Goodbye the RAN '', A tribute to HMAS BRISBANE and the DDGs

JANUARY - MAS VOLUME 64 NO. I $5.45 (including GST)

The Magazine of the Navy League of

rw r Maritime Contribution to o Joint Operations, RJS style I

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ISSN 13t?e b531

Australia's Leading Naval Magazine Si nee 1938 I hi Knyal Malaivan Sai> Ml. I I kll .il anchor .n Ihi Royal Malaysian \a»y's Koit* ill tannkawi us pari of the diftnti expo limn. I hi KMN tan ixpetl In take advantage of I hi upgrades Ihi RN is dninu to Ihi MT1K.II launched Va \Nolf US installed MI LITIS class Isec Hash I ruffle Ihisrdilinni. Illrian Morrison. Warships i\ marine < urps Museum lull.

The Royal Malnvsiun Navy Cofvellc LAKSAMANA at anchor at the Kojal Malaysian Nasy's Review al I anykani as pan of the defense expo I.una. Tins little ship carries an impressive armament consisting of Oomal anujhip mi«sil«v Aspidr anti-aircraft missiles, two triple ASW torpedo lubes. *Jf>\m twin mount and a Super Rapid 7bmm pin. lBn.in Monijon. Wjrxliips a Krine (>ng>» Museum Inn. 9 THE NAVY I lit I r;iiMH ol \iistr;ili;i FEDERAL COUNCIL Patnm in (tiief: His Excellency, The (kwmr (ieneral. Volume 64 No. 1 President: (malum M H^ns. RH) \ kv-Pre»dn*s: RADM AJ Rotation. At). DSC. RAN (Rid) ktm Bud. CURE HJ P Adams. AM. RAN (Rull I AW H A Ji«.-phv. AM. RAN iRidi Contents Hon. Secretary: Ray Cortwy. PO Box VW. Mi Wa\erlev. Vn 3149 Tck-phonc: (03)9888 1977. Fax: (09) WXX 1083 (iOODBYE THE RAN 'DESTROYER', NEW StHTII WALES IHVISKKS Patnm: Ikt Excclk-ivv.'lhcCkncnkt New South Wales A TRIBUTE TO HMAS BRISBANE I'resident: K () Altai. AO. RFD. RD Him. Secretary: J CJ JeppLsc-aOAM. RH) GPO Box 1719.Syttay.NSW 1011 AND THE IMMis Ictephone: 1(12)9132 2144. l ax (02)9112 8383. By Raveena Carroll. VADM David Shackleton. \ KTDK1A DIVISION Patnm: His Exedfcncy. The Ckiscnx* of Victoria. RAN. and CAPT Peter Jones. RAN Page 3 President: I M W'.lkinv RH) thai. Secretary: Ray CM. R> Box 1303. Box Hill. Vk AI2X THE CRESWELI. ORATION Telephone: Kit) mi 6237. Fax: (09)98844482. I JIUII rptl I<0 I^Xusnet.awluui By CDRK Jim Dickson RAN (Rtd) Page 12 Membership Secretary: IjCDR Tom Kilhun. MBI, RFD. VRI) Telephone: (03)95609927, R) Box I KM B

THE NAVY VOL 64 NO I I I ROM llll I ROW \s NI-..SI

Coalition remains in office additional allowances and that the increased use of costly defence assets, e.g. keeping ships at sea for longer periods, Following the re-election of the Howard government in flying personnel and equipment hither and thither, involves November it could be assumed the Defence White Paper greater than normal or planned expenditure, it stands to released twelve months earlier - Defence 2000: Our Future reason budgets must be re-assessed. It will be interesting to Defence Fone - will continue to guide defence planners; see which department of state pays for the increased several events however, one quite unexpected, could alter activities of Australia's defence . N priorities or vary the timing of approved projects. A continuing worry for the Defence Department - and LIYYYIJII C'lUYUII, Yky Adjjiknl DiiyJd JJuifkJylujj, liAi I, The unexpected event was the devastating attack by for Australia - fortunately recognised in the Defence While I si J J'J CAPT Juuyy, i

THE NAVY LEAGUE OF AUSTRALIA - NOTICE OF MEETING

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN Out an Extraordinary General Meeting of The Navy League of Australia will be held at 7th Floor 175 Macquarie Street. Sydney, on Monday 4 February 2002 at 5.30 pm for the purpose of considering and if thought fit passing the following resolution as a special resolution: RESOLUTION: That the Articles of Association be amended by inserting the following new Article I93A. 193A Special Purpose Branches of the League Where m any particular city or town in Australia there is formed an association (whether incorporated or unincorporated) the principal purpose of which is the support of an Australian Navy Cadet Unit ("Unit") in that city or town, that association may apply to the Executive Committee of the Division responsible for the State or Territory in which the city or town is located (the "Responsible Executive Committee") for a special purpose accreditation ("Special Purpose Accreditaoon") as a Branch of the League and the following provisions shall apply: (a) the Responsible Executive Committee shall make such enquiries as in its absolute discretion it deems necessary to satisfy itself as to the merits of the application for Special Purpose Accreditation as a branch; (b> if the Responsible Executive Committee shall m its absolute discretion consent to the Special Purpose Accreditation it shall thereupon request the Federal Council to issue a Certificate of Accreditation to the relevant Branch which shall be in such form as the Federal Council shall from time to time determine: (c) the Federal Council may in its absolute discretion determine at any time to withdraw a Special Purpose Accreditation; (d) a Branch of the League accredited under this Article (an "Accredited Branch") shall upon its accreditation furnish to the Federal Council a signed acknowledgement of the conditions applicable to the accreditation in such form as the Federal Council shall from time to time in its absolute discretion

(e) any Accredited Branch shall be en tided to call itself a Branch of the League provided the Branch titl* includes the name of the city or town in which the Accredited Branch is located or. if there is more than one Branch in that city or town, another identifying feature such as the name of the Unit. The name of the Accredited Branch shall be subject to the prior approval of the Federal Council; (f) an Accredited Branch shall not form part of the corporate structure of the League, its assets or liabilities (if any) shall not form part of the assets or liabilities of the League and the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the League shall not apply to it except to the extent of the provisions of this Article 193 A; (g) the committee of an Accredited Branch shall regulate its own affairs subject to its conforming in all respects with the provisions of this Article 193A and the conditions issued by the Federal Council pursuant to paragraph (d); (h) an Accredited Branch shall not be entitled to enter into contracts nor make any binding commitment in the name of the League, nor hold itself out as being pan of the corporate structure of the League. Any attempt to do so is hereby expressly forbidden; (i) an Accredited Branch shall not do any act. nor make any statement which may or may be likely to bring the name of the League into disrepute: (j) individual or corporate membership of an Accredited Branch does not thereby confer upon such individual or corporation membership of the League. Members of an Accredited Branch are. however, encouraged to become members of the League in their own right (k) each accredited Branch shall furnish to its Responsible Executive Committee in each calendar year an annual report showing the work done by the Accredited Branch in support of its Unit during the 12 months preceding the date of the report. (I) each Accredited Branch shall furnish to its Responsible Executive Committee in each calendar year a certified statement of the accounts of the Branch for the 12 months preceding the date of the statement:

(m) (ieach) sucAccrediteh sum dfo rBranc the hsuppl shalyl opaf yTh t e• Novits Responsibly to the Accreditee Executivd Brance Committeh as maey withibe determinen 3 monthd s froaftemr om31 eMarc to timh ien beachy th eyea Federar a contributiol Council,n an madd e up of: (ii) such sum by way of an Accredited Branch administration fee as may be determined by the Federal Council based on the number of members of the Accredited Branch from time to time; and (n) the provisions of Articles 44 (a). 44 (e) 65,68.72. 111 . 114, 137-193.172. 175 and 200 shall not apply to Accredited Branches HMAS BRISBANE and HOBART astern al SCJ«. The Ihrcc RAN DDGs will go clown in naval history as amongst the best ships the RAN ever owned. One will note from this image that the DDGs were not fitted with stabilisers, much to the displeaser of their crews. (RAN)

VOL. M NO. I THE NAV\ VOL. 64 NO. I continue to reflect the spirit and ethos of the Navy." were the first, post Second World War ships that the Navy that trained them have produced no less than 13 officers of BRISBANE was the last RAN ship in commission to bought that had real grunt. They had a missile system that flag rank. To those sailors. I thank you for the way in which have served in two wars. Vietnam and the . and worked; they had guns that were accurate and hit the target, you have helped me and my predecessors, and many was the last ship to have fired her guns in anger. She was they had that worried submariners. And they successors to come, be worthy of the extraordinary also the last steam powered ship in the RAN travelled at a real destroyer speed. privilege of leading some of the finest people in this CAPT Darby said the crew of BRISBANE had And their men were made of the same high tensile steel country, the people of the . The demonstrated great professionalism and loyalty during his as their hulls. Real ships by any measure. Navy is forever in your debt. 22 months as CO and that they, and the previous crew, The DDG's have operated throughout Australian waters I offer my humble thanks to all those who have served would never forget the ship's many quirks. and oceans of the world. And on occasion also had the in. or been associated with the Guided Missile , "The continuous and sickly 35 degree plus rolls as a good fortune to visit many other locations. Some exotic, especially the Steel Cat'. way of checking securing arrangements. some not so exotic. Personally. I always wanted to run out Minister - can 1 please have another garage full of grey "The harmonic vibration at speeds of 17-18 knots of fuel in Tahiti - sadly this didn't happen. Ferraris?" which were always an excuse to go faster, and the standing BRISBANE always served the Navy well. Be it war or start drag races which successfully saw olf all the new gas peace. When cyclone Tracey hit Darwin, both HMAS HMAS BRISBANE heading tor sea from her homeport in Sydney Harbour BRISBANE served the RAN extremely well for 34 years, turbine ships. BRISBANE and HOBART participated in the clean up. serving in two wars. (John Mortimer) "I am sure the stories will expand exponentially with BRISBANE'S ship's company laboured for thousands of time." he said. hours: clearing, cleaning, repairing and rebuilding the A Final Hurrah for Australia's During the ceremony, a lantern holding the last flame flattened city. Often working themselves to complete Last Destroyer from BRISBANE'S boilers was presented to the launching exhaustion. But probably the biggest highlight of that event lady of the ship. Lady Mavis Mary Chaney. by the ship's was HMAS BETANO returning in early January. 1975 By Raveena Carroll. Defence Public Affair.', youngest crew member. Seaman Paul Smith. Then, in an with 500.000 cans of beer! With a tremendous sense of pride and camaraderie, emotional moment. Lady Chaney extinguished the last Twenty years after Vietnam, and in a different members of the HMAS BRISBANE Association marched flame ever from a DDG. hemisphere. BRISBANE went to war again when she along the wharf and stopped before their beloved Steel Moments later, the Australian White Ensign was hauled participated in the UN sponsored liberation of Kuwait. The Cat', where they gave her a heartfelt hurrah. down and placed in the hands of Captain Darby. He Gulf War. That informal tribute marked the start of the ceremony marched off BRISBANE for the last time as four In doing so. she forged her own place in the annals of on Friday. 19 October 2001. during which the last of the RNZAF A-4K Skyhawks paid tribute in a fly-past over Australia's history, earning a meritorious unit citation and Royal Australian Navy's DDGs. HMAS BRISBANE, was the ship. the battle honour 'Kuwait'. Her Commanding Officer at decommissioned at Fleet Base East in Sydney. And then, with the White Ensign handed into the safe that time was : I took over from BRISBANE'S 300 crew stood proud aboard the ship as custody of the Maritime Commander, under the gaze of the him on her later return to Australia. HMAS BRISBANE at sea. She was the last steam powered ship in RAN official guests, the Governor General, His Excellency the Chief of the Defence Force, the parade marched past and As those who have served in BRISBANE can attest, she service and was affectionately known as the 'The Steel Cat'. (RANI Reverend Dr Peter Hollingworth. the Honourable Minister BRISBANE'S service to the Royal Australian Navy was for Defence. Peter Reith MP and Chief of Navy. Vice is a special ship. The Maritime Commander, Rear Admiral complete. Geoff Smith is also a graduate of HMAS BRISBANE Why did we buy the DDGs? Admiral David Shackleton. spoke about her history and By Captain Peter Jones, RAN achievements. school for flag officer training and development. And there During her 34 years of service. BRISBANE won Message from the Bridge are many other graduates. Admiral Barrie. our present With the decommissioning of HMAS BRISBANE, the Chief of the Defence Force, is amongst them. numerous awards including the Australian Meritorious Chief of Navy. Shackleton. a former RAN's last Charles F. Adams (Perth) class destroyer. Unit Citation for service in the 1991 Gulf War and the But. it is her ship's company that has always set Commanding Officer of HMAS BRISBANE {1991 - THE NAVY looks hack at why the RAN chose this class of Duke of Gloucester Cup in 1971. 1980 and 1996. BRISBANE apart. It says something for us all. that the ship and the options it was faced with. The DDGs were a 1992). gave an address at the decommissioning of HMAS Dr Hollingworth acknowledged the contribution of the sailors of this ship have been led by 28 commanding first for the RAN in many ways. They were first major BRISBANE which is reproduced below. guided missile destroyer to the nation and the Navy, but officers. But. more to the point, should I say that the sailors units of the RAN to he built in the US - Bay City said people were her greatest asset. 'To those of you who want to drive a Ferrari. This (looking Michigan, the first RAN ships to be built IS2 metres 'While I speak in terms of the ship and its life, in reality at the DDG BRISBANE) is a grey Ferrari. In 1991 this was above sea level and the first to he launched sideways. it is ail the people involved with BRISBANE who imbued my grey Ferrari. 75.000 shaft horsepower, four boilers on They also started their careers in fresh water. her with the spirit for which she became well known." Dr line and humming - a truly unforgettable experience - the The acquisition by the RAN of three Charles F. Adams Hollingworth said. magnificent stokers. class guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) from the United Commissioned in 1967. BRISBANE was the last of But the real heart of every ship is the people. None States in the 1960s has been seen by many as one of the three DDGs built for the RAN in Michigan. USA. The more so than DDG people and the DDG family. most successful acquisitions in post-war RAN history. others. PERTH and HOB ART. were decommissioned in Today we arc decommissioning a ship - not just any These ships introduced into the RAN new technologies that 1999 and 2000 respectively. ship. But. we are certainly not decommissioning the spirit had a significant impact both on operations and capability. The last Commanding Officer of BRISBANE. Captain of these magnificent ships that have been such a beacon to Campbell Darby, said it was an honour and privilege to be showing the way to the Navy of the future. One that is This subject may be approached from a number of the last Commanding Officer of a DDG. modern and capable. To be a good friend or a terrible foe. levels and the pioneering work on the DDG acquisition "A large number of people, both service and civilian, One that always puts us in the position of being a Navy to was undertaken by Dr Roy Wallace with his 1980 PhD have imbued in BRISBANE a strong and positive spirit be reckoned with. Any time, anywhere. thesis entitled The Australian Purchase of Three United that has never waned." CAPT Darby said. BRISBANE is one of the longest serving ships in this States Guided Missile Destroyers: A Study of the Defence "It has contributed to shaping attitudes in the region Navy's proud history. With her decommissioning we Aspect of Australian-American Relations'. As the title of and nationally, and shaped the lives of many thousands of celebrate 34 years of her meritorious service. And in so this work suggests, it examined primarily the implications young Australians by instilling in them skills, confidence doing reunite generations of DDG people and mark the of the sale on Australia-US relations. This paper will and leadership ability to make their way both inside the transition point to a Navy which has greatly benefited from The White Ensign is lowered for the last time aboard HMAS concentrate on the effect these ships had on the RAN. In ADF and in the broader Australian community. the opportunities our far-sighted forefathers gave us. BRISBANE. (Brian Morrison. Warships & Marine Corps Museum Int) researching this paper I had access to the Naval Board "I am sure the spirit of this great ship will live on and The DDG's fundamentally changed the RAN. They

VOL. 64 NO. I VOL. 63 NO. 4 replacement also involved a replacement for The County Class MELBOURNE. This made the re-equipment program even more of a fiscal burden. In December 1959. the Menzies At the time of Burrell's fact-finding tour, the lead ship government announced thai the FAA would be disbanded of the County class. DEVONSHIRE, was still six months in 1963. Even before the official decision Admiral Burrell from launch. The Counties were the 's first had initiated informal enquiries with the RN and the USN purpose-built missile ships and were designed around the about Surface-to-Air Guided Weapon (SAGW) Escorts. Seaslug surface-to-air missile. This large beam-riding Following the FAA decision Admiral Burrell wrote a missile had its genesis as far back as October 1945. confidential minute to the Secretary of the Department of Serious design work on this missile did not begin, the Navy. Mr Thomas Hawkins, which slated "the need for however, until 1950 and was to continue through to ihe SAGW ships in the RAN is urgent as we will have no start of the next decade. The main features of the County effective air defence for the Fleet, other than close range design were: weapons, from the time our fighters phase out in 1963". • The Seaslug missile system w ith one channel of fire: • Secondary surface-to-air missile armament of two quad The three Perth t AKA Charles F. Adams) class destroyers in formation. The effective replacement of the Sea Venoms by From I to R. MM A Ships PERTH. MOBART Hilled with two Mk-15 SAGW ships was ultimately represented in a requirement Seacats: Phalanx i and BRISBANE The DDGs service In ihe RAN was ntH for 50% of all escorts to be fitted with SAGW. • Gun armament two tw in 4.5-inch Mk-6 semi-automatic confined lo their physical presence in ihe ADF order of haitlc. They On 8 January I960 Admiral Burrell and the Third Naval mounts: were instrumental in bringing ihe RAN into realm of modem nasal • A first-generation automated combat data system weapons and systems. (RAN) Member. Rear Admiral H.E Urquhart. left Australia and HMAS HOBART executing a high speed lurn Note ihe two Mk 15 (ADA): minutes of ihe day as well as classified Navy Office files visited ihe . Canada and the Phalanx systems mounted amidships. All Ihe DDGs were lined ftw • Flight deck and hangar for one Wessex helicopter: Phalanx alter the IWI Gulf War and shared use ol ihe actual weapon dealing with ihe acquisition. to study possible designs. In an interview with the Sydney Morning Herald. Admiral Burrell stated his belief that the • Combination gas turbine and steam propulsion; and mounts. (RAN) Before discussing the impact the Charles F. Adams SAGW ships should be built in Australia and cited the • Flagship facilities. guns: and class destroyers had on the RAN it is important to look at success of ihe Daring class program as proof of Australia's • A two-tier anti- armament of (he medium- the state of the RAN in the late 1950s and examine the capabilities. The primary aim of the Canadian leg was to range ASROC missile and close-range torpedoes. reasons for their acquisition. In I960 the RAN consisted of The Charles F. Adams Class be briefed on RCN progress with helicopter operations ihe following operational-major fleet units: from . In 1957 the Canadians began helicopter trials The lead ship of this American class was commissioned • I he light MELBOURNE with the 21st The Brooke Class off the HMCS BUCKINGHAM. The RAN was in September of I960. These ships were the first guided- Carrier Air Group consisting of Sea Venom fighters and interested in ihe feasibility of operating helicopters from missile destroyers purpose-built by the USN and attracted The US Na\y also offered the RAN the Tartar equipped Gannei ASW aircraft: ihe new destroyers because, although the primary mission considerable priority in the naval building program. The Brooke class. A major drawback of this class was that the • Three Daring class destroyers: of the new destroyers was to provide air defence to the primary armament of this class was the Tartar semi-active lead ship was not to be laid down until December 1962. • Two older Battle class destroyers: and. fleet, these ships would also operate in a Navy without a missile. Dr Norman Friedman relates that "The need The main features of the Brooke design were: • Three Q class ASW frigates (ex-WW II destroyers). carrier. for missile ships was so urgent that Tartar DDGs were • Tartar system with a lightweight 16-round launcher A modest building program of four Type 12 ASW ordered before Tartar itself had flown in any form". (vice 40-rounds in Charles F. Adams) with only a single frigates was under way. These ships were to introduce the The main features of the Charles F. Adams class design channel of fire: Ikara anti-submarine (ASW) missile and the Seacat short The Contenders • One single 38 calibre 5-inch semi-automatic gun: range surface-to-air missile. were: Looking forward to the 1960s. Australia faced a major The three contenders for the contract were the Royal • The Tartar SAM missile which had two channels of • AN/SPS-52 three-dimensional radar: defence re-equipment programme. Amongst ihe individual Navy's 6.000 ton County class, the US Navy's 4,500 ton fire: • Flight deck/hangar for a light helicopter of the DASH projects were ihe RAAF's bomber replacement, Charles F. Adams class destroyer and the smaller 3.400 ton • The radar suite which included the AN-SPS 52 three- ASW drone type: the US F-lll (TFX) and. for ihe RAN. replacements for Brooke class frigate. dimensional radar: • The new long-range AN/SQS 26 sonar: and ihe present generation carrier aircraft. The Chief of Naval • The gun armament of two 5-inch Mark 42 automatic • Single-shaft and speed of 27 knots. Staff at the time was Vice Admiral Sir . Sir Henry enjoyed a good working relationship with his Related Matters American counterpart the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Admiral Arleigh Burke. This relationship was an Before examining the subsequent decision-making important factor not only for the DDG acquisition but for process it is relevant to touch on two other related aspects the immediate future of the Reel Air Arm (FAA). In of the US proposal. First, the US Government offered an May 1959. Burrell wrote lo Burke and stated: interest free loan for the purchase of the SAGW ships. The We in Australia are having to face up lo the need for a big eventual price of the Charles F. Adams was US$90 million re-equipment programme and the number one problem for the initial two ships (including ammunition, spares and from the Navy's point of view is whether our Fleet Air Arm training). The initial repayment, however, amounted to continues after 1963-64 when our Sea Venoms and only US$1.5 million with the other repayments paid over Gannets reach the end of their road. The first question eight years. The cost of the County class ships without the which has to be answered is "can we afford it?" and that added advantage of the interest-free loan was still 15% is being thrashed out at present. If the answer which I hope higher than the Charles F. Adams design. to have from the Government in July is that we can. then The second aspect was US Navy's search for a site we hope lo find a suitable aircraft (at a price we can pay) somewhere in the Indian or Pacific Oceans for a submarine and a carrier to put it in as our MELBOURNE won7 he HMAS PERTH as seen through the periscope of a submarine. (RAN) VLF communications station. Admiral Burrell was a keen able to lake any new generation aircraft. HMAS PERTH with two of the world's most recognisable landmarks in supporter of an Australian location for this station. The ihe background. PERTH was the first DDG for the RAN and the first The appreciation at the time was that the aircraft US ship. She commissioned in 1965 and paid off in IWJ (RANI perceived advantages of this siting were:

VOL. 64 NO. I without provision of any trials data, was regarded "with 'holiday' from all performance extension programs and a great scepticism". 'get well' program was instigated. The TRIP program was Tartar in fact was experiencing serious performance to eventually form the basis of the Standard SM-IMR and serviceability problems. In February 1961. USS missile. CHARLES F. ADAMS completed the Tartar technical Although the RAN may not have been aware of the evaluation but failed the subsequent operational evaluation Tartar's problems, they were no doubt very much aware of in November of that year. In 1962 a sample of six Charles the sheer scale of the US Navy's missile program. Dr i 1 v F. Adams ships reported a Tartar serviceability of only Norman Friedman estimates that by 1962 the United States A J f———^ 30ft. Finally a 1963 draft Presidential Memorandum on investment, in 1962 dollars, was US$4.4 billion in ship and v 1 • y Reel Air Defence listed the single-shot capabilities of missile construction and another US$2 billion in associated Tartar as only 0.40. R&D. This, if for no other reason, should have been The reasons for these problems go back to Tartar's sufficient grounds to select Tartar over Seaslug. origin. Development of Tartar commenced in 1955 to meet an urgent USN requirement for a SAM suitable for Suggestion B. the helicopter equipped version Delta of the DDCis was The Decision very nearl> accepted into the RAN. Had it been then the RAN w»Hild destroyers and frigates. In May 1957 work began on an have retained an at sea helicopter capabilitv during the interval between improved Tartar, this was 15 months before the first Tartar On 29 June 1961 the Minister for Defence. Mr A. G. the earner MELBOURNE'S decommissioning and the arrival of the missile was even fired at China Lake test range. In 1959 the Seahawk. It is also very possible that the FFGs would have entered HMAS HOB ART entering Sydney Harbour She was commissioned in Townley. announced the selection of the Charles F. Adams USN approved a Tartar Reliability Improvement Program scrviec with a helicopter given DDCi use IW>S and paid off in 2000 .she did three tours off Vietnam During one class for the RAN's new SAGW destroyers. The details of or TRIP to increase Tartar's range. ot these tours she was the RAW first and onl) victim ol a missile strike the RAN variant of the Charles F. Adams class was still to Brooke class was based on: when a USN E-4 mistook her for a North Vietnamese vessel (RANI Although such a rapid development program was be finalised I^Jeed Cabinet gave the Minister of Defence • The larger outfit of Tartar missiles and additional outwardly impressive when combined with the other 'T' • The forging of closer defence lies with Australia's discretion to amend the order to include major channel of fire of the Charles F. Adams; missiles. Terrier and Talos. not to mention the future major ally: modifications to the design. This modification was known • The newer propulsion plant of the Brooke class and its Typhon. the overall picture was one of a myriad of • SAGW escorts communications benefits for the RAN. as Suggestion B and will be covered shortly. From use of diescl fuel posed both a technical risk and an expensive and complicated projects which could not Im- and examination of relevant files it is apparent that Navy Office additional logistic burden on the RAN. and properly managed. In 1962 Admiral Burke declared a • Financial off-sets for future procurements of US was preoccupied from at least December I960, on what • By the time the first RAN ship would enter service the weaponry. Charles F. Adams variant would be sought. Before the USS CHARLES F. ADAMS would have been in possible Charles F. Adams options the reasons for the commission for about five years and most of the Results of the Inspection Tour class's selection will he examined. inevitable teething problems would have been Following the public announcement of the Cabinet addressed. Admiral Burred'* inspection tour showed the decision the Minister of the Navy. Senator John Gorton, superiority of the Tartar missile over Scaslug. and the 5- stated "The main reason we bought from the United States inch/54 gun system over the 4.5-inch gun. The RAN Variants of the Charles F. Adams was that Britain has no guided missile destroyers of this subsequently approached the RN to incorporate the Tartar kind developed to this stage ". Design missile and 5-inch guns into the County design. The First Lord of (he Admiralty. Lord Jcllicoc. told the House of This comment was valid in two ways. Firstly, the One of the most fascinating aspects of the DDG Lords "Unfortunately, the design effort required of the Charles F. Adams were destined to enter service two years acquisition is the different Charles F. Adams variants Admiralty would have caused an unacceptable delay of two and two months ahead of HMS DEVONSHIRE, and considered. Dr Wallace in his thesis outlined five proposed or three years in the development of the Royal Navy second, the missile technology of the Tartar system was variants of the Charles F. Adams design: projects ". superior. The reason given in the accompanying press • Version Alpha was the DDG-20 variant with the single reports was that the Charles F. Adams class possessed the The British, contender for the RAN SAGW ship arm Mk-13 Tartar launchcr and bow mounted sonar. range and air-conditioning suitable for Pacific operations. therefore was to be the standard Scaslug County. • Version Bravo was Version Alpha with Ikara replacing The range of the Counties in service was in fact to be ASROC. greater than the Charles F. Adams. The elimination of the The Missile Comparison • Version Charlie was Version Alpha with Ikara replacing ASROC and the inclusion of the AN/SOS-35 variable The relative effectiveness of Tartar and Scaslug was of depth sonar. central importance to the destroyer selection process. With the benefit of hindsight it can be seen that the RAN made • Version Delta, a more ambitious version, incorporated the right decision. Seaslug was succeeded by a Mark II the following: (I). Ikara instead of ASROC: (2). version which received only limited modernisation AN/SQS-35 VDS; and (3). Removal of the aft 5-inch throughout its operational life. The increasingly scarce gun mount and provision of a flight deck and single or British research and development (R&D) resources were twin hangar for a Wessex helicopter. The-Tartar diverted to the succeeding Seadart system which entered launchcr would be rcsited in place of the aft 5-inch gun. service in 1973. Tartar on the other hand received This version also included something that would have substantial improvements before being superseded by the heartened any DDG sailor - stabilisers. Standard SM-IMR missile which importantly was • Version Echo was the most ambitious version which compatible with the Tartar launchcr. incorporated the systems of Version Delta but involved

The RAN's selection of the Tartar missile was by HMAS HOBART flanked by snow at the hulders wharf in Bay City the removal of one engine and one funnel. This present standards based on incomplete if not sketchy Michigan. The DDGs were not only the first US designed and built redesign which would have allowed more extensive information. The Australian Naval Attache in Washington ships for the RAN but also the first to be built 182 metres above sea HMAS HOBART firing her two 5-inch guns in anger on the gun line in helicopter handling and stowage arrangements. Recent was furnished with a hit probability ol 85ft for a single level and the first to be launched sideways. They also started their South Vietnam. It was reported that troops ashore welcomed HOBART's examination of Navy Office files has shed more fight careers in fresh water (RAN via Dr Tome Frame! missile. Within some quarters of the RAN this figure. accurate fire support. (RANl on these proposals.

X VOt.. 64 NO. I THE NAVY VOL 64 NO. i ' The Fitting of Ikara Admiral Burrell's reasons for recommending against Introduced modem long-range radars essential for The DDGs ended ihe post-war practice of building Suggestion B were anti-air warfare. This considerably increased the destroyers in Australia. In so doing this introduced a The RAN was naturally keen lo fit Ikara in place of • The "strategic situation hud worsened ". capabilities of organic air-defence provided by boom or bust cycle into Australian shipbuilding; ASROC not only in terms of selecting the indigenous • This situation made it necessary lo retain ihe second HMAS MELBOURNE; The DDG increased the number of overseas weapon system but also because of its potential all-round 5-inch gun: and • Increased ihe operational efficiency of the systems in the RAN; • The inevitable construction delays with Suggestion B superiority This was potential because Ikara in I960 was RAN by the exposure it) USN exercise and From the time of the DDGs commissioning Australia still under development and did not go to sea until HMAS were unacceptable training facilities, tactics and procedures. Il did not produce another naval weapons system, despite STUART commissioned in 1963 This created a dilemma The strategic situation mentioned was. according lo should be noted here lhat the RAN did not Ikara's success; and for the RAN and a cut-off dale of 22 May 1961. was set for Wallace, ihe Confrontation crisis with Indonesia. Ai the adopi USN practices wholesale but The DDGs introduced a second (albeit superior) logistic the concept of Ikara to be proved. If a decision on Ikara time of ihe DDG decision Ihe Soviet Navy was training an rather modified (hose appropriate lo support system which added considerably to Reel could not be made then ASfUX" would then have been Indonesian crew to man the Sverdlov class cruiser IRIAN suil Ihe RAN's British derived operating costs. selected for the DDGs. This ship arrived in Indonesia in October 1962. lo join a organisation; Navy that included five Skory class destroyers. While the validity of Burrell's recommendation is not questioned, it • Introduced a myriad of modern is interesting to consider the important implications the communications. damage selection of Suggestion B would have had. Some of the control, gunnery and ASW effects would have been: equipment; and • The RAN would not have beer, deprived of anti- • Introduced the concept of a submarine helicopters at sea from the loss of the modern computer-based MELBOURNE in I9H2 until the introduction of the logistic support system to the Scahawk helicopter; RAN. • The RAN's anlt -submarine capability would have been Oilier effects of the DDGs lurthcr enhanced by the introduction of a modem on ihe RAN aic slightly variable depth sonar in the form of ihe SOS tv ami less tangible As has been • The RAN FFG-7 class ships would have most lik. lv the Indian experience been modified in construction lo operate tin- saim- with the introduction of helicopter as the DDG and would not have sjvni up i«» Soviet ships into a one third of their operational lives without an anlt British originated Reel, submarine helicopter there developed in. Ihe The effect on ilie RAN's operational capability The incorporation of Ikara into ihe Charles F. Adams's RAN almost two would have been nothing short of piolonml Navies. On one side design received considerable attention in both Australia The announcement that the DDGs would be were ihe DDGs and ihe USA. At one stage H was planned to III lk.it.1 down constructed outside Australia was adversely received by known as ihe alt because 11 was feared thai ihe eventual position between The Third DDG some sections of the Australian community and. of course, "lupivrwarc ships" the funnels would not provide sufficient maga/inc sp;ice the trade unions. Senator Gorton defended the decision by On 22 January 1963. il was announced that a third ; with their crews and top margins. pointing to the construction period of over nine years for ! DDG would be built. The purchase ol a third ship allowed conversant not only one of the Daring class destroyers and estimated that I for tine DDG to be always lullv o|viaiional ami also wjvs |;J m I iSN pi 1 vet lures hut construction of a DDG in Australia would lake over ten another step towards the goal of 50'* of escorts being filled • also the considerable Suggestion B years. with a medium range SAGW In order to meet the 50'V jargon needed to crew a The helicopter cqtup|vd Version I Vila, was ihe popular figure it was planned lhai HMAS VOl \< il l< would be I I S built ship Oil Ihe oilier In I960 Australia was faced with the requirement to choice of Navy Office right up lo ihe 29 June 1901 I lus lilted with Tartar. Following her tragic loss, among the side was ihe iest ol die Reet rebuild the RAN to operate in the missile age with scarce I version had actually two variants: Suggestion A which had options were a fourth Charles F. Adams or a Brooke clas • 01 the steel ihips". Il would be fiscal resources. The situation which faced Senator Gorton , a twin hangar and Suggestion B which had only a single The eventual replacement were two additional River class uiong to overemphasise this and his naval staff can be compared with that faced by the I hangar. In March 1961. Cabinet approved Suggestion B if frigates (Swan and Torrensi with IIMS DUCHESS as an split, but it was evident. The RAN today. The acquisition of the ihree DDGs was I interim replacement A fourth DIXI was subsequently ] it was structurally feasible. It was accepted lhai VDS might division disappeared slowly with achieved through a combination of high-level sought in 1965 lo boost escort numbers with ihe projected | have to be excluded. A Navy Office study was initiated to crew changes and personnel consultations, personal connections, and a pervading sense J ascertain the feasibility of Wessex operations off the return of HMAS DUCHESS in lX. but this propo »al w as acceptance of ihe DDG as a vital of urgency. The small band of senior officers involved in I Charles F. Adams. rejected bv cabinet. element of the Fleet. the project, supported by Senator Gorton, relied on their The final selection of Version Bravo was effectively professional judgment supplemented by "a feeling in the I settled on 29 June 1961. On lhai day Admiral Burrell wrole The Impact of the DDGs water" where the former fell short. The well-intentioned la minute to the Minister of the Navy Senator Gorton. hindcrances of large project offices, exhaustive evaluations • which recommcnucd that ihe Bravo Version be accepted The impact of the DIXis on the RAN has been The DDGs - Negative Aspects and the committee system, were but a feature of future • rather than Suggestion B. Before examining Burrell's considerable and is a large subject in itself. Relevant lo Although the DDGs have been extremely successful construction programs. Irationale it is relevant to quote pari of the Defence their impact was the change of fortunes of the Fleet Air I ships in service there have been a number of longer (this ankle was l"ir»i published as a chapter in 1991 book. Reffectiaaa on 9 Minister's statement on purchasing the new destroyers. Arm. The Sea Venom fighters were retained in sen ice until term penalties incurred with their acquisition. This is a the RAN' by TR tnune. J.V.P Goldnck A P.O. Jones ) •The Charles F. Adams "can fiuanl against air attacks. is 1967 when they were replaced by ihe Skyhawk fighter. In largely unexplored area of academic research and ev idence I equipped with the latest dev ices for detecting and operational terms the Charles F Atlams class ships: is largely circumstantial. I or thai reason this article will CAPTION. Greyhounds of the sc*. no longer. From L to R HMA Ship* 1 troying , and is equally ejfee live in surface • Provided ihe Reel with a viable defence against jet I only flag the following points worthy of luiure exploration: MOHART. PERTH and BRISBANE Iengagements and shore bombardment". aircraft and ihe first generation of anti-ship missiles; The Creswell Oration

By CDRE Jim Dickson, AM, MBE, RAN (Rtd)

On Friday 10 September 2001, 100 guests of the Navy League's Victorian Division heard CDRE Jim Dickson AM, MBK RAN (Rtd) give the inaugural Australian Navy Foundation Day address, herein known as 'The Creswell Oration'. CDRE Dickson's speech to the audience told of how the Australian Navy is actually 100-years-old and that its birth was not when the term 'Royal' was added to the name.

The sea was a lifeline for the nation a century ago. the there were those here who wanted Australia to develop an maritime environment far better known and undcrst(x>d independent stance. In British eyes Australian branches of than it is today and the Navy, its guardian and protector, the Royal Naval Reserve should be formed. Recruits to the appreciated, respected and supported in a way it is hard for permanent force would do their new entry training in Australians of today to realise. The sea was the key to HMS PSYCHE and their advanced training in HMS international power and influence. CHALLENGER before being drafted to ships of the Commonwealth Naval Forces. The Commonwealth Defence Act 1903. came into operation on I March 1904. and Australian Commonwealth Naval Forces were administered by the Commonwealth collectively. The various Naval Brigades were disbanded and a Commonwealth Naval Forces Militia, forerunner of the RANR. was born. A 1905 Act allowed the establishment of an Australian Naval Board of Administration with Captain W. R. Creswell as Director. It had central command and control of the 12 ageing Australian naval force vessels. Captain Creswell proposed a local squadron of three 3.000 ton cruiser/destroyers. 16 destroyers and 13 torpedo boats within five years, plus the manufacture of the necessary munitions in Australia. Some politicians of vision, notably Alfred Deakin and Andrew Fisher, supported Creswell in his desire to The Banlecruiser HMAS AUSTRALIA in Sydney Harbour for the first time. Many believe that the conferring of the title 'Royal' to the Australian Navy was establish a naval force independent of the Royal Navy, able actually its birth date. However, this view of history is changing. to safeguard (he Commonwealth's interests in its own C DRE Jim Dickson. AM. RAN (Rid) gave the Navy League's inaugural right. Others were happy to leave the responsibility to the At the time of Federation. . Secondly, the Australian Navy aped its parent Creswell Oration.' Royal Navy and see the Commonwealth's meagre was Na\al Commandant of Queensland yet as early as unbelievably for the first-half of last century - well into the economic resources used for the development of matters 1899 he had gone on record advocating the centralising of 1950s. It is only when one grows up and realises the Notwithstanding the paucity of men-o-war. the Navy other than defence. It is interesting to note that New South the States Naval Brigades under a national authority. He opportunities missed that one reflects on how idiotic it all was the primary instrument of defence, a fact recognised Wales, which had always enjoyed protection from the grew in influence and gave frequent voice to his opinions was. by populace and politicians (how times have changed). Royal Navy, was very happy to continue to rely on the in the early years of Federation. One can only look back Thirdly, by the last-quarter of the 20th century there So. what did Australia have by way of maritime mother Navy. with awe and amazement that one man could survive for 14 defence assets in 1901? Not much. New South Wales had In 1907. Creswell submitted revised proposals for a was a need to take every opportunity to gather publicity years the innumerable changes of political masters and the two decrepit second-class torpedo boats. Victoria had the flotilla of nine first class torpedo boats and six submarines wherever one could. This was one factor which led to the bureaucratic in-fighting which must have attended the CERBERUS and five torpedo boats. had but could not get the Australian Government to agree concept of the fleet review in Sydney Harbour in 1986. nation's early years as the competing factions jostled for a the cruiser PROTECTOR and one torpedo boat. although Prime Minister Deakin put aside sufficient funds billed and put before the public as the 75th Anniversary for Queensland had two gun boats, one torpedo boat and a share of the meagre resources available. When he retired in to build the boats if and when parliament finally agreed. the RAN. picket boat. From the earliest days of settlement Britain In 1908. Andrew Fisher replaced Alfred Deakin as 1919. after eight years as the Royal Australian Navy's first This belief that the Australian Navy's history began in accepted responsibility for safeguarding the nation's (and Prime Minister and ordered the first two destroyers built in chief of Naval Staff, he had set the Navy on a very firm 1911. as well as being inaccurate and misleading, is in my British) interests. The Colonies viewed this with different England. CNS PARRAMATTA and YARRA. which course. Photos and images of Rear Admiral Creswell perspectives and some States, particularly Victoria, made view an insult to those who laid the foundations of the arrived in Australia in 1910. In the following year His portray him as severe and autocratic, but Australia owes a provision for their own maritime forces to cope with Majesty King George V consented to naval forces of service from 1901 through 1910 and fought the great deal to this man who has been seriously 'under- localised contingencies. Canada and Australia having the prefix Royal. bureaucratic battles which enabled the service to play the celebrated' by the service to which he gave so much. On I March 1901. the Australian Commonwealth rhat Australia moved with increased momentum from significant part it did in . which broke out so It can hardly be regarded as surprising if Australians do Defence Act was passed, transferring the several colonial 1911 onwards proved very fortuitous - but it in no way soon thereafter. naval forces and establishments to the Commonwealth. justifies the fact that the years of frustrating endeavour not generally know that their Navy is KM)-years-old in Of the Navy's effort in that conflict. Billy Hughes, the It was not long before differences in attitude began to between 1901 and 1911 have been virtually banished from 2001. For the service has been less than vigorous in emerge between the Federal Parliament and Great Britain the nation's naval history. making this fact known and I think it is likely that many of then Prime Minister, said that "but for the Navy, the great over the direction naval affairs should take. Alfred Deakin and Andrew Fisher. Prime Ministers those, interested in such matters, see this year as its 90th cities of Australia would have been reduced to niins. My interpretation from readings of the history of this several times in the first decade of the Commonwealth, birthday. How and why has this come about? I suggest coastwise shipping sunk and communications with the period is that Britain was keen to retain control and was were both very strong advocates of the development of an there are several reasons. outside world cut off." happy as long as Australia developed a Navy which was a independent national defence capability (i.e. what we now First, the silent service syndrome was a very real factor (a full version of this speech is available from the NLA microcosm of the RN. whereas even in these early days. call self-reliance). in days gone by. Web page: www.netspace.net.aul-navyleag).

12 VOL 64 NO I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I 13 Flash Traffic Office. An Alliance General Manager will be ultimately responsible to an Penguin ASM rolled OTAMA to call OTAMA. with a North Alliance Board for the day-to-day Queensland Aboriginal name meaning operation of the Alliance. out for RAN Hastings home dolphin, is the last of the famous "O' JpStD The Alliance is designed to boats that served the Royal Australian deliver responsive change to the The firs! operational Penguin Mk 2 The decommissioned RAN Navy for more than 30 years. ANZAC Class as directed by the Mod 7 Anti-Ship Missiles acquired Oberon class Submarine. OTAMA. is RAN. and to consistently achieve for the RAN under Project Sea 1414 to be gifted to the town of Hastings. better than business as usual results. have been delivered to the RAN al a Speaking from Hastings, the former New amphibious Tenix and Saab were selected to enter ceremony at Defence Establishment Parliamentary Secretary to the "Hi the Alliance through their ongoing The first-of-class F-124 frigate. SACHSEN. Orchard Hills, NSW. Minister for Defence. Dr Nelson, watercraft for Army commitment to the ANZAC Ship on sea trials. The new air warfare frigate recognised the 'passionate The Penguin Missile will be fitted Newcastle shipbuilder ADI build project and their current activity employs the newly developed long-range radar Two line drawing views of ADI's successful SMART-L and APAR radar and is a likely to the RAN's Super Seasprite enthusiasm' of the Western Port Limited has been selected as the under the respective Platform and watercraft vessel for the RAN. The four contender for the RAN's SEA 4000 project. helicopters, and will act as a Oberon Association, which had been preferred tenderer to build six vehicles depicted are the Army's Bushranger Combat System In-Service Support significant offensive weapon for the supported by a detailed three-volume Amphibious Watercraft for the armoured vehicle, also made by ADI (ADI) Contracts. Around 250 men are on board submission. The Association will pay ANZAC class of ships. Australian Army. Individual projects will be including the yard's crew, $50,000 for the submarine. Delivery of the missiles is The acquisition and set up cost of developed under separate Project representatives of the acceptance expected to be completed by Although Hastings was the only the project is approximately $30 Alliance Agreements having the same commission and 53 sailors of the first million dollars. The through life Greece frigate September 2003. bidder for this remarkable piece of basic terms and conditions as the crew of the SACHSEN who are support costs will be an additional Australian naval history, it was transfer deal Master Alliance Agreement. Initial familiarising themselves w ith the ship $15 million dollars (approx). The subjected to rigorous examination by tasks, which will be managed by the in the course of the trials. project will create 40 jobs in the completed a panel within Defence, headed by Alliance, include the Underwater and With a displacement of 5.600 Newcastle area. Commodore Denis Mole, a former Greece has taken over a fifth Surface Warfighting Upgrade Project tonnes, the largest combat vessel of The Watercraft are lightweight, Captain of OTAMA. Kortenaer-class frigate from the (USWUP). communications projects the Federal German Navy. SACHSEN but extremely strong, vessels "I can think of no finer place for it under US$38m and other platform and combat has attracted much interest from both powered by two diesel engines and to be displayed for the education and agreement signed in Athens in June of system tasks directed by the RAN. German and foreign Navies. waterjet propulsion. enjoyment of future generations of last year. Once approved, the Alliance will also They will be carried on the decks Australians" he said. The transfer of the ship, the manage the ANZAC Ship Anti-Ship 14 of the RAN's transport ships HMAS former HrMs PIETER FLORISZ (F- Missile Defence (ASMD) upgrades "In this centenary of federation MANOORA and KANIMBLA. USS COLE afloat 826). includes a training and spare foreshadowed in the Defence 2000 year, it is appropriate that $500,000 of The Watercraft will provide the parts package (incorporating at least White Paper. again Defence federation funds be Australian Army with an important * Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 Anti-Ship Missile one spare Rolls-Royce Tyne gas committed to this project as a means new capacity to move tanks, vehicles, The USS COLE (DDG-67) has The Penguin missile will fill a void in the turbine engine). It brings the total of been re-launched at the Northrop lamiIN of RAN weapon systems, particular!) of preserving Australia's finest soldiers and supplies to a beach in a Kortenaer-class frigates operated by Grumman Corporation's Pascagoula in the tough littoral environment, not seen submarine heritage in a community significantly shorter time than can F-124 SACHSEN the Hellenic Navy (HN> to seven (two shipyard in the US. since the loss ol the fixed wing Reel Air Arm that has worked so hard to acquire it", presently be achieved. (Mark Schweikem vessels were procured new back in at Sea The USS COLE, crippled in a said Dr Nelson. ADI tendered its own design of an 1980-81). terrorist attack in the Port of Aden. Commander Australian Naval Dr Nelson said that S500.(XX) will aluminium Watercraft which was a After the successful testing of The ex-Netherlands ship, to be Yemen, on Oct. 12. 2000. returned to Aviation Group. Commodore Keith be granted to the Western Port Oberon clear winner, with its very large navigation systems off Helgoland, carrying capacity and shallow renamed HS BOUBOULINA. is to her construction shipyard on the deck Eames CSC. said the Navy was Association to assist it with the the first-of-class F-124 frigate. draught. arrive in Greece by the end of this of the Norwegian heavy lift ship looking forward to having the considerable costs of towing OTAMA SACHSEN. continues her yard trials Defence and ADI will now enter year. BLUE MARLIN in December 2000 capability provided by the Penguin from HMAS STERLING in Western into contract negotiations to finalise in the Skagcrrak. (see THE NAVY Vol 61 No.4). It was Mk 2 Mod 7 Missile. Australia and moving it onto its the contract. The yard trial comprises an moved onto land in January into a "It will be effective and potent waterfront land-based display. The first Amphibious Watercraft ANZAC Class in- extensive programme with a main construction bay near where it was across all the areas of RAN originally built. Mr Max Bry ant. President of the will enter service in early 2003. locus on the marine equipment. In operations The fact that we can target Western Port Oberon Association, service enhancements addition, first tests of the command Capt. Philip N. Johnson. USN. the missile, and "fire and forget", as received from Dr Nelson OTAMA's supervisor of Shipbuilding. formalised and weapons control system are being the jargon goes, from a range in Bell and Clinometer as the first Pascagoula. said that work to date carried out. excess of 30 kms makes it extremely symbolic handing over. The The Australian Government. aboard the USS COLE has consisted valuable and desirable to our aircrew. submarine will be the centrepiece Tenix Defence Systems and Saab Besides the propulsion plant, most of more than 550 tons of steel "Weapons with the degree of of a Naval Memorial Park. Systems have signed the ANZAC of the other marine systems have been structural repairs to replace the Ship Alliance Contract to provide for sophistication in the Penguin, able to "Securing OTAMA has given successfully tested. During the testing damaged area's exterior plating. He in-service enhancements to the added that the re-launching of COLE be launched from a low speed launch Hastings the centrepiece for a world of the command and weapons control ANZAC Class. Ten Anzac Class represents completion of all structural vehicle such as a helicopter, with the class tourist attraction", said Mr system - using Tornado fighters and frigates have been ordered, eight for repairs and restoration. range and hitting power that this Bryant. "It will not only ensure the helicopters of the Federal German Australia and two for New Zealand. missile has. are few and far between. memory of HMAS OTAMA will Navy - the newly developed long- Other completed work includes Under a Master Alliance the replacement of damaged and "Coupled with performance that is be preserved but will create range radar SMART-L reliably Agreement the three participants will unserviceable equipment. and optimised for a countermeasure-rich significant employment and business detected numerous air targets within a form a joint Alliance Management removal. evaluation and re- littoral environment, it is clear that opportunities in the Hastings area in Newcastle shipbuilder ADI Limited has been radius of 400 km and the newly selected as the preferred tenderer to build si* Team which will be eventually certification of critical systems such the RAN has acquired an outstanding addition to increasing tourism on the Amphibious Watcrvraft for the Australian collocated in Western Australia v/ith developed APAR radar produced as shafting and propellers. The repair new capability". Mornington Peninsula". Army. (ADII the ANZAC Ship System Project excellent results as well. process is moving along as scheduled. 12 VOL 64 NO I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I Sovremenny-class destroyers from Dutch destroyer Royal Malaysian Russia to supplement the two existing ships. DE RUYTER Navy orders Beijing signed a contract in decommissioned Sea Skua September 1996 for two Sovremenny destroyers, the first of which was The Royal Netherlands Navy Matra BAe Dynamics (MBDA) delivered in February 2000 and the (RNLN) decommissioned its flagship has been awarded a contract by the second a year later. These were HrMs DE RUYTER (F 806) on 3 government of Malaysia to supply the unfinished hulls originally laid down October 2001. The ceremony marked Sea Skua anti-ship missile system. at the North Yard in St Petersburg in the end of active service for the The missile systems will be the late 1980s, and some sources two distinctive-looking 4.500-tonne introduced into service on the Royal Tromp-class guided missile frigates Malaysian Navy's six Agusta suggest that deleted Russian units of The Ukraine Slava class cruiser UKRAINA. the class may have been cannibalised (HrMs TROMP and DE RUYTER). on sea trials dunng the mid 90s. Westland Super Lynx helicopters to be deployed from the Lekiu class for some equipment. which were affectionately called the unable to find the remaining US$28 frigates, recently delivered to the Talks involving a second batch of Kojak class* because of the million required lo finish Royal Malaysian Navy by BAE two Sovremennys for the Chinese characteristic radome that covered The repaired and re floated USS COLE Her reiu m to service, particularly in the Middle Hast, will construction. Systems. serve as a demonstration of US pride and resolve against terrorism. (USN) People's Liberation Army/Navy the massive 3D 'Broomstick' air Laid down in 1983 for the Sea Skua is an advanced all- (PLAN) became known two years surveillance radars designed by Following the re-launch, work likely to be very expensive at a time then Soviet Navy. UKRAINA (ex- weather day/night sea-skimming anti- ago (see THE NAVY Vol 62 No.3). Signaal (now Thales Naval will he completed on component when Taiwan is suffering from a ADMIRAL LOBOV) is the fourth ship missile system currently in These have yet to produce any result, Nederland) in the early 1970s. system assemblies, alignment of serious financial downturn. This has Project 1164 Slava-class cruiser to be service with the RN and a number of although negotiations over the first TROMP (which was paid off last machinery, energising, testing and prompted criticism of costly military built at the 61 Kommuna yard. Of its other navies throughout the world, contract were protracted. year). DE RUYTER and two alignment of all systems, and procurements among some three sister ships. MOSKVA (ex- including Bra/.il. Germany. Kuwait. Sources familiar with Russia's Kortenaer-class frigates will be completion of logistics and supply legislators. SLAVA) is flagship of the Russian South Korea and Turkey. shipbuilding industry say the delay replaced by four 6.000-tonne LCF- support outfitting. USS COLE will The Minister of National Defence Black Sea Fleet. MARSHAL With its semi-active radar then be turned over to the crew for reflects technical problems rather type air defence and command is also faced with considering where USTINOV serves with the Northern homing capability. Sea Skua has training and re-certification. than any disagreement over cost, frigates named DE ZEVEN to berth the ships, which are far Fleet. and VARYAG (ex- demonstrated a very high hit COLE is expected to return for financing or weapons fit. Moscow is PROVINClEN. TROMP. DE bigger than other vessels in the CHERVONA UKRAINA) with the probability, reliability and low life- unable to build new vessels of this RUYTER and EVERTSEN. The first duty at her homeport and with the Taiwanese fleet. Taipei announced in cycle costs in operational service with type, and China is hesitating to obtain of these is now on sea trials and is due Pacific Fleet. fleet by April 21)02. April 01 plans to expand Tsoying the Royal Navy. second-hand ships. to be commissioned in March 2002. Although launched in 1990. Naval Base to accommodate large Lightweight and easy to use. UKRAINA's fitting out has been destroyers although the ports at Suao. Russia built 17 Sovremenny-class A buyer for the two Dutch air helicopter-launched Sea Skua, protracted as a result of disputes over Taiwan announces Makung and Keelung already have destroyers for its own use. including defence ships is still being sought. together with Super Lynx, provides a the division of the former Soviet this capacity. 14 of the Type 956 model and three of highly credible capability for the order for Kidd-class Black Sea Fleet between Russia and The Minister of National Defence the Type 956A model. Seven remain Royal Malaysian Navy's new frigates The Republic of China (Taiwan) sees the Kidd as a counter to operational, including the three Ukraine, and latterly by Ukraine's and is proven to be ideally suited to has formally announced its intention mainland Chinese threats of a naval Type 956A. and 10 have been inability to fund the vessel's operations in both open oceans and to accept the four US Kidd-class blockade or an amphibious invasion decommissioned or are non- completion (the ship was in fact littoral waters. The Super Lynx can guided-missile destroyers (DDG) Taiwan is also pushing the USA operational. One other hull sits transferred to Russia in 1995 but then carry a number of these missiles and offered by the US. lor the right to build the eight diesel unfinished. The first Type 956 taken back by Ukraine in early 1999). can fire them either individually or The decision still requires submarines the US Department of destroyer was commissioned in l°80 Shipyard managers at 61 Kommuna rapidly in a ripple salvo. ratification by the legislative Defense promised to deliver, and the first Type 956A in 1993. but insist the ship will not be sold. Chief The launch helicopter radar China's preference is for a newer Taiwanese Yuan, but it is unlikely the according to the Taipei Times designer Mykhaylo Zhelo said that detects, tracks and illuminates the design. decision will be reversed. The DDGs newspaper. the Ukrainian Government had target and the aircrew need only However, many within the are likely to be delivered within three made a commitment to UKRAINA's select the target and the terminal sea- years once the procurement process defence industry in Taiwan h'ive skimming altitude. Thereafter the The Dutch decommissioned flagship HrMs completion, and that talk of the ship has been completed, with funding strong reservations that state-run DE RUYTER. A buyer for HrMs DE being sold was just rumours. missile automatically locks on to the fitting the 2003 budget. China Shipbuilding Corp (CSBC) has First Super Hornet RUYTER and her sister TROMP. both air selected target and requires no further However. the mayor of Minister of National Defence Wu the capability to build a highly defence ships, is still being sought. aircrew intervention after launch. The delivered Mykolayiv. Volodymyr Chayka. who Shih-wen said the Kidd was evaluated complex platform. Besides the USA. system combines highly accurate recently returned from a visit to from the viewpoints of national no other country has agreed to Boeing has delivered its first full- guidance with devastating terminal combat strategy - including the provide diesel submarines to Taiwan. rate production F/A-I8E/F Super Russia eyes Ukraine Moscow, claimed that the Russian effects. Government was seriously "offshore engagement" policy, threats Hornet to the US Navy. It is the first cruiser from mainland China, logistical considering the purchase of the to be equipped with the Joint Helmet- demand and efficiency. Their China's extra Russia is reported to be looking UKRAINA. Chayka added that the Mounted Cueing System, which Seawolf missile to be acquisition partially responds to the to buy the Project 1164 cruiser cruiser's role as a major blue water Sovremennys in allows aircrew to visually guide updated threatened cross-Strait military UKRAINA. currently lying combatant is not consistent with jeopardy weapons and sensors. The system imbalance, which some analysts unfinished at the 61 Kommuna the 'regional containment and The RN will spend approximately predict after 2005. Training also enables users to track and attack Problems are threatening China's shipyard in Mykolayiv. Ukraine. The peacekeeping' role for which £600 million (US$850m) on requirements for 339 personnel per targets more quickly. proposed acquisition of two additional ship is 95<* complete, but the Ukraine's forces are being geared. enhancements to the Vertical Launch ship, plus maintenance costs, are Ukrainian Ministry of Defence is Seawolf point-defence missile THE NAVY VOL 64 NO. I THE NAVY VOL 64 NO I 17 systems aboard its Type 23 frigates available to the coalition by Canada will also send four other to meet our Nation's maritime the Department of Defense, including urder a series of interrelated efforts. deploying overseas the following warships in addition to HMCS requirements well into the 21st the Quadrennial Defense Review. These include the mid-life update military forces: HALIFAX, currently operating with century. The DD(X) programme will (MLU) contract awarded last year, the HV NATO. This will be an East Coast be the technology driver for the purchase of additional (Block II) Task Group consisting of one frigate, surface fleet of the future". US approves Harpoon rounds and updates to the associated one destroyer and one replenishment "With the approval of this Block II to UAE shipboard systems. \ ship including air detachments. strategy, the Navy has defined iLs surface combatant roadmap for the The US Department ol' Defense The Mk4 Seawolf Enhanced HHHj -\~flj HMCS HALIFAX is being future in a manner which ensures has approved the sale of 12 Boeing Low-Level () dual-mode withdrawn from NATO standing all maritime missions can be RGM-84L Harpoon Block II anti-ship (radar/infrared) fuze is due to enter HMAS KANIMBLA a lew weeks before her force Atlantic and ordered to the accomplished. Through DD(X). we missiles (see THE NAVYVbl 63 No.4) service this year. The MLU includes departure for the Middle East. Her rile is yet Persian Gulf. In addition. Canada will to be defined. (Brian Morrison. Warships & are taking a significant step toward to the United Arab Emirates lUAh). improvements to the tracker radar contribute two C-I30 Hercules Marine Corps Museum Inn providing improved combat The deal, worth about US$40 million, processing and the addition of aircraft, two aurora surveillance Sea King helicopters and their crews. The RAAF has also deployed two P-3C capability for our Sailors and would be conducted under the DoD's an electro-optical (EO) tracking aircraft and one airbus. The total Orion to the War on Terror. What their role Marines." said Navy Secretary HMAS SYDNEY is already on Canadian contribution will be approx Foreign Military Sales programme. channel, both of which are intended will he in what is shaping up as a land war is patrol in the Persian Gulf to enforce Gordon England. The missiles will equip the UAH's to enhance performance against unknown. 2(XX) personnel. UN sanctions against Iraq. Chief of Naval Operations ADM two Kortenaer-class frigates. ABU low-level targets. Alenia Marconi • Two RAAF Orions. HMAS KANIMBLA and Vern Clark said the DD(X) DHABI and AL-RM1RAT Systems is integrating the EO • Australian special forces ADELAIDE, are also in theatre programme reflects an awareness that channel, using sensors supplied by detachment in conjunction with US Navy drops somewhere in the Indian Ocean. effectively defeating future threats, SAGEM. coalition force commanders. while accomplishing naval missions, At the time of printing the identity DD-21, announces India to lease Block II missiles, due for service • Two RAAF 707 air-to-air will require a range of naval of the third frigate and her departure entry in 2004-05. will have refuellers. new programme capabilities and different surface 'Backfire' date were yet to be finalised. essentially the same performance as "In addition we will continue to The US Navy will issue a revised platforms. The Prime Minister. Mr Howard The Indian Navy (IN) is to lease Block I rounds with the dual-mode maintain the presence of one guided Request for Proposal (RFP) for the "One size fits all will not work on announced the RAN's Middle East four Russian aircraft to counter fuze. Several obsolescent components missile frigate to support the Future Surface Combatant Program. the future battlefield." Clark said. commitments on October 17. neighbouring Pakistan's P-3C Orion are being replaced, however, and the Multinational Interception Force Formerly known as DD-21. the "We must continue to exploit the Around 1.550 ADF personnel in and Atlantique I maritime patrol missiles will be very much cheaper implementing UN Security Council programme will now be called robust R&D effort made on DD-21 total are involved. aircraft and to bolster its assets in the resolutions. 'DD(X)' to reflect the programme even as we focus our research Approximately 900 of them are Indian Ocean region. "It is possible that, after purpose more accurately, which is to and technology funding of other from the RAN. The Indian Government is also consultation, the tasks assigned to produce a family of advanced approaches such as the Littoral Mr Howard told the nation, "the HMAS SYDNEY may extend technology surface combatants, not a Combat Ship concept". negotiating with Russia to upgrade its Governments of Australia and the t beyond the current interdiction duties. single ship class. The DD(X) programme will eight Tu-I42M (Bear-F) maritime United States have consulted further The Prime Minister said that the The US Deputy Secretary of provide a baseline for spiral patrol aircraft by equipping them about our commitment to support development of the DD(X) and the four RAAF Hornets provided will Defense. Paul Wolfowitz. approved with anti-ship missiles, advanced the international coalition against the revised programme focus and future cruiser or 'CG(X)' with conduct air defence support for navigation equipment and an terrorism. reaffirmed the Department's support emphasis on common hullform and coalition forces based in the Indian electronic warfare system that would He continued. "Australian forces for the Future Surface Combatant technology development. The Navy Ocean. link each aircraft with the country's w ill operate under Australian national Program. will use the advanced technology and "These deployments, in addition proposed nuclear command centre. HMAS ADELAIDE is .me ol three R AN command and in support of the "President Bush has made networking capabilities from DD(X) frigates assigned to the war on terror to our current operations in East The Tu-I42s arc likely to be fitted coalition, and in operational (askings transformation of the Department of and CG(X) in the development of the Timor and elsewhere, will add to the with the Sea Dragon anti-ship warfare to manufacture. Component and will be placed under the operational Defense a high priority. Through Littoral Combat Ship with the operational tempo of the Australian system, anti-submarine missiles and subsystem miniaturisation will also control of the appropriate coalition DD(X). the Navy has charted a course objective being a survivable. capable Defence Force but I am satisfied, on the GOES 321 day/night pilot and provide the potential for substantial commander for agreed tasks. to transformation that will provide near-land platform to deal with manoeuvrability improvements and the advice of the Chief of the Defence threats of the 21 st century. The intent observation system. The contract is "I wish to confirm that the capability across the full spectrum of new payloads. Force, that the deployments are naval warfare. The Navy's strategy is to innovatively combine the estimated to be worth US$500 Government has decided to make within the capability of the ADF supports assured access to littoral transformational technologies million. without jeopardising the capabilities regions and also develops the developed in the DD(X) programme Defence Minister George required for other tasks." Mr Howard with the many ongoing R&D efforts ADF joins War On capability to defeat the air and missile Fernandes said India might soon said. involving mission focused surface defence threats the nation's naval finalise the purchase of the 44,500- Terror forces will face in the future". ships to produce a state-of-the-art tonne Soviet-built aircraft carrier Three RAN frigates, one LPA and surface combatant to defeat adversary US Under Secretary of Defense ADMIRAL GORSHKOV. being assigned flights of Scahawk and Sea Canada contributes to for Acquisition. Technology and attempts to deny access for US forces. offered for the price of its refit King helicopters are just part of the Logistics. Pete Aldridgc. said that The revision of the programme is War on Terror estimated at around US$740 million. ADF's contribution to the War on "the new programme focus and new based on the Navy's continued careful India had signed an agreement for the Terror as a result of the vicious attack As part of Canada's contribution. RFP would enable the Navy to fully examination of DD-21 as it reached on the US in September of last year. Maritime Forces Pacific has been leverage the great work already done the source selection milestone this carrier during Russian President Vladimir Putin's visit in 2000 but Surprisingly, the RAN is by far tasked to provide HMCS by the two industry teams, continue past spring. At that time, the Navy the largest contributor of personnel VANCOUVER with an air risk mitigation measures and permit delayed the down-select decision bureaucratic delays and price The RAAF has deployed two B-707 aerial and equipment to the war with three detachment from 443 Sqn to join a appropriate spiral development of between the two competing DD-21 negotiations delayed the final refuelling tankers and four F/A-18 Hornets. technology and engineering to teams in order to take advantage of warships and LPA plus Scahawk and None howeser. will he joining the front line Battlegroup. agreement (Jane's Defence Weekly battle. (RAAFi support a range of future surface ships ongoing reviews being conducted in 11 October. 2000).

IX VOL 64 NO. I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I 19 Following the meeting of the • HMS NATAL. An armoured • HMS PRINCE OF WALES. Center on September II. 2001. The Inter-governmental Commission for cruiser which blew up in Cromarty , sunk by Japanese aircraft US Navy did. The crew of the aircraft carrier CARL VINSON wrote her Military-Technical Co-operation, the Harbour with the loss of 421 officers off Malaysia on 10 December 1941. name on a laser-guided bomb before ministers said the two countries had and men. after a fire spread to a • HMS REPULSE. Battlecmiser, il scored a bull's-eye on an enemy agreed to jointly develop and build a magazine. sunk in company witn PRINCE OF target in Afghanistan. The ship's "multirole combat aircraft" but WALES. • HMS ROYAL OAK. A public affairs officer e-mailed the declined to give more details. "There battleship, sunk at anchor in Scapa father a note and a picture of the will be more attention to research and Row on 14 October 1939. by U-47 signed ordnance. development of miliar) equipment." Lockheed Martin with the loss of 833 lives. (From ihe Washington Times. Klebanov said. • HMS VANGUARD. A team gets JSF November 2. 2001. Pg. 10) Fernandes said Russia is India's battleship, she blew up on 9 July contract, F-35 to fly most reliable ally since il provided 1917. at Scapa Row. There were only A cut-away of the STOVI. version of the vital equipment during the 1999 newtv named F-35 HMS ROYAL OAK was sunk at anchor in three survivors from the 670 aboard. Lockheed Martin and its partners border war w ith Pakistan in Kashmir. Scapa Row on 14 October 1939 by U-47 with The cause of the blast was never Northrop Grumman and BAE In a further. contractual :hc loss of 833 lives. She Uxi is lo be protected ascertained. SYSTEMS have won the Multi announcement the Pentagon revealed from artefact hunters national JSF contract healing a rival • HMS SHEFFIELD. A Type 42 that Pratt & Whitney have been Protection for RN designated Protected Places. The team headed by Boeing. The engaged in a US$4 billion process to destroyer, hit by an Exocet missile on Ministry of Defence is now Pentagon announced that the team's develop the FI35 propulsion system sunken warships 4 May 1982. off the Falklands. twenty undertaking a rolling review of all X-35 would be the chosen design for for the JSF. A second contract is soon Dr Lewis Moonie MP. the UK losing their lives. The ship finally known British military wrecks, and the next stage of the JSF programme, to be signed for a separate team from Under Secretary of Stale for Defence, sank on 9 May 1982. designated as appropriate. designated System Development and General Electric and Rolls-Royce. announced on 9 Nov ember 2001. that • HMS COVENTRY. A Type 42 "To (Kama Bin Ivdrn with love Signed US The sixteen wrecks lo be Demonstration (SDD). in a contract The two teams will develop, in greater protection would be given to Navy "(USN) designated as Controlled Sites are: destroyer, sunk by bombs off Pebble worth US$19 billion. All told ihe competition, engines thai can be military wrecks and maritime graves, • HMS A7. One of the first class Island in the Falklands on 25 May programme is valued at around interchangeable for all JSF variants. following rising concern over of Royal Navy submarines, she failed 1982. Nineteen lives lost. USS225 billion. The first F-35 should The JSF represents the future of disturbance and trophy hunting by an to surface during a dive in Whitsand • HMS ANTELOPE. A Type 21 roll off the production line and into the manned lighter internationally. In irresponsible minority of divers. Bay on 16 January 1914. All II STENNIS CBG frigate, hit by bombs on 23 May service in 2(X)8. addition to the US/UK contribution. The Protection of Military aboard were lost. 1982. in San Carlos Water. Falklands. The programme will deliver a IX'nmark. Norway, the Netherlands. enroute to Operation Remains Act was passed in 1986. But • HMS AFFRAY. A submarine The bombs failed to explode on number of variants of the basic Canada and llalv are on board as co- Enduring Freedom its application to wrecks and sea lost to an unknown accident in 1951 impact, but one detonated whilst ariframe. These consist of a operative partners, with Singapore. graves has not previously been off the Isle of Wight, with all 75 crew. The USS JOHN C. STENNIS being defused. Two lives were lost. conventional take off and landing Turkey and Israel as foreign military enforced. Following extensive • HMS BULWARK. A aircraft carrier battle group has • HMS ARDENT. A Type 21 aircraft, a controlled take off and sales agents. consultation with both veterans' battleship, she blew up at anchor at deployed in support of Operation frigate, sunk after being hit by landing and a vertical/short take off associations and the diving Sheerness on 26 November 1914. Enduring Freedom. multiple bombs and rockets on 21 and landing variant. Customers community, some wrecks will be with the loss of 730. Faulty The US National Command May 1982. ofTthe Falklands. 22 lives include the USAF. USN USMC. RN US Navy Remembers designated Controlled Sites, with all ammunition is believed to have been Authority has accelerated the were lost. and RAF. The F-35 will replace F-16. diving prohibited without a specific responsible. A father wrote to the US Navy deployment, originally scheduled to A-10. F/A-18 (except the E/F model). licence, or Protected Places, where • HMS DASHER. An escort • A German U-boat. The asking them to remember his begin in January of 2(X)2. as part of AV-8B. Sea Harrier and the GR5/7 diving will be permitted but on a carrier, she was lost 27 March 1943. German Government has been invited daughter. Colleen Ann Mcehan efforts to manage long-term Harrier. strict "Do Not Touch" basis. after an accident caused a to nominate a U-boat sunk in British Barkow. who died in the World Trade participation of naval forces in the An initial sixteen wrecks, in catastrophic fuel explosion during waters to be classified as a Controlled global war on terrorism. The ability to waters under UK jurisdiction, will be operational training in the Clyde. 379 Site. deploy to points around the globe on designated Controlled Sites and five lost their lives. The five wrecks to be designated short notice highlights the inherent in International Waters will be • HMS EXMOUTH. A Protected Places are: flexibility of naval forces. The US destroyer, sunk by a U-boat in the • RFA SIR GALAHAD. A Navy has played a central role in Moray Firth on 21 January 1940. with Royal Reel Auxiliary landing ship, Enduring Freedom since the the loss of 189 lives. hit by air attack off Fitzroy in the operation began. Naval forces will • HMS FORMIDABLE. A Falklands on 8 June 1982. with the remain on station as long as their battleship, sunk off Devon with the loss of 50 lives. power projection capabilities are loss of 547 men. by a U-boat on required. • HMS GLOUCESTER. A 30 December 1914. cruiser sunk off Crete on 22 May The Stennis battle group • HMS H5. Sunk in collision on 1941 by dive-bombers with the loss deployment involves 10 ships and 6 March 1918. off Anglesey. Those of 736. submarines, over 80 tactical aircraft lost included a US naval officer. and approximately 8.500 Sailors and The Type 21 frigate HMS ARDENT sunk in • HMS HOOD. Batllecruiser. • HMS HAMPSHIRE. An Marines. San Carlos after being hit by multiple bombs famously destroyed in action against and rockets on 21 May 1982 oft the Falkland- armoured cruiser, sunk by mine 5 Ships and submarines in the battle BISMARCK and PRINZ EUGEN in 22 lives were lost Her current resting site will June 1916. off Scapa Row whilst group are: be given protection under the UK Military the Denmark Straits on 24 May 1941. taking Lord Kitchener to a meeting in USS JOHN C. STENNIS (CVN Remains Act of 1986. The application of the 1.418 lost, only three crew members Act to cover wrecks and sea graves has not Russia. He was among the 650 who 74). USS PORT ROYAL (CG 73). surviving. previimsly been enforced. were lost. Lockheed Manin lias won the JSF competition with its X-35 entrant now known as the F-35. (USAF) USS LAKE CHAMPLAIN (CG 57).

20 VOL 64 NO. I THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO I 21 USS DECATUR (DDG 73). USS "ANZAC's successful execution brief by the Chief of Navy. Vice ELLIOT

. USS duties and responsibilities, and the down to business with State COASTWATCH AND THE REFUGEES In the event the flexibility of Coastwatch and its links BRIDGE (AOE-6) superb combat readiness of the Presidents/representatives giving with the RAN enabled the Navy's larger ships - frigates In the light of the Howard government's re-election in It can he expected that the Royal Australian Navy". reports on their State's activities for and in particular the LPA MANOORA - to be despatched November it is unlikely the present surveillance/ deployed RAN units. HMAS Vice Admiral Moore. the past year. to northern waters to enforce the Government's new policy. interdiction arrangements - a senior RAN officer seconded KANIMBLA. SYDNEY and Commander United States 5th Fleet, The next day saw a number of Even so warships are not equipped to deal with large from Defence to co-ordinate operations under the ADELAIDE will work in said "I salute ANZAC's hard work, motions discussed. The League's numbers, including women and children, for lengthy- administrative umbrella i f the Customs Department - will conjunction with the STENNIS dedication, and selfless service. It Policy Statement (located at the end periods and uncertainty concerning a destination where the undergo major change in ihc foreseeable future: after all, CBG from time to time. has been an honour and a pleasure of every issue of THE NAVY> was boatpeople could be processed did not help those at sea. altered to recognise the need for the Howard government brought Coastwatch into being. It serving beside the professionals in At the time of writing the duration of the Navy's organic fleet air defence, capable may however, be better resourced a« a result of changes in HMAS ANZAC principle ships involvement in policing duties is not sea going patrol boats and Precision the Government's refugee policy, introduced prior to the ANZAC earns high "ANZAC's superb combat known, at least not to the Australian public: there can be no Guided Munitions. A further motion election. readiness and outstanding doubt howevet. that together with the decision to send praise saw League support for the A policy of denying access to the Australian mainland performance exemplified the several RAN ships to the Middle East following the acquisition of the Global Hawk to people fleeing their homelands for whatever reason and Senior United States defence historic traditions of the Royal September 11 terrorist attacks on New York and UAV for maritime surveillance approaching the country in small vessels was introduced in officials have given HMAS Australian Navy". Washington, a considerable logistical strain was imposed tasks. The NSW Division also August 2001: prior to this decision so-called "boat people" ANZAC the highest praise for her on the Royal Australian Navy. The guided missile frigate tabled a motion to alter the were intercepted by RAN or Customs patrol boats and commitment and professionalism HMAS SYDNEY has already League's constitution regarding escorted to Darwin or some other North Australian port during her time in the Gulf since replaced ANZAC in the Gulf and Branch' status. This was where they were landed and despatched to centres where SAILORS IN DISGUISE July 01. commenced operations enforcing unresolved and is the subject of a their claims for residence in Australia were processed. One of the regrettable consequences of terrorist attacks in General Franks. Commander in sanctions against Iraq. special meeting in Sydney on 4 The new policy required intercepting vessels to send the United States was an instruction to ADF personnel not Chief. United States Central February 2002 (see page 2 this incoming refugee carrying craft, fishing boats and the like, to wear uniforms in public. A similar instruction was in Command, said "ANZAC is edition for details). back whence they came: this was often not possible due to force for a short time during the Gulf War. uniquely versatile and well-versed Navy League Meets THE NAVY's manager. Mr Otto either the unseaworthiness of the craft or the refusal of So far as the writer recalls, at no stage during World in all facets of hoardings. Her On Friday 16 November 2001. Albert, reported that the maga/ine their crews to obey orders to 'turn around'. Some sank or War II were Australian servicemen and women stopped performance contributed directly the Navy league's State and Federal was going from strength to strength were disabled. from wearing uniform - indeed it was considered and substantially to 268 sanctioned executives met in Canberra for the but expressed concern about this Obviously patrol boats with their small crews anJ something to be proud of and encouraged. boardings and record lows for oil League's Annual General Meeting. financial year's advertising revenue limited facilities were ill-equipped to provide boarding It is a sad commentary on the way div isions have been smuggling. The AGM started with an interesting declining sharply. parties or rescue and accommodate (in some cases) allowed to develop between differing cultures and hundreds of refugees from sinking vessels. Even the religions, between rich and poor countries, the haves and 44.000 dwt container ship TAMPA w ith a relatively small have-nots, to the extent that a country like Australia, once crew and restricted living facilities, was quite unsuitcd to considered relatively isolated and with an essentially cope for a prolonged perii»d with the several hundred cohesive population, must hide a section of the community people it had saved from when their vessel - the Armed Forces - to avoid provocation and possible started to sink. In the circumstances the Master and crew harm to members of an honourable profession. of TAMPA deserve high praise for their actions. "Globalisation" has not been entirely beneficial! r" BACK ISSUES THE NAVY

Do you have gaps in your collection of THE NAVY maga/ine? Or would you like some more copies of your favourite issues to send to shipmates? A limited number of back copies of THE NAVY arc available for most years from 1978 lo 2001. Prices vary and are as follows- Vp lo 1992 S3.75 Jan 93 - Jan 99 S4.85 April 99 - July IX) $5.95 Oct 00 - present S6.45 I Alt prices include GST. postage and handling. Cheques should be made payable to: ' The Navy League of Australia. To order or inquire about availability write lo: Back Issues THE NAVY Navy league of Australia GPO Box 1719 Sydney NSW 1043 HMAS ANZAC Mopping a vessel suspected ol canying oil from Iraq in contravention of UN sanctions. ANZAC has earned high praise from the US for her efTorts in the Persian Gulf. (RAN)

22 VOL 64 NO. I THE NAVY THF. NAVY VOL. 64 NO 1 23 The invasion of the Falkland Islands by Argentina in the spring of 1982 had provided a diversion into an expeditionary warfare. Il gave the Royal Marines a chance Maritime Contribution to Joint to spearhead a real land battle and. with the sinking of the BELGRANO. had proved British submarines were as lethal as ever. The attrition rate among British surface ships QperatmnsijitN slfrle was as severe as WW II. so it was just as well the conflict lasted only a few months. The Falklands War was a brief diversion that was soon forgotten and the Royal Navy returned to its standoff with the Russians. The UK's Navy took some consolation from the victory over Argentina, in thai il proved British sea power could still have global reach. But. it was the hammers of desperate East Berliners that changed everything. The large t'K fleet on its way to for the Anglo Omani Exercise Saif Sareea (Swift Sword I Missing from the 'group portrait' are two Within a few years of the Berlin wall being knocked frigates and two SSNs. This is the largest fleet to set sail from the UK down, the Warsaw Pact had gone and ihe Russian Navy 's since the Falklands War in 1982. (RN) submarines and warships were almosi all confined to port, rotting at their moorings through lack of money to properly prepared for operations." The tolal UK contribution was in maintain them or send them to sea. Suddenly the Royal excess of 4.000 men and women, including the crews of Navy's main mission looked ralher forlorn, with the RAF naval vessels and those flying and supporting RAF aircraft and Army similarly bereft of an opponent to justify their in theatre. Mr Ingram did not mention the Special Forces existence. Then, in August 1990. Iraq invaded Kuwait. contribution, as it is not UK Government policy to Some believed the subsequent victory in the Gulf, thai comment on their operations. However, the Armed Forces saw Saddam's troops booted out of Kuwait by an Minister did tell MPs: "The House will recognise thai Ihe American-led coalition, heralded the establishment of a deployment of our Armed Forces is a grave step. We do it New World Order. In reality it was the uncorking of the in the confident know ledge that by doing so we can depend bottle, letting an evil genie loose to spread a New World upon them to make a difference. Our Armed Forces are Disorder. Far-sighted senior officers in the Royal Navy- special and we are deservedly proud of them. We ask a lot recognised that the key to defence of the United Kingdom, from them and they will not lei us down." her best interests worldw ide and those of the international Before the Cold War ended a decade ago the primary community, had to be sea power and a new strategic focus of British naval forces was countering the threat concept was needed. How had the Gulf War demonstrated \ landing craft lands or. an Omani beach during the Angkt-Omam Exercise Sail Sareea (Swift Sword) and disgorges its load of Royal Marine Commandoes 1RN1 posed by Soviet submarines. The chilly waters of the thai? Firstly. Ihe arena of conflict was far from home Atlantic contained ihe key patrol zones and the Greenland- shores, in a region where, since Britain's withdrawal from Iceland-UK (GIUK) Gap was the funnel through which the As Ihe Royal Navy's Maritime Contribution to Joint Operations (MCJO) concept receives its baptism of fire in the east of Suez in ihe 1960s, there was no established UK Russian submarines had to flow. campaign against global terrorism, lain Ballantyne explains how it works, lain was able to witness MCJO first hand military presence. The only way lo transfer massive during the Anglo-Omani Exercise Saif Sareea (Swift Sword) and was in Arabia when the US Navy and Royal Navy To find, fix and (should the Cold War turn hot) kill armoured forces from Germany to Arabia was by sea and unleashed their first bombardments on targets in Afghanistan. Soviet submarines, the Royal Navy was centred on Anti- they also had to be sustained by maritime supply lines submarine Warfare (ASW) task groups led by Invincible stretching 4.000 miles back to . class aircraft carriers. The frigales of the fleet were tasked During the conflict, the Royal Navy played a Few. if any. Gulf region allies have fell able to allow unleashing Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles (TLAMs) at with finding ihe Russian threat using sophisticated sensors significant pan in destroying the small Iraqi Navy, cleared British and American aircraft to participate in direct targets in Afghanistan during the first wave of Anglo-US to snoop on communications traffic and powerful to coastal minefields under fire and saved an American military action against Afghanistan by flying from their strikes on October 7. Six days later both submarines fired pinpoint submarines in the depths. Helicopters carried by battleship by shooting down an enemy anti-ship missile. soil. Wiih no substantial facilities on land in ihe Gulf, for more cruise missiles at a rapidly diminishing list of suitable both the frigates and the carriers then fixed the enemy and. But. the British fleet could only watch in wonder as the either aircraft or ground irtx>ps to launch attacks from, targets. if the dreaded day ever came, killed them with their maritime power was the only option in the opening phase On October 26. 2001. the UK Government confirmed torpedoes and depth charges. Air defence, to ensure rov ing of ihe campaign. By a strange coincidence, the largest that a substantial portion of the naval task force sent to the Russian maritime could not get close enough deployment of British naval power since the Falklands War Arabian Sea would be staying behind after the conclusion to fire sea-skimming missiles at the ASW task groups, was was already headed for the Arabian Sea off Oman before of Saif Sareea in n.id-November. The full details of the provided by Type 42 air defence destroyers and small the September 11 attack on New York and Washington DC. British force being made available for action in numbers of Sea Harrier fighters based or the carriers. The main aim of such a large British naval deployment was Afghanistan were given by Armed Forces Minister. Adam Operating solo beyond the task groups were the lo prove thai MCJO could work in a demanding Ingram, in a House of Commons statement. He explained nuclear-powered attack submarines - the hunter-killers - operational environment - thai is. somewhere that British that 200 Royal Marines from 40 Commando would be pursuing a hidden war that is to this day still cloaked in forces might well have to go to war for real. Of course based on the assault ship HMS FEARLESS. Mr Ingram secrecy. Far from hitting land targets as they do today, the when planning tor Ihe deployment started in 1997. no one said that the carrier HMS ILLUSTRIOUS would also stay. attack boats concentrated on remaining unseen and could have imagined kamika/e airliner attacks sparking a She would land her Harrier jets to take aboard Commando unheard. They tracked Russian submarines and surface major w ar several hundred kilometres north of Oman. As it Helicopter Force helicopters and RAF Chinooks suitable ships, ready to destroy them, if necessary, before was. Saif Sareea took place without any disruption. The for flying missions into Afghanistan. One of the TLAM- disappearing into the blackness again. No one in the Royal Royal Navy's Royal Marines and armed submarines would remain in the region, ready to fire Navy's surface task groups knew where their own boats the 's 4th Armoured Brigade conducted desert again if need be. Also in the naval force would be the were, the submarine community being an operational law war games alongside Omani troops and tanks while British destroyer HMS SOUTHAMPTON and frigate HMS unto itself. jets and aircraft from the host country flew support CORNWALL, together with seven Royal Reel Auxiliary During the Cold War. the Royal Navy's sea soldiers. - missions. support ships. Mr Ingram described the 40 Commando the Royal Marines - were charged with securing marines as "the lead elements of an immediately available The most significant aspect of the exercise was of frozen northern flank, spending their winters learning to force to help support operations." He went on: "The course the deployment of around 30 British warships to live and fight in the wastelands of Arctic Norway. The remainder of 40 Commando - in Ihe region of 400 men - waters off Oman. This enabled the UK lo switch from Royal Navy's life was therefore fixed: iLs horizons reduced will return to (he United Kingdom, but will be held at a mock combat lo the real thing fairly easily. to the north Atlantic and Norway. high readiness to return to the Theatre should our HMS ILLUSTRIOUS in the Arabian Sea. ILLUSTRIOUS has had her Two submarines originally scheduled to participate in Meanwhile the Army and Ihe operational needs make thai necessary. This arrangement Sea Dan launcher and fire control .adars removed to allow more deck Saif Sareea - the attack boats HMS TRAFALGAR and concentrated on countering Ihe main threat posed by the parking for aircraft and stores, equipment and ordnance for the RAF will also permit us to rotate companies aboard ship and so HMS SUPERB - were diverted to active operations. Russians and their allies - massive Warsaw Pact armoured GR-7 detachment that now usually embarks The modifications allow the guarantee the whole Commando remains fresh and fully Trafalgar joined sister vessel HMS TRIUMPH in forces concentrated in central Europe. ship to •tperaie up lo 16 Hamers of different varieties, (lain Ballantyne) 22 24 VOL 64 NO. I THE NAVY THF. NAVY VOL. 64 NO 1 breakfast could consist of a bar of chocolate - early morning was the only time when it was solid enough to eai - oatmeal biscuits, plus a healthy helping of boil-in-the- bag burgers and beans or meatballs and pasta. Between midday and 3pm. the work rate slowed down even for super fit Royal Marines and they generally took a siesta. Heal exhaustion and sunstroke was the main enemy no matter what time of day or night, as after sunset rarely dipped below 30 degrees. The brigade's commanding officer. Brigadier Roger Lane, observed that it was all worthwhile: "You have to do this for real - you cannot use a simulator." In the early stages of the exercise the Brigadier was hedging his bets about whether or not his A Royal Marine Sea King Commando helicopter passes HMS troops might be diverted to action in Afghanistan. When ILLUSTRIOUS in the Arabian Sea On her deck are three Sea Kmc asked about the chances of them going he said: "The helicopters and five RAF GR-7 and si* RN FA-2 Harriets exercise will proceed, and conclude, as planned." Brigadier (lain Ballantync) Lane did agree that the Royal Marines have experienced Arm Sea Harrier FA-2 fighters on a regular basis. The GR- their fair share of terrorism - Northern Ireland in particular 7s arc highly capable ground-attack aircraft proved in - but that the attacks on America were beyond anyone's action during the Kosovo campaign, while the FA-2s have experience. "We have been in the counter-terrorism game been equipped w ith new radar and new air-to-air missiles for many years and have seen some horrific incidents." that make them formidable fighters. To accommodate the said Brigadier Lane. "But. of course, none of us has ever new joint air groups, the three Invincible class carriers - seen anything of the scale and audacity of the attack that INVINCIBLE. ILLUSTRIOUS and ARK ROYAL - have was inflicted on the USA." been rebuilt. ARK ROYAL is the latest to undergo the The brigade's Commando Helicopter Force (CHF) was conversion and is just re-entering service with the front line deployed ashore to Camp Fairburn's airstrip, which had licet. She will carry the first operational Merlin squadron. been specially created for the exercise by Army engineers, The carrier rebuilds have included nearly 200 tonnes of it was predominantly occupied by the Sea King MK-4s of new steel being put into the ships along with revamped 845 and 846 Naval Air Squadron (NAS) and the Gazelle command and control facilities and improved AH-Is and Lynx AH-7s of 847 NAS. The CHF aircraft Two RAF GR-7 ground Mack tamers coming into land on Kurd HMS ILLUSTRIOUS f«w the Anglo Omani Exercise Sail Sareea (Swift Sword). Saif accommodation for the crews. The most important change arrived in the Middle East aboard HMS OCEAN, which Sareea (Swift Stkord) successfully tested the RVs concept of maritime support to joint operations i lain Ballantync) has been the removal of the carriers' Sea Dart air-defence was also home to two RAF Chinooks that were frequent systems to make room for dedicated munitions spaces and visitors to the airstrip. The extreme operating conditions United States Navy unleashed its huge firepower. engineering stores for embarked RAF Harriers. This has really took their toll on the helicopters, w ith an average of Submarines and surface warships fired swarms of cruise also enabled an expansion in the flight-deck area to better 15 hours of maintenance needed for each hour of flying. missiles and strike jets were launched from massive accommodate up lo 16 GR-7s and FA-2s. The number of The dust of the Omani desert got everyw here - attracted to aircraft carriers. Similarly. American amphibious warfare Anti-Submarine Warfare helicopters embarked on the oil-covered parts like glue - and the rotor blades of the vessels poised off Kuwait - assault carriers and landing carriers has been reduced, although those carried by Royal helicopters had their edges covered in special tape let ships carry ing thousands of US Marines - also impressed Fleet Auxiliary support ships in any task group have been reduce wear and tear. the Royal Navy. A major reason Saddam's forces in Kuw ait bks have become a RAF's and RN's Harrier jets. The new Joint Force Harrier man each day lo ensure full fighting efficiency and the Harrier was conceived for operations in the more temperate familiar sight on the flight decks of Royal Navy (RN) operates RAF Harrier GR-7 strike jets alongside Fleet Air commandos were also surviving on rations. A 6am European climate."

VOL. 64 NO I THF NAVY THE NAVY vol. 64 NO I amphibious warfare units and nuclear submarines - Saif Sareea has been a great success. The attacks against America did make everyone in the task force sharpen up. Australia's Maritime But. the gathering of US Navy power in these waters has impinged on the exercise only with regard to American aircraft movements through the areas where we are operating with Omani forces." Doctrine Part 3 Together with sister ship HMS INTREPID, now retired from service. HMS FEARLESS was crucial to British In part 3 of our presentation of the RAN's new Maritime Doctrine we detail Chapter 5 on Maritime Strategic- victory in the Falklands War 20 years ago - today she could Concepts. The document was written by the Seapower Centre and is reproduced in THE NAVY, with the Centre's be vital to success in the war against terrorism. The approval, given its importance to readers of THE NAVY, Australians and to the Navy League in general. decision to use the 36-year-old assault ship as the launch platform for action against Afghanistan by British commando forces, gives the old lady an unexpected MCJO Chapter 5 Command of the Sea starring role in the twilight of her career. Only a year ago A modern analyst has noted that all these commentators HMS FEARLESS suffered a severe engine room fire that MARITIME STRATEGIC were interested in war and they were concerned with could easily had destroyed her. But luck, together with dominance. They were acutely conscious of the historical swift and efficient damage control, saved her. Returning to CONCEPTS advantages that lay with the utilisation of the sea to further Portsmouth Naval Base, she underwent major repairs and national power. One of the first products of their thought was returned lo service not long before leaving for Saif THE ORIGINS OF MARITIME was the concept of command of the sea, which was Sareea. "It was really coming down to the wire to gel her STRATEGIC THOUGHT out here." said her commanding officer. Captain Tom considered to be ihe principal objective of naval forces Cunningham. "It involved a lot of hard work by the ship's The development of strategic theory for maritime warfare operating in a maritime campaign. This is defined as the crew and Fleet Support Limited who carried out the was a phenomenon of the late nineteenth century. The possession of such a degree of superiority that one's own repairs." motivations of many of the early theorists are the subject of operations are unchallenged by the adversary, while the continuing scholarly debate. What is certain is thai they latter is incapable of utilising the sea lo any degree. were influenced by the land oriented works on the study of Command of the sea was theoretically achievable war by Carl van Clausewitz and Antoine Henri de Jomini through (he complete destruction or neutralisation of the (1779-1869) and that their efforts collectively produced a adversary's forces, but it was a concept that, however systematic approach to explaining and understanding the historically valid, became increasingly unrealistic when workings of maritime strategy. The most important early naval forces were being faced by a range of asymmetric actors in this process were Ihe British historian Sir John threats brought about by technological innovations such as Knox Laughlon (1830-1915) and ihe naval officer and the mine, the torpedo, the submarine and the aircraft. analyst Vice Admiral Philip Colomb (1831-1899). Their Furthermore, attempting to command the sea carried the At ihe conclusion of the Anglo-Omani Exercise Saif Sareea tSwift Sword) ILLUSTRIOUS. and several other ships, remained on station in work was considerably extended by Rear Admiral Alfred risk of dissipating resources by a failure to recognise that the Arabian Sea to join the war t»n lemwism For this n»le Thayer Mahan (1840-1914) of the United States Navy in the sea. unlike the land, was a dynamic medium and that ILLUSTRIOUS disembarked her air group lo a land base in order to take his seminal book The Influence of Sea Power upon History the value of maritime operations was in relation to the use on the role ol Roval Marine helicopter assault ship Here four Royal I660-I7HJ. which sought lo analyse the relative success of of the sea for movement and not for possession of the sea Marine Sea King Commando helicopters arrive on ILl.l STRIOl S to France and Britain in exploiting sea power during their itself. Julian Corbett. in particular, recognised these support Spec ial Forces missions inside Afghanistan

vot. 64 no t THE NAVY VOL 6* NO. I Navies which have proved themselves risk averse in their or later, that link is established and a terrestrial result increases in reach mean that naval and amphibious forces employment have not enjoyed any degree of success, either accomplished. Sea control, once achieved, establishes the have new utility in a wide range of situations. Both aspects at the tactical level or. most critically, in the operational environment for more direct efforts in relation to the land. are also closely tied into the development of much and strategic contributions they have been able to make. Maritime forces can shape, influence and control this improved battlespace management systems and the way in Unlike land warfare, there is at the tactical level no environment, as well as deliver combat force ashore if which seaborne units are increasingly able to 'view' and inherent adv antage for the defence over the offence in sea necessary. The delivery of force from the sea is defined as intervene in the land and land-air battles despite combat, although this relationship becomes more complex maritime power projection and can take the form of the intervening terrain. in the littoral environment. In maritime combat, it is landing of amphibious or special forces or the delivery of This new potential for seaborne forces needs to be axiomatic that defence exists to buy time for the offence to seaborne land forces, or bombardment by guided or balanced against the improvements in surveillance and perform and be effective. unguided weapons from seaborne platforms. Their covert anti-ship weapon systems which pose challenges for nature means that submarines can play an important part in surface units. The effective use of seaborne forces in a SEA LINES OF COMMUNICATION ihe projection of maritime power. In the Australian national threat environment will require a careful assessment of the context, attacks by organic aircraft will not normally be a Sea control w ill be an essential element, whether as object adversary and the balancing of offensive and defensive component of maritime power projection, but naval forces or precondition, of almost any conceivable campaign or capabilities. can be expected to act in close concert w ith air forces to operation which will be mounted by Australian forces, This means integrating not only the efforts of the ships project power. Australian forces may also operate in a whether acting unilaterally or in coalition. This themselves but the activities of intelligence, surveillance combined context with allied aircraft carrier forces. In requirement can be described as the protection of sea lines these ways, they can play an integral part of the air and airborne platforms in particular. of communication or SLOCs. In many circumstances, sea campaign, a part which may expand in the future with new The second development is the end of the Cold War and control will be pre-cxistcnt. but it is important that its technology seaborne weapons such as long-range land the collapse of the Soviet Navy as an effective blue water status not be uncritically assumed. attack cruise missiles. force. The result of the demise of the primary rival against Furthermore. SLOCs do not have a physical existence which the United States and NATO Navies were matched and their defence must be considered only in terms of the has been that the USN in particular, but also the major Submarines provide sea denial as well as a means of gathering ships which use them. Such protective processes, except in Navies of Western Europe, now operate in an environment intelligence They «e extremely useful but have limitations. regard to facilities such as ports and harbours and smaller in which they effectively enjoy maritime supremacy. This and more confined focal areas and choke points, are situation is one that has not applied since the late 1870s and Force in Being inherently dynamic, in contrast to the fixed defensive the Pax Britannica. It means that the USN is in a position methods which may apply to lines of communication on An important variation of the concept of sea denial is that to assume the existence of sea control as a given as part of land, such as roads and railways, and to air fields and of the force in being, a term derived from the historical its drive to achieving battlespace dominance to the extent bases. There are no lines on the sea. concept of the fleet in being. By avoiding a head-on that it is effectively in command of the sea. It can therefore confrontation with a larger force and preserving its Australia's sea communications have two important concentrate on projecting power from the sea with little maritime strength, the weaker power may limit the vulnerabilities. The first is that shipping moving to and need to divert resources towards the protection of maritime capabilities of the stronger power by forcing the latter to from our trading partners in East Asia must pass through communications. This on expeditionary divert its own forces to contain the force in being, or to many archipelagic choke points to reach its destinations. warfare has been the focus of a succession of the strategic The only alternative is to divert through much longer, time provide additional protection for its vulnerabilities. documents which began with From the Sea: Preparing the and fuel consuming deep ocean routes. The second is that Naval Sen ice for the list century in 1992 and in the United shipping in the Indian and Pacific Oceans can be identified States Navy's series of doctrinal publications, led by NDP SEA CONTROL AND THE SPECTRUM from some distance away as being bound only for Australia I: Naval Warfare (1994). Similar concepts, adapted and OF CONFLICT or New Zealand. modified for their circumstances, have been taken up by The ability to ensure sea control will be needed across HMAS ANZAC at sea. Although the class weaponry is limited for the the United Kingdom and are laid out in the latest (second) the complete spectrum of conflict. This is the key theme moment, planned upgrades will see the class becoming a vital part of the edition of BR 1806: British Maritime Doctrine (1999). RAN'S ability lo provide Australia with sea control. (RAN) enunciated by the most thoughtful of modern maritime These documents recognise strategic realities, but they are strategists. Much of their work has focused on the utility of Maritime power projection has utility in the degree lo realities which may well change at some point in the future Navies across the spectrum of conflict and their ideas are which force can be implied or '.hreaicned. as well as with the growth of other maritime powers whose interests explored further in Chapter Seven. asserted. It is thus a tool applicable across a range of are not those of the United States or the West. One of their judgements is that sea control may be contingencies and conflicts. Maritime power projection required in circumstances other than conflict between forces can be despatched at an early stage of a crisis to give THE AUSTRALIAN CONTEXT nation states. For example, sea control measures may well a clear signal of resolve and they can remain poised for prove necessary to prevent pirates from interfering with the long periods with the ability to react at short notice. The Australia's maritime strategic requirements are closely flow of merchant shipping. The forces required to exercise sophistication with which maritime power projection can tied up with the concepts of sea control and of sea denial. control of the sea are not easily prescribed, but it will be exercised gives great strategic advantage to those skilled Many of the ideas centred on 'defencc of the sea air gap' to generally take the application of high technology in its application. the north of Australia w hich were articulated in the mid- capabilities to be successful. What is certain is that the 1980s are based on denial of the maritime approaches to The Frcmantle class has utility over a very small section nature of the threat as much as the overall task defines the CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS any would-be aggressor. But. because Australia is an island forces which will be employed. In any event, sea control of the spectrum of conflict given its small size and limited armament, continent fundamentally dependent upon the sea for however, patrol boats do provide a wide range of capabilities to operations will be required whenever Australia's national AND CLASSICAL MARITIME STRATEGY communications and because it exists within a region freedom of action at sea is threatened. a Navy short of war. (RAN) Two key developments are having profound influences which as an entity is equally dependent upon the sea. it is control of the sea which more closely bears upon our Risk THE SEA THE LAND AND THE AIR on contemporary strategic concepts. It is important, however, particularly for smaller powers with unique national situation, whether the context is defensive or The essential difference for military planners between The steady blurring of the boundaries between requirements such as Australia, that the differing nature of offensive. control and command of the sea is that the achievement of environments and the accompanying drive towards the those developments be clearly understood, even if their For Australia, apart from the issues of cost and scale, control does not exclude outright the existence of risk. integration of all elements of combat power has led to the effects appear similar. the contemporary strategic context is even less clear than Despite the advances of technology, the maritime concept of battlespace dominance. The idea of the The first is the way in which technology is increasing the technological one. Our region includes a large number env ironment is one that favours the covert. The degree of battlespace incorporates both space and the electro- the ability of seaborne forces to influence events on land of nations with significant maritime and air capability and control needed must depend upon the level of risk magnetic spectrum. The attainment of sea control is the and in the air. This is not only concerned with the it would be extremely unwise to make the assumption that acceptable in the context of the task required to be done. At necessary maritime component of battlespace dominance. development of extended range projectiles, such as cruise the preconditions for sea control will exist whatever the times, that risk may be very high and there may be many missiles and guided munitions, which can be fired from strategic situation. Thus, while we may adopt and benefit assets lost or damaged in achieving an objective. Maritime Power Projection ships. It also has its origins in the prospects for passing from much of the work being done in the United States and This is an important point. Ships and aircraft must be A contemporary maritime strategist has summed up this over the slow and difficult terrain of the shore in Europe, it will be necessary for Australia to maintain in the regarded as tools for the operational commander that can reality: 'Navies fight at sea only for the strategic effect they amphibious operations by the use of hovercraft and tilt immediate future a greater focus on fundamental issues be risked and lost in battle. While ships and their crews can secure ashore, where people live'. Some of the rotor aircraft to deliver ground forces well inland in a battle such as sea control including control of the air-at the same cannot be wasted, preservation of material and personnel activities which take place in maritime conflict may be ready state. Given the other inherent advantages of time as we seek to increase our ability to directly influence must not become priorities that obscure strategic goals. only indirectly linked with effects on the shore but. sooner seaborne power, particularly its mobility in mass, these events on land.

30 vol.. 64 NO. I THF. NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I 31 PRODUCT REVIEW fall outside of the time frame of the story (World War II) Australian Navy Centenary and the location of the story (Australia). The book would be more effective if it dispensed with the post-war chapters Postmark - 2nd October 2001 The Fourth Ally: Dutch squadrons within the Royal Australian Air Force are and instead more thoroughly covered the wartime Commemorative Cover clearly the focus of Hurst's story. (The author is a former experiences of Dutch personnel resident in Australia. $10 for each cover + $1.50 postage and packaging for The Dutch forces in Australia in RAAF officer). Also included in the story are the sailors of The strengths of this book are several. First, the subject each order the Dutch shipping company KPM (Koninklijke is one that has yet to be covered adequately in English so WWII. Orders can be mailed to: Paketvaart-Maatschappij) who with other Allied merchant this book is a useful addition to the literature. Second, the "Commemorative Cover" By Doug Hurst mariners played a crucial role in the Allied victory. use of personal stories and pictures gives the book a Victoria Division Navy League of Australia Reviewed by Mark C. Jones The Fourth Ally is not an exhaustive study of the role flavour that is lacking in conventional military history Post Office Box 1303 privately published. ISBN 0-9579252-0-4. paperback. of Dutch forces in the Pacific theatre during World War II. writing. Third, the book is well illustrated with 71 black Box Hill Victoria 3128. The author acknowledges this, stating that he was and white photographs plus six maps and four other Cover designer will autograph each cover for adititional attempting to make known the story of Dutch Australians, illustrations. Fourth, the story is easy to follow and $1 per cover. not to write an official campaign history. This he does smoothly expressed, again something not always found in capably, interspersing anecdotes and pictures from Dutch books on military topics. Fax: 03 9H42 H9I5 servicemen with an explanation of the larger campaigns of The book also has several weaknesses. First, the book This is the only cover produced for the 1901-2001 the w ar. The selection of which personal stories to include overemphasises the role of the aviation units incorporated Centenary of the Australian Navy Ist March 1901 - 2001 seems to be determined by who the author had met among within the RAAF (such as 18 Squadron) and neglects some with 200 specially designed label stamps for the covers. the former Dutch servicemen. Instead of tracking down of the naval units, specifically the surface ships and Released unannounced by Australia Post at Williamstown one or more servicemen from each Dutch ship or squadron submarines based at Fremantle. Second, with just a few - birthplace of the Australian Commonwealth Navy on 2nd and then combining their stories, the author seems to have exceptions, the author does not indicate the source of October 2001. based his book on the stories of those former servicemen arguments about the direction of the war or statistics on This limited edition copyright First Day Cover (FDC) he knows in Australia. This process produced a somewhat forces involved. Third, the bibliography lacks many cover celebrates the Australian Navy's Centenary. Captain representative story but certainly not a comprehensive published sources that a reader can use to check the William Creswell as the "Father of the Navy" and treatment of the experiences of Dutch service personnel. author's account or read further on the subject. Those Williamstown as its birthplace. Among the approximately twenty men who shared their published sources that are included often lack a complete 200 copyright numbered covers were postmarked and a wartime experiences with Hurst are marines from the light citation. Fourth, some minor errors relating to naval forces limited number set aside for readers of "THE NAVY" to cruiser TROMP. an officer from the submarine K-15. slipped through the editing process such as claiming that acquire. These will be held until 71*1 February 2002 after numerous pilots and aircrew from the air service of the the TROMP could steam at 4() knots (p. 16). which they will be offered to the general public. Netherlands East Indies Army, and several men who fought referring to the ships of the U.S. Navy's 58th Destroyer in the army or marines in the post-war struggle against the Division as torpedo boats (p. 29). referring to the anti- Indonesian nationalists. aircraft cruiser HEEMSKERCK as a destroyer (p. 68). and Battleship There are two topics that come out in Hurst's treatment giving the name of the Royal Navy's Eastern Fleet Video Documentary by: The Discovery Channel of the topic lhat have not appeared to my knowledge in commander. Admiral Sir James Somerville. as Price: $24.20 + PP other English-language sources that address the Dutch Summerville (p. 122). Reviewed by John Robey armed forces during World War II. The first is ihe In summary. The Fourth Ally is an interesting, highly Available from: difference of attitude and experience of personnel who readable account of an aspect of World War II that has not Crusader Trading, were from the NEI as opposed to the Netherlands proper. been told before. For readers whose interest in naval 9 Townsville Street. Hurst indicates (p. 54) thai men from the NEI had a history is more general, this book will be a pleasant read. Fyshwick. ACT. 2611 different view on colonial social structures than European Dutch. NEI Dutch were also more likely to recognise thai pp. viii+ / 74. B& W photos and maps, index, bibliography. Dutch control over the islands was likely to change as a Available from: result of the war. The second is the issue of ethnicity in the Crusader Trading. Dutch armed forces (pp. 74-76). The units that escaped to 9 Townsville Street. Australia included Dutchmen from both Europe and the Fyshwick. ACT. 2611 NEI. men of mixed European and Indonesian origin, and Ph: (02) 6239-2.132. Fax: (02) 6239-2334 native Indonesians. Many of the Indonesian men w ished to e-mail: [email protected] return to the islands, seeing the war as lost, and some Or their website at: http://www.crusaderbooks.com.au Australian and American officials initially objected to Price: 530.00 including GST +PP these ethnically diverse units out of racial prejudice. The Doug Hurst tells the story of the Dutch contribution to the inclusion of these two issues is noteworthy and will appeal war in the Pacific theatre. Using the stories of former to any reader with an interest in military sociology. Dutch servicemen. Hurst weaves together the story of the Netherlands armed forces from the pre-war years of 1938- One topic covered by the book that seemed to fall 39 through the immediate post-war period of 1945-1948. outside the declared scope of the book is the post-war The author attempts to cover the entire range of the Dutch struggle by the Dutch to reassume control over the islands. contribution to the Allied cause but the emphasis is mostly While some of the Dutch aviation units needed to regain on aviation and naval units. Dutch land forces were control over the NEI were based in Australia and needed virtually non-existent in Australia because so few soldiers Australian logistical support, the majority of the Dutch had been evacuated from the NEI. While units of the Royal armed forces were in the islands and under British strategic Netherlands Navy are mentionc ' throughout the story, the direction. The experiences of Dutch men who served in the army or marines are certainly interesting but they appear to

32 VOL. 64 NO. I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I 33 limmMiMm Ph. (02) 6239-2332. Fax: (02) 62J9-2J34 disappointing but somewhat expected for US war Hatch, Match & Dispatch c-niail: info®cntsadcrhitoks.com.au documentaries of late. Or their website at: http://www.cnisaderhooks.com.au Notable historians interviewed for this documentary forefront of world class submarine technology. include Eric Grove. Jon Suminda. Paul Stilwcll and Andrew Hatch The video documentary 'Battleship' is one of the more Gordon who add immeasurably to the documentaries insights "There has been some controversy surrounding this interesting documentaries on this subject to date, and there NUSHIP RANKIN on these giants of the sea. Interviews were also held w ith Pearl project, but the problems have been overcome. have been a few. Produced by the Discovery Channel, this I Harbor survivors, former Captains of the low as and one of the "By 2007. we will have six fully operational submarines hour 38 minute documentary has some remarkable footage of three survivors of the H.MS HOOD disaster. Rankin files in once the combat systems have been replaced. over the past MX) years. Footage includes: the Last Collins Class tastes salt for the first time "This project is a testament to our capacity as a people to Iowa's performing in IX'scrt Storm: GRAF SPFF in the Battle The documentary takes one on an extraordinary journey With an explosion of champagne, the sixth and final of the River Plate': the RN attack on the French fleet, during inside a surviving "battleship. USS NORTH CAROLINA, meet challenges, and I congratulate you all." and after, in the North African port of Mer El Kabir during which has been preserved as a monument to battleship crews Collins Class submarine was launched on a sparkling future Guests retired to a reception in ASC's workshop after the WW II: the ubiquitous Pearl Harbor war footage: YAMATO and as a museum. The head curator of this floating battleship with the RAN. official launch, the Chief of Navy gave a toast to the new on her suicide mission, as well as supporting computer museum demonstrates how the giant 16-inch guns were able to The daughter of Robert "Oscar" Rankin after whom the submarine, and newly appointed Commanding Officer of generated imager). fire accurately via a crude analogue computer generating submarine is named. Ms Patricia Rankin, performed the RANKIN. LCDR Doug Theobald presented Ms Rankin with gunnery , how the crew loaded and fired the 16-inch One of the interesting stories from the documentary was launching ceremony at Osborne. South Australia, just three HMAS RANKIN s ships crest guns as well as w hat life was like aboard. the arrival of the USS NORTH CAROLINA in Pearl Harbor days before the federal election. By Anna Marsden (NAVY NEWS) Battleship is narrated by Hal Halbrtnik who played the on 11 July l«M2. NORTH CAROLINA was the first Battleship Ms Rankin travelled from Canada to represent her mother. villain in the Dirty Harry movie The Enforcer" and Fletch II to be produced by the US in over 18 years and was a great Mrs Molly McLean, from Queensland, who was unable to The documentary's narrative tends to lose its appeal towards morale boost to the I .(KK)'s of people working around the attend through ill health. the end of the video by the authors trying to 'over clock to get the sunken battleship fleet back into service. Great In front of a crowd of nearly 500 guests, she pushed a emotionalise' and personify the battleship. Some viewers cheers went up all over the harbour despite NORTH could also be left somewhat confused by the 'flexible' use of button to release the bottle of bubbly onto Rankin's fin. CAROLINA'S 16-inch guns not having seen action. past, present and future tense in the narratives text. It also The Australian Submarine Corporation (ASC) and Navy Some fascinating and rare footage shown in the focuses on US battleships more than it needs to making this had previously ensured that the bottle exploded with a shower documentary concerns the building of the lowas. This shows documentary rather long however, it still produces enough on of champagne by a quick spot weld on the structure and a the fitting out of one of the battleships in colour. others such as H(X)D. PRINCE OF WALES. BISMARCK judicious grinding of the bottle. The documentary's coverage of the battle of Savo Island, and DREADNOUGHT to be worthwhile. Because the submarines are. as Hans Ohff. CEO of the while brief, only covers US ships and not for instance the loss Australian Submarine Corporation, put it "too delicate a piece of the Australian Cruiser CANBERRA, which is a little Despite the criticisms this documentary is thoroughly recommended to add lo the collection. of machinery lo be launched at speed down the slipway", the Rankin was already bobbing gently in the water for the launch. Guests at the launch included federal, state and local politicians, senior Navy personnel including Chief of Navy. VADM David Shackleton. ASC senior personnel and corporation workers, a handful of veterans who had served Join The Navy League of Australia. with LCDR Robert "Oscar" Rankin aboard the sloop HMAS YARRA. and a crowd of cameramen and reporters. See centre section for how. Mr Ohff welcomed the audience to the ASC dockyard at Osborne and thanked the 7.5(H) wrrkers involved in building NUSHIP RANKIN is lowered into the sail waler for ihe first lime RANKIN the RANKIN. is the last Collins class submarine to he built tor the RAN. (RAN) Chairman of the Australian Submarine Corporation. Mr John Prescott. said the building of Australia's six Collins class Dispatch submarines was a project which ranked in size with the North West Shelf Gas Project, and the Snowy Mountains Scheme. HMAS BRISBANE He welcomed the federal government's decision to award (See beginning of edition) the contract for support and maintenance of the submarines to the South Australian yard, and said that ASC would seek to BRISBANE'S last message broaden and deepen the capabilities of the very fine boats it SUBJ: BRISBANE FINAL ENTRY had built. 1. ON ENTRY TO SYDNEY 09220Z OCT 01 "We're proud that these submarines have been named after BRISBANES FINAL SEATIME COMPLETES. people who showed real heroism." 2 FOUR BOILERS AVAILABLE. GUNS UP AND Premier of South Australia. Rob Kcrin said the Collins READY FOR FIRE IF NEEDED. STILL AIMING class of boats was remarkable for its stealth, and FOR HIGHER THINGS AND READY UNTIL THE endurance capabilities. END. He praised the mechanical, electrical and software 3. BIG WHEELS HAVE STOPPED TURNING PROUD engineering which had gone into the design and manufacture MARYS SPIRIT KEEPS ON BURNING of the submarines, and wished fair weather, fair seas and the END. The Australian Navy League, best ot good fortune to those who sailed in RANKIN. BRISBANE will live on at Ihe It was revealed at the launch that the Hong Kong Police, since 1900 it has remained who recently took delivery of the DDG's Bridge. Mk-13 the Malaysian and Thai navies had all placed orders with ASC missile launcher and a propeller. It is hoped they will go on recently after being impressed with the outcomes of the 'The Civilian Arm of the RAN\ display sometime in the next five years. submarine project. The outgoing Minister for Defence. Peter Reith, told guests that the Collins Class submarines would keep Australia at the

20VOL .6 4 NO. I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I 33 s I \ I I Ml \ I |'< >||< N

The strategic background to Australia's security has ensure that, in conjunction with the RAAF. this can changed in recent decades and in some respects become be achieved against any force which could be more uncertain. The League believes it is essential that deployed in our general area. Australia develops capability to defend itself, paying • Is concerned that the offensive and defensive particular attention to maritime defence. Australia is, of capability of the RAN has decreased markedly in geographical necessity, a maritime nation whose prosperity recent decades and that with the paying-off of the strength and safety depend to a great extent on the security DDGs. the Fleet will lack air defence and have a of the surrounding ocean and island areas, and on seaborne reduced capability for support of ground forces. trade. • Advocates the very early acquisition of the new- The Navy League: destroyers as foreshadowed in the Defence White • Believes Australia can he defended against attack Paper 2. by other than a super or major maritime power and • Advocates the acquisition of long-range precision that the prime requirement of our defence is an weapons to increase the present limited power evident ability lo control the sea and air space projection, support and deterrent capability of the around us and lo contribute to defending essential RAN. lines of sea and air communication to our allies. • Advocates the acquisition of the GLOBAL HAWK • Supports the ANZUS Treaty and the future unmanned surveillance aircraft primarily for reintegration of New Zealand as a full partner. offshore surveillance. • Urges a close relationship with the nearer ASEAN • Advocates the acquisition of sufficient Australian- countries. PNG and the Island States of the South Pacific. built afloat support ships to support two naval task • Advocates a defence capability which is forces with such ships having design flexibility and knowledge-based with a prime consideration given commonality of build. to intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. • Advocates the acquisition at an early date of • Advocates the acquisition of the most modern integrated air power in the fleet to ensure that ADF armaments and sensors to ensure that the ADF deployments can be fully defended and supported maintains some technological advantages over from the sea. forces in our general area. • Advocates that all Australian warships should be • Believes there must be a significant deterrent equipped with some form of defence against element in the (ADF) missiles. capable of powerful retaliation at considerable • Advocates lhat in any future submarine distances from Australia. construction program all forms of propulsion be • Believes the ADF must have the capability to examined with a view to selecting the most protect essential shipping at considerable distances advantageous operationally. from Australia, as well as in coastal waters. • Advocates the acquisition of an additional 2 or 3 • Supports the concept of a strong modern Air Force updated Collins class submarines. and highly mobile Army, capable of island and • Supports the maintenance and continuing jungle warfare as well as the defence of Northern development of the mine-countermeasures force Australia. and a modem hydrographic/occanographic • Supports the development of amphibious forces to capability. ensure the security of our offshore territories and to • Supports ihe maintenance of an enlarged, flexible enable assistance to be provided by sea as well as by patrol boat fleet capable of operating in severe sea air to friendly island states in our area. states. • Endorses the transfer of responsibility for the co- • Advocates the retention in a Reserve Reel of Naval ordination of Coastal Surveillance to the defence vessels of potential value in defence emergency. force and the development of the capability for • Supports the maintenance of a strong Naval patrol and surveillance of the ocean areas all around Reserve to help crew vessels and aircraft in reserve, the Australian coast and island territories, including or taken up for service, and for specialised tasks in the Southern Ocean. time of defence emergency. • Advocates measures to foster a build-up of Australian-owned shipping to ensure the carriage of • Supports the maintenance of a strong Australian essential cargoes in war. Navy Cadets organisation. • Advocates the development of a defence industry The League: supported by strong research and design Calls for a bipartisan political approach to national organisations capable of constructing all needed defence with a commitment to a steady long-term build-up types of warships and support vessels and of in our national defence capability including the required providing systems and sensor integration with industrial infrastructure. through-life support. While recognising current economic problems and As to the RAN. the League: budgetary constraints, believes that, given leadership by • Supports the concept of a Navy capable of effective successive governments. Australia can defend itself in the action off both East and West coasts simultaneously longer teim within acceptable financial, economic and and advocates a gradual build up of the Fleet to manpower parameters.

VOL 64 NO I THE NAVY HMAS ANZAC with HMAS SYDNEY astern SYDNEY i* currently operating in the Persian Gulf enforcing sanctions against Iraq after replacing ANZAC in the same role (RAN)

MEMBERSHIP JOINING THE LEAGUE Any person with an interest in maritime affairs, or who wishes to acquire an interest To become a Member of The League, simply complete the Application Form below, in, or knowledge of, maritime affairs and who wishes to support the objectives of the and post it. together with your first annual subscription of $24.20 (which includes the League, is invited to join four quarterly editions of The Nauy). to the Hon Secretary of the Division of the Navy League in the State in which you reside the address of which are as follows: OBJECTIVES NEW SOUTH WALES DIVISION: GPO BOX 1719, Sydney. NSW 1043. The principal objective of the Navy league of Australia is "The maintenance of the VICTORIAN DIVISION: PO Box 1303. Box Hill Delivery Centre. Vic 3128. maritime well-being of the Nation" by QUEENSLAND DIVISION: PO Box 13432. George Street Post Shop. Brisbane. Old 4003. SOUTH AUSTRALIAN DIVISION: GPO BOX 1529, Adelaide, SA 5001. • Keeping before the Australian people the fact that we are a maritime nation and TASMANIAN DIVISION: C/- 42 Amy Road, Launceston. Tas 7250. WEST AUSTRALIAN DIVISION: C/• 23 Lawlor Road. Attadale, WA 6156. that a strong Navy and a sound maritime industry are indispensable elements of our national well-being and vital to the freedom of Australia If you live in the Australian Capital Territory or the , please post the form to the Hon Secretary of the New South Wales or South Australian Division • Promoting defence self reliance by actively supporting manufacturing, shipping and respectively. transport industries Subscriptions are due on 1 July in each year, ana your membership will be current to 30 June immediately following the data on which you |oin the League, except that if your • Promoting, sponsoring and encouraging the interest of Australian youth in the sea first subscription is received during the period 1 April to 30 June in any year, your initial The Navy League of Australia and sea-services, and supporting practical sea-training measures membership will be extended to 30 June in the following year. • Co operating with other Navy Leagues and sponsoring the exchange of cadets for training purposes THE NAVY LEAGUE OF AUSTRALIA APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Application for Membership ACTIVITIES The Navy League of Australia works towards its objectives in a number of ways To: The Hon Secretary The Navy League of Australia • By including in its membership leading representatives of the many elements which form the maritime community Division HISTORICAL • Through soundly-based contributions by members to journals and newspapers, and Sir or Madam. The Nauy League was established in Australia in 1901, other media comment I wish to join the Navy League of Australia, the objectives of which I support, and I initially in the form of small branches of the United Kingdom enclose a remittance for $24.20 being mv first annual subscription to 30 June next. Nauy League (established in 1897) and since 1950 as an • By supporting the Austriaian Navy Cadets, and assisting in the provision of training autonomous national body headed by a Federal Council facilities. Name consisting of a Federal President and representatives of the (Mr) • By encouraging and supporting visits by recognised world figures such as former six States, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern (Mrs) United States Chiefs of Naval Operations and Britain's First Sea Lords Territory. (Ms) PL£AS£ PRINT CLEARLY • By publishing The Navy, a quarterly journal reporting on local and overseas (Rank) The Nauy League of Australia is now one of a number of maritime happenings, past, present and projected Street Suburb independent Nauy Leagues formed in countries of the free State Postcode world to influence public thinking on maritime matters and • By maintaining contact with serving naval personnel through activities arranged create interest in the sea. during visits to Australian ports of ships of the Royal Australian and Allied Navies Signature Date

Subscriptions are due on 1 July In each year and your membership will be currant to 30 June The Nauy League of Australia cordially inuites you to join us • By organising symposia, ship visits and various other functions of maritime interest throughout the year Immediately following the date on which you join the League, except that If your first in what we belieue to be an important national task. subscription Is received during the period 1 April to 30 June In soy year, your Initial membership will be extended to 30 June in the following year. Member participation is encouraged in ail these activities I 1 JOIN THE AUSTRALIAN NAVY CADETS If you are between the ages of 13 and 18 years: The Australian Navy Cadets provide for the spiritual. social and educational welfare of boys and girls arid help to develop them in character, a sense of patriotism, self-reliance, citizenship and discipline Uniforms are supplied free of charge Cadets are required to produce a certificate from their doctor to confirm they are capable of carrying out the normal duties ami activities of the Cadet Units If injured while on duty. Cadets are considered for payment of compensation Parades are normally held during a weekend day or on Fnday evening The interesting syllabus of training covers a wide sphere and includes seamanship, handling ol boats under sail and power, navigation, physical training, rifle shooting, signalling, splicing of ropes, general sporting activities and other varied subjects Instructional camps are arranged for Cadets and they are also given opportunities, whenever possible, to undertake training at sea in ships of the Royal Australian Navy Cadets, if considering a sea career, are given every assistance to join the Royal Australian Navy or Mercantile Marine, but there is no compulsion to join these Services For further information, pleaaa contact ttte Senior Officer In your Stata. using tha addreaaaa provided below: NEW SOUTH WALES: Cadat Liaison Office, HMAS Panguln. Middle HmO Road. Mot man NSW 2068 Taiaphona (02) 9960 0560 QUEENSLAND: Senior Officer ANC, Naval Support Office. Builmba Barracks. PO Box 549 Bullmba OLD 4171.Ta4ephone: (07) 3215 3512 WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Cadat Uslson Officer, HMAS Stirling. PO Box 226. Rockingham WA 6166 Tsiephooa (06) 9550 0466 SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Cadat Liaison Offlcar. Naval Support Offlcs. Ksswick Barracks, Anzsc Highway, Ksswick SA 5035 Tsiephons (06) 6305 6706. VICTORIA: Csdst Uslson Offlcsr. Nsvsl Bostsbsd. Nslson PIscs, Williamstown VIC 3016. T tie phone: (03) 9399 9926 TASMANIA Cadet Uslson Offlcsr, Nsvsl Support Offlcs. Anglasss Barracks. Locksd Bag 3. Hobsrl TAS 7001 Tslsphona (03) 6237 7240 AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY: Commanding Offlcsr. TS Csnbsrrs. HMAS Hsrmsn. Canberra ACT 2600 Tslsphona: (02) 6260 2762 NORTHERN TERRITORY Csdat Uslson Officer, HMAS Coonswsrrs. PMB 11. Wlnnelll* NT 0621. Tslephons (06) 8960 4446

THE NAVY All enquiries regarding the Navy Magazine, subscriptions and editorial matters should be sent to: The Hon. Secretary, NSW Dlvlolon NAVY LEAGUE OF AUSTRALIA GPO BOK 1719, Sydney NSW 1043 The RAN and Air Warfare Destroyers

APRIL -

Pacific 2002 Conference and Exhibition

Australia's Mariti • Doctrine -

ISSN 1352 1,331

& II OCOUW Thr r\-So\irl jirvrafl i-arrk-r VAKVAIi is mrvfull) manm-mrvd down Ihr Bosporus from Ihr Blark lo Iht \cxran Sea and then on lo China. Notrmhrr 21*11 Scr pact- 7 for drlails. iSrrhal CuhucI THE NAVY I lu N.i\ \ I i .11:111 1 >1 \tM 1 all.1 FEDERAL COUNCIL Patron in Cfckft His f-juxHenev The Governor General Volume 64 No. 2 Preadent: (inJam M Hans. RFD \V<-President* RADM AJ Robertson. AO. DSC. RAN (Rkll John Bud CORE HJ P Adan*. AM. RAN (Rtdl CART H.A. Josephs AM. RAN I Rtd I Hon. Secretary: Ray Cortxiy. PO Bin » » Ml Waveriey. U 31 49 (.vnttntf Idephivte: (03)9888 1977. Fax (U3)9XXX 1083 THE RAN AND AIR WARFARE NEW SOUTH WALES DIVISION Patron: Her Extrliency. The (iovvnxr al New SoMh Wales DESTROYERS Preside*: K () Alhen. AO. RFD. RD By John Jeremy & RADM Andrew Hon.Secretarv JCJJcppe?«n.OAM. RFD. (JPUBox 1719. Sythcy. NSW IIM3 Tdephinc: (02) 9112 2144. Fax: (02)9232 8383 Robertson AO. DSC. RAN (Rid) Page 3 VICTORIA DIVISION Pabxm: His ExueUcncv. The C «furor ol Vmru A SLOW VARYAG TO CHINA President: J M Wilkii*. RFD By Dr Roger Thornhill Page 7 Hon. Secretary: Ray GilL Pt) Box 1303. Box HlU. Vic 3128 Telephone: 1(019884 6117. Fax: (03) 98X4 44X2. AUSTRALIA'S MARITIME DOCTRINE Email: ipll IVn*iNirt umau MembenHp Secretary: 1(DR Txigail. PO Box I47X. Townsville. Qld 4X10. Rteular F((Hurts Telephone: (07) 4772 45XX Madtav: K Millw;«d. PO Box 5527. QU 4741 From the Crow's Nest Page 2 Tcfcphonc: (07)4912 2965. Bundaberg: I PO Box SMI. Huixi4x.iv Wsl Qkl 4670. From our Readers Page 2 Telephone: (07)4151 2210 Flash Traffic Page 10 Southpurt: IV Kit PO Box m. S.xk)vk«. Qld 4215 Tefcjixre: (07) 5532 2447 Observations Page 20 SOirrH At STRA1 JAN DIVISION Putnai: Her Exivllcn.y. The Govern* uf South Australia. Hatch. Match & Dispatch Page 21 President: Alan Ptvskctt. RFD. 15 Sleeps Hill Dnve. Panorama SA 5041 League Policy Statement Page 32 Hon. Secretary: Miss JE. (nil. GPO Box 1529. Adelaide. SA 5001. Telephone: ((Hi X272 5435 (H) TASMAN1AN DIVISION The opinions or assertions expressed in THE \AVY are (host of Patron: His Excellency. TV Govern* of Tasmania. Ihr authors and mil neccnarily those of the Federal Council of Ihe I "resident: Mr. J.M. Cooper. 42 Aim Rrnd. 1 .auiMMon. Tas 71V) Navy League of Australia. Ihe Kditor of THE NAVY. the RAN Telephone and Fax: (03)6344 1531. Hon. Secretary: Mr K Hunt ,V> StrJun Kiui I .auntctxi. Tas 7250 or Ihe Department of Defence. The Kditor welcomes correspondence, Telephone: (03)6344 119!. photographs and contributions and will assume thai by making Stale Branch*: submissions, contributors agree that all material may be used laancmon: Mr A t.anham.67 Hanlwxk Street Lanxdon Tas 7150 free of charge, edited and amended al Ihe Editor's discretion. Telephone: (03) 6344 3245. No pari of this publication may be reproduced without the ItvcrMone: Mr D. Cunningham. PO Box 93. t'heisamc.Tas. 7315 permission of the Editor. Telephixie: (03) MIS 2IM. Drvonpon: Mr P O'Leay. 11 Tasnui Place. Drvunpwt Tas 7310 Telephone: (03) M24 5064 Front cover: An RAN Seakawk attempting to land on an FFCi in rough Bumie: Mr G Dnvis. 40 Char. Street Bame. Tas 7320 weather (RANl Telephone: (03)M314103. WESTERN ACSTRALIAN DIVISION Patron: I lis Fjux-llcncv. The Governor of WBUH Australia. The .Van- PlwMmt: A H Hewitt JP All letters and contributions lo: Hon Secretary Mis G Hewitt 11 Lawta R.xxl. Anadale. WA 6156. The Office of The Editor Telephone: 108)93303600. Stall Branches: THE NAVY (ieratdKm: Mis C Jones. 24 Cunningham Street GeraMton. WA 6510 Navy League of Australia Telephone: (08)9921 5772 GPO Box 1719 Allan): D Bray. U« 46 Frcdrnck Street Gledhow. via Album. WA 63.30 Svdnev. NSW 1043 Telephone: <08)9MI 6542. E-mail to: [email protected] FEDERAL ADVISORY COUNCIL F. (ieuflicy Evans. OBE. VRD. Chairman All Subscription and Membership enquiries to: Neil Baud. Chairman Baml PuMkakns The Hon Secretary. Wm.Bolitho.AM Navy League of Australia. NSW Division Admiral Michael W. Hutkon. AC. RAN (Rid) GPO Box 1719. Via: Atlraral David Leait AC ("BE, LVO. RAN (Rtdl Svdnev. NSW. 1043 I .artiian Payne. CEO Australian Shipowner.' Aswiatan Vice Admiral Sir Richad Ptei. KBF. CB DSC. RAN (Rid) Advertising enquiries to: J<4m Strang. Chamron Strang tmemalional Pty Ltd The Office of The Editor THE NAVY Navy League of Australia Corporate Members GPO Box 1719 The Australian Shipowners' Assoeiation Sydnty. NSW 1043 Hawker De Haviland Limited Computer Science of Australia Pty Ltd Deadline for next edition 5 May, 2002 Strang International Pty Ltd

THE NAVY VOL 64 NO. 2 I !

I ROM III! ( Kim s M SI

NAVY CULTURE - NO NEED FOR their Ship's Company. If a 'bad apple' turns up the person soon becomes known and will be discharged sooner rather The CHANGE than later. ivip k From lime to lime i( is asscncd by assorted officials that the It should perhaps he remarked that one change in "culture" in tine or other of ihe Armed Forces needs lo he particular in modern Navies was the decision to send women changed. This usually happens when reports of some to sea in warships, this introduced a factor "old Navy" AlrWari misdemeanour by Service personnel appear in ihe media. personnel did not have to consider: It can however, be Assuming thai "culture", in the sense used, means moral assumed female personnel develop the same sense of pride discipline and training rather than artistic development, a and loyalty as iheir male counterparts. lengthy association wiih the Navy leads the wriler lo believe Pride and loyalty are features of generations of Ihe calls for change arc unwarranted Australians who have served the Navy and their country well. An overwhelming majority of sailors are and always have It seems to the writer a culture to be encouraged rather than been normal, healthy young people who. at sea. are attached changed. to Iheir ship and lake pride in ils competitive achievements. Geoffrey Evans Most Commanding Officers enjoy the respect and loyalty of

I ROM <)l K HI VDI RS

Dear Editor defence policy. Lets use these PR events to train I would like to comment on the "Observations - by Geoffrey our ADF members in how to win the PR war and not be Evans' on page 23 of Vol f>4 No.I. article about 'Sailors in scared by it Disguise'. Dealing with the PR war requires different sets of skills. Thankyou for having the guts to publicise this fact. I felt In the PR war. our people can no longer use lethal force to disgusted with Defence issuing this order. As a serving annihilate the enemy. The soldier who fights the PR war soldier of the Australian Regular Army - how shocked was I needs, restraint, control and PR training. One wrong move by HMAS HOBABT ai the entrance to Sydney Harbour on a particularly rough day. HOBART and her sisters PERTH and BRISBANE have now all retired when informed that I could not leave the barracks in uniform that Defence person, may sway public opinion more than any from RAN service. This is the first time since 1911 thai the RAN has been without a destroyer class. (RAN) or wear my uniform outside of the barracks in the terrorist attack ever could. Following on the demise of the Carrier force in the early 1980s, the further major reduction in the offensive and defensive performance of my duty. This similar order was also given to Lets seize the PR battle before it seizes us. capability of the RAN last year with the withdrawal from service of the three aged but still next most powerful units - all ADF members during the Gulf War. Name withheld at the Editor's discretion. the Guided Missile Destroyers (DDGs) - leaves the Navy seriously unbalanced and in need of urgent enhancement. This order was clouded with references to the safety of ADF members in Public. What a load of "Codswallop', this A close look at the state of the RAN. including its severe The world strategic situation is changing quite rapidly order was politically motivated to protect the Government's Sir, manpower problem, seems to be of national importance. and. as ever, it is not possible to sec far into the future and PR image and had little to do with safety of Defence After several perusals of the phi Ho on the back page of issue True, indeed, the Government has indicated in its White cerlainly not as far as the time when, under current plans, we Personnel. Jan/Mar 2002 the following may recall other readers to name Paper. Defence 20(H), its future intention to replace the may sec the AWD enter service. This order lets other countries know that they can the ships. capability represented by these old ships by the construction We are fortunate indeed that in the current Afghan crisis embarrass the ADF on their 'doorstep'. The Government On the extreme left of the photo is the stern of a salvage of at least three Air Warfare Destroyers (AWDs). However, the major powers are aligned in their approach to terrorism, makes the ADF run away to barracks and hide until safe to tug RESERVE then on the port side of HOBART is a boom on current announced plans the first of these would not and we must hope that this general co-operation will come out. We should be showing the world and Australians defence vessel (Bar Class?) HOBART. on the starboard side commission for about 12 or more years. continue. However, there are huge areas of uncertainty as the that we are not scared by threats of terrorism. is ARUNTA on her starboard side is a Bay class frigate with Much can happen in this time and the question must be new global economic and strategic alignments unfold. How many countries of the world use these tactics? a River class frigate on her starboard side. Fwd of HOBART asked whether the nation should take the risk in the meantime The Middle East and the India/Pakistan flashpoints Engage local citizens or plani them to protest outside of looks like a River class frigate then to the right BATAAN and with a severely run down Navy? remain. In the NW Pacific the world's super power - the US. Defence Establishments. Recruiting Centres and Defence WARRAMUN'GA with TOBRUK on the starboard side of the We have seen in recent years the sudden eruptions, with the rising economic and military power - China, the slowly- related organizations knowing that the ADF will retreat. How WARRAMUNGA. At SYDNEY'S bow are three Bathurst little warning, of the Gulf War, East Timor and now the war recovering former super-power - Russia, and the world's many times have you seen the Recruiting SlatT on the TV class /corvettes and in the middle, fwd of in Afghanistan. In all of these situations Australia has been second greatest economic power - Japan, face each other. news hiding behind "poster boards' or in an office because ARUNTA another Bathurst class. The Merchantman in the involved, taking a leading part in the East Timor operations. And next to powerful South Korea in the geographic central they can't be seen on TV. because Defence has threatened any background appears to belong to the Pacific Steam The Navy has been in the forefront of Australian area of this power vortex sits the unstable and unpredictable member with disciplinary action if they say or do anything? Navigation Co. participation and has not always been equipped adequately North Korea. Japan, despite its economic woes, is slowly In fact Wormald Security deals with these situations more A very interesting and comprehensive article by CAPT for the tasks required, and there has always been the taking a role in world affairs commensurate with ils economic than the ADF does, because they and companies like them Peter Jones. RAN. whom I knew as a young LEUT on possibility of escalation to a more serious level of operations. power and has put out feelers to gauge reaction to extend its guard these building and organizations. However, is it YARRA in 84/85. In the Gulf War we saw the unseemly and time- reach with exercises in the South China Sea. a move which Wormald Security that will deploy to the next Australian/UN Hope ihis will bring back some memories consuming scramble to fit several ships with some form of may not be entirely welcome in East Asia. hotspot? I don't think so. It will be 18-year-old "Johnny or Yours Aye. close-in defence against missiles even though this threat had The tensions in this area including over sea boundaries, Jane" ADF member that will. Will they have the (raining, H. Peter Kannengiesser (ex WOCOXN). LEUT ANC. been present at sea for many decades. disputed islands, trade, spy ships, maritime and air incidents, restraint and PR knowledge to deal with this situation? Commanding Officer. T.S. Krait. Recently in the war in Afghanistan, possessing neither claims in the South China Seas, and Taiwan, have been well We should be using this PR situation lo our advantage. We aircraft nor cruise missiles, our ships could not take part in managed for several decades, but who can predict with should be exposing our Defence Personnel to this type of Many thanks to all the people who contributed to this puzzle the main allied offensive action and were - apart from confidence what will happen in the future? "warfare", the PR war. the warfare of the 21st Century. Public- and the efforts they made to explain where each ship was political considerations, taking over some comparatively While we might hope to avoid involvement in any major opinion. world support and perception has more to do today located in the hay. minor duties, and giving support to the very small army eruption in the area, historically for varying reasons, this has with winning a war than any weapons platform, money or Editor deployment -largely irrelevant. not always been an option for our Governments.

VOL 64 NO. 2 THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL M NO 2 3 It would seem from the above that a major programme to is becoming more and more an international effort. A decision increase the effectiveness and deterrent value of the RAN is to develop a unique ship for the RAN would demand more of national importance. Part of such a programme must time than perhaps we have, not to mention the higher cost of include the early provision of the projected AWDs. this option. Modification of an existing design is a shorter What now. in layman's terms, are the broad likely route, although this process can be complex, time-consuming requirements for an AWD in our environment in the early and expensive, depending on the extent of the changes 21st century ? required. We would suggest something along the following lines: Logistic and training considerations - in his Keynote - A ship capable of operating effectively in all weather Address at the Pacific 2002 International Maritime conditions from the tropics to the sub-Antarctic with a range Conference on 30 January . VADM David Shackleton. Chief of 6.000 nautical miles or more, a maximum speed of 30kts The Dutch LCF air warfare frigate on sea trials. This ship is also of Navy, outlined the problems the RAN currently faces plus and the following characteristics/capabilities: considered to be one of the future contenders lor SF.A 4000 It employs the supporting and training personnel to operate the wide range SMART-L and APAR radar systems as opposed to the US Aegis (Thalcs) • Long-range area air defence with appropriate detection of equipment used in the fleet today. He expressed a and control systems and missiles: Such a ship will of course be very flexible and capable of preference for reducing the diversity of equipment to reduce • Anti-submarine action with detection and delivery contributing effectively to deterrence, long-range maritime the training costs and the problem of maintaining the support systems for appropriate weapons including torpedoes: and land strike, army support and almost all types of maritime inventory this diversity demands. • Operating two helicopters equipped with air to surface operations. Suitability for Australian Build - there is greater recognition today of the benefits that flow to the RAN and missiles, torpedoes and ASW equipment together with Costly? Yes. But can wealthy Australia take the risk of Australia as a whole by the local construction of our naval equipment for reconnaissance and ship missile control; having a badly unbalanced Defence Force as we become ships. Australian shipbuilders have proved that they arc • Long-range cruise-missile (such as Tomahawk) for strike more and more responsible for our own defence. Surely it is capable of meeting most challenges but the design licensing against both land and ship targets a matter of Government budgetary priorities and the internal conditions imposed by others may influence the extent to • Operating UAVs: allocation of funds within the Defence organisation. which Australia can conveniently adapt and modify existing • At least one. preferably two medium gun systems capable What then are the options for the projected AWD's? ship designs. of firing extended range ammunition against ship or land In THE NAVY. April-June 2001. Dr Roger Thomhill targets; examined the options available to the RAN for existing HMAS BRISBANE leading ihe FFG HMAS DARWIN. Wiih the • A hull size and design allowing for major equipment retirement of ihe DDGs. without replacement, the FFGs now take on the designs to meet the AWD requirement. The ships he additions and alterations during the life-time of the vessel, mantle and responsibility of the RAN's capital ships and prime air warfare described included the German F-124. the Netherlands LCF. assets. A task for which they were not designed for. (RAN) including at least one major modernisation: the French/Italian Horizon, the British Type 45. the Spanish • Robust design to ensure a reasonable chance of survival So it would seem that a modem well-equipped and F-100 and the Gibbs & Cox design for a frigate specifically after receiving action damage and to reduce damage to capable ADF is as much in Australia's interest as it has ever adapted to Australian needs and based largely on the design vital areas, equipment and personnel: been. Given our geographic position a major element of our philosophy and standards of the USS ARLHIGH BURKF; • Self-defence against missile, torpedo and mine attack: ability to defend ourselves or lo contribute to an allied effort (DDG-5 I) design. He concluded that none of these ships fully • Low ship signature against all detection systems both will be the capability of the Navy. met the anticipated RAN requirements, but the Gibbs & Cox above and below water: Without the DDGs the RAN. while well-equipped for the ship, the F-100 and the F-124 could be classed as favourites. • Able to operate closely w ith US naval forces in all forms movement and logistic support of modest ground forces, can of warfare. Neither do any current designs fully meet the no longer provide area air defence or a significant level of Clearly these requirements indicate a vessel of some size requirements we have set out above, particularly in regard to gunfire support for deployed ground forces, nor can it provide - maybe 7.(MX) tonnes or more. But this aspect should not be the second gun and range. adequate Fleet defence. of concern, for hulls and propulsion machinery arc relatively Many factors will determine which ship is finally While the six new Collins class submarines are proving to cheap. It is the equipment fitted which often governs the cost. selected. In addition to the operational requirements these be mosi effective in their roles, the surface fleet, so relevant factors include: A rather futuristic and stealthy AWD concept design by the RAN's Naval in ail situations, is now poorly armed. The new Anzac class Technical risk - the recent RAN experience with the Materials Group in Canberra. frigates and the older Adelaide class guided missile frigates design and construction of the Collins class submarines, the (FFGs) (when they are updated in the next few years) will most advanced class of conventionally powered submarines Purchase cost - the acquisition cost naturally plays a large provide an effective small frigate/escort force but without any part in any acquisition decision, but the total cost of long range punch. in the world, has demonstrated the impact of technical risk on programme and cost. Setting out to achieve the best ownership through-life is a better measure of the relative The new mine-clearance vessels form a very effective sometimes results in setbacks. The alternative, of never merits of competing designs, provided naval requirements are core force for their role and the survey vessels are in good acquiring anything that has not yet been proven in service by met. shape. Likewise the transport ships MANOORA. Historically, the RAN comprised ships designed originally KANIMBLA and TOBRUK give Australia a useful force for others, would condemn the RAN to technology that is always for the British Royal Navy, or designed to RN standards. The the transport and logistic support of a modest overseas or less than state-of-the-art and possibly less than suitable for decision in the early 1960s to buy the DDGs from the United coastal deployment. However, one of the two fleet tankers our needs. States broke with this tradition. It was an inspired decision and ihe entire patrol boat force require very early Lead time - the design of modem combat ships is a that provided Australia with some fine ships that served the replacement. A most concerning aspect is that about 70% of complex and time-consuming task that, with few exceptions. RAN very well for decades, but resulted in a Navy with two all surface ships in the Australian Navy are either unarmed or technical and operational cultures - RN and USN. fitted with ancient pre-WWII designed Bot'ors guns without Gradually, the links with RN design philosophy have been any fire control equipment. Given the very small number of broken, a process hastened by the sourcing of ship designs well-equipped escort vessels and the huge diversity of tasks from a wide range of sources - US. Australian. Italian. French requiring their presence, in any serious war there would be and Swedish. Whilst this process has introduced some fine little chance of providing escorts for many of these poorly ships into RAN service, it has created the training and logistic armed vessels. They would be at serious risk facing almost nightmare to which VADM Shackleton referred at Pacific any form of maritime attack. Painting them grey is hardly an The lead F-100-class anti-air warfare (AAW) frigate. ALVARO DF. BAZAN. 2002. effective defence, and there is a morale aspect for crews has completed the first of four sets of sea trials before its planned handover The preference expressed by the Chief of Navy for more which must not be overlooked. to the Spanish Navy in September. The F-100 is one of the designs being The Gibbs & Cox 'International Frigate' concept. This design is essentially considered for the RAN's SEA 4000 project. (IZAR) a cut down Arleigh Burke class desttoycr. (Gibbs & Cox) standardisation of equipment in future RAN ships is

4 VOL. 64 NO. I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I 33 understandable. There are risks inherent in such an approach beyond twenty years. Our oldest FFGs. ADELAIDE and applied loo rigidly i: can result in the RAN being denied the CANBERRA, are now twenty-one years old. All six ships are benefits of new technology that often have a significant shortly to be modernised (between 20()2 and 2(X)6) to extend impact on capability and the cost of ownership. Certainly, a the life of the hull and to improve the combat system. This Slow YARYAG to CI high degree of equipment standardisation would seem to be will significantly improve the capability of these useful ships. warranted in the new ships that will replace HMA Ships That it has proved possible to extend their life towards 35 MANOORA. KANIMBLA. TOBRUK. WHSTRALIA and years, and increase the upper displacement limit from 3,500 SUCCESS. In so far as the combat ships are concerned, it is to 4.2(X) tons, says a lot for the quality of the original design. perhaps more important to consider the design and This modernisation should allow the first four ships to operational philosophy behind the competing designs. remain in service until 2013 - 2017. with the newer two. the Today the two main classes of surface combat ship in the Australian-built MELBOURNE and NEWCASTLE, to last RAN are of US and German design origin. This would until 2017-2020. suggest that the potential short list of contenders identified It is hard to predict the demands likely to be placed on the last year by Dr Roger Thornhill is appropriate if some degree RAN in the next twenty years, but if it does 'take ten years to of standardisation of RAN ship design philosophy is to be achieved. The Spanish F- 1(H) may seem to be the odd ship in gel a ship', then we need to be starting the process, that will this list, but it is the product of an alliance between the deliver the FFG replacements, in the very near future. Spanish shipbuilder l/ar. and Lockheed Martin and Bath Iron If we are also to minimise the range of different Works of the United States, working together as the equipment and designs in the RAN as preferred by the Chief Advanced Frigate Consortium (AFCON). The ship has the of Navy then perhaps the FFG replacements should be of the Aegis combat system as fitted to the US DDG-51 class and a same family as the AWDs. Not all ships would necessarily be machinery and weapon fit with much in common with the equipped to the same standard, depending on the intended present or near future RAN inventory. role. The lime frame is close to thai postulated for the AWD. There is an old expression used by those who have been While the desirability of building the AWD's in Australia involved in naval design and construction - "It lakes ten years is clear, in the current evolving strategic environment, to get a ship". A review of past projects tends to confirm the accepting the time delay resulting from the decision-making truth of this saying, although with improving shipbuilding process would seem to be taking a great risk in our national technology fewer of those years are taken up by actual defence. Maybe the option of selecting an existing design construction, with more required for the selection, design and which perhaps, with minor modifications, most nearly meets approval processes. Australian requirements and obtaining the first ship or ships The ex-Soviet aircraft carrier VARYAG is lowed down tlie Bosporus Strait on its way to China and an uncertain future either as a floating hotel and casino, study tool ft* the PLAN or as China's first aircraft carrier. This image clearly shows the 12-degree ski jump employed by the class. (Scrhal Guvcnc) Today the RAN is a hard-worked, well-equipped, if from a current overseas production line while building unbalanced. Navy but many of the ships are approaching their remaining ships in Australia would be the sensible way to go. At the time of printing the ex-Soviet aircraft carrier VARYAG still had not 'turned up' in the Asia-Pacific region's media end of life. Replacements for the LPAs. TOBRUK and the This approach has been taken in the past when, as now. despite her being over due from her transit from Turkey to China. VARYAG's appearance in a Chinese port is certain replenishment ships will keep Defence and Australian political decisions on the replacement of needed capabilities to send shock waves through the region as to date, surprisingly, none of the region's defence academics has even shipbuilders busy over the next fifteen years. have not been taken in a timely manner. acknowledged that China has bought the super-carrier. There also appears to be some 'anomalies' as who has bought Whilst the replacement of the air-warfare capability lost At all events the selection of the next generation of VARYAG, a Chinese based travel agency or the PLAN (People's Liberation Army-Navy). with the passing of the DDGs is now urgent, the replacement surface combat ships for the RAN is one of the most of the six Adelaide class FFGs is not far behind The FFG-07 important decisions facing Canberra, and must be taken in the class guided missile frigate was originally designed to be a very near future if the nation is to have a chance of Before the collapse of the Soviet Union the aircraft carrier However, reports indicate that the Chong Lot Travel relatively inexpensive ocean escort. It was not intended as a maintaining an adequate level of sea defences over the VARYAG. still building, was to be the communist nation's Agency Ltd carries a nonexistent address in Macau and was front-line warship, nor was it expected to have a life much coming decades. second super carrier next to the already completed only recently registered. Chong Lot is believed to be owned ADMIRAL KUZNETSOV. VARYAG was originally known by a Chinese holding company known as ChinLuck. as RIGA when her keel was laid down at Nikolaycv South ChinLuck's ultimate owner is located in the Chinese city of (formerly Shipyard 444) on December 6. 1985. She was Shandong, which also happens to be the home of the Chinese launched on December 4. 1988. and was renamed VARYAG Navy's North Sea Fleet. ChinLuck's chairman is also a (viking) in late 1990. former career officer with the Chinese Military. After she was 70*2 complete construction stopped in 1992 Before the auction for VARYAG was closed, officials in with the ship structurally complete but without electronics, the former Portuguese possession of Macao had warned weapons and sensors. Ownership was transferred to the Chong Lot that they would not be permitted to park VARYAG Ukraine as the Soviet Union broke up and the ship was laid in the harbour. Despite what should have been a serious set up without any routine maintenance or preservation work back and possible cancellation of the deal the sale was carried being carried out. She was then stripped of anything valuable out anyway but now under the guise of a scrap metal deal. to maintain the current fleet and or to feed the families of However, an interesting twist to this tale is that US$20 dockyard workers. Her condition in early 1998 was grime. million for the hulk represents US$600 per tonne, three times She lacked engines, a rudder, and all of her operating systems higher than what scrap metal is normally worth. and was offered for sale as scrap metal. Due to the poor condition of VARYAG's hull, many In April 1999. Ukrainian Trade Minister. Roman Shprck, Western military analysLs believe it is highly unlikely that the announced the winning bid for VARYAG's sale. A small PLAN will commission the carrier, rather, they suggest that Hong Kong company called the Chong Lot Travel Agency the PLAN intends to examine the carrier as a model for an Ltd paid US$20 million for YARYAG. Chong Lot proposed indigenous carrier to be built later. Others counter that as the to tow VARYAG out of the Black Sea. through the Suez carrier docs not represent modern technology. Also, the PLAN could probably have learned all they needed from This is what it's all aboui. The arrival of the RAN AWD will mean that 'missile shooters' such as this will be unable to not only close to within their missile s Canal and around Southern Asia to Macao, where they would range but will also be denied valuable targeting data from being unable to close' on the sea borne contact. Pictured is a German Airforce (Luftwaffe) moor the ship in the harbour and convert it into a floating VARYAG without towing it all the way to China. So why the Tornado firing a Kormoron anti-ship missile.!Luftwaffe) hotel and gambling parlour. tow to China? 33 31 VOL. 64 NO. I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I completed her passage and made for Gallipoli and Canakkale hangar lo the flight deck. The ship has the capacity to support at 5.8 knots. She passed through the Dardanelles without 18 Sukhoi Su-27D (Flanker) and four Su-25 Frogfoot fixed incident. wing aircraft and a range of helicopters including 15 Kamov On November 3. VARYAG was caught in a force 9 gale Ka-27-LD (Helix) and two Kamov Helix AEW&C and broke adrift while passing the Aegean island of Skyros. aircraft. The ship was filled for a Granii anti-ship missile Turkish and Greek sea rescue workers tried lo re-capture the system equipped with 12 vertical surface to surface hulk, which was drifting toward the island of Evia. The missile launchers. The air defence missile system was to seven-member crew on board VARYAG (three Russians, include 24 vertical launchers housing 192 anti-air three Ukrainians and one Filipino) remained there as six missiles. tugboats tried to re-establish their tow. However, after many Originally designated 'Black-Com-2' class (Black Sea failed attempts to reattach the lines, a Greek coast guard Combatant 2). then subsequently ihe Kremlin class, and rescue helicopter landed on VARYAG and picked up four of finally redesignated Kuznetsov class, these ships were the seven crew. One lug managed it) make a line fast to the sometimes also referred to as the Brezhnev class. Initially. ship later in the day. but high winds severely hampered efforts Western analysts anticipated that the ships would have a The carrier VARYACi had sat idle since 1992 without any preservation work or maintenance being conducted. What China will make or learn from Combined Nuclear And Steam (CONAS) propulsion plant by two other tugs to secure the ship. On November 6. Aries her only time will tell. Lima, a sailor from the tug HALIVA CHAMPION, died after similar to the Kirov battle cruiser. However, the class The engineless. rudderless hulk ol whal was lo he the Soviet Union's second super-carrier VARYACi. The carrier was initially denied permission a fall while attempting to reattach the tow ropes. On was in fact to be conventionally propelled with oil-fired Displacement (tons): to transit the Bosporus Strait given the danger it posed to the large number November 7. the hulk was taken back under tow and progress boilers. 43.000 tons light of bridges linking Hurope to the Orient. But assurances to pay lor any toward the Sue/ Canal resumed at some three knots. Western intelligence first detected preparations for the 53.000-55.000 tons standard damages by the Chinese (io\eminent and the fact she was to he cscortcd by construction of the first ship in late 1979. The first public- 66.6(X)-67.5(H) tons full load 27 vessels including 11 tug boats and three pilot Nuts finally convinced the Since then, she has failed to materialise in the region. Turkish Government to allow her to pass. (Serhat Guvcnc) view of this ship came with the leak of Ihe 'Morrison Photos', Speed ikts): which were the first real public look at overhead satellite 32 knots imagery. Another leak over a decade later was a bookend to Dimensions (m): Whatever plans have been made, in mid-2000, a Dutch the first, showing the dismantlement of Ihe sister ship to the 302.3-306.45 meters long overall lug with a Filipino crew was hired to take VARYAG under carrier in the Morrison photo. 270.0-281.0 meters long at waterline low. However. Chong Lot could not get permission from 35.4-38.0 meters beam Turkey to transit the dangerous Bosporus Strait - in addition The first unit was originally named TBILISI, and 72.0-73.0 meters width oveiall to safety issues, the Montreux Treaty of 1936 does not allow subsequently renamed ADMIRAL FLOTA SVETSKOGO 9.14-1 LO meters draft aircraft carriers to pass the Dardanelles - and the hulk spent SOYUZA KUZNETSOV. The ADMIRAL KUZNETSOV is Propulsion: 16 months circling in the Black Sea costing the owners currently the only operational aircraft carrier in the Rusxian US$8,000 a day in tug boat fees. Interestingly, high-level Navy. A variety of aircraft were tested on KUZNETSOV. The 2 x 50.0(H) hp gas turbines; 8 boilers; 4 fixed pilch props: Chinese Government ministers conducted negotiations in first specially configured Su-25UT Frogfoot B. Su-27 turbogenerators: 9 x 15(H) kW dicsel gen. 6 x 15(H) kW: Ankara on Chong Lot's behalf, offering to allow Chinese Flanker, and MiG-29 Fulcrum conventional jets landed on the range: 3.850 nm/32 kts; endurance: 45 days tourists lo visit cash-strapped Turkey if the travel agency's deck of ihe TBILISI in November 1989. aided by arresting Crew: ship were allowed to pass through the straits. On November gear. The MiG-29K passed test flights from the deck of the I960 + 626 air group + 40 (lag I. 2001. Turkey finally relented from its position that the aircraft carrier, but was not selected for production. 3857 rooms vessel posed too great of a danger to the bridges of Istanbul, and allowed the transit, which forced the closure of the Bosporus to all other traffic. The Chinese Government's active involvement in the negotiations with Turkey over the VARYAG issue gives strength to speculation that the ship is to be used by China to develop its first aircraft carrier. Escorted by 27 vessels including 11 tug boats and three pilot boats, the large engineless and rudderless carrier took six hours to transit the strait; most large ships take an hour and a half. Russian media reported thai 16 pilots and 250 seamen were involved. At 11:45am on November 2. she Russian's only super-carrier the ADMIRAL KUZNETSOV at sea. KUZNETSOV is the lead ship of the class and the sister of what VARYAG was to look like.

Background The 67.500-ton Kremlin class aircraft carrier was designed to support strategic missile carrying submarines, surface ships and maritime missile-carrying aircraft of the old Soviet fleet. The ship was to be capable of engaging surface, subsurface and airborne targets. Superficially similar to American carriers, the design is in fact defensive in support of SSBN bastions. The lack of catapults may preclude launching aircraft with heavy strike loads, and Ihe air superiority orientation of the air wing is apparent. The flight deck area is 14.7(H) square metres and aircraft The 7(Kt complete VARYAG sits at dock awaiting disposal or sale (1997). take-off is assisted by a bow ski-jump angled at 12 degrees in The ship was stripped of all its electrical components and pipping to keep other Russian and Ukrainian ships in operations and to keep dockyard lieu of steam catapults. The flight deck is equipped with The Russian carrier ADMIRAL KUZNETSOV. Many doubt that China can complete VARYAG to the standard of her sister ship KUZNETSOV but questions workers families fed. arrester wires. Two starboard lifts carry the aircraft from the about VARYAG's owner's motives are already being asked, as well as their true identity.

THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. M NO. 2 9 Flash Traffic RN SSN to go on following two crashes that killed 23 Marines in April and December 2000. NZ defence caught in New ship decisions for "The Government has embarked on public display The new flight test programme is to a badly needed equipment The UK MOD announced on 6 start in April 2002 and will be a time warp RNZN modernisation programme across all December plans to put the former comprehensive, two-year look at the three services; Navy. Air Force and aircraft. The tests will further explore By Henn Wilson. NZ Defence Minister Mark Burton has Royal Navy nuclear submarine HMS Army. This is expected to involve the occurrence called vortex ring state, From the Defence Systems Daily' finally revealed the future shape of COURAGEOUS on public displav at capital spending of around NZ$2 deemed responsible for the first crash website New Zealand's Navy. HM Naval Base Devonport. billion over the next decade, as we of a V- 22 in Arizona that killed 19 ' The Government is committed to In a situation more akin to the whims provide our defence personnel with the Marines. equipping the Royal New Zealand of a Hollywood screen writer than a right equipment to do their jobs." Mark The tests will also explore The first remanufaclurcd UH-IY utility Navy with a practical fleet that is serious idea from Defence Chiefs, the Burton said. shipboard compatibility such as what transport helicopter for the USMC" takes lo the modern, sustainable and matched to The current Royal New Zealand happens when one rotor is over the air for her first flight lest. (Belli latest sea trials in New Zealand of the New Zealand's needs. This w ill involve Navy fleet consists of: flight deck and the other is over the 33 country's frigates have cast more doubt a significant increase in the current these two USMC types to an advanced • 2 ANZAC class frigates HMNZS side of the ship, conditions which on the wisdom of last year's decision naval fleet and a more focused use of configuration featuring common TE MANA and TE KAHA could include take-off. landing or craft by the Government to scrap its Air existing resources. engines and flight dynamics. The H-1 • I LEANDER class frigate HMNZS on deck. Force. The vessels CANTERBURY upgrades include an enormous amount "This announcement follows the CANTERBURY and TE KAHA carried out battle The tests will also explore low- of commonality between the two first ever comprehensive analysis of • I replenishment ship HMNZS training exercises recently in the Bay speed hover conditions, such as aircraft including engines (General New Zealand's maritime patrol ENDEAVOUR of Plenty, their 'enemy' - three elderly landing when the props blow up dust, Electric T700 turboshafts). a four-blade requirements, both civilian and • 1 HMNZS aircraft flown by members of the NZ debris, snow and other things. Combat all-composite, hingelcss. bearingless military." Minister Burton said. MANAWANUI 'Warbirds Association', who restore manoeuvrability and formation flying, main rotor system and tail rotor, "Decisions have been taken on the • 4 inshore patrol craft HMNZ ships and preserve classic aircraft. including refuelling operations are also identical drive trains, hydraulics and basis of the Maritime Forces Review, MOA. KIWI. WAKAKURA and Last year's decision to disband 2. included. electrical distribution systems. By and the earlier Maritime Patrol Review, HINAU HMS COURAGEOUS will go on public display 14. and 75 Squadrons of the RNZAF. Aldridge said he and Navy utilising common systems, the cost of released in February 2001. • I hydrographic and oceanographic ai HM Naval Base Devonport in spring of 2U»2. Secretary Gordon England would the logistics support process for the which Hew A-4 Skyhawks and "The reviews have identified gaps survey ship HMNZS assess the testing programmes at two helicopters reduces dramatically Aermacchi trainers, met with criticism in the Navy's current ability to meet all RESOLUTION. COURAGEOUS, a Reel or hunter various posts along the way. He said allowing for vastly improved shipboard from its allies, both regional and tasks, in particular, sealift and civilian The Royal New Zealand Navy of killer submarine, was decommissioned the flight-test hurdles would be event- opcrability. Far less critical shipboard global, as New Zealand became the patrol requirements. Cabinet has the future will include the following in 1992 after 21 years service, driven rather than schedule-driven. space will be needed to store spare first country since the war to therefore agreed to spend up to elements: including during the Falklands conflict, Tests will not move to new areas until parts and support equipment to support disassemble its airborne defensive NZ$5(X) million on capital acquisitions • 2 ANZAC class frigates HMNZS and has been berthed in 3 Basin at engineers fully understand the results the two helicopters comprising the H-1 capability. Action group Save Our for the Royal New Zealand Navy." TE MANA and TE KAHA Devonport since 1993. It is proposed of earlier testing. Program. Squadrons', is currently exploring Mark Burton said. • I Multi-Role Vessel that she be moved to 3 Dock in the spring of 2(X)2. and there opened up to "We'll not be driven by trying to legal possibilities that the decision "This will include a multi-role • 2 or more offshore patrol vessels visits by members of the public as a accomplish something in a certain breaches the 1990 Defence Act and is vessel, at least two offshore patrol • I replenishment ship HMNZS unique attraction, as part of plans to period of time." he said. therefore unconstitutional. Helen vessels, and four or five inshore patrol ENDEAVOUR New Russian SSN expand the dockyard's Visitors' Centre The US DoD has slowed down Clark. Prime Minister of the left-wing vessels. The inshore requirements • I diving support vessel HMNZS and the Naval Base Museum. production of the V-22 to the minimum starts sea trials coalition government, ignored advice could possibly be met by upgrading the MANAWANUI sustaining level. This will allow The new Russian SSN GEPARD has given by experts in the field of defence, Navy's existing five inshore patrol • 4 or 5 inshore patrol vessels. changes to be made to production started its sea trials in the northern including those commissioned by her craft. (The need for a hydrographic Osprey to enter aircraft. Aircraft already built will be own party, which questioned the survey capability is the subject of a waters of the White Sea following a "The two key timing issues are retrofitted. separate review ncaring completion.) two-year flight test ceremony that went some way to wisdom of the move. filling the gap in civilian agency patrol The Maritime Patrol Review easing the wounds of the KURSK The events of the last week can requirements, and bringing into service programme involved all of the relevant government disaster and restoring the Russian only have cast further aspersion on the a multi-role vessel to replace the departments and agencies: Ministry of US Defense Under Secretary for USMC UH-1Y rolls Navy's morale. GEPARD is Russia's current state of New Zealand's Lcander class frigate CANTERBURY, Defence. New Zealand Defence Force. Acquisition. Technology and Logistics. first nuclear-powered submarine of the defensive capabilities. The aircraft - a due for retirement in 2005. out Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Pete Aldridge. has announced that the 21st century. which first flew with "I have therefore directed the Ministry of Fisheries. New Zealand US Military's troubled V-22 Osprey The first rcmanufacturcd UH-IY President Vladimir Putin met the the Singapore air force in 1957. a Ministry of Defence to canvass Customs Service. Treasury. Department aircraft is to go through a two-year utility transport helicopter for the US crew and sent the missile-armed, Fouga Magister which entered service proposals from industry to meet the of Conservation. Department of Prime flight test programme. Marine Corps (USMC) was rolled-out torpedo-carrying boat - named with the French military in 1960. and a requirements for a multi-role vessel, Minister and Cabinet. Ministry of "I've had some serious doubts at Bell Helicopter Textron's Flight Cheetah in english - into service after Cessna A-37B built in 1972 and used and offshore and inshore patrol Agriculture and Forestry. Maritime about the safety, reliability and Research Center, at Arlington successful sea and weapons trials under during the - took the role requirements. Opportunities for New Safety Authority. New Zealand Police operational suitability of the V-22". Municipal Airport, on 13 December the blue and while Russian fleet flag of of enemy aircraft in mock attacks on Zealand industry involvement will be and the National Institute of Water and Aldridge said during a Pentagon press 2001. Bell is remanufacturing 100 UH- St. Andrew. the two warships. explored. The New Zealand Atmospheric Research. conference. "I personally still have 1N Hueys to the new UH-IY Russian Navy officers have already shipbuilding industry has already How this will have prepared the HMNZS CANTERBURY is due for some doubts, but the only way to prove configuration as part of the US$4.5 recognised the boost to pride that indicated that there would be ships and their crews for the realities de-commissioning in 2005. To ensure the case is to put the airplane back into billion H-l Program, which also comes with a new vessel. Commander- considerable scope for New Zealand of modern warfare is unclear, there is no loss in training capability flight test, and we're going to do that." includes the remanufacture of 180 AH- in-chief of the Russian Navy Admiral involvement. but no doubt Ms Clark will be and no major fluctuation in the number THE USMC still plans to buy 360 1W attack helicopters to AH-IZ Vladimir Kuroyedov said that it is pleased that the humorous traditions "Once input from industry has been of navy personnel required, a smooth while the USN and USAF plan to buy configuration. "symbolic for the lost boat to be of HMS Petticoat have been well analysed. I will put acquisition transition from CANTERBURY to the 50 each of the tilt-rotor aircraft. These The H-1 Program is a major replaced by a new submarine." noting served. proposals forward to Cabinet. Multi-Role Vessel is necessary. plans however, were put on hold upgrade initiative to remanufacture that Russia was advancing to building a

10 VOL. 64 NO. I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I new tleei which "will be a tribute to the Visby starts sea trials SM-2 Block IVa sailors who died on KURSK." The 11(>-metre-long craft is the first The First of Sweden's Visby-class Cancelled corvettes has started sea trials under the in a fleet of new SSNs to be The US Under Secretary of constructed. It displaces nearly 12.770 superv ision of its builder. Kockums. Defense for Acquisition. Technologv tonnes, dives to a maximum depth of A total of six Visby-class vessels and Logistics. Pete Aldridge. has 600 metres with a submerged top speed were originally ordered from cancelled the US Navy's Area Missile of 35 knots. Kockums. However, the Swedish Defense Program due to poor The class is served by a 63-strong Defence Materiel Administration performance and projected future costs crew and has space for 24 tube (FMV) and Kockums have concluded -- - / and schedules. The cancellation will launched weapons including the an agreement to reduce the order to result in a work stoppage at some nuclear-tipped Granit cruise missile five ships (with an option remaining on contractor and governmental field with a range of up to 3.000 kms. It also the sixth vessel) after the HDW-owned activities. carries a Strela anti-aircraft weapon shipyard incurred substantial cost system. Though much smaller than overruns on the project. The cancellation came, in part, as a the wrecked KURSK. GEPARD is Displacing over 600 tonnes, the result of a Nunn-McCurdy Selected v iewed as the most formidable ship in 72m corvettes are constructed almost Acquisition Report breach of the the Russian Navy. Construction began entirely from fibre-reinforced plastic existing program. A Nunn-McCurdy unit cost breach occurs when a major X in 1991. material. and feature a variety Some Western naval observers of innovative signature-reduction US defence acquisition program believe GEPARD may move as fast techniques covering radar cross- experiences a unit cost increase of at and as quietly as America's newest Los section. infra-red. acoustic, magnetic, least 15**. If the unit cost increase is at Angeles class SSN. and have the hydrodynamic , visual and least 25<*. the US Secretary of Defense capacity to dive deeper electronic signature reduction measures. must certify that: • The acquisition program is essential to the national security: Six Fennec for Royal • There are no alternatives to the acquisition program which will Two of the US Coast Guard's new Augusta MH-ft* 'MAKO* helicopters (AKA A- KWl. The new helicopters will he used to chase down the ocean going speed Malaysian Navy boats that drag runners arc now using to escape capture in the Caribbean. The helicopters can he filled with eithei a 7.(t2 inm machine gun or 50cal sniper rifle provide equal or greater military At the LIMA 2001 International Air to knock out the engines of the drag boats They arc also lilted with a lorward looking Inlra-Ked camera, search light and rescue equipment tl'SCCil capability at less cost; Show in Langkawi. the Malaysian • The new estimates of the program Ministry of Defence, and Eurocopter construction. The Mesma AIP 'plug' acquisition unit cost or First Mesma AIP VL MICA missile test signed a contract for the supply of six can be readily incorporated into new- procurement unit cost are AS-555 SN Fennec helicopters to the passes acceptance tests build submarines or existing designs. a success reasonable: and. Royal Malaysian Navy (RMNl. The The Mesma plug will be shipped to • The management structure for the Following exhaustive testing at The first vertical launch of a MICA contract is worth 42 million euros. Karachi for integration with the The first of Sweden's super stealthy Visby-class acquisition program is adequate to DCN's Nantes-Indret facility, the missile, developed by the newly The twin-engine light helicopter corvettes on sea trials. Pakistani Navy has announced its HAMZA. a DCN-designed Agosta 90B manage and control program formed company MBDA. has taken will be used for training, acceptance of the first Mesma AIP (Air submarine currently under construction place at the Centre d'Essais des Landes reconnaissance and over-the-horizon acquisition unit cost or for the Pakistani Navy. When fully In their initial configuration, the Independent Propulsion) unit. All (CEL) in France. targeting. It can also handle procurement unit cost. outfitted. HAM/A will undergo Visby-class corvettes were equipped results fully comply with the This trial was to validate the 'complementary' missions such as. In the case of the Navy Area extensive sea trials. with a single Bofors 57 mm Mk 3 gun. contractual specifications and all tests principles and technologies used vertical replenishment, cargo transport, Missile Defence Program, the program a Saab Bofors Dynamics' ALECTO - including output power, fuel In 1994. DCN International signed during the launch phase of this new medical evacuation, and SAR. The acquisition unit cost and average multirole rocket launcher and four consumption and endurance - were a contract with the Pakistani authorities short range air defence (SHORAD) aircraft will be delivered by the end of procurement unit cost exceeded 57% tubes for Tp 45 anti-submarine homing supervised by a team of Pakistani to supply three Agosta 90B system, using the air-to-air MICA 2003. and 65%. respectively. The Department torpedoes. The ships will also have a officers. submarines. The contract also included missile which is in service with some has decided not to certify the program provisions for extensive technology The twin-engine AS 555 SN fully integrated underwater warfare Mesma. the first AIP system air forces. helicopter is powered by two as currently configured. transfers. The first submarine. suite for both anti-submarine and mine purchased by an international This validation marks an important Turbomeca Arrius IA new-generation "It's unfortunate we've reached this KHALID. was built and integrated in countermeasures (MCM) operations. customer, offers an air-independent step in the VL MICA programme. It turbo engines with digital control. France and has been in service since Alternatively, eight Saab Bofors point." said Aldridge. "but certification propulsion capability that is ideal for effectively clears the way for the full August 1999. The second and third Dynamics RBS-15 Mk II anti-ship was impossible. We are still in pursuit extended and deep diving. Because development of the system, the naval vessels are being built in Karachi. missiles can be fitted in place of role- of a sea-based terminal phase Mesma extends submerged endurance version of which is due to be launched specific MCM equipment. capability as part of the overall missile three to four-fold, the vessel does not during this year and is intended for the defence strategy, but we must now Command and weapons will be need to surface nearly so often to self-defence of surface ships. move forward from here." controlled through the SaabTech- recharge her batteries and is generally The principal objectives of this trial supplied CETRIS combat management Over the next several months, the more discreet. Mesma-powered were to verify the concept elements system, based on the latest CeCots Ballistic Missile Defense Organization conventional submarines also offer and the new technologies used in the multifunction console. Above-water (BMDO) will address sea-based new operational capabilities, including storage container and vertical launcher sensors include an Ericsson Microwave missile defence as part of its plans to improved interception and quieter of the VL MICA, and to study the Systems Sea Giraffe AMB three- develop an integrated ballistic missile evasion. behaviour of the missile during the dimensional radar and a Condor defence system that provides a layered The Mesma module is entirely in launch phase. A twin-engined Eurucopter Fennec helicopter of Systems C-3701 electronic support defence against ballistic missiles of all The results achieved proved that the RMN. (Brian Morrison. Warships & Marine line with DCN's current philosophy of The first Mesma AIP 'plug' for Pakistan's three Corps Museum) measures system. ranges. modular submarine design and Agosta 90B submarines. (DCN International) the principal risks in the vertical launch

12 VOL. 64 NO. I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I 33 concept of the VL MICA have been operations centre, and four VL MICA extensively tested our vessel and Hellenic Navy to retire ALVARO DE BAZAN is the first Most of the crew of the overcome, from the mechanical and launchers, each capable of firing four compared it to others, clearly of four F-100 frigates equipped with a WARSZAWA are now being trained thermal behaviour of the launch missiles. demonstrating that WeslPac Express is two DDGs variant of the US Navy's AEGIS for conversion to the second ex-US container to the attitude of the missile the preferred logistics for the Combat System and associated SPY- Navy Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided The Hellenic Navy (HN) is retiring on leaving the container. III MEF's requirements." he said ID phased-array radar, joined to an missile frigate USS WADSWORTH. "This contract has opened the door for two of its four ex-US Navy Charles F The success of this trial will allow Austal secures indigenous combat direction system WADSWORTH was handed over extra time for the remainder of the Austal to take a leadership position in Adams-class DDGs due to age and the (CDS). to the Polish Navy last month and will development of the naval version of the contract with US supplying vessels for the military corresponding and expensive manning Construction of ALVARO DE be renamed ORP GENERAL VL MICA, which should be market. Our decision to establish a and maintenance requirements. military BAZAN began on 9 July 1997. with TADEUSZ KOSCIUSZKO on its operational by 2(X>4. modern shipyard in Alabama in the The DDGs were transferred to the the keel formally laid down at Ferrol official commissioning in June. The Vertical Launch (VL) MICA United States enables Ausial to take HN in 1992. and made Greece the first on 14 June 1999 and the ship launched system is a short range surface-to-air full advantage of further US Military eastern Mediterranean country able to in October 2000. The second F-100 system which uses the MICA missile, orders that could be expected to flow perform area air warfare missions, class ship. ALMIRANTE JUAN DE and is available with two seekers, from this contract." thanks to the ships' Mk-13 rail T\irkey to receive BORBON. was recently launched. electromagnetic (HM) and infra-red Mr McKinnon said Ausial had launcher and SM-IMR weapon more FFGs (IR). It can be used in the most severe made arrangements to sell WeslPac system. The F-100 is one of the contenders electronic or IR countermeasure Express to a financier. The vessel is It is understood that HS for the RAN's SEA 4000 project lo The US Department of Defense environments with a very high to be chartered from the financier for THFMISTOKLIS (D 221). ex-USS acquire an air-warfare destroyer. (DoD) has approved the sale to Turkey probability of target hit. It has an the contract with the United States BERKELEY, will be withdrawn from of two more FFG-07 Oliver Hazard interception range of around 10 kms Military. service shortly, to be followed later by Second hand Perry-class frigates. against moving targets, and an altitude I lk- Austal High Speed Catamaran MM I'M Austal has been focusing HS FORM ION (D 220). ex-USS The deal, which could be worth as range of up to 33,000 feet (10.000 I XI'RhSS will he leased lo Ihe USMC's

14 VOL 64 NO. 2 IHE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. 2 15 The MINRKM payload will be surfaces shaped to remove radar "hot modernised anti-ship capability (either HMAS VENGEANCE is of unique employed (o gather signals intelligence spots' and reduce overall radar eight improved SS-N-22 'Sunburn' historic and educational interest as well information for the DRM over periods cross-section. missiles. 16 SS-N-25 missiles. 12 as a tourist and commercial attraction. of several months at a time. The system Armament includes a single A- vertically-launched Novator 3M54E She was commissioned in the RN and will feature facilities for I90E 100 mm dual-purpose gun. an Klub missiles or 12 vertically-launched served in the Mediterranean and communications intelligence eight-cell vertical launcher for 3M54- 3M55 Yakhont missiles). Pacific in WWII. (COMINT) - comprising signal El anti-ship missiles (part of the Klub- Russia and China have been She was subsequently loaned to interception, monitoring and direction S system), a single Shtil-I (SA-N-7) discussing the sale of more Australia as HMAS VENGEANCE finding - as well as electronic area-defence missile launcher, two Sovremenny-class ships for some time. during the Korean War while the intelligence (HLINT)-gathering of Kashtan gun/missile inner-layer At one stage it was expected that the carrier MELBOURNE was being radar emissions. MINREM will adopt Delays in the V-22 Osprey programme and old defence systems, an RBU-6000 anti- PLAN would receive refitted and completed. She was later returned to an open architecture designed to enable age are forcing the USMC to re-cnginc its fleet submarine rocket system, and two reconditioned Project 956 ships the RN where she was then sold to the regular upgrades and technology of CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters, the work DTA-53 torpedo launchers. decommissioned from the Russian fleet. Brazilian Government and served in horse of the I 'SMC. to keep ihein flying longer. the Brazilian Navy as M1NAS refresh. (USMC) The USN's only Mine Warfare aircraft carrier Thales Naval France will act as and command ship is to retire without a GERAIS. China buys two more India to lease Russian dedicated replacement. (USN) MINAS GERAIS was finally overall prime contractor, taking maintenance servicing for the CH- decommissioned on October 16. 2001 responsibility for project management, 46H's T58-GF>I6 engines, which have Sovremenny DDGs Akula SSNs as last year. USN studies indicated that and stricken from the Naval Vessel prime contractor-level engineering, an average service life of over 3.500h. In the last issue of THE NAVY we India has announced that it will INCHON's life could be extended Registry, her fate unknown after the functional integration, and acceptance has been reduced to fewer than 360h reported that China's plans to purchase lease two Russian Akula class SSNs to until 2010. However a fire on the ship Brazilian Navy bought the second hand testing (both at the factory and during from an original 900h. two more Sovremenny-class destroyers enable it to meet its "expanding last October combined with rising costs French carrier FOCH. sea trials). The hull will be built in This decreased performance is due was looking tenuous. However, China operational responsibilities" and to caused the USN to re-examine its Save the VENGEANCE Appeal' the Netherlands, with outfitting, to both weight gain through ncccssary has since announced it is buying two counter China's presence in the Indian plans. spokesperson. Martin Hill, said the integration and support undertaken by modifications to the CH-46E (over more Russian-built Sovremenny-class Ocean and Bay of Bengal. The move Despite the ship's early retirement, plan is to rescue the ship and take her Thales in France. 3.600 lb over its serv ice life) and a 10* destroyers to a modified Project comes as India's own indigenously the Navy said it is still committed to back to her birth place in the UK this The contract also includes in- reduction in ihrust as the engines have 956EM design developed by the St built nuclear-powered submarine - the having a dedicated MCM ship over the summer and turn her into one of the service maintenance and operational aged. Petersburg-based Severnoye Design Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) - long term. The USN is exploring world's largest floating education support for an initial five-year period. The US$l92-million four-year Bureau. is well behind schedule. concepts using the leased Incat high- centres, naval aviation museum, The support services package proposed ERIP (Engine Reliability and The contract is thought to be worth Sources in New Delhi said the IN speed catamaran as a surrogate exhibition area and tourist attraction. by Thales is intended to ensure vessel Improvement Program) is intended lo in excess of USS I billion and was (Indian Navy) will lease the SSNs for platform for such a ship. Under a draft Displays will illustrate the leading availability for at least 350 days each maintain safety and airworthiness signed by Sergei Chemezov. first five years. The boats are expected to concept of operations for the high- role that both Australia and Britain year. and restore the CH-46E engines to Deputy Director General of Russia's enter service in 2004. although the speed vessel, the ship would have look in the development of ship-borne The vessel will have an overall their original thrust and reliability Rosoboronexport Arms Export contract is still to be approved by the modular and reconfigurable payloads. naval aviation, as well as provide length of about 100 m and levels. Agency, and Zhow Vai. Deputy Head Indian Government. one of which would fill the dedicated opportunity for training schemes with accommodation for 108 persons of China's Chief Armament MCM C2 role. local industry, engineering firms and (including a crew of 30). Cruising Directorate's Procurement Office. The Akula class SSN displaces 9.100 tons dived. It has a submerged Until a replacement enters the fleet, universities, and show her long history speed will be I6kt in Sea Slate 3. Indian stealth frigate The contract also includes an top speed of 28kts via one nuclear the Navy's general-purpose (LHA) and with the Navies of Australia, Brazil and lOkt up to Sea State 6. Other option for a further two ships, which if starts sea trials reactor. It has four 21 in (533 mm) and multi-purpose (LHD) amphibious and UK. features include a helicopter flight taken up. would give China six of the four 25.6 in (650 mm) torpedo tubes assault ships will take on the mission in deck and facilities for underway INS TALWAR. the first of three powerful destroyers. for a combination of 533 and 650 mm addition to existing duties. replenishment. new Project 1135.6 frigates built by The first two Project 956E torpedoes. Tube liners can be used to Russia's Baltiysky Zavod shipyard for destroyers. HANGZHOU and reduce the larger diameter tubes to 533 the Indian Navy (IN), has sailed from FUZHOU. were delivered in Campaign to save mm. An impressive total of 40 tube- USMC Sea Knight St Petersburg to begin sea trials in the December 1999 and November 2000 launched weapons arc carried. The former VENGEANCE Gulf of Finland. respectively. Both ships had originally improvement program Akula is loosely described as being a A substantially modified version been laid down for the Russian Navy, HMAS VENGEANCE, the once much improved Victor III class SSN Delays in the V-22 Osprey of the Soviet Krivak Ill-class design, but funding problems prevented their proud unit of the RAN, is about to be with extremely low noise signatures. programme have put a fresh emphasis the three Talwar class ships were completion. The two new ships are due scrapped in Brazil unless a rescue India's own ATV design is believed tin an interim improvement program ordered in November 1997. They for delivery by the end of 2005. package can be funded. to be based on the ex-Soviet Charlie I The Brazilian Navy's carrier MINAS GERAIS lor ihe US Marine Corps' (USMC) incorporate topside structures and hull While the first two Project 956E Approximately .60 years ago she class SSN. one of which the IN leased is also the former HMS/HMAS VENGEANCE. Boeing CH-46E Sea Knight Sovremenny-class ships for the PLAN was built for the RN to fight against the Since the carrier's decommissioning an appeal for three years in 1988. helicopters. were completed to what was essentially Nazis and latter the Japanese in the has been set up to save her from the scrappers However, even if there arc no the standard Project 956 configuration Pacific. yard and turn her into a museum and entertainment venue in Southampton Water further setbacks to the V-22 (with eight supersonic SS-N-22 USS INCHON to Today. VENGEANCE lies in the UK. programme, under current plans the 'Sunburn' missiles) the new Project retire forgotten in South America awaiting CH-46E will remain operational 956EM units are expected to scrapping unless the British and In addition to displaying historic service nil 2012. incorporate substantial combat system The USN has announced that it Australian nations can respond to a naval aircraft on her flight deck, she The USMC's 229 CH-46E improvements. intends to retire its only mine- deadline to raise finance to purchase will have a cinema and theatre, and helicopters are suffering from the A source from the Seven >ye countermeasures (MCM) command- the ship from the Brazilian Navy. provide attractive venues for growing effects of old age. Troop An artists drawing of the INS TALWAR. The ship bureau told the world renowned Jane's and-control (C2) vessel, the Iwo Jima- The 'Save the VENGEANCE* conferences and trade fairs. She will is a substantially modified version of the Soviet payloads have been reduced from 25 to Defence Weekly that four alternative class USS INCHON (MCS-12), this appeal is urging the Australian also come alive as the flagship for boat Krivak Ill-class design with topside structures and eight-to-18 combat equipped troops. hull surfaces shaped to remove radar hot spots' and design options had been presented to year due to rising operational and Government to assist in safeguarding shows and tall ship races as well as The mean time between routine engine reduce overall radar cross-section. the PLAN. Each included a maintenance (O&M) costs. As recently this unique ship for future generations. provide a unique focus for airshows. 33 16 VOL. 64 NO. I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I and be a magnet attracting film Sea Harrier to retire dangerously low. The solution to l^pe 22s for Romania producers and documentaries. rectify this is a more powerful version The Romanian government has She already has a future home if the for all-GR-9 force of the Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine. Engineering studies have revealed the decided to acquire two ex-Royal Navy money can be raised in time to buy her. The UK Ministry of Defence (RN) Type 22 Batch 2 frigates. HMS (MoD) is embarking on a strategy to technical risk to be too high to retrofit The British Port Authorities (ABP the FA-2 with the uprated Pegasus Mk COVENTRY and HMS LONDON. Southampton) have shown their further develop the combined Royal Air Force (RAF)/Royal Navy (RN) 107 engine: whereas the GR-7 has an Romanian intends to upgrade the support by offering her a berth in Joint Force Harrier (JFH) concept in an airframe which will readily accept the two frigates in the areas of command Southampton Water. effort to better prepare for the arrival of Mk 107 without major modifications. and Control, new guided weapons and If you wish to join the 'Save the the JSF. However, this will mean the The MoD concluded that the the fitting of a medium-calibre gun VENGEANCE' Affiliates or require early departure of the Sea Harrier FA-2 optimum development of the JFH system. The work is expected to information please contact: from service. concept is to field only one Harrier be done in a Romanian shipyard. Acquisition of two ships would support Manin Hill. Save the VENGEANCE Romania's NATO Membership Action Appeal'. Plan and provide the country's obsolete Fa*: 0011 44 01 262 490248 navy with its first modern surface Email: vengeancccampaign^ combatants. As well as affording a lleetairarmarchive.net huge leap in capability, the two 4.200-tonne frigates would enable the CPO Martin Dillon (TS AUGUSTA) accepts (he NLA SA Annual Efficiency Shield from CMDR Alan Romanian Navy to achieve a far higher SA Efficiency Award Prcskcll. RED. RANR (Rid) President of the South Australian Division of the Navy League of Australia. degree of interoperability with NATO to TS AUGUSTA forces operating in the Black Sea and Following the annual inspection of CMDR Alan Preskett. RFD. RANR Mediterranean. At the end of last year, which each Unit - conducted by the Senior (Rtd). President of Navy League - The batch 2 variant of the coincided with the end of the training Officer Cadets for South Australia. South Australian Division, had much successful Type 22 frigate incorporates year, all eight Naval Cadet Units CMDR R J Ghcrardin RFD RANR and pleasure in presenting the NLA-SA many of the lessons of the Falklands within South Australia met in Port CMDR Neil Phillips - the task of Annual Efficiency Shield to TS War. The ship is larger than its batch I Adelaide for a final sailing camp. At selecting the State's most successful AUGUSTA via that Unit's cousins to improve sea keeping, the conclusion of a successful camp, and efficient Unit was decided for the representative. Chief Petty Officer habitability and damage control - all the long awaited prize giving awarding of the Navy League of Martin Ditton ANC. four batch I Type 22's are currently operated by the Brazilian Navy. The Presentation Parade was held, at which Australia SA Annual Efficiency Shield At a subsequent ceremony in Port ships arc armed with two sextuple all trophies for the year's most keenly For their overall magnificent efforts. Augusta. NLA-SA committee member. launchers for the very accurate Sea competed activities were awarded by TS AUGUSTA under the command of Colin OIT. presented LCDR Mackay Wolf missile although it is expected the Senior Naval Officer South LCDR Robin Mackay ANC. from the ANC with the sponsorship cheque to that Romania will remove the system. Australia. CMDR Neil Phillips ADC northern township of Port Augusta, won accompany the Shield to aid the Designed primarily for ASW they are RAN the prestigious award for 2001. large enough to incorporate new finances of the local unit. A RN FA-2 Sea Harrier armed wilh two AMRAAMs about to land on the aircraft carrier weapons and systems to change their ILLUSTRIOUS. The Sea Harrier will now be retired in 2006. leaving the RN without a dedicated air current speciality to what ever the defence fighter for its ships until the arrival of the JSF and the new 40.000 tonne carriers. (RN) Romanian Navy has in mind.

The current JFH concept sees RAF type through to its end of service life THE NAVY has been following the and RN pilots in the JFH fly a and that this would be the more capable Type 22 batch 2 frigate saga for combination of RAF GR-7 Harrier GR-9. The Sea Harrier will, therefore, sometime as it was remarkable that ground attack and RN Sea Harrier FA- be withdrawn from service earlier than these very capable warships were not 2 air-defence aircraft. planned, probably by 2006. In the only being decommissioned early but The MoD strategy to prepare for the interim, work has already begun to without any buyers. The class was also JSF is to rationalise and reconstitute upgrade the GR-7 fleet to GR-9 thought to be an attractive option for the two existing Harrier forces and standard, which will be flown by pilots the RNZN. transition to a "more capable, truly from both services. joint" Harrier ground attack force using Withdrawal of the Sea the newer GR-9 Harrier only. Harrier FA-2. equipped with An MoD study found that the total AMRAAM. will represent a integration of the two current Harrier severe degrading of the RN's type aircraft into a single force was air-defence capability. The Sea impractical given that the two Harrier Harrier FA-2 is equipped with variants share less than 209f the Blue Vixen multi-mode commonality in airframe and avionics, radar for BVR (Beyond Visual and that they have quite different range) air superiority tasks operational roles. They said the study while the GR-7/GR-9 has no radar and only short range had exposed "some serious resource AAMs. dilemmas to which there were no The move to an all-GR-9 readily identifiable financial or force will see four front-line technical solutions", adding that both GR-9 units of at least nine types of Harrier were found to require aircraft each. RN Sea Harriers The Romanian Navy is purchasing two of the very capable significant investment to maintain and and their personnel will be Type 22 hatch 2 frigMes. HM Ships COVENTRY and upgrade their capabilities. relocated from their base at LONDON. Depicted is the Type 22 batch 2 frigate The Saudi frigate AL RYADH. first of three ships, built by the French Company DCN International on sea trials for the first time. 'Die ships are a close copy A key problem currently Yeovil ton to the two RAF HMS SHEFFIELD. All six of the Type 22 batch 2 class of the stealthy French La Fayetle and will be fitted with the Aster anti-aircraft/missile system making them the most powerful air warfare combatants owned experienced by both variants is that in Harrier bases at Cottesmore have been retired from the RN despite there being by an Arab country. They are also substantially more capable than their French cousins. (DCN International) hot weather the hover performance is and Wittering. 15-20 years left in their hulls. (RN)

VOL 64 NO. 2 THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. 2 19 The cost involved in operating Australian flagged and foreign shipowners are exempt from some of the foregoing Observations manned ships remain high however, and they cannot compete requirements, enabling foreign flag ships to carry nearly 16% successfully with ships crewed to completely different, of local (coastal) cargoes. unacceptable, standards. It is hard to know if Australia will ever become a By Geoffrey Evans A significant problem for Australian shipowners is the maritime-conscious nation. The Navy (and the Navy League number of Acts and Regulations with which they are required through this magazine and the film "The Sea and Australia". to comply; they include: distributed to hundreds of schools) work hard at it. while reasons for the existence of the Royal Australian Navy - the A SHIPPING SUCCESS STORY - • The Customs Act 1901 refugees and asylum seekers - "boat people" - have played protection of merchant shipping - is all but ignored. • The Nav igation Act 1912 their part in drawing attention lo the seas surrounding the THE WILHELMSEN LINE The story of the shipping industry in Australia is one of • The Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 country. In the RAN's recent thought-provoking publication v irtually endless struggle, even to the present time. A truly Although ranked among the world's leading shipping • The Migration Act 1958 AUSTRALIAN MARITIME DOCTRINE reference is made maritime-orientated nation would have, as well as ship companies and its ships certainly well-known on the • The Shipping Registration Act 1981 to the strategic advantages of hav ing a national flag merchant owners and operators, a shipbuilding/repair industry not waterfront. Wilhelmsen was not an instantly recognised • The Seafarers' Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 fleet in emergencies. The same publication, in a section constantly wondering where the next order was coming from company name in Australia; thai is. until 2(X)I when the MV • The Occupational Health and Safety (Maritime Industry) relating lo the influence of history states '*.... this lack of and a government that provided support, not necessarily TAMPA was caught up in the Howard government's border Act 1993. understanding of our history has minimised the importance protection project as a consequence of rescuing several fiscal, but understanding in a regulatory sense. Such of the maritime environment for Australian national governments have been a rarity. • The Customs Tariff Act 1995. hundred boaipeople' whose craft was about to sink: TAMPA, • The Workplace Relations Act 1996 history". her owner Wallenius Wilhelmsen and Norwegian authorities Privately owned and mostly small ships have operated • The Product Stewardship (Oil) Act 2000. Surely it is time for the Government to start leading the became involved in an unseemly wrangle with the Australian around the Australian coast since settlement began: Legislators appear to have been much more active in the way to a better understanding of that environment. Government. companies were formed and for the most part operated latter part of the 20th century! As mentioned previously successfully, particularly between the World War years: Few Wilhelmsen was founded in Tonsberg. Norway in 1861 however, engaged in the overseas trade which was dominated and commenced liner operations to Australia in !895. by foreign and in the main. British shipping. The coastal Wilhelm Wilhelmsen. son of the founder of the line and trading fleet numbered about 190 vessels of 1,000 dwt and grandfather of its current President, was Chief Officer of the over in the late nineteen-forties but thereafter for a variety of TIGER which initiated the service (the names of all reasons the number declined. Hatch, Match & Dispatch Wilhelmsen ships start with the letter "T"*) Wilhelmsen. or Wallenius Wilhelmsen to give the On at least two occasions it seemed Australia had the company its full title - the link with Wallenius. a pioneer in semblance of a viable overseas trading fleet. The withdrawal Hatch car transportation, look place in 1999 has always focuscd of foreign shipping from the Australian trade during the First on international liner activity and is today one of the world's World War caused the government of the day lo acquire 43 NUSHIP YARRA largest car and RoRo transport companies. ships that traded as the Commonwealth Line of Steamers The last of the Huon class to be built in Australia until disbanded and sold to Britain by a succeeding The company's fleet consists of over 70 vessels designed has launched. government in 1928. to carry not only cars and other vehicles, but containers, cargo The sixth and final 'plastic fantastic' for the RAN. the unsuitable for containers and RoRo goods. More than 12.000 In 1956 the Australian National Line (ANL) was formed coastal YARRA was launched in Newcastle in people are employed and the seagoing element is linked with from a collection of mostly small ships operated on behalf of January 02. extensive shore-based management facilities to enable a the government by a shipping board. Under new and largely She is expected to be commissioned in September 02. complete transport service. unfettered direction ANL developed from a relatively minor The 720-tonne fibreglass warship was built at ADI's coastal operator to a world-wide shipping organisation The writer can recall as a youngster being impressed by Carrington shipyard. involved among other things, as a partner in overseas liner the smart Wilhelmsen freighters with their black funnels Her hull is designed to withstand tremendous underwater operations. ringed by two pale blue bands: it is pleasing to note that, shocks. YARRA's hull is single skin without any ribs or together with partner Wallenius. the line developed into one For more than a decade ANL operated successfully and reinforcing frames. of the world's success stories. profitably but then started to decline in importance for The hull also has very low magnetic signature and noise reasons much the same as those that frustrated previous •(Wilhelmsen purchased its first steamship TALBOT in levels. attempts to lessen the nation's dependence on overseas 1887: It traded very profitably and thereafter all ship names On board, all machinery and equipment is mounted in owned shipping. An exception are those companies, such as began with T". One of the fleet. TAMERLANE, was cradles or suspended from bulkheads to further enhance BHP. that prov ide their own ships to carry company products "christened" in Australia recently) shock resistance, reduce noise and protect ship systems. coastwise and overseas, but they are not exempt from the YARRA. along with sister ships HUON. problems troubling Australian shipowners generally. HAWKESBURY, " NORMAN. GASCOYNE and AUSTRALIANS ARE NOT The industry has in the past and to some extent still is DIAMANTINA, form a $1 billion contract to give the RAN MARITIME-ORIENTATED effected by a number of factors including: one of the best mine countermeasures fleets in the world. • Relations between management and workforce ranging YARRA was launched by Mrs Sylvia Merson, wife of It is curious that Australia, an island nation heavily dependent from very bad to indifferent. leading excessive ship CDRE Red Merson (Rtd) who commanding HMAS YARRA on an ability to trade with other countries and on ships to operating costs. III in 1961. transport the goods, has seldom if ever been regarded as a • Government Acts and Regulations applicable to local but The ceremony took place in Newcastle on January 19 maritime nation, either by most of its own people or those not to overseas shipowners. 2002 and attracted a good crowd. with whom the country trades. • A fragmented maritime industry, with shipowners, cargo To be commanded by LCDR Alexander Hawes, YARRA Certainly Australians are conscious of the sea - most live owners/shippers, shipbuilders, stevedores and workforce will carry the bow number 87, with a ship's company of on the seaboard and enjoy the pleasures it offers - but few all pursuing their own agenda. about 42. appreciate the influence the oceans have on their lives. Relations between management and workforce were a The minehi'nter's principal task is to keep Australia's Regrettably, with a few notable exceptions or in times of major factor for many years but began to improve, albeit maritime focal points for trade free from the threat of mines. crisis, community indifference to the sea's importance has slowly, following a series of inquiries in the nineteen- Once mines are detected the ship deploys a remote control eighties. One notable advantage has been a reduction in the been reflected in the country 's governments and leaders. mine disposal vehicle or clearance divers to identify and, if For better or worse the Navy receives a fair share of number of Unions representing waterfront and shipyard NUSHIP YARRA is lowered into the water for the firs! time. YARRA is the necessary, neutralise the mine. last of the Huon class minehunters to be built for the RAN. publicity (at times more than it wants) but one of the main workers, making it easier to negotiate agreements. By Graham Davis (Brian Morrison. Warships & Marine Corps Museum)

20 VOL 64 NO. 2 THE NAVY VOL 64 NO 2 Adaptability Warships can transition from a peacetime state to the highest Australia's Maritime degree of battle readiness, without giving any external indication of their increased readiness. This is a very important consideration for any would-be adversary. They Doctrine Part 4 can change their employment from the most benign of international activities to offensive action within a similar In pun 4 of our presentation of the WAN's new Maritime Doctrine we detail Chapter 6 on Maritime Startegic period and with equally little warning to an adversary. By Concepts. The document was written by the Seapower Centre and is reproduced in THE NAVY, with the Centre's organising naval units into task formations, the capabilities of approval, given its importance to readers of THE \AVY. Australians and to the Navy league in general. particular platforms can be combined to achieve effects which can not only be matched to the job to be done, but which mean that a higher level of threat can be accepted and Chapter 6 commensurate stress can be applied to others.

MARITIME OPERATIONAL HMA Ships WESTRALIA and CANBERRA recently made tlx- long Reach journey to the Southern Ocean and caught two traw lers suspected of fishing Reach may be defined as the distance from home bases at CONCEPTS illegally in Australia's EEZ. This operation was conducted during one of the most demanding and hectic operational tempo periods in recent memory which operations can be carried out. Warships carry much of THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN and demonstrates the flexibility of a modem navy. (RAN) their logistic support with them. This ability gives them considerable inherent capability to conduct sustained mean that ships that are not in maintenance and have LAND, AIR AND MARITIME POWER operations, whether working individually or in task completed their normal training can very rapidly be prepared The environments within which the services operate and fight formations, at long distances and for extended periods from and deployed for a contingency. In the 1990-91 Gulf War. the are interconnected and cannot be considered in isolation. home bases, thus conferring reach. Such reach can be first RAN ships were ready to sail within 48 hours of the Indeed. Australia is attempting to ensure seamless extended in distance and lime by the provision of Government's decision to despatch them. Because they do warfighting approaches such that virtual integration is replenishment vessels and by the rotation of combat forces not need to establish initial forward operating bases, warships into and out of theatre. achieved to maximise the effectiveness of our forces. (from L to R) HMA Ships ANZAC and SYDNEY. Both Ships have recently can often be operational in theatre before any other forces Furthermore, the trend of technological development is such coinplelcd tours of duty in the Persian Gulf demonstrating the inherent as to make the operating environments and methods more reliability and reach of the modem warship. (RANl despite their apparently longer transit times. Being on scene Poise and Persistence alike. The fundamental differences between the land and the early helps contain escalation and prevent widening of a Warships can poise and be persistent. These qualities relate Mobility in Mass other two environments used to be that land warfare tended to conflict. directly to the size of the vessels involved but. to a greater or Ships are mobile. Warships may only transit at less than a be linear and focused on gaining or holding ground, while air lesser degree, all warships are almost wholly self contained thirtieth of the speed of jet aircraft, but even moderate sized Access and maritime warfare tended to be non-linear, dynamic and and can operate without recourse to the shore for periods of ships have the ability to carry tens, hundreds or even platform focused. Furthermore, as noted in Chapter Five, Warships can operate wherever there is sufficient depth of thousands of times the payload. Ships are thus uniquely weeks or even months. In a recent Australian example, the there are tactical relationships between the offence and water to float and arc only restricted in their operations in the mobile in mass. This mobility in mass relates not only to lift heavy landing ship TOBRUK spent 65 days in the area of defence on land which differ in nature from those on the sea internal waters and territorial seas of other countries. This capacity, which is the ability of ships to move large numbers operations off Bougainville in the course of a single 73 day or in the air. As all environments become more gives them immediate access to some 70 per cent of the of people and large cargoes over long distances, but the deployment in 1998. Embargo operations have been technologically sophisticated, such distinctions are beginning earth's surface, an effect magnified by the fact that the vast capacity of warships to carry considerable combat power in conducted without interruption for years, even in modern to disappear, with land warfare becoming more dynamic and the form of their organic weapons and munitions over majority of the world's population lives within a hundred and times. The endurance of warships can be readily increased non-linear and all three environments becoming more similarly long distances. This is a very important aspect for fifty kilometres of the sea. Warships do not create a further by the provision of fuel, ammunition and food, and organised as networks in order to achieve battlespace smaller forces which face particular difficulties in projecting 'footprint' on other nations' territories or in their airspace and vital stores from replenishment ships. All modern ocean dominance. Space based assets and over-the-horizon sensor and sustaining concentrated combat power. thus do not challenge sovereignty in the way that land forces going navies possess such supply ships as fundamental systems arc becoming important elements of the process. Warships are also continuously mobile in a way that land or forward deployed or over-flying air forces must do. elements of their fleet. This ability to poise and be persistent Forces from all environments are increasingly developing the or air platforms are not. being capable of sustaining their Restrictions on airspacc and ground facilities may mean in is particularly important for governments that are attempting capacity to manoeuvre, acquire and engage targets progress almost indefinitely. Seaborne forces can move at some circumstanccs that warships are the only military option to resolve a course of action in complex and ambiguous throughout the battlespace. Nevertheless, these processes are several times the speed of large land forces over long available to the Australian Government. Furthermore, the situations. In these circumstances, warships allow national still in their early stages and there remain key differences distances, an aspect of considerable significance for extent of that access can be expanded when maritime units leadership to be proactive as well as reactive in a way that is between land, air and maritime operations. amphibious operations. Even at a moderate speed of 15 knots are operating with organic air power and amphibious forces. unique. Poise does not always require a physical presence on Probably the most important factor for maritime forces is (28 kilometres per hour), a naval task force can travel 360 The ability to control conflict without the need to adopt station but relates to the continuing ability of naval forces to that the nature of maritime operations leads more readily to nautical miles (more than 660 kilometres) in a single day. In measures requiring land forces to be physically committed is intervene in a situation to achieve the required effects. organisation and command by task rather than within conjunction with organic and shore based aircraft, an important strategic advantage. specified geographical boundaries. The more detailed aspects particularly airborne early warning and control aircraft, and of this for command and control will be discussed in Chapters with the support of non-organic systems such as over-the- Flexibility Ten and Eleven, but the key issue is that both the capabilities horizon radar and submarines, the idea of a moving bubble of Warships are flexible. Warships are immediately responsive and the vulnerabilities of maritime forces must always be approximately 1000 nautical miles (or nearly 2000 and sensitive to government direction in a subtle way not considered in terms of both space and time. kilometres) radius is a realistic way of thinking about the always applicable to other military assets. Even in an era of scope of geographic influence of a maritime force. CHARACTERISTICS OF MARITIME satellite surveillance, warships are difficult to locate and Submarines, too. carry considerable combat power. They identify, particularly near busy shipping lanes, and even more POWER can transport and insert small special forces units and can difficult to track continuously. Warships can be deployed into operate covertly. By comparison with surface forces, By their nature, seaborne forces possess characteristics and area covertly or overtly; they can be withdrawn at will; and however, conventional submarines transit much more slowly, attributes in combinations and to an extent which are not although they have excellent endurance. they may be as easily operated so as to create a deliberate necessarily present in the other environments. For the Readiness impression of ambiguity as of certainty and decision. Australian context, the characteristics of land forces are Submarines, with their ability to remain covert, can be described in Land Warfare Doctrine 1 - The Fundamentals of Warships can be ready. While the Navy's normal operating particularly useful in this regard. Modern high capacity Land Warfare and of air forces in Australian Air Publication and maintenance cycles may make it more difficult to surge communications now permit a very high degree of 1000-The Air Power Manual. For units on or under the sea an entire order of battle than is the case for aircraft, the A Collins class submarine on the surface for a brief peri' L One of the responsiveness to higher direction. these characteristics include: Navy's customary operating patterns and exercise levels disadvantages of diesel electric submarines is its slow transit speed. (RAN) 15 14 VOL 64 NO. 2 IHE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. 2 Resilience and the distinctions between attrition and manoeuvre are Warships are resilient. Not only are they designed and their different to those in land warfare. Manoeuvrist effects can be crews trained to control and alleviate the effects of damage, achieved in the naval environment if overwhelming force can Pacific 2002 they are much less mission sensitive in terms of defects than be deployed against an opponent's critical vulnerabilities airborne units. All ships arc characterised by a degree of without warning. Examples of this could include the pre- in both their equipment and manning and the emptive sowing of minefields outside an adversary's bases. International Maritime Exposition extent of this redundancy tends to increase dramatically with Since, however, they are inherently highly mobile and not hull size. Furthermore, just as most ships have multiple readily susceptible to the same morale factors as ground weapon and sensor capabilities and can perform several tasks troops, naval forces will generally require to be engaged with and Sea Power Conference concurrently, so even major defects or damage may not mean superior firepower to achieve their neutralisation. that a unit ceases to be able to make a contribution to the Manoeuvre as a concept in the maritime environment, or force as a whole. maritime manoeuvre, principally relates to the inherent By RADM Andrew Robertson. AO. DSC. RAN (Rtd) capability of maritime forces which possess a sufficient Senior Federal Vice-President, Navy League of Australia THE LIMITATIONS OF MARITIME degree of sea control to move military force to the locations Photos by Mark Schweikert POWER which can achieve the greatest possible advantage over the adversary. By seizing, retaining and exploiting the initiative, Maritime power also has a number of inherent limitations. the terms and place of confrontation can be selected to exploit Sea Power 2002, part of the Pacific 2002 International Naval and Maritime Exposition was held at the Sydney Transience an adversary's will or capacity to resist. It is thus inherently a Exhibition and Conference Centre. Darling Harbour, from 29 to 31 January 2002. The Exposition itself was the latest Maritime forces cannot hold the sea* in the way that land-sea or a land-sea air concept and has particular relevance in a series of biennial events, organised by the Maritime Foundation of Australia Ltd, which continue to grow in size occupying troops can hold ground' on land. Although for Australia because of the maritime-littoral nature of so and prestige. The RAN organised the associated Sea Power Conference. This year there were exhibits from some 270 persistence has been described as an important characteristic much of this country's strategic environment. Sometimes firms from all over the world, mostly associated with naval-related requirements. Some 900 to 1,000 personnel of maritime units and one not readily achieved by air forces, described as manoeuvre from the sea, it will be fundamental attended the Sea Power Conference and about 1,400 people visited the Exposition. it must be considered as a tactical or operational tool and not to most Australian operations in conflict. as an element for final strategic decision except if lhat decision is susceptible to achievement by seaborne means The keynote address for the opening of the conference and The fundamentals of the program, outlined in the White alone. The blockade of an entity which has no alternative exposition was given by Senator the Hon Robert Hill. Paper, to provide capabilities, will be maintained, but in access to transport is probably the only exception to this rule. Minister for Defence, who. in the main, concentrated on the addition to the already announced increase in counter terrorist Indirectness Strategic Setting and the Government's new strategy lor the capability and dcfcnce intelligence other issues will be An associated issue is the fact that many of the achievements development of Defence Industry. considered. These include the adequacy of Chemical. of maritime forces are indirect and not always apparent in Biological. Radiological and Nuclear defence capabilities: the their effects. The success of operations such as blockade in requirements to conduct concurrent operations; and the lessons particular arc very difficult to measure, not only because the from recently-demonstrated applications of new technology. effects of seaborne power sometimes take a very long time to Perhaps the most significant announcement was that of a achieve but because they can also require close coordination new strategic approach to Defence Industry. with a range of other measures to be fully effective. 0 This will be the sustainability of key Defence Industry The primary danger of indirectness is that it tends to capabilities, rather than open competition in ail cases. The disguise the critical nature of the maritime environment in "open competition" approach will give way to strategically- most conflicts. This is particularly true in relation to the linked programs offered to industry under long-term requirement for the maintenance of uninterrupted sea HMAS DARWIN makes her way across the Indian Ocean. iJohn Mortimer) arrangements. communications to support campaigns on land, a requirement that has applied to practically the entirety of Australia's To many observers this seemed to be a partial reversion - military experience since 1900. ATTRITION IN THE MARITIME particularly so far as naval ship-building is concerned - to the The new NSM anti-ship missile nude hy Kongsberg on display of the Speed policy pursued in the decades from WW II until the 1970s ENVIRONMENT Pacific 2002 exposition. The missile has a very low IR signature, is very when the shipyards at Williamstown and Cockatoo Island Although maritime forces are mobile in mass and can move stealthy and passively guided hy an advanced Imaging Infra Red seeker. In this maritime context, attrition is also more properly a could plan on a steady flow of orders as each ship class was several times more quickly over long distances than large The company is hoping to se!J ihe missile to the RAN as a Harpoon strategic or operational concept for naval forces than tactical, completed. The announced change should greatly reduce the land forces, they do not have the speed of aircraft and replacement for the SEA 4000 dcslroyer. because at the latter level either the presence of superior airborne forces. There will be circumstances in which the current 'boom and bust' environment for Defencc Industry, force-generally reckoned in terms of the effective range and response time of maritime forces will be measured in days or Noting that Pacific 2002 is one of the most significant and be widely welcomed. It may now be possible oncc again destructive effect of the weaponry carried-or the achievement even weeks, rather than the few hours of immediately ready trade events to be held in the Asia-Pacific region, the Minister to sustain key industry capabilities instead of them wasting of surprise is required to achieve a victory between naval air mobile forces. The comparison is complicated, however, stated that in this year in particular the Exposition was a most away and being lost. forces. That victory will normally result in the serious by the fact that the balance between range and payload significant reminder that naval capability is a central pillar of The Department of Defence was now therefore disabling or destruction of the loser. Such destructiveness is remains a difficulty for air forces, which require forward Australia's national security. developing industry sector plans for the key areas of one of the key themes of the historical experience of maritime bases, mobile operating platforms or asset-intensive air-to-air aerospace, electronics, and shipbuilding and repair. As an warfare and it is important to remember this reality in the Drawing from the Defence White paper he predicted that refuelling to add reach to their speed. In the circumstances context of determining risk. On the other hand, the object of over the next 10 years the ADF will continue to undertake a example for future naval requirements the Government where distance becomes a major consideration-something naval warfare is not a vessel count. It is establishment of the range of operations, other than conventional war, both in our intends offering long-term multi-project work packages, as that will almost always be the case for Australia-the control of a dynamic environment in order to achieve the region and beyond. "Preparing the ADF for such operations opposed to the traditional project-by-project approach. operational commander will need to make a careful required end-state. In the rare event that opposing forces are will therefore take a more prominent place in our defence The Sea Power Conference, which was held in parallel judgement as to the key characteristics needed to achieve the evenly balanced and willing to fight to a definite conclusion, planning than it has in the past". with lectures of more relevance to industry, covered a great task. In uncertain situations, the more effective the political- victory will normally go to the side which can make the first Fie stated that if the current higher-than-anticipated range of subjects and speakers over the three days and it is not military interface the more likely that maritime forces will be accurate attacks and thus to the one which has used its operational tempo continues the Government may need to possible to cover all speakers in this article. deployed sufficiently early to allow their effective use. scouting and surveillance assets to develop better awareness provide additional funding for Defence. The Chief of Navy. VADM David Shackleton. outlined MANOEUVRE IN THE MARITIME of the battlespace on the path to achieving dominance. That There will now be an annual assessment of Australia's changes wrought by the September 11 attack on the World process, requiring patrol and surveillance over extended areas strategic environment. The events of September II have Trade Centre and the war in Afghanistan. Homeland defence ENVIRONMENT and for long periods, is both highly demanding on systems already added to the significant operational commitments of now had a new meaning. There was a need for eternal In maritime warfare, manoeuvre is a strategic and operational and people and time consuming in its execution. It is very the ADF and this will affect resources and force structure vigilance and a need to act swiftly. While land operations concept rather than one directly relevant to the tactical level much the reality of maritime operations. priorities. were required to take and hold, logistic support would often

THE NAVY 24 VOL. 64 NO. 2 THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. 2 25 • there was a growing and w ider role for the UN. advantage over Singapore in artillery and in some missile phased array radars. Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs). • the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction systems. In his view, the military build-up would be unlikely Unmanned Underwater Vehicles, extended range munitions, continues despite the opposition of the US. to lead to conflict. Singapore felt vulnerable and her arms supersonic missiles, dumb weapons and a range of precision • nations such as Australia must look to their own build-up was necessary for morale,reasons. guided missiles. Maximum commonality in our ships and defence. In answer to a question on the attitudes in South East Asia interoperability particularly with the USN were important Dr Brabin-Smith considered that the Defence White Paper to the increasing power of India. Dr da Cunha considered that requirements as were such things as running costs for ships, remained sound and that Australia's strategic interests had not some countries viewed an Indian presence positively, as in stealth design etc. It was an exciting time for the ADF. changed. years to come there would be a balance of power between Mr Guy Stitt of AMI International (US Naval Analysts Dr Derek da Cunha of the Singapore Institute of South- India and China. There was speculation that India may be and Advisers) spoke on Developments in Maritime East Asian studies spoke on The Strategic Outlook - a View interested in the former Soviet base at Cam Ranh Bay. Technology. There were now 151 ocean navies in the world. from SE Asia. Regarding dealing with terrorism he thought that there 10 of which (not Australia) were technology leaders. 25 He felt that the organisation of ASEAN had mixed was considerable cooperation between Singapore. Malaysia others had some R&D (including Australia). Other nations fortunes as a security community partly due to the and the Philippines and the situation was under control, purchased their requirements from these groups. compartmentalised nature of regional security. He outlined except in the Philippines. the expansion of Chinese capability in all fields - economic, Dr J N Mak of the Maritime Institute of Malaysia gave an financial, diplomatic and military and there was now interesting perspective of the strategic situation as seen from The French company IX'N International displayed a model of its NTCD his country. Japan was now less constrained than in the past class Landing Helicopter Dock amphibious assault ship. Two of these particular Chinese influence in Cambodia and Myanmar. 20.000 ton carrier-like vessels with a speed of 20 knots, a range of 11.000 Claims to the Spratley Islands had a salutary impact on and it will be interesting to see if they abrogate that part of nautical miles and carrying up to 450 troops. 16 heavy lift helicopters, naval staffs and on naval acquisitions in SEA. but there were their Constitution dealing with armed forces. The Gulf War armoured vehicles including tanks and two hovercraft or four landing craft, other concerns including piracy. The South East Asian stales underlined the importance of oil and Japan's sea lines of have been ordered for the French Navy. still l(x>ked to the West to resolve major problems in the area. communication. The Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force he needed from the sea and there was always the requirement There was concern however that global developments had a had expanded greatly in its capability and had offered lo for the protection of trade. Navy was an instrument for direct impact on the US forces in the West Pacific and under patrol the Straits of Malacca against piracy. Both Malaysia influence on others. Intcroperating with allies was a priority: some circumstances there was some doubt on US capability and Indonesia had turned down this offer. He wouldn't be rapid advances in technology were bringing rapid changes in to help SEA states, particularly as the region was not a vital surprised to see Japanese naval operations in the Indian warfare: people remained the greatest challenge, and ihere US strategic area. Ocean soon. They would need aircraft carriers in due course. was much competition for manpower to be faced: and the There were uncertainties in the area principally covering China was bent on becoming a great power and was rapidly strengthening ils economy and technology, it was navy must get better at working with industry. China and ils intentions, whether Indonesia would hold A unique warship model on display was Vosper Thornycrofl's trimaran Professor Geoffrey Till of the UK Joint Services together, and the relations between states. There was a seen as the most destabilising force in Asia but was stealth frigate. No orders have been placed just yet. Command and Staff College spoke on The New Maritime notable build up in local naval forces and by 2010 there constrained by the US 7th Reel and the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force. China needed a long period of peace to Millennium. He considered that increasingly the tasks for would be some 18 to 20 diesel submarines among five nations Recent technological developments of great importance to modernise. She was a rich nation and had a strong army, but navies were more to do with small wars and the launching of in South East Asia. Some states want a more apparent US navies included fuel cells, permanent magnet motors and high he felt their priority was to refurbish industry before major expeditionary forces to stabilise situations. National roles for naval presence in the area. super conductors for propulsion: phased array military development. It was unlikely that China would use navies were in decline and multinational forces seemed more The key military balances were between Singapore and radars: integrated circuits allowing much smaller size and likely in the future. Nevertheless the import;, ice of Sea force to resolve issues in view of the international Malaysia and between Myanmar and Thailand, which shared cost; programmable ammunition: high speed missiles (Mach Power was unlikely to diminish. The centralisation of repercussions which would follow. a very long, largely unmarked, border and had a long history 7 plus); and UAVs. Platform design was changing with an command would increase and there would be further loss of Mr Clive Williams, the Director of Terrorism Studies at of animosity and smuggling problems. emphasis on stealth; on spacious hull designs to allow for independence for navies. Ihe Australian National University spoke on the impact of Singapore was the leading local military power with her future modification, greater survivability and lower costs; on terrorism on maritime operations. He also covered increasing Dr Richard Brabin-Smith. the Deputy Secretary for major strength lying in air power. He surmised that the new materials such as composites: and on automation and Strategic Policy in the Department of Defence, stated that in use of the sea for illegal purposes including people acquisition of submarines, frigates and aircraft was intended reliability allowing much lower manning levels. The Ineat addition to the yearly review of the Strategic Setting there smuggling, narcotics, piracy, arms trafficking, illegal fishing to extend influence outwardly. Singapore was now buying and Austal ship designs in Australia were examples. would also be a review of the Defence Capability Plan. He Apache helicopters. Malaysia had a comparative technical and environmental crime such as bilge cleaning and oil A closer Navy/Industry partnership was required in made a number of points including: spillage Australia. Technology must be developed to keep pace with • the US commitment to see through the war against Maritime terrorism was occurring in Sri Lanka by the sea the threat. Collaboration and innovation were important to terrorism was very strong. wing of the Tamil Tigers. The attack on the USS COLE in keep costs down and meet requirements. • the dominance of the US as the leader of the West, and Aden was a new development which indicated some new There were a number of presentations covering the its immense military and economic power. naval vulnerabilities in ports, in addition to underwater attacks. importance of the Information age. network centric warfare • the US would continue to be the locomotive for Better intelligence was required to deal with most of these and the exploiting of technology for maritime warfare. Many changes in warfare through such developments as problems. The searching of merchant vessels presented a observers fell that these developments were tools for the UAVs. IT. precision guided weapons etc. huge problem. Much training was needed and at present only command and there may well be a problem in sifting the huge • an increased US focus on the Asia Pacific Region. the Customs had the necessary expertise in Australia. amount of information now available to prevent the • the enduring importance for Australian forces of More close range weapons and other equipment would be command being swamped. interoperability with US forces. needed to deal with COLE type attacks. Without a • for the most part, crises in the Pacific have been well- Coastguard, training in new fields would be required for the Of much interest was a lecture by Major General Rob Fry. controlled. RAN including counter terrorism, searching ships, and the Commandant General of the Royal Marines who spoke on • September II has helped to pull many countries maritime law. Close co-ordination with Police and Customs Littoral Operations. The UK had now moved from prc- together again. and better access to the media would be required. There deployment. as in the cold war. to an expeditionary strategy. • some nations, particularly in the SW Pacific, have would be further personnel retention problems caused by There was much emphasis on sea basing and sea control. The difficulty governing themselves, and this had protracted deployments in uncongenial areas. concept of crossing the beach in amphibious warfare had importance for Australia CDRE Tony Flint, the Director General Maritime been replaced by moving direct to the objective by helicopter • transnational crime was of growing importance and Development covered the future for maritime warfare. He hovercraft, fixed wing aircraft etc. HMS OCEAN, the new spoke on the great influence of technology. The importance of British LPH. carries a marine commando battalion and most needed international co-operation to deal with it. The Missiles and ships where not the only items up for sale. Pictured are two finance behind people smuggling was now similar to special forces underwater sets. not only allow longer Knowledge Edge was well accepted and a huge range of new of its equipment, with eight helicopters and some landing that behind the drug trade. underwater dives but produce next to no tell tale bubbles on the surface. sensors and weapons was in the offing. These included craft and yet costs less than a frigate. 41 33 VOL. 64 NO. I THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. I More people than in past years seemed lo take a great air transport can take 14 days or more with many lifts, due to interest in the many displays in the Exhibition Hall. Included other priorities. were item of interest as possible contenders for the projected Incat, the Tasmanian builder of similar craft, is currently Air Warfare Destroyers and other ships. operating one of its vessels (fitted, in a month, with a l/ar (formerly Bazan. merged with a number of Spanish helicopter deck) for trials with US forces in the European shipyards), now the second biggest shipbuilder in Europe, theatre. showed models of its carrier, landing ships and the interesting The Chief of Navy. VADM David Shackleton. wound up F-100 Frigate. the conference listing the importance of six major points: DCN displayed models of French w arships including the • the strategic uncertainty of the future. NTCD class of Landing Helicopter Dock amphibious assault • the need for interoperability. ship. Two of these 20.000 ton carrier-like vessels with a speed • the importance of knowledge and information. of 20 knots, a range of 11.000 nautical miles and carrying up • Ihe need for trials of new concepts and technology. to 450 troops. 16 heavy lift helicopter, armoured vehicles • the need to review the whole personnel scene including tanks and two hovercraft or four landing craft, have including the Sea/Shore Roster. been ordered for the French Navy. This sort of design could • the need to ensure maximum synergies between the well be a contender for any replacement of HMAS TOBRUK. three services. Gibbs & Cox. the renowned US naval architects, Overall ihe Exposition and Sea Power Conference must displayed their designs for a number of ships including a be considered an important and valuable event in the Defence 2().(XX) tonne Landing Ship dock, a 1.550 tonne advanced calendar and a credit to the organisers. corvette and the International Frigate - a design offered to the As a minor criticism there is a tendency, common in all RAN for the Air Warfare Destroyer. This ship is of 5.875 professions, for over use of rhetoric understood only by the tonnes w ith a length of 144 metres, a speed of 30 knots, a initialed. For greater public understanding it would be well A mock up of ihe RAN's newest anti-ship missile, the Penguin Penguin missiles will arm the RAN's new Super Seasprile helicopters once range of 4.5(X) nautical miles, phased array radar, standard for speakers to use simple lay language and drop the SM-2 and Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles. Harpoon. RAM. a acronyms and defence jargon. Cruise missiles such as Tomahawk and exiended range Brigadier General Billy Mitchell with his Maritime Bombers. 5"/54 gun system. 35 mm Valkyrie guns. MK-46 torpedoes, Some clear messages from the changing strategic scene r ammunition, together with aircraft gave navies a long-range In WW II 45 /f of ihe 2.728 allied ships sunk were destroyed and capable of operating helicopters such as the Seahawk. seem to be that while current emphasis must be on the non- strike capability against land targets up to I .(XX) miles inland. by aircraft. The Battle of the Bismark Sea in February 1943 The Western world's great US and European missiles conventional war aspects, the fundamental reason for the During the Afghan War the USN had shown that Marines in which all eight Japanese transports and five of the eight firms provided unpi ssive displays of a huge range of existence of the ADF must not be forgotten or relegated and could be deployed over 450 miles from their sea bases. escorts were sunk by American and Australian shore-based weapons, some of which had clear application to the ADF. its warfighting skills and capability must be strengthened. The UK was not only building new LPDs and General aircraft, despite the Japanese having 100 fighters available, Austal. the West Australian builder of large catamaran Many wonder whether the very long and expensive decision- Purpose Landing Ships but designing the new Type 45 was a great demonstration of the effectiveness of aircraft high speed vehicle passenger ships, announced that it had making process for the acquisition of major equipments is destroyers to carry 60 Marines with boats. against ships. been awarded a 3-year contract (with one 101 metre vessel) any longer appropriate. The most concerning 12-year wait foi RADM . the Head of Defence Personnel This was indeed correct but some observers also felt that to transport US Marines between their various greatly favour the replacement of the Navy's area air defence capability is an Executive, outlined the personnel problem facing the Navy. the lesson of the great difficulty of defending a convoy at this form of transport, as a battalion of 970 men with its example of tardy decision-making which needs immediate Despite a drop in requirements the Navy was still about l(K long range from shore air bases despite such huge numbers ol equipment can be deployed in one lift in 24 hours, whereas attention. short of its needs. However there had been some fighters should also have been mentioned, for this lesson was improvement in recruiting lately, particularly for sailors. learnt many times by naval forces during WW II. There was a critical shortage of seaman officers and pilots. The Chief of Air Force went on to list Australian Pay and conditions were not the major issues in the Operational Imperatives including the need for Joint retention problem Rather it was questions of careers, family Command and Control: sensor permanence: integrated considerations and competition for the skills held. Some C4ISR: long-range multi-role capability: rapid mobility: air strategies being addressed were flexible careers, family to air refuelling: sland off and precision weapons; stealth assistance, work environment, targeting re-entries, and technology: interoperability both joint and coiftbined: and advertising the benefits of naval service. combat support. The Commander of the Australian Theatre. RADM Chris He outlined clearly the total coverage of our Northern Ritchie, spoke of the added load on ships today compared approaches which should be achieved by 2020 with Jindalee with twenty years ago. They not only had lo hone warfighting and AEW&C aircraft giving more precision and detail, skills but be able to deal with illegal fishing, illegal associated with mobile and permanent radars. UAV immigration. UN sanctions and UN peacekeeping. This posed technology was needed in the future and data link common a number of questions for ship design, training etc. standards was a priority now. There had been great changes in the Command and Manned aircraft were still the best for air combat but he Control arrangements and in civilianisation. The acquisition believed our next manned fighter would be the last. process for new ships was too slow to meet nava! capability Lt Gen Peter Cosgrove. Chief of Army, stated that for requirements. There were lessons for the future in changing Army to play its role, in many cases it must go by sea expectations and political and public pressure. Different including often in Australia itself. Sea transport and. mixes of ships were needed and the Navy may have to amphibians shipping was needed but control of the sea lines restructure to a sea-going force without the sea/shore system of communication was essential for supplies from overseas. of the past. Afloat helicopters, hospitals and support from ships was The Chief of Air Force. Air Marshal Angus Houston essential for Army. spoke on Air Power in the Maritime Environment, draw ing The Navy must have comprehensive area air defence in some lessons from history. The turning point showing the the Fleet and Army was delighted at the prospect of the Air influence and capability of air power was the sinking of the Warfare Ship. The Army c-.uld only operate effectively as Forgacs shipyard in Newcastle is one of the many bidders in the RAN's project to replace the Fremantle class patrol boat. Pictured is Forgacs' contender anchored target German battleship Ostfriesland in 1921 by part of a joint force. based on an existing Italian patrol boat.

28 vol 64 NO. 2 THE NAVY VOL. 64 NO. 2 PRODUCT REVIEW IN THE HIGHEST TRADITIONS received awards for bravery while others became victims of ineptitude and apathy at higher levels of the 'paper trail'. The RAN HEROISM DARWIN silence of the Silent Service failed its personnel in this case. RED SKY AT NIGHT would reconfigure their holds to accommodate produce such 19 FEBRUARY 1942 He is quite scathing of the requirement for RAN as wheat, copra, wool, rubber and other raw materials for By John Bradford nominations for honours and awards, during World War II. shipment back to England. THE LIFE OF A PROFESSIONAL Reviewed by LCDR Greg Swinden. RAN requiring endorsement by the Admiralty and within a given The author notes on one voyage to South East Asia his time frame. This he states has lead to some acts of bravery SEAFARER ship berthing at a newly completed container wharf, and 'In the view of this Government, it's never too late to going virtually unrecognised in the Darwin raid and the later By Michael Bennett noting the introduction of container ships which were rapidly acknowledge that sort of heroism' sinkings of HMAS YARRA and HMAS ARMIDALE. John Reviewed by Mike James replacing the traditional freighters on which he served. The bombing of Darwin on 19 February 1942 has often also raises the now frequently asked question of retrospective Available from: Service on the Pacific & Orient Lines passenger ships been described as a national day of shame. The heavy losses awards for these men up to. and including, the award of the Crusader Trading. such as CATHAY and OR!AN A also highlights the changes incurred, the minor losses suffered by the Japanese, the poor Victoria Cross for some. 9 Townsville Street. that have taken place. Voyages to ports such as Singapore performance of their duty by many of the military personnel Fyshwick. ACT. 26II and Hong Kong were full of passengers undertaking the trip John also looks at the affect of the raid on higher Naval in Darwin, and the mass exodus south of most of the civilian Ph. (02) 6239 2332. Fax: (02) 6239 2334 to take up positions in the colonial administrations, together thinking at the time and the role it played in later operations population, has always been portrayed as the true story of the with their families and possessions. in northern Australian waters. A new slant on the reasons for Or their website at: http://www.crusuderbooks.com.au first Darwin raid. Today, the long shadow of commercial air travel has the loss of the corvette ARMIDALE. in December 1942. is Price: $30.00 including GST +$6.60 PP (first item. $3.30 While the actions of some ashore in the wake of the replaced the passenger liners of that age. and relegated the put forward and makes interesting reading. after that!. bombing have rightly been called into question this has liner to the role of mobile tourist resort. In fact the author For those interested in the bare facts In the Highest unfortunately overshadowed the bravery and outstanding describes undertaking a number of such cruises to the Traditions is an A5 paperback of 224 pages, reasonably well devotion to duty shown by the Naval personal (RAN. USN Mediterranean and the Fjords of Norway in ships such as the illustrated, and with a foreword by Sir Zelman Cowen (who and Merchant Navy) both afloat and ashore in Darwin. CHUSAN was serving as a Naval officer in Darwin during 1942). Several other military personnel, civilian medical staff and The author served as a member of the Royal Naval The book will cost about $35.00 (GST dependent) and is public servants also carried out their duties in an exemplary Reserve, with his Merchant Navy service interspersed with published by Seaview Press of Adelaide. South Australia (PO tours of duty with the Royal Navy, notably on anti-submarine manner. It is a pity that the actions of some military Box 234 Henley Beach SA 5022). frigates such as the Whitby class HMS EASTBOURNE and personnel in Darwin resulted in tarnishing the record of a the Blackwood class HMS MURRAY, and the minesweeper good many 'who got on with the job' and did it well. Another very welcome addition to the history of the RAN HMS BADMINTON The Royal Navy of those days was John Bradford has produced a very good account of the and one that the higher levels of the Navy could learn from as •, t iVi!' f 11 focused squarely on dealing with the looming threat of the raid, but more importantly has examined in detail the valour how recognize and. more importantly, reward skill and valour Soviet Union, however. Bennet focuses on the high and low of the RAN personnel involved on that fateful day. Several when it occurs. lights of Navy life. In 1969. the author joined the Royal Australian Navy, having married an Australian girl he met on one of his voyages between England and Australia. Having travelled out BACK ISSUES to his newly adopted country as a passenger, "self-stowing THE NAVY cargo", on the P&O passenger ship IBERIA, he commenced Till: \A\'Y THE NAVY service on the anti-submarine frigate HMAS Do you have gaps in your collection of THE NAVY magazine? Or would you like QUEENBOROUGH. in here role as fleet training ship. some more copies of your favourite issues to send to shipmates? A limited The RAN as presented in these times is very different number of back copies of THE NAVY arc available for most years from 1978 to from the RAN of today. Not just in terms of ships and 2001. missions, but in the nature of the role itself. The Navy was Michael Bennett served some 27 years at sea. for several structured around the aircraft carrier MELBOURNE, with Prices vary and are as follows: shipping companies, the Royal Navy and the Royal much of the fleet providing for her defence and support. Up to 1992 $3.75 Australian Navy. Following service in QUEENBOROUGH the author Jan 93 - Jan 99 $4.85 RED SKY AT NIGHT is a personal account of the more served in the mincsweeping squadron, and graphically April 99 - July 00 $5.95 memorable experiences of his career, from his first voyage as describes the arduous conditions aboard those small, cramped Oct 00 - present $6.45 a 17-year-old cadet, with the Canadian Pacific Line on the ships during exercises in Australian and Papua New Guinea All prices include GST. postage and handling. North Atlantic run. to finish his career with the RAN as waters. Cheques should be made payable to; executive officer of the now closed submarine base at HM AS In the past the Navy maintained a detachment of patrol The Navy League of Australia. THE PLATYPUS in Sydney boats as the Papua New Guinea Division of the RAN. and the NAVY The book is also a chronicle of a way of life that has since author served as part of that force, commanding the PNG To order or inquire about availability write to: all but disappeared. Patrol Boat Squadron, with a chapter relating the challenges Back Issues THE NAVY The author commenced his service on the "break bulk" of the role. Nice to sec that inter-service difficulties are not a Navy league of Australia recent invention! freighters of the post war years, on the SS BEAVERFORD in GPO Box 1719 1957. and served on a mixture of merchant and passenger Service ashore and afloat on board the training ship Sydney NSW 1043 ships, plying the sea-ianes and maintaining the trade that HMAS JERVIS BAY followed, with chapters describing the fcound the British Empire together. life of the Navy in the 70's and 80's. culminating in the In those days ships such as the BEAVERFORD carried a authors retirement in 1985. vast array of cargoes, manufactured goods, cars, machinery RED SKY AT NIGHT is a record of a time that has past. and so forth, around the world's oceans from the factories of The march of technology has changed both the Merchant "H England to the far-flung outposts of the Empire and regular Navy dramatically, and RED SKY AT NIGHT is a Commonwealth. Having discharged their cargoes, the ships valuable record of a time whose like we shall not see again.

30 VOL. 64 NO. 2 THE NAVY THE NAVY VOL M NO 2 31 S I VI I All \ I ol l»()l H \

The strategic background to Australia's security has ensure that, in conjunction with the RAAF. this can changed in recent decades and in some respects become be achieved against any force which could be more uncertain. The League believes it is essential that deployed in our general area. Australia develops capability to defend itself, paying • Is concerned that the offensive and defensive particular attention to maritime defence. Australia is. of capability of the RAN has decreased markedly in geographical necessity, a maritime nation whose prosperity recent decades and that with the paying-ofT of the strength and safety depend to a great extent on the security DDGs. the Fleet will lack area air defence and have of the surrounding ocean and island areas, and on seaborne a reduced capability for support of ground forces. trade. • Advocates the very early acquisition of the new The Navy League: destroyers as foreshadowed in the Defence While • Believes Australia can be defended against attack Paper 2. hy other than a super or major maritime power and • Advocates the acquisition of long-range precision lhat the prime requirement of our defence is an weapons to increase the present limited power evident ability to control the sea and air space projection, support and deterrent capability of the around us and to contribute to defending essential RAN. lines of sea and air communication to our allies. • Advocates the acquisition of the GLOBAL HAWK • Supports the ANZUS Treaty and the future or similar unmanned surveillance aircraft primarily reintegration of New Zealand as a full panner. for offshore surveillance • Urges a close relationship with the nearer ASbAN • Advocates the acquisition of sufficient Australian- countries. PNG and the Island Slates of the South built afloat support ships to support two naval task Pacific. forces with such ships having design flexibility and • Advocates a defence capability which is commonality of build. knowledge-based with a prime consideration given to intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. • Advocates the acquisition at an early date of • Advocates the acquisition of the most modern integrated air power in the fleet to ensure that ADF annainents and sensors to ensure that the ADF deployments can be fully defended and supported maintains some technological advantages over from Ihe sea. forces in our general area. • Advocates that all Australian warships should be • Believes there must be a significant deterrent equipped with some form of defence against element in the Australian Defence Force (ADF) missiles. capable of powerful retaliation at considerable • Advocates that in any future submarine distances from Australia. construction program all forms of propulsion be • Believes the ADF must have the capability to examined with a view to selecting the most protect essential shipping at considerable distances advantageous operationally. from Australia, as well as in coastal waters. • Advocates ihe acquisition of an additional 2 or 3 • Supports the concept of a strong modern Air Force updated Collins class submarines. and highly mobile Army, capable of island and • Supports the maintenance and continuing jungle warfare as well as the defence of Northern development of the mine-countermeasures force Australia. and a modern hydrographic/oceanographic • Supports the development of amphibious forces lo capability. ensure the security of our offshore territories and to • Supports the maintenance of an enlarged, flexible enable assistance to be provided by sea as well as by patrol boat fleet capable of operating in severe sea air to friendly island states in our area. states. • Endorses the transfer of responsibility for the co- • Advocates the retention in a Reserve Fleet of Naval ordination of Coastal Surveillance lo the defence vessels of potential value in defence emergency. force and the development of the capability for • Supports the maintenance of a strong Naval patrol and surveillance of the ocean areas all around Reserve to help crew vessels and aircraft in reserve, the Australian coast and island territories, including or taken up for service, and for specialised tasks in the Southern Ocean. time of defence emergency. • Advocates measures to foster a build-up of • Supports the maintenance of a strong Australian Australian-owned shipping to ensure Ihe carriage of Navy Cadets organisation. essential cargoes in war. • Advocates the development of a defence industry The League: supported by strong research and design Calls for a bipartisan political approach to national organisations capable of constructing a > tved^d defence with a commitment to a steady long-tenn huild-up types of warships and support vesse s of in our national defence capability including the required providing systems and sensor integration with industrial infrastructure. through-life support. While recognising current economic problems and As to the RAN. the League: budgetary constraints, believes that, given leadership by • Supports the coin ept of a Navy capable of effective successive governments, Australia can defend itself in the action off both Easi and West coasts simultaneously longer term within acceptable financial, economic and and advocates a gradual build up of the Fleet to manpower parameters.

VOL 64 NO. 2 THE NAVY HMAS SYDNEY In Ihe Pcntu GuU. TW RAN ha* lakeu over I command of the MIK (Multinational Interception force* enforcing sanctions on Saddam Husaein's regime. (RAN)

Ihi' Italian aircraft carrier (ill SKPRK (, \KIB AI.I)I <1-551) and (hi- Fmup-^ nuclear-poucrcd aircraft carries I'H VKI.F.S DK C.UI.l.K (R-VI i su-am flSangJf Hie Xrahian Sea. Both carriers, alone with I'SS TIIKOIMIKi: KOOSKV KI T tl'\ V7I1 and several ships from oilier enunlries including Vustralia are deployed and conducting missions in support of Operation rnduring f reedom. (t'SNl. -'Thi'RtN\"vo"iinl >lf :(TT\ super Seasprile liftv "IT fur Ihr first ; . LINIF in Vustralia. IIH- ainrart »J- transported l«i Vustralia »ia P -» , assembled nn Ihr docks in S>dnr> and down In

HM VS \I.BYl ROSS at Nimra. Technical problems ha»e delated ( Ihr Seasprite's in ser\ice dalr unlil around 2(MM. iKamani

\ standard missile li'mo a trail nf smoke as it Is lauiieherl frnm the starhnard side til I SS S ASIII t.KIKI tKMi-tXl and he»ds on an inlrrrrpl course with an iiiKimint: hostile' drum-. Others ships in Ihe inia^i im ludr tfnim 1. In Ki Ihr Spruanee rlass dt-slrmrrs I SS (I IIKIMN * ( I SIIINt; and Ihr KK(i I'SS CAKV. Il SS,