, when there is no opportunity The western and northwestern farmers agree to withhold for local investment, to New York to get the interest prev~iling their grain for higher prices. They are indebted for the ex­ · there upon all loans, and also because their exchange on New penses of the harvesting and of carrying it to the granaries York is available all over the world. at the stations and keeping it there to the local banks who Prosperity and high prices have paid off farm mortgages, and finance them, and this is in the nature of a speculation. The western farmers are depositors instead of borrowers. Thou­ same is true of the cotton growers of the South, and they claim sands of rural banks find there is no neighborhood demand for that by this process, aided by their banking institutions, they this money, so they send it to New York, where it produces a have added enormously to the value of their crop. Real estate redundancy which stimulates speculation and overtrading. booms in prospective city and town lots are financed by banks When an emergency arises in the West, the Northwest or the all over the country and they are purely speculative. The same South necessitating the return of this money to those sections, human nature leads people to buy stocks or grain or cotton on they call for it immediately and expect it in lawful D?-Oney. the New York exchanges. To carry this to the gold fields of This always leads to the sudden calling of loans, and interest Nevada, the men in the shanties of these tented towns of ~he goes up by leaps and bounds. If confidence is a bit disturbed, mining districts are as eager watchers of the blackboards-wh1ch then others withdraw their money. No bank in the world is record the prices of their mining stocks as are those in the · strong enough or possesses the liquid assets to respond in a day brokers' offices of the cities. In some counties of Kentucky the to a call for all or a large part of its deposits. Then comes a price of tobacco is now regulated by the shotgun. Night riders panic which involres the whole country, and the country banks burn the barns and lash the backs of those who are on the other and other sufferers are, in the main, responsible for the strin­ side of the market. The method is original and spectacular, but gency of which they complain. There is, unhappily, always wholly speculative. speculation, and at times dangerous speculation, in the New In my days of active railroading I made an extended tour York exchanges, but so there is in the exchanges of London, every year covering the Middle and Western States. Upon one Paris, Berlin, Frankfort and Vienna. The movement of trade of these trips my train was stopped by an obstruction on the would stop and all interchanges and sales of products cease if track which was being repaired, and I saw among the laborers there was not a central market where people with goods could a man evidently capable of better work. I told him so, and always find a purchaser.- It is, in a sense, the ocean of credit asked him how he came to be simply a laborer on the track. which supports the vessels of commerce, great and small. Tidal He said: • wa,-es can not be abolished without drying up the ocean and Do you see that farm yonder with that good house and outbuildings? need not be feared by craft built and manned to ride them safely That was recently mine. I was happy and comfortable. A man came in all weathers. The banks and bankers of New York bought along and offered me $10,000. It was more than I thought the farm worth and I accepted it. He paid me S1,0QO down and gave me a abroad $100,000,000 in gold, and most of this was shipped to the mortgage for nine thousand. I then moved· to town and sat in the 'Vest, and reserves were drawn down to the danger line for the office day by day, where the maps were displayed of the avenues, streets, same purpose. The panic was as unreasoning as it was un­ parks and university grounds of the town which was to cover miles It about. I saw my farm bought and sold until it brought $15,000. I got reasonable. demonstrated that there is no financial clea,-age the fever and became convinced that every fqot of it was part of a city of cla8ses in such a stampede. .Men and women who came in · lot. I bought it back for twenty thousand, gave the thousand dol­ automobiles and· carriages were equally as clamorous as those lars which I had received and a mortgage for nineteen thousand and then the boom burst. The farm was sold under the mortgage and who had their little all in the suspected trust companies or brought $5 000 and left me in debt under a deficiency judgment for banks. three times' what I was worth when I parted with it. That is why I .Many years ago a man carne into my office and introduced am working on the track. . him elf, saying that he had made a million of dollars in west­ I remember in another State where the mayor and the city ern mines, had brought it in cash to New York, but possessed officials took me about in carriages, showing me what was and experience and intelligence far beyond the tenderfeet of Wall what was to be. There was the real estate exchange, the black­ sh·eet, many of whom he had met, and wanted an introduction board, the excited bidders, the transfer of lots and all the para­ to New York bankers and brokers. I stated to him . the phernalia of the stock exchange. At every corner I was shown dangers, told him that I had seen financial cataclysms which a bouse in which lived a man who had been a railroad con­ destroyed the best calculations of the most level-headed specu­ ductor, or a locomotive engineer, or a small farmer, or grain lators, with the largest fortunes, but I might as well have at­ dealer, or lawyer, or clerk, who was now worth hundreds of tempted to stop a stampede of a herd of buffalo. I said, "Well, thousands on paper. That was stimulating everybody to put I give you six months." He lasted nearly a year, and then I what little m~:mey he had upon margins for the purchase of ga,-e him transportation to Denver, to begin life anew in the lots. I finally said to the mayor, " I see you have everything mountains of Colorado. In a few yerirs he returned with an­ mercantile, industrial, financial, charitable, religious ana edu­ other million, dug out of the earth, saying that he intended to cational which a great city and large population may require, get back from Wall street what he had lost. In three months but I have noticed no graveyard." "Oh! " be said, " Our ceme­ I again enabled him to reach the mining regions of the Rockies, tery was what is now the center of our city as it is laid out. but have neYer beard from him since. His two millions did It was too expensive to keep for that purpose and retarded our not go into the bank accounts of New Yorkers only. It was expansion, so we moved it some miles over the hill and trans­ found in the balance sheets of traders who were on the opposite planted our dea~ to the new location. That corner lot, now 2964 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-SEN ATE~ 1\l.AROH 6, worth $20,000, was my family plot I was 'compel1ed to· remove succe sful busines man in the country has risen by the use of the remains of my wife over the hill to the new location, but I his credit. All merchants, manufacturers and bankers would knew her spirit approyed of it, becau e she was always most work within very narrow limits if their transactions were con- deeply interested in the growth of our town." TraYeling again fined to their cash capital. . through another State I aw a large portion of the State staked I heard an interesting discussion in London about twenty out. I a certained that the banks were loaning money to carry years ago between English and American bankers of interna­ on these operations. I stated the facts to an interviewer at the tional reputation. Money was nominally 1 per cent and in little next city, as I had ascertained them, with the result that the demand at that. Bankers of London were refu ing to take de­ train was stopped the next day at noon and several bushels of posits. They could not derive incomes sufficient to pay for the telegrams were handed in, protesting against the interview. It care of them. The opinion of the e Lc.nuon nud American finan­ created a panic of considerable proportions in New York and Lon­ ciers was that the wealth-producing powers of the world had ex­ don. One me sage stated that I had co t honest people the loss ceeded investment possibilities. The arne thought found ex­ of hundreds of millions of dollars, while seyeral from the booming pre sion in the most authoritative of the :financial journals. towns assured me that leading citizens with shotguns were on Tht•y ~aw no hope for people who were compelled to live upon my trail. We all remember how in the early days of the oil invested capital and who had uot the ability to work. In their excitement in Pennsylvania farmers on the poorest lands be­ view 1 per cent was to be the standard of interest, and a inan came rich and rich men became poor and the wildest specula­ would ha ye to be worth a million to leave his family fairly com­ tion prevailed, receiving encouragement in every country bank­ fortable. These :financiers and financial writers could not fore­ ing office. see what the world has experienced in the tremendous, almost We remember the absurd and spectacular career of Coal miraculous, development of industries during the last decade. Oil Johnnie who arose to be a millionaire in a day and spent It has created a demand for money which raised the rate of all in a month. I want to as ure Senators from the States interest in the Bank of England to 7 per cent and made the where I haYe noticed these thiugs that there is no such reck­ prevailing profitable charge in Germany 7i. While we haye the less speculation on the stock exchange in New York. There is same conditions, yet our rate should never have exceeded no currency panic because of stock transactions on the stock 10 per cent, but we know it has Yaried from 20 to 120 during exchange. 'Ihere is not a do1lar pa sed there in money. It is three months. The e countries had the cientific machinery all done by checks and the balances adjusted between the banks tested and tried by a century of experience, while we were in the clearing house. The shares and bonds are actually living within the bolted and barred walls of an inela.stic and bought and paid for in all the~e vast tran actions who e record unexpanding currency. Our financial system is like a pyramid present uch phenomenal :figure . InYestor and buyers for a placed upon its apex. The higher it is built the greater the ri e are inextricably mixed, as the stocks and bonds are actually danger of its toppling oYer, and yet every new strata is evi­ bought and paid for. The demand loans are not nearly all for dence of what we call prosperity. The systems of Germany and gambling on the exchanges. There are thou ands of transac­ other countries construct the broadest foundation for the pyra­ tions where the man with securities which are bankable, but a mid of their expanding business and credits, and as it ri es the permanent part of his estate, borrows on demand, because he foundation becomes firmer. gets the money at a low rate of interest and needs it for a turn The prosperity of the decade now closing, owing to good in the sale of real e tate or of other property by which he may harvests, good markets and high prices for product , ha paid be able in a few days to pay off the loan without having an off mortgages on farms and increa ed deposits in the counh·y interest charge running against him for money for which he banks beyond all precedent and all forecasts of the pa t. If has no further use, or he u es the securities for temporary the farmer needs no money on mortgages, if the local demand loans in his business. · While it is the purpose of the creation of the country merchant is easily satisfied, if, as has been the of banks and their duty to aid business and industries through case, money accumulates in these rural communities far be­ the legitimate use of commercial paper, nevertheless the enor­ yond any local needs, we have in large sections of our cmm­ mous increase of bonds and stocks and their use as security try the conditions which prevailed twenty years ago when the for loans for all purposes haYe imposed upon the banks an bankers and :financial writers of London were predicting hope­ eular..,.ement of their business and an addition· to their responsi- less stagmi.tion of capital. But capital is fluid as never be­ bilities which did not exist :fifty years ago. - fore, and so it flows from these rural neighborhood to the One of the railroads of the country, to increase its equipment ·places where it is loanable at a profit. and enlarge its facilities, either npon its own motion or the or­ Commercial paper issued legitimately in the great cities for der of the legi la ture or the railroad co miDis ion, is :ue ten, the necessary tran. action of bu ine. appec'lrs among the a sets twenty, thirty or :fifty millions of new securitie . The railroad of these country banks with names unknown to the nei"hbor­ has no means of disposing of them. It is not in the banking busi­ hood .. This paper is bought upon confidence in their corre· ne . It goes to one of the great banker, and he immediately spondents in the cities and the relations between banker and forms a syndicate which buys these bonds at a price and gives the depo itor and borrower which is the life of credit can not exist. raih·oad the money. The bankers are not suppo~ed, in the large A trust company closing its doors, a bank failure or an over­ transactions in which they are engaged, to haYe these millions capitalized indu try going to pieces undermines confidence. in their vaults. They borrow the money upon these securities Then with the- inability of immediate re ponse an unreasonable and their credit from the banks. They may be able to dispose of alarm spreads all over the country. We have just escaped the them in a Yery short time, but.if there comes a panic or a period most potential possibility of financial and indu trial ruin in of very acti-re money, the bonds can not be old for some time our history. We were in this peril at a time when production without a loss. In either case the banks finance the transaction was never so great; new wealth fi·om the farms, the mine and until the bankers can find somewhere in the world a market for the forests never created so rapidly; markets ne-rer so good and the e securities, but they are generally call or demand loans: the balance of trade in our favor neYer o lp.rge. Conditions Such tran~actions are as much an aid to commerce and indus­ similar but not so acute happen every year when the crop are tries as loans upon commercial paper and the usual and ordi­ to be moved, and bank reserves in the central re erve cities are nary course of busine s in a bank of deposits and discounts. drawn down with the curtailment of $4 of credit for every dollar They extend the facilities of the railroad. They give employ­ shipped. The oft-repeated statement of our redundant currency ment to multitudes of men. They wovide means for a larger and and of our per capita being greater by 25 per cent than that of cheaper distribution of the pToducts of the farm, the factory any other country is largely a delusion. Take out of our cur­ and the mine. In the round-up of the transaction the railroad rency the amount which the Government holds in gold, the has enlarged its equipment nnd facilities, the bank has had a currency which it keeps out of the banks and in the Treasury profitable use for its money, the banker has made his commission to meet current expenses, and that which is Jocked up in bank on the sales and the country is richer with larger possibilities reserves against deposit~ and probably instead of three thousand by the transaction. New York does this to an extent unknown millions less than one-half of that wiJl be in circulation. anywhere else, but it does it for every State, Territory and There is no other people in the world whose per capita keeps section of the Union. anything like so much money out of circulation by carrying it in I fully realize the enls of gambling, whether in stocks or their pockets and hiding it in their hou e . The circulating me­ grain or in any other way. Its demoralization and perils are dium for the ordinary and necessary transactions of life, which patent to e>erybody. I will aid in any effort to suppress it are done upon the cash basis in foreign colintries, is largely gold, which does not involve embarrassment 0r ruin to lcgiti!llate lmsi­ silver and copper. The re ult is that only a limited amount ness. But what I am saying is that in proportion to the volume is carried by the indlridual. Our citizens, whether men or of its business and the magnitude of its transactions there is women, rarely haYe gold. They dislike silver and use bills. as little of it in N"ew York as anywhere else in the United The aggregate of money upon the persons of men, women and States, and it is under better control. We can not abolish doing ~rown-up children <>f om· country is enormous. The same is bu1;iness on a margin of cash and the balance on credit Every true of the sums which are in nooks and corners and hidden •

1908. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE .. 2965'

, recess s of' the homes of our people. Immigr-ants from Europe removing the danger of cornering of the currency. Five tliotr· who spend little :}nd sa-re nearly all their earnings, to live in sand millions of dollars were lost by investors in the shrinking eaRe at home the rest o( their lives, send abroad annually of securities, and probably one hundred millions to wage-earners about $::?50,000,000, of which it is estimated nearly one hun­ in the stoppage of enterprises and ·curtailment of employment dred millions in cash are carlied by those _returning. Twenty­ in the recent panic. fiye thousand millions of current business was confronted, There is a popular delusion about a rich man's panic. It when loss of confidence impaired credits, with the peril that means a general belief and satisfaction that the so-called "multi· it must ha-re nearly the equi-ralent of thirteen billions of millionaires" have suffered serious losses. lUen of great wealth uepo its in cash to go ahead, and millions of depositors and financial genius foresee the storm long before it breaks. wanted at once to draw out to hoard or to hold in safe-deposit If property is to be-attacked by legislation or depreciated by a boxes for pay rolls all of that less than one thousand fi-re hun­ panic they sell out when the public are buyers. They foresee dred millions of currency a-railable. again when the storm has spent its force, repurchase at panic For three days the most prosperous and progressi-re of peo­ prices, and double their fortunes. It is business men whose ples, at the high tide of the most wonderful prosperity of their capital is active and who are borrowers on their credit to keep man-elous material de-relopment, were on the brink of _the most their business enlarging who suffer loss or are forced into destructi-re and widespread financial and industrial breakdown liquidation or bankruptcy. . eyer experienced. The situation was sayed because the banks But while I believe in an asset currency, under such safe­ had a leader of yast experience, of demonstrated genius for guards and restrictions as have proved successful in the expe­ affairs, and large resources, who could unite them and whom rience and practice of other commercial and industrial nations, they could follow, and because the banks of Kew York had the I have become convinced of two things: First, that it is im­ courage and wisdom to act in concert, and because the Secre­ possible at this session of Congress to revolutionize our bank­ tary of the Treasury, l\Ir. Cortelyou, met the situation with rare ing and currency system; second, that it is absolutely e ntial firmness and ability. that we should have at the earliest possible moment some form We are in danger with our inelastic currency from another of emergency currency. We do not need this re],ief to-day, but source which has recei-red little attention. What has been done no one can predict when it will be requireQ because of the 1~­ once can be repeated, and we have had artificial currency fam­ ited amount of a1ailable currency, amounting to less than 8 ines brought on by audacious operators locking up money. With per cent of the total deposits in all the banks of the country. the -rust resot)rces which a few speculators can now control, Panics and bank suspensions are matters of confidence. The the temptation is great to put the prices of securities or products fact that the banks are sound, as the recent panic demon­ up or down by cornering the currency. Ours is the only coun­ strated to such an extraordinary degree, is of no avail. The h-y where this is poE ible. The Bank of France could swamp first people to draw money from suspected institutions were an un crupulous syndicate attempting such a cheme with a the bankS and trust COmpanieS WhiCh had deposited in thOS;e thousand millions of dollars of currency, and otller financially against which rumor leveled its shafts. All that the public civilized countries would be proportionately powerful, while grasp when fear prevails is that there is no way of furnisb­ our banks are powerless to expand quickly in lawful money and ing money except by the help which the Go-rernment can give might be enjoined by speculators in their makeshift efforts to in deposits and by currency being ~ssued under a proces now saye the situation by clearing-house certificates and credit de­ too slow to be a-railable and of too limited amount to remedv Yices. It is a tribute to the integrity, the morality, and the any difficulties. Both institutions and indi\iduals forget, ill patriotism of our much-abused bankers and men of great wealth their anxiety to g~t their money out of the bank, that its that they have used all their resources and all their power to assets are necessarily in commercial paper, securities and real pre-rent, to make impos ible, the ucce s of such efforts. estate which can not immediately be turned into cash. A Senator upon this floor the other day l~ced Andrew Jack­ I would like to change our system of bond-secured currency. sou next to George Wa hington in the influence which eminent I would like to have all our \arious kinds of currency con­ · men haye had upon the de tinies of the llepublic. Alexander solidated into one, and that based upon gold as a resene, with Hamilton, the greatest original genius this counti-y or any other vower to -increase it in a crisis, as can be done under similar e,·er knew in pla_cing our chaotic finance upon: a stable basis, conditions in Germany, France, Englan·d, Scotland and Canada. · brought into existence, among other things, a central national But the Senator from Rhode Island [l\Ir. ALDRICH] says in bank. Andrew Jackson, who hated all banks, not only destroyed his ve1-y able and lucid speech that our system is a growth and the central bank, but left a profound impression against it upon makeshift created to meet emergencie;; at differe:p.t periods. the minds of his countrymen, and so deeply embedded that hos­ ... That is the fact, and it has become so deeply embedded in our tility in his 0'\\"11 O'eneration that to-day his .dead hand clutches commercial, financial and indusu·ial life that h ' can not be with a grip which can not be loo eued a central national bank. changed in a day. During my earlier, more tumultuous and We can not, without' consequences not to be contemplated, change enthusiastic years I expected the millennium to arrive as soon as our present ba is of national banking and circulation based needed in eve1-y department of human endeavor, but I h:ne upon Government bonds, but we can add to the pre ent y tern learned in the obsenations of a long life that reforms come an elasticity which, while it will not prevent, will ayert m:my of slo"·Jy and not at once. Those succeed which are tentative t.he dangers now threatening n ; dangers which will increase and proved by trial until perfected. I think e1eryone will ad­ a our cotmtry grows in population, wealth ami producti-re mit that we can not go into a broad scheme which will tmdo energies. absolutely the work since 1862 and build within the next few I would prefer an asset cunency for our emergencies such as months a wise and enduring structure. That can only be done has pro-ren eminently successful under conditions exactly the in times of industrial prosperity, confidence and financial peace. same as ours in Canada; and which works with like success -in That we ha-re not now. We are living in a period of unrest, Scotland. and the wounds of our catastrophe are not yet healed. The I know that generations. must pass before the traditions of country is recuperating and, with its enormous resources and General Jackson will permit a central national bank. While producti:veness, will recover rapidly; but the basic condition clearing-house certificates and other makeshifts of doubtful le­ of its restoration is confidence in the belief that the banks will gality, which have been held up to attack and ridicule here, not again suspend and that the depo itors can have their money ha Ye been our only safety in these recurring financial difficul­ wheneyer they 'vnnt it. This bill tides over the crisis. In forty­ ties, we ough.t by legislation to supply practical and imple reme­ eight hours five hundred millions-of new money can be had. dies. There is as much danger in redundant a in re tricted The fact that thiS is possible is in itself assurance and reassur­ currency, and if we add to our present system an elasticity which ance. has been demonstrated to be safe and effecti-re under proper re­ By the reports of two of the greatest railroad systems in the strictions of taxation, we are entering upon -no new experiment, connh-y the gross earnings of one of them had fallen off 121 but simply following the pro\ed experience of other highly or­ pei' ce"!l.t and of the other lSi per cent for January, 1908, as com­ ganized industrial and financial countries. A currency based pared with January of last year. This meant that there had upon as ets which would go out automatically when the interest been in each of these systems a corresponding percentage in the rate rose so as to make it profitable and come back auto­ reduction of expenses. "Reduction of expenses" is a entence matically under a tax which would make it unprofitable when of calamity to tens of thousands o~ workers and fear to them the interest rate went down, would gi-re us easily and in tautly all. If this reduction invol-re 50,000 men, it means 250,000 all the new- currency required. If it was printed in the same people who are without income . It means strained credit for way as other bills, presented the same appearance, had the sanc­ the torekeeper and possibly bankruptcy. It means a smaller tion of the law, and was issued only under the authority of demand upon the manufacturer and from him upofi the raw­ Government officials, it would meet emergencies satisfactorily material producer. The effeet of this percentage of decrease and the demands of the bu iness of the country, pre•enting the in earnings on the railroads is idle cars, and. with the curtail­ curtailment of commercial credits for legitimate business and ing of the movement of traffic, a reduction in the consumption of 2966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE._ . 1\f.ARCH 6,

coal, which again reacts with like effect upon the coal miner different. I wrote a letter, mailing with it a copy of this bill, to and the coal operator. The managers of these properties be­ the offi:cers of over 400 banks. Most of them have responded, but lieve that the downward movement is checked. They see that there IS no substantial agreement among them. The Bankers' every condition exists for a renewal of the prosperity which Association of the United States prepared a bill, which I think was so suddenly halted in October of last year, but they all be- excel.lent, but that has been attacked by bankers of distinction, -lieve that the public must be assured t)lat legislation has pro­ and Its passage at this session rendered impossible. Action at vided means to increase the currency to meet emergent and the earliest moment possible is the demand of the people. In­ exigent demands, and with confidence that this has been done dustry is waiting, as never before, upon the removal of a pres­ the tremendous forces of production will again energize indus­ ent danger which excites general apprehension. Failure to tries and transportation. agree upon any legislation would result in su pen e and partial The Aldrich bill, so called, is simple in its remedies, practical paralysis. The country is prosperous, and its financial trans­ and easily understood. It is a makeshift, if you please, but as portation, farming and manuf-acturing resources are' unim­ long as we can not recreate our system at once, expedients paired. Their movement halts because of fear that our cur­ which are effective are essential to ·meet present conditions. The rency, notoriously insufficient in times of trouble will not have main thing is to have securities available for the additional given to it by this Congress an elasticity which 'will prevent a currency which are so large in amount and so easy to be held recurrence of crises like that through which we have recently or obtained that the control or cornering of them is impossible. passed. The Aldrich bill is the result of the most careful studv The b-ill under consideration accomplishes this result of one of the ablest of committees on finance. It is the only one This legislation should be supplemented by a commission. I upon which there is any promising unison of opinion. '.rhere­ do not mean a commission of experts, so called, but a commis­ fore it is that I believe this measure, amended along the lines sion composed of the joint committees of the two Houses of Con­ of its original plan and design by the suggestions which the gress. I have little faith in commissions sele~ted outside of debate has evolved, will acco,mplish . the purpose of restoring Congl'ess to recommend work for the National Legislature. confidence, preventing and minimizing panics and meeting · Such commissions are necessarily composed of specialists who emergencies until a full and complete system for our banking are limited in knowledge to the line of their own studies and and currency can be perfected. activities and know little of other interests and have less confi­ PAY OF THE ARMY. dence in their advocates, while legislators of long experience, Mr. WARREN. I desire to call up the bill (S ..4030) to fix the who are committed to no theory, who are practical and who pay of the Army, which was under consideration when we ad­ have heard all sides over and over again, can formulate into journed Wednesday. legislation the results gather"ed from expert testimony bearing There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the upon questions in which they also have had broad and large Whole, resumed the consideration of the bill. · experience. 1\fr. CULBERSON. I understand that the Senator from Wy­ I think we should strengthen the position of the Comptroller oming, in charge of the bill, will accept the amendment proposed of the Currency. So long as the Government is in the bank­ a few days ago by me to section 2. ing business, his functions are ·as important _as that of any l\fr. WARREN. I now accept, so far as the committee is con­ officer in the Government. The poSition requires a man of cerned, the amendment offered by the Senator from Texas. first-class ability, training and experience. When he demon­ The VICE-PRESIDENT. The amendment proposed by the strates this upon the national platform, his services are re­ Senator from Texas will be stated. quired for life positions at large salaries by the great financial The SECRETARY. It is proposed to strike out section 2 and to institutions of the country. These iristitutions, whether they insert in lieu thereof the following : be railroads or banks or trust companies, understand that the SEc. 2. That the average pay of enlisted men of the Army as now salary, no matter how large, which secures the right man­ established is hereby increased 40 per cent. and there are very few compared with the demand-is of little The VICE-PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the account. I have known in my own experience several in- amendment proposed by the Senator from Texas. . stances where the ta.lent of the manager of a corporation deal­ The amendment was agreed to. ing in enormous figures was the difference between surplus Mr. WARREN. On behalf of the committee, I offer the amend­ and dividends an~ deficiencies and bankruptcy. The Comp­ ment I send to the desk. troller of · the Currency should have Cabinet pay and a term The VICE-PRESIDENT. The Senator from Wyoming pro­ of office not dependent upon changes of Administration. The poses an amendment, which will be stated. 'Govern.riJ.ent, having secured the best available talent, should The SECRETARY. At the end of section 1 it is proposed to be able to retain it by the permanency and dignity of the office, insert: - even though its salary was far below what a private corpora­ Pt·o.,;ided further, That nothing in this section is intended to in­ tion would gladly give. crease or change, or shall be construed as increasing or changing the The number of bank examiners should be increased very present pay or allowances of any officer in the United States Navy and the effect of this section shall only be upon the officers of the Army largely and their compensation be a fixed salary instead of fees. herein enumerated, and section 13 of an act entitled "An act to reor­ I believe there are now eighty, and it is impossible for that ganize and increase the efficiency of the personnel of the Navy and number, however competent or well intentioned, to make the Marine Corps of the United States," approved March 3, 1889, shall not be construed as changing the pay of any naval officer by r ason of the frequent examinations necessary to keep their fingers upon the provisions of this act, which shall apply solely to the . pay of officers 6,600 national banks. I think the commission I have suggested of the Army. should provide some method by which the Secretary of the l\fr. CULBERSON. I did not catch distinctly from the read­ Treasury, the Comptroller of the Currency and the Treasurer ing the meaning of the amendment. of the United States could be brought in intimate contact with l\fr. WARREN. I will say to the Senator from Texas that a board selected by the national banks and possessing super­ under existing law the bill, if we passed it as the committee re­ visory and advisory powers, with some executive responsibili­ ported it, would affect the pay of the active officers of the Navy. ties, which might concentrate the banking power of the country Mr. CULBERSON. Does the Senator mean section 2? for the prevention of panics and also for the protection of deposi­ Mr. WARREN. Not section 2. This does not . apply to sec­ tors, stockholders and the public against badly or corruptly man­ tion 2, but to section 1. It comes in at the end of section 1. aged institutions. This would meet in a limited way the duties Mr. CULBERSON. "P1·ovided, That section 1267 of the Re­ of a central bank without its power. I agree with the Senator vised Statutes of the United States is hereby repealed." I am ·from Alabama that there should be a larger amount of the re- trying to get the connection, if the Senator please. serve kept in the country banks and that they should have the Mr. WARREN. If the Senator from Texas will listen for a privilege of keeping part of them in bonds which could be used moment-- ' for emergency currency. I believe it would be a hazardous Mr. TELLER. What is section 1267? experiment for the Government to guarantee deposits. The Mr. CULBERSON. It relates to the pay of a colonel. effect upon State banks, trust companies and savings banks Mr. TELLER. In the Army. would be disastrous. They could not survive the competition Mr. WARREN. That applies to the Army, but this amena­ of national banks with the Government standip.g sponsor for ment is to come in as new matter at the end of section 1. their deposits. It would eliminate the sense of responsibility The purpose of the amendment is to provide that section 1, now resting upon officers and directors. It would place a pre­ if the bill shall pass, will not affect the pay of the active officers mium upon incompetency and carelessness. It would penalize of the Navy, which it would do under existing law if not banks wisely, honestly and efficiently managed by taxing them amended. The existing law provides that the pay of the offi­ ·to raise a· fund to pay the debts of those which fail through cers of the Navy shall be the same as the corresponding officers bad or dishonest officials. of the Army, and the Naval Committee very properly have asked . The difficulties of this legislation are in the possession of that they shall have charge of that part of- it, and we are every Senator. Our mails are crowded with suggestions, all willing they should have. '1908. .OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SEN ATE. 2967

The VICE-PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the aster. Mr. President, I do not· claim that if the bill had been amendment proposed by the Senator from Wyoming. enacted into law any deleterious effect would have been felt, The amendment was agreed to. and I do not claim that the provision of law that has been in Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, on the 14th of February I existence for many years as to the Navy has probably had any submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by me to the deleterious influence on the public morals or the public interest. pending bill, which I should like to have placed in the RECORD. But there is a very wide distinction between tb,e Army and Then, in view of the statement made by the Senator from Maine the Navy when it comes to allowing the President of the United [1\:Ir. HALE] that a bill will be presented in reference to the pay States to increase the pay of the Army and to control that mat­ of the Navy, and in view of the amendment just offered by the ter. If he can increase the pay to-day he can cut the pay down Senator from Wyoming, the chairman of the committee, I to-morrow. I believe in all times in every part of the world withdraw the amendment. But I want it printed in the RECORD. that has been recognized. It has always been recognized in The VICE-PRESIDENT. Without objection, the amendment every liberty-loving country that there was danger from the Will be printed in the RECORD. army. The history o·f the world has shown that in ages past The amendment is as follows: great armies have determined who shall be the executive of the Insert as a new section after section 2 : greatest and the most powerful nations of the world. '' HEC. 3. '.rhat hereafter the pay and allowances, except forage and It is not popular, perhaps,· in these days to make the sug­ mileage, which shall be governed by existing law, of officers of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Revenue-Cutter Service shall be the same in every gestion that the Constitution of the United States provides respect, according to rank and length of service, as the pay and allow­ three distinct departments of government-a legislative depart­ ances of officers of corresponding rank and length of service of the ment, an executive department, and a judicial department. Army." When the fathers of this Republic organized this system they Mr. CULBERSON. I call the attention of the Senator from acted wisely. There is no other government in the world of Wyoming, the chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, this kind except ours, unless it be, perhaps, some of the small to the portion of section 1 of the proposed act increasing the republics of the world, wb,ere they have endeavored to pattern pay of lieutenant-generals 5 per cent, major-generals 10 per after us. What is more, there never was a government or­ cent, and brigadier-generals 15 per cent . I would be glad if ganized on the same plan that this Government has been or­ the Senator would state why there is any necessity for increas­ ganized. The founders of the Republic dealt with a new condi­ ing the pay of lieutenant-generals. I understand the salary tion, a condition that never existed exactly as it existed when now is $13,000 a year. they created this Constitution of ours. 1\Ir. TELLER. How much? It may not be popular in these days, when we are urged to Mr. CULBERSON. Thirteen thousand dollars a year. change the Constitution either by. legislation or by judicial Mr. WARREN. No, l\Ir. President; the Senator from Texas construction, to stand for the principles enunciated and hereto­ is mistaken. - fore recognized in the Constitution. We have had appeals from l\Ir. TELLER. What is it? the executive department of the Government to increase the Mr. WARREN. The pay is $11,000 or $11,500; I think the power of the executive department. . former. The pay of a general, if we had one, would be $13,000. 1\Ir. President, there is a way by which, if the American peo­ l\Ir. Cul.;BERSON. The pay now of the lieutenant-general ple want to increase the power of the Executive, it can be done. is how much? It can be done by an amendment to the Constitution -of the Mr. WARREN. Eleven thousand dollars. United States. Mr. CULBERSON. Or $11,500. The Senator does not seem There are two methods in which it can be done. You may do . to be entirely satisfied as to which it is. it by action of the National Legislature by submitting· the ques.­ Mr. 'V ARREN. I can inform the Senator in a moment. I tion to the several States to be acted upon, and you may do it think it is an even $11,000. It is difficult to carry all those by creating a national convention for the purpose of changing figures in my mind. I can tell by looking at the table. It is the Constitution. $11,000, even. _ Yet, Mr. President, with that before us we have appeals from Mr. CULBERSON. I simply wished to inquire of the Sena­ the executive department of the Government on more than tor. one occasion that we should extend the ·power of the Executive Mr. TELLER. I understand the chairman of the commit­ either by legislative declaration or by judicial construction. I tee has accepted the amendment of the Senator from Texas, heard-a Senator say, not long ago-and he is in the Chamber which makes section 2 provide that "the average pay of en­ now-" I am not one of those who think that the old men who ­ listed men of the Army as now established is hereby increased made the Constitution possessed all the wisdom of the world." 40 per cent." Is not that the fact? Mr. President, I will venture to say here and to challenge con­ Mr. CULBERSON. It is my understanding that my amend- tradiction, that af. no time in the history of the world, either ment takes the place of the entire section 2. in the great countries of the East, like Greece and Rome, or at Mr. WARREN. Exactly. any other time, or in any other nation were there gathered Mr. 'rELLER. That is what I wanted to in-quire about. together sixty-five men possessing the qualifications that these Mr. WARREN. Exactly. In place of section 2 occurs the men possessed for the creation of a Constitution that has prac­ matter offered by the Senator from Texas. tically stood the test of a hundred years and more. Mr. TELLER. That is right. N9w, Mr. President, I want If I had time I should like to take up the membership of to say a word or two about the bill. that convention, man by man, and show their character. · It I think myself that for many years we have kept our Army has been done repeatedly by historians, and I repeat it would ·on a pay that has been very small, and it has been somewhat be profitable to study the character of those men when they were embarrassing, I know, to the military department of the Gov­ there, and their conduct in after times supported the character ernment to maintain a good, healthy organization except in they had when they made the Constitution. It would be profit­ time of war. I believe when the Spanish war broke out, or able to study the character of the men as well as to study the when it was in immediate prospect, we had no difficulty in fill­ character of this Constitution of ours. ing up the ranks with proper men, and I presume that will - Whenever the American people want to change the Constitu­ always be the case. · tion they will change it. They will not change it by submitting It seems to me that when we have an army in the field in it to five men who sit on the bench to do it. They will not time of war or in time of peace we ought to pay a living rate change it by the action of this body and the other. When they to the soldiers. Of course, I understand that they get rations want it changed they will change it as they ha--re a right to and clothing and all that, but I do not believe we have been change it. They will change it by the method the fathers pro­ doing a very fair thing by the soldiers. --rided they should exercise when they wanted to change it. Mr. President, I am very glad to see this bill come up. I Mr. President, I said, and I am not ashamed to repeat it, suppose the legislation will really take place in the appropria­ that if there is any threat of trouble to this country of ours it tion bill I hold in my hand, but I understood the Senator who comes from a departure from the limitations of the Constitu­ has that bill in charge, the chairman of the Committee on Mili­ tion. It comes from failing to recognize the duty that this body, tary Affairs, wanted some expression from the Senate. I think as a legislative body, has to the country and to recognize the he has had it pretty well. I have not heard complaint of this duty of the Executive toward this body and toward the people. proposed increase of pay from anybody. Mr. President, nobody will sneer me down by saying there I objected the other day to the bill as brought in by the Sena­ is no danger of executive interference or executive change in tor from Wyoming, the chairman of the committee, not because the system of this Government. That has been the cry of all it proposed to give too much pay, but because it had a princi­ men who want to exercise arbih·ary power. Buckle, the great ple in it that I thought was vicious. I expressed myself very historian, declared that power exercised by classes had never briefly, and in answer there were some sneering comments to been exercised but what it was ultimately abused. i believe the effect that the country had not yet suffered auy great dis- that that is the history of mankind. I could name you to-day 2968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. . the lloman emperor who went into power with a determination Mr.. BACON. Mr. President, I wish to offer an amendment undonbtedJy to sene the people and who came out of it a to t~e bill which I ask, if adopted, shall constitute the second tyrant of the wor t pos ible form. section of the bill. Mr. Pre ident, there is not anythinO' that will so degrade the The VICE-PRESIDE~ ,.T. The Senator from Georgia pro- human being as an exercise of arbitrary and unjust power. po es an amendment which will be stated. ' Buckle might ha-re added to what he said of power exercised The SECRETARY. Add to the bill a new section to be known by a class of men that there was no history of the arbitrary -as " ection 2," to read as follow : ' ex:erci e of executi-re power by any indi-ridual in which he did . That ,upon the death of any commissioned officer of the Army while not ultimately demand more power than he originally started lD the !me of duty there shall be paid to the widow, or to the widow to exerci e. The old Ma sachusetts Senator, Daniel Webster, and chtl.dren, of such· officer, or to his legal repre entative if there be no WidOW OL' Children, in addition to the arrearages of salary then wa heard on this fioor to put in a few lines the danger of «;J.ue, .an amoun~ equal to two months of Uie salary which be ''"as en­ ex:ecuti're power. I had his words in my desk, and I would JOying at the time of his death. ha-re read them day before yesterday if I had had an opportunity. l\Ir. W ARRE...~. If the Senator offers that I am perfectly Web ter said here in thi body, long before some of the Mem­ willing to accept it. ' ber of the body were born : Mr. BACOX I want to say one word about the amendment, The conte t of the ages has been to rescue liberty from the grasp of Mr. Pre ident, and only one word. executive power. The present law is one of very great hard hip to the officers On the long list of the champions of human freedom . there is not one name dimmed by the reproach of advocating the extension of of the Army, and I do not think it i creditable to the Govern- • executive power. ment of the United States. Under the law a it now exists an .Mr. Pre ident, the lo-rers of liberty e-rerywhere have warned officer' pay tops on the day of hi death. We know as a fact, the people against executiYe power. Our ance tors carefully and ha1e had the fact emphasized by the letter which ha just gurtnled the executive po\-rer, and they carefully guarded the been read by the Senator from West Vir~>"inia [l\Ir. ScoTT], that limitations between legi lative and executi-re power. Just as officers have not been able to do more than eke out a bare ex- long as we adhere to the lines laid down by the fathers of the i tence on the pay they have had, and even with the additions Constitution in that written instrument, just so long may we which we now propo e to make to their pay they will not be hope for this young Republic. I speak of it as a young Re­ able to accumulate anything. public. For while it has lived one hundred and thirteen years, Mr. WARREN. Will the Senator allow me a moment? I could call your attention to a republic that lived five hundred .1\fr. BACON. Certainly. year and tlien went into de potism because of -the failure to ob­ .1\fr. ''ARREN. Right along the line in which he is L'llkino­ serve the limitations put uJ)on executive power. I could call your the pay of the junior officers of the Army is o little that it attention to another nation supported by the most learned and e-ren has been brought to the attention of the Commander in ci-rilized people of the world-ancient Greece-who maintained Chief and of the Secretary, who, while not undertaking to gov­ a republic for nine hundred year and then went out of exist­ ern the matter, have recommended that they shall not marry ence because of their failnl'e to recognize the princ~oles upon until they at least arrive at the rank of captain. which they had established their go-rernment and maintained Under our present lines of promotion captai.as are largely it for o many years. men a way beyond 40, and sometime - they are 50 yeaTs of age. Mr. President, if we maintain respect for the limitations The consequence is that officers marry late in life and so when provided by the Constitution, we may hope that this Republic an officer dies he leaves a widow usually witho~t any money will li1e as long as Greece li-red and still be a. Republic. and a family of children at just the age when they need money · Mr. SCOTT. Mr. Pre ident, I hold in my hand a communica­ most to educate them. I thank the Senator very much for his· tion from a banker who has a large business with officers in forethought in offering the amendment, which I most cheerfully di counting their pay accounts, and -while this banker makes a accept, and I wish it were even more liberal. very comfortabl_e living in that busine s he writes me in the Mr. TELLER. I should like to have the amendment read. interest of the pending bill. I will quote only a portion of it, ~Ir. WARREN. I did not wish to interrupt, only to say that. b cause his !etter is long. He says : The VICE-PRESIDENT. The Secretary will read the pro- po ed amendment at the request of the Senator from Colorado. To my personal knowledge, through years that I have been in thts bu ines , I find that the commi 'ioned officers whose pay averages 157 The Secretary read as ..follows : a month have tried at lea t to rear their families and to educate their· _Ec. _2. ~hat upon the death of any commissioned officer of the Army children, but at the end of their ervice. at the age of retiring, they go w!ule m line .of duty, there shall be paid to the widow, or to the out with nothing perhap but a mall life-insurance policy. Many times widow and c_bpdren, of ~ch of!icer, or. to his legal representative, if tho e companies have failed, leaving the officer and his family almost there be no Widow or children, m addition to the arrearages of salary de titute, with the exception of his small retired pay. then due, an amount equal to two months of the salary which he wa enjoying at the t~me of his death. The VICE-PRESlDE~T. The houl' of 2 o'clock having ar­ riYed, tile Chail' lay before the Senate the unfinished business, Mr. BACON. As I was proceeding to remark at the time of. which will be stated by the Secretary. the int~rruption by the Senator from Wyoming, officers in t~'} past ha-re been unable to support themsel-res respectably or in The SECRETARY. A bill (S. 3023) to amend the national bank­ ing Jaws. a respectable style upon their saJaries, even with the increased Mr. ALDRICH. I ask that the unfini ·hed business may be salary which is 11roposed in this bill. They will certainly never laid aside temporarily. . be able to accumulate anything to provide for the even tem­ porary support of those whom they leave behind them as The li"'"ICE-PRESID~T. The Senator from Rhode Island asks unanimous consent that the uilfinished business be tempo­ widows or children. rarily laid aside. Without objection, it is so ordered. The As I said, undel' the law, when an officer dies his pay stops SP.aator from West \il'ginia will proceed. on the -rery day of his death. There is no pro1ision made in Mr. SCOTT. The writer says: the law itself even for his bmial, except, I think, that under either a law or some regulation of the Department $75 is I hop<'. Senator, you will do everything in your power for at least the junior officers who are now erving their countl:y. They pay a dis­ allowed for that purpose-not enough to pay for the coffin in count, and are willing to do it, of 36 per cent a year- which an officer is buried. Or 3 per cent a month "for ·having their checks anticipated Now, we do not deal in that way with any other branch of and discounted, and- the Government. In our own ca e when a Senator or Repre­ entative dies, while there is no statute upon the subject, the I beg of you, while it may interfere with my business, to do some­ thing to relieve the nece itie of these officers. I feel that if the Senate universal custom is to gi-re to the widow and children a year's of the nited States knew as I do the necessities of these deserving pay. When an officer of the consular service or diplomatic officer there would not be a dissenting vote against the present pay bilL enice die , there is always a liberal pro-ri ion made in a Mr. President, in addition to that, I want to speak for the bill by which there is to be paid to the widow and childl'en private soldier, for whom I believe the Senator from Texas or the personal repre entative of such diplomatic or consular [Mr. CULBERSON] has fully provided in the increase of 40 per officer a liberal sum. But in the case of a commi sioned. officer cent. who above all men is debarred from an opportunity to get There are a few Senators, perhaps, on this fioor who had the any rerenue from any other ource except his salary, there di tinction of carrying a knap ack and gun. They know what is absolutely not a single day's pay allowed after his death. it is and what it has been for a common oldi-er to sene hi I ay ve~·y frankly, 1\ir. Pre ident, that if I thought the country at $13 a month. I certainly hope that in this bill be­ measm·e would have recei-red the favorable con ideration of the ing pa ed now, when it comes to be incorporated in the appro­ enate, I would have proposed e-ren more than that; but I priation bill there will at lea. t not be any reductions, but, if feared that it might not be appro1ed, and for that reason I anything, that the increase proposed now in the pay of the non­ limited it to two months' pay.. I am -rery much gratified-­ commissioned officers and privates may be increased. .llr. McLAURIN. Mr. President-- 1908. CONGRESSIONAL RECOR.D-SENATE. . 2969:

The VICE-PRESIDENT. Does . the Senator from Georgia The SECRETARY. Before the word "month" strike out " two " yield to the Senator from Mississippi? and insert "six," so as to read "equal to six months of the sal· Mr. BACON. I do. ary." Mr. McLAURIN. I desire to ask the Senator· from Georgia Mr. McLAURIN. The amendment of the Senator from if there is any provision made for the payment of anything to Georgia proposes to gi\e to the widow, or widow and children, the family of the enlisted man upon his death? If there is or, if there is no widow or any child, to give to tlie legal rep­ not any provision made for him, will the Senator be willing to resentative of the officer six months' additional pay. It does amend his amendment by putting after the word " officer " not make any disti.Iiction between married and unmarried offi.., wherever it occurs in the amendment the words "or enlisted cers. I do not think it ought to make any distinction between man?" officers and enlisted men upon the ground that enlisted men can Mr. BACON. I have no objection to that at all, though the not be married men in the first instance. I do not see that there necessity for it is not so great as in the case of the officer, for should be any distinction made, and I do not see any good the reason that enli~ted men are generally young men, a large reason for making a distinction. majority of them not married, and the necessity for it is not The officer recei1es a great deal more pay than the private so great. Very few of them die in the service except in time soldier, and to give the family or the legal representative of the of war. officer six months' pay after he shall have died and to make Mr. SCOTT. 1\Ir. President-- no provision for the enlisted man seems to me to be a discrim)­ The VICE-PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Georgia nation against the .enlisted man that ought not to be made by yield to the Senator from West Virginia? ConO'ress. Mr. BACON. I do. · l\lr. BACON. )fr. President, will the Senator pardon me a Mr. SCOTT. In reply to the Senator from Mississippi, I will moment? state that in enlisting a soldier now he has to be a single man. The VICE-PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Mississippi The Go\ernment will not allow a man to enlist as a soldier -who yield to the Senator from Georgia? is a married man. He can reenlist if he has been married dur­ .Mr. McLAURIN. Certainly. ing his term of service, but a new man going into the Army Mr. BACOX If the Senator will limit his suggestion of an bas to be a single man. amendment to the case of a soldier who leaves a widow, or a Mr. BACON. I have no objection to the provision if the Sen­ widow and children, or children, or a dependent mother, I will ator desires it, but I would prefer it should come in as an inde­ aoTee to it. But it is frequently.the case-it is most frequently pendent amendment. Let the two things stand each upon its the case-that the private soldiers ha\e not these dependent · own basis. I presume it is a fact that in a majority of in­ relatives, and there are a great many instances in which they stances when officers die, immediately succeeding their death would e\en be without legal representatives, I presume. their families are dependent upon their relati'res for the support :Mr. McLAURIN. Mr. President, I will agree to limit the that they ought to have until provision can be made of a more amendment in behalf of the private soldiers as suggested by the permanent character. Senator from Georgia, if he will make the same limitation in While I do not wish to express any objection to the amend­ behalf of. the officers. ment as suggested by the Senator from Mississippi, I prefer that Mr. WARREN. Mr. President-- this should go through by itself. Then if the Senator desires The VICE-PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from· Mississippi to offer an amendment properly framed he ·can present it. I yield to the Senator from Wyoming? do not know bow far conditions may require that there should· .Mr. McLAURIN. With pleasure. be a different provision made for the enlisted men. We do Mr. WARREN. Mr. President, I can see the Senator's idea know what the conditions are as to the officers. The enlisted of equity in his proposition and I honor him for wanting to put man is certainly buried at the expense of the Government. the pay of the private soldier on a comparative basis with the The officer is not, and, as suggested by me and more definitely commissioned officer in that respect; but there is this difference: stated by the Senator from West Vii'ginia [Mr. Soori], the en­ The commissioned officer is a man who has already gi'ren a listed men are not generally married men. They do not gener­ number of years of his life in the service before he gets a com­ ally leave behind them those who are dependent. mission. I am sorry to say that nearly every cadet on his It may be that the provision suggested by the Senator from graduation, after the buying of his uniform and arms, leaves Mississippi would require some little examination· into condi­ We-st Point in deb£ To allow the amendment to apply to those. tions in order to determine exactly what should be done, but officers who are unmarried would simply be to protect their we· do know what the conditions are as to the commissioned honor and their name by paying their debts. The enlisted man officers, and I therefore trust that the amendment may be acted is a free agent working· for a salary somewhere to-day, and· en­ upon independently of the consideration of the question as to· listing to-morrow, and he may not rero,ain in the Army more what should be done in the case of the death of a private soldier. than one term of three years. So I think that we ought to ·· I would be perfectly willing that an amen_dment should be make a distinction. I agree with the Senator, and should only adopted and would favor an amendment which would give that be too glad to accept his proposition, so far as it provides for pay· much pay,· or even more, to anyone who should be found to be ment to the widow, or widow and children, or children, or de­ dependent upon an enlisted man at the time of his death, pendent mother of the enlisted man; but I think it ought to be whether it be his mother or his wife and children, but I would confined to them. prefer that the amendment as to officers should go through 1\Ir. McLAURIN. Mr. President, there. is a liberal allowance unless the Senator in charge of the bill thinks otherwise. made-- Mr. WARREN. If the Senator will allow me, I wish to sug­ .Mr. WARREN. I might say also that 3.n officer of the Army gest to him that I would just as freely, and I think members is not permitted to leave the service, unless, of course, he re­ of the Military Affairs Committee and the Senate itself would signs his commission and loses the years to his credit, while an just as freely, accept the amendment if made to · cover three enJisted man every three years has his choice to reenlist at months' pay or possibly six months' pay-certainly for three larger pay, or to go out. months. Mr. McLAURIN. Mr. President, I was about to say that Mr. TELLER. Make it six. there is a liberal allowance made by the law to the cadet while 1 Mr. BACON. I would prefer to make it six months. he is at the Military Academy performing the service, if it can : Mr. SCOTT. That is what it ought to be. be called service, that qualifies him for a commission in the Mr. BACON. I think it ought to be that. I should have framed Army. He is educated at the ex11ense of the Government, and, it in that way in the beginning if I had been confident of the fact while I . may be mistaken in this particular, I understand that that it would have met with the approval of the Senate. I after he shall have served two or three years he can then think it is as little as we can do. These men are the men who resign, if he sees proper to do so, just exactly as the enlisted 'beyond all others are liable to sudden and unexpected death and man can be discharged at the end of three years. . the men of all others in the service of the Government who are It may or may not be that the officer will have sened a con· debarred from the opportunity and the possibility of making siderable length of time. He has gotten his education at the provision against that day. I am very much gratified that expense of the Government, and, under this amendment, if he the suggestion made by me for two months has met with a re­ dies within six months, or within three months, after he shall sponse which has suggested a change to six months, and I have been commissioned, his estate wiJl get the benefit of it. therefore, with the consent of the Senate, will modify my The private soldier may have beeu in the service two years and amendment and make it six months instead of two. ten months or eleven months and die, but his estate will get no The VICE-PRESIDENT. The Senator from Georgia modi­ benefit from it at all. fies his amendment. The modification will be stated. Mr. WARREN. Mr. President-- 2970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. ~f.AROH 6,

'J.'he VIC:ID-PRESID:IDNT. Does the Senator from Mississippi NOMINATIONS. yield to the Senator from Wyoming? 1\Ir. McLAURIN. With pleasure. _ Executive nominations 1·eceived by the Senate March 6, 1908. Mr. WARRE:N. Of course, the Senator from Mississippi un­ CO~SULS. derstands that a man must ha1e completed his education suffi­ Paul Nash, of New York, now consul of class 6 at Vladivostok, ciently for. all the ordinary walks of life before he can enter to be consul of the United States of class 8 at Rheims, France, West Point. The examination is such that he must be a grad­ vice J. Martin Miller, resigned. uate from higher schools of learning. Lester Maynard, of California, now consul of class 7 at Sanda­ Mr. McLAURIN. Mr. President, I understand that he must kan, for promotion to be consul of the United States of class 6 have prepared himself sufficiently to enter into the fourth class at Vladivostok, Siberia, vice Paul Nash, nominated to be consul at the Military Academy, but not that he shall have graduated of class 8 at Rheims. at any other institution or that he shall have become a scholar ASSAYER AND MELTEB. before he enters that institution. It is true that he must have proceeded until he has acquired some proficiency in learning and William S. Pearson, of North Ca~olina, to be assayer and letters before he can enter West Point, but after he enters there melter of the United States as~y office at Charlotte, N. C., in he is educated at the public expense. He is not only educated place of Daniel K. Pope, resigned. there, but he is given a liberal allowance while he is being edu- APPOINTMENTS IN THE ARMY, · cated. _ TO BE SECOND LIEUTENANTS, WITH RANK FROM FEBRUARY 14, 1908, I do think that there ought not to be niade any such discrimi- . nation between the private soldiers and the officers as this Corp-s of Engineers! ; amendment would make. I am willing for our Government to Cadet Glen Edgar Edgerton. be liberal with its officers, and I think it is liberal with them Cadet Charles Lacey Hall. after they have attained the rank of colonel or general, or prob­ Cadet Virgil Lee Peterson. ably lieutenant-colonel or major, or, in other words, after they Cadet George Rodman Goethals. ha1e become field officers; but I do not 1:hillk it ought to make Cadet John Wesley Niesz Schu~. such a great discrimination between the officer and the private Cadet Clarence Lynn Sturdevant. soldier. Cadet Earl James Atkisson. In this country it is presumed that one man is as good as Cadet Richard Tide Coiner. another. It may be that he is a poor man; not able to get an Cadet Robert Starrs Aloysius Dougherty. education that would qualify him to enter the Army as ·a com­ Field A?·tillery, mi ioned officer, but he ought to be treated as an American citi­ zen, and this discrimination ought not to be made against any Cadet William Eugene Dunn. class of citizens. Cadet James Henry Burns. Cadet Everett Strait Hughes. I have no objection to a sum being paid to the widow and to Cadet Thomas Jefferson Smith, jr.. the orphans of the officer who dies in the service of his country. Cadet Roger Sheffield Parrott. but there ought also to be some provision· made for the depend­ Cadet Telesphor George Gottschalk. ent relatives of the private soldier who dies in the service of his Cadet Harvey Douglas Higley. country. I therefore move to amend the amendment by adding, after the word " officer," wherever it occurs, the words " or en­ Coast Artillery Corps, listed man." Cadet Halvor Geigus Coulter. The VICE-PRESIDENT. The am·endment proposed by the Cadet West Chute Jacobs. Senator from Mississippi [Mr, McLAURIN] to the amendment Cadet James Wilbur Lyon. proposed by the Senator from Georgia [Mr. BAcoN] will be Cadet Harold Geiger. stated. Cadet Rodney Hamilton Smith. The SECRETARY. After the word "officer," wherever it occurs Cadet Albert Lawrence Loustalot. in Mr. BACON's amendment, it is proposed to insert the words Cadet Richard Donovan. " or enlisted man." Cadet Sanderford Jarman. The VICE-PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the Cadet Clair Warren Baird. amendment to the amendment. Cadet Edward Willis Putney. The amendment to the amendment was agreed to. Cadet Gilbert Marshall. The amendment as amended was agreed to. Cadet Louis Lindsay Pendleton. Mr. W.A.RREN. Mr. President, I n:ow ask that the amend­ Cadet Thomas Alexander Terry. ment reported by the Committee on Military Affairs to section 1 Cadet Edward Nicoll Woodbury. be stated. Cadet Ray Longfellow Avery. The VICE-PRESIDENT. The amendment reported by the Cadet Edward Alexander Stockton, jr. Committee on Military Affairs will be stated by the Secretary. Cadet James Hutchings Cunningham. The SECRETARY. The amendment reported by the Committee Cadet Youir Montefiore Marks. on Military Affairs is, in section 1, l)age 1, line 4, after the word Cadet Allison Barnes Deans, jr. "lieutenant-generals," to strike out "10" and insert "5;" Cavalry. and in line 5, after the word "major-generals," to sh·ike out Cadet Lawrence Wright Mcintosh. " and " and insert " 10 per cent; of;' so as to make the sec­ Cadet Richard Edgar Cummins. tion read: ... Cadet Robert Clive Rodgers. That the pay of officers of the Army is hereby increased as follows : Cadet Philip Gordon. Of lieutenant-generals, 5 per cent ;· of major-generals, 10 per cent; of Cadet Alexander Long James, jr. brigadier-generals, 15 per cent; of colonels, lieutenant-colonels, and Cadet John Thomas Kennedy. major , 20 per cent; of captains, first lieutenants, and second lieuten­ ants, 25 per cent: and the pay of cadets at the Military Academy is Cadet Horace Meek Hickam. hereby increased 25 per cent: Provided, That section 1267 of the Re­ Cadet Horner McLaughlin Groninger. vi~d Statutes of the United States is hereby repealed. Cadet Charles Shattuck Jackson. The amendment was agreed to. Cadet Stewart Oscar Elting. The bill was reported to the Senate as amended, and the Cadet John Kimball Brown. amendments were concurred in. Cadet George 'Vashington Beavers, jr, The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read CadP.t Uichard David Newman. Cadet Elbert Lynn Grisell. the third time, and passed. Cadet William Henry Garrison, jr. EXECUTIVE SESSION. Cadet Sumner McBee Williams. Cadet Henry Wallace Hall. Mr. LODGE. I move that the Senate proceed to the considera­ Cadet Edwin Vose Sumner. tion of executive business; Cadet Henry Fairfax Ayres. The motion was agreed to, and the Senate proceeded to the Cadet Gibbes Lykes. consideration of executive business. After fifteen minutes spent Cadet Arthur Earl Wilbourn. in executive session the doors were reopened, and (at 2 o'clock Cadet Nathan Crary Shiverick. and 35 minutes p. m.) the Senate adjourned until Monday, Cadet Ernest Grove Cullum. March 9, 1908, at 12 o'clock meridian. Cadet William Walter Erwin. 1908 ... CONGRESSION:AL RECORD-SENATE-: "29711

Infantry. Stephen W. Wallace, Cadet Oliver Anarew Dickinson. Walter W. Lorshbough, Cadet Homer Havron Slaughter. Eldred B. Armstrong, C'Udet Henry Clinton Kress Muhlenberg. Lew :M. Atkins, Cadet John Francis Curry. Wiiliam A. Glassford, jr., Cadet James Eugene Chaney. Conant Taylor, Cadet William Jay Fitzmaurice. Ray S. McDonald, Cadet Carl Cogswell Oakes. Herbert J. French, Cadet Blaine Andrew Dixon. William A. Hall, . Cadet Owen Riggs Meredith. Arthur L. Bristol, jr., Cadet James Clifford Williams. Frank J. Fletcher, Cadet Robert Emmett O'Brien. Walter B. Decker, Cadet Francis Ludwig Sward. Herbert B. Riebe, Cadet Edward Seery Hayes. John H. Towers, Cadet Simon Bolivar Buckner, jr. Julian H. Collins, Cadet Charles Hartwell Bonesteel. Thomas Withers, jr., Cadet '.rhomas Jefferson Johnson. Isaac C. Bogart, Cadet Robert Howe Fletcher, jr. Pierre L. Wilson, Cadet Frederick Ambrose Barker. Owen Bartlett, Cadet Agard Hyde Bailey. Walter F. Jacobs, Cadet Chester Amos Shephard. Leo F. Welch, Cadet George Cleveland Bowen. Carroll S. Graves, Cadet John Hutchison Hester. Harry L. Pence, Cadet Franklin Langley Whitley. Ferdinand L. Reichmuth, Cadet Alfred Harold Robley. Wolcott E. Hall, Cadet Arthur James Hanlon. Isaac C. Kidd, Cadet Olin Oglesby Ellis. Fred l\1. Perkins, Cadet Elmer Cuthbert Desobry. Robert A. White, Cadet Emile Victor Cutrer. Frank H. Roberts, Cadet Harry Bowers Crea. Lewis D. Causey, Cadet Robert Christie Cotton. William P. Hayes, Cadet George Barrett Glover, jr. William C. I. Stiles, Cadet Henry John Weeks. Stuart W. Cake, Cadet Roy Alison Hill. Stephen Doherty, Cadet Arthur Edward Bouton. Charles A. Woodruff, Cadet Enoch Barton Garey. Randolph P. Scudder, ·.·. Cadet Leonard H. Drennan. George A. Alexander, Cadet Charles Kilbourne Nulsen. Edwin B. Woodworth, Cadet Lawrence Campbell Ricker. Wilson E. Madden, Cadet Leighton Wilson Hazlehurst, jr. James P. Olding, Cadet John Harold 1\funcaster. Roland 1\f. Brainard, Cadet Theodore Kendall Spencer. Sherwoode A. Ta:ffinder, Cadet Edwin Martin Watson. John T. G. Stapler, Cadet Charles Dudley Hartman. Lesley B. Anderson, Cadet Edgar Simpson Miller. John S. McCain, Cadet Thomas Clement Lonergan. Matthias E. Manly, Cadet Albert Lee Sneed. Ronan C. Grady, Cadet Lester David Baker. Reuben L. Walker, Cadet George Auguste :Matile. Joe R. Morrison, Cadet Walter Reed Weaver. Harold Jones, Alexander Sharp, jr., PROMOTIONS IN THE NAVY. Richard R. Mann, Lieut. Commander Albert L. Key to be a commander in the Hollis M. Cooley, Navy from the 2 th day of January, 1908, vice Commander Aubrey W. Fitch, Stacy Potts, promoted. . Lorenz W. F. Carstein, Lieut. (Junior Grade) Owen Hill to be a lieutenant ~ ~he Donald P. Morrison, Navy from the 30th day of July, 1907, to fill a vacancy ex:Istillg Edward D. Washburn, jr., in that grade on that date. . . . Frank N. Eklund, Ensign John S. Abbott to be a lieutenant (JuniOr grade) m Robert V. Lowe, the Nav.y from the 3d day of February, 1908, upon the com­ Claude A. Bonvillian, and pletion of three years' service in present grade. Edwin A. Wolleson. Lieut. (Junior Grade) John S. Abbott to be a lieutenant in . the Navy from the 3d day of February, 1908, to fill a vacancy PROMOTIONS IN REVENUE-CUTTER SERVICE• existing in that grade on that date. . . First Asst. En(7ineer Albert Clift Norman to be chief engineer First Lieut. Theodore E. Backstrom to be a capta~ ill -the in the Revenue-Cutter Service of the United States, with the Marine Corps from the 2d day ~f January, 1908, VICe Capt. rank of first lieutenant, to rank as such from July 20, 1907, in Theodore H. Low, retired. . place of Charles Hunt Foote, retired. The following-named midshipmen to be ensigns ill the Navy First Asst. Engineer Theodore Graham Lewton to be chief from the 13th day of February, 1908, to fill vacancies existing engineer in the Revenue-Cutter Service of the United States, in that grade on that date: with the rank of first lieutenant, to rank as such from October Allan J. Chantry, jr., 4 1907 in place of William Frederic Blakemore, retired. Whitford Drake, ' Seco~d Asst. Engineer Jesse Wilbur Glover to be first assist­ John P. Miller, ant engineer in the Revenue-Cutter Service of the United States, Harry G. Knox, with the rank of second lieutenant, to rank as such from July George B. Wright, 20 1907 in place of Albert Clift Norman, promoted. Henry 1\1. Jensen, Second Asst. Engineer George Warren David to be first as­ William C. Barker, jr., sistant engineer in the Revenue-Cutter Service of the United Augustus C. Wilhelm, States, with the rank of second lieutenant, to rank as such from Hugh Allen, October 4, 1907, in place of Theodore Graham Lewton, promoted. Roy L. Lowman, POSTMASTERS. . Robert L. Ghormley, CALIFORNIA. William L. Calhoun, Anna C. Mahan to be postmaster at Fort Jones, Siskiyou Russell Willson, County, Cal., in place of Martin C. Beem. Incumbent's com­ Leigh Noyes, mission expired January 29, 1908. 2972 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE .. l\fAROH 6,.

Edwin Stanton to be postmaster at A "talon, Los Angeles CONF;IUl\fATIONS. County, Cal., in place of Edwin Stanton. Incumbent's commis- E xecutire nominations confirmefl b1} the Senate, lllm·ch 6, 1908. sion expires April 27, Ul08. CONSUL-GENERAL. coLoRaDo. Alfred L. l\1. Gott chalk, of New York, now consul-general of Jet;:sie L. Cozens to be postma ter at Littleton, Arapahoe cla~s 3 at Mexico, to be consul-general at large of the United County, Colo., in place of Clark Z. Cozens, deceased. St.ates. ILLIXOIS. . DISTRICT JUDGE FOR .ALASKA, Lewis J. Farmer to be postmaster at Tamaroa, Perry County, Silas H. Reid, of Oklahoma, to be jud~e of the district court Ill., in place of Lewis J. Farmer. Incumbent's commi.:sion ex- for the district of Alaska, assigned to diYision Ko. 3. pireu January 1 ', 190 . . Yale T. Kiblinger to be postma£ter at Morton, . Tazewell 'C'NITED STATES .ATTORNEY. County, Ill., in place of William H. Voelpel, re igned. . John T. Robinson of Connecticut, to be United State attor­

·IXDIA~A.. ney for the district of Connecticut. Charle Laramore to be postmaster at Knox, Starke County, .A.PPOINT)!ENT IN THE N .A IT. Ind., in place of Charles Laramore. Incumbent's commission A aph Hall, a citizen of ~lichigan to be a profe or of mathe­ expired February 23, 100 . matics in the Knxy from the 26th day of February, 100 .. KAXSAS. PROMOTIONS IN THE K.AVY. Thomas R. Jones to be po tmaster at Girard, Crawford Coun­ Lieutenant (Junior Grade) Frauk Ror chach to be a lieu­ ty, Kans., in place of Albert :M. Wasser. Incumbent's commis­ tenant in the Ka 'Y from the 30th day of July, 1007. sion expired December 1, 1907. Passed As istant Engineer Henry E. Rhoades, who was con­ MICHIGA~. firmed by the Senate on January 23, Hl07, for adyancement from Fabius A. Fisk to be postmaster at Colon, St. Joseph County, the grade of as i taut en!!ineer, with the rank of lieutenant Mich., in place of Fabius A. Fisk. Incumbent's commission ex­ (junior grade), to the o-rade of pa ed a si taut engineer pired February 20, 190 . (junior grade), in accoruance with the pro'Yi ions of an act of Jacob Leroy Gumaer to be postmaster at Ovid, Clinton Coun­ ConO're s avproYed June 2D 1!)08, to be a pas ed assistant engi­ ty, Mich., in place of George B. Faxon, removed. neer, vdth the rank of lieutenant, on the retired list, from the Eugene T. Slayton to be postmaster at Lapeer Lapeer County, date of his ad·rancement, in accordance with an opinion of the Mich., in place of Eugene T. Slayton. Incumbent's commission Attorney-General dated.January 13, 100 expired February 23, 1008. POSTMASTERS. MINXESOTA. IDAHO . .Anton R. Erickson to be postmaster at Bemidji, Beltrami Francis Ball to be postmaster at Pocatello, Bannock County, Cotmty, Minn., in place of George E. Carson. Incumbent's com- Idaho. mission expires March 12, 1008. XEW JE~SEY. NEBllASKA. Philip H. Focer to be postmaster at Pitman (late Pitman Daniel N. Wonder to be postmaster· at Blue Springs, Gage Groye), Gloucester County, K. J. County, Nebr., in place of Daniel ~· Wonder. Incumbent's George B. Jacobus to be postmaster at Caldwell, Essex County, commission expired January 25, 1008. N.J. N:E,ADA. Cl!arles S. Simonson to be postmaster at Verona, Essex Theodore R. Hofer, jr., to be postmaster at Carson City, County, N. J. Ormsby County, Nev., in place of Theodore R. Hofer, jr. In­ XEW YORK. cnmbent's commission expire April 27, 1n0 . William W. Worden to be postmaster at Saratoga Springs, NEW JERSEY. Saratoga County, N. Y. Charles D. Staintou to be postmaster at Englewood, Bergen MISSISSIPPI. County, N. J., in place of Charles D. Stainton. Incumbent's Malcolm S. Graham to be postmaster at Forest, Scott County, commission expires 1\larch 16, 1008. Miss. N.EW 1\IEXICO. Albert R. Carter to be postmaster at Tucumcari, Quay ARlliTRA.'l'ION CO~'V'ENTION WITH SWITZERLA1\"D. County, N. 1\lex., in place of Albert n. Carter. Incumbent's com­ The injunction of secrecy was remoyed 1\larch 6, 1908, from mission expired NoYember 17, 1007. an arbitration convention between the United States and Swit­ PENXSYLVA.NIA. zerland, signed at Washington on February 29, 1908. John Vir. Chamberlain to be postmaster at Wyalusing, Brad­ ford County, Pa., in place of John W. Chamberlain. Incum­ bent's commission expired March 4, 190 . HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Thomas Finch Hampton to be postmaster at Honey Brook, Chester County, Pa. · Office became Presidential January 1, FRIDAY, M a1'Ch 6, 1908. 1008. The House met at 12 o'clock m. TEXAS. Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. HENRY N. CoUDEN, D. D. William H. Bradley to be postmaster at Groveton, Trinity The -JouTnal of yesterday's proceedings was read and ap­ County, Tex., in place of ·william H. Bradley. Incumbent's proved. commission expired January 27, 1908. INVESTIGATION .AS TO SUBMARINES. · ,V. A. Gardner to be postmaster at Fa1fmrias, Starr County, Mr. DALZELL. I submit the following privileged report Tex. Office became Presidential January 1, 1908. (Postmaster from · the Committee on Rules. · remo•ed.) · The Clerk read as follows: Lucius C. Guin to be postmaster at Mount Calm, Hill County, House resolution 288. Tex.. Office became Presidential January 1, 1908. - Whereas Mr. GEORGE L. LILLEY, a Representative from the State Andrew J. Harrison to be postmaster at Goldthwaite, Mills of Connecticut, on his responsibility as a Member of thls House, before the Committee on Rules, has among other things, stated in substance County, Tex.., in place of Andrew J. Harrison. Incumbent's that the Electric Boat Company, of New Jersey, and their predece sors, commission e..\:pired January 27, 1908. the Holland Boat Company, have been engaged in efforts to exert cor­ Charles B. Moore to be postmaster at Lovelady, Houston rupting influence on certain Members of Congress in their legislative capacities, and have, in fact, exerted such corrupting infiuence: There­ County, Tex. Office became Presidential January 1, 1908. fore be it Rudolph L. Reuser to be postmaster at llunge, Karnes County, Resolved, That a committee of five Members be appointed to in­ Tex., in place of Rudolph L. Reuser. Incumbent's commission vestigate the charges made by said GEORGE L. LILLEY of corrupt prac­ tices on the part of said company and of Members of Congress with .expired February 12, 1908. respect to legislation; and that said committee shall have authority to 'ERMOXT. send for persons and papers, and to take testimony in Washington D. C., OL' elsewhere, either before the full committee or any subcom­ Henry S. Web ter to be postmaster at Barton Landing, Or­ mittee thereof. Said committee shall r~port as speedily as po sible leans County, Vt., in place of Henry S. Webster. Incumbent's · with such recommendation, if any, as to th1l committee shall seem meet. commission expired January 14, 1008. Mr. DALZELL. Now, .Mr. Speaker, I ask for the previous question. · WITHDRAWAL.' The previous question was ordered. Mr. DALZELL. All that I care to say upon the subject is Executive nmnination 'U;ithdraton from the Senate March,-6, 1908. embodied in a report, which is in print, which I send to the C. C. Johnson to be postmaster at Melville, in the State of Clerk's desk and ask to ha•e read, after which I want to say Louisiana. a word or two.