CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 3 ANALYZING Political Cartoons

The XYZ Affair ANALYZING Political Cartoons “The Monster” is the official title of this 1798 political cartoon satirizing the XYZ Affair. On the right, the five members of the , or ruling executive body, are shown demanding money. On the left, the three American representatives declare “Cease bawling, monster! We will Note that French relations with the United not give you sixpence!!” States were already poor at the time, with the French seizing U.S. ships bound for The French Directory is a five- Britain. In this case, French actions insulted headed monster–demanding the American public, and cartoons like this “Money, Money, Money!!” heightened anti-French feelings. • Why do you think the figures at the right are presented as they are? (Possible Answer: to show that the French are The Americans answer, “Cease unsavory in their interests and styles) bawling, monster! We will not give you sixpence!” CRITICAL THINKING ANSWER Compare and Contrast The French Directory is a monster complete with weapons and many heads; the American representatives appear normal, honest, CRITICAL THINKING Compare and Contrast How would you contrast the cartoon’s and unarmed. See Skillbuilder depiction of the American representatives with its depiction of the French Directory? Handbook, page R24. Unit 4 Resource Book • Primary and Secondary Sources, pp. 38–39 Marshall to Paris. Arriving there, they requested a meeting with the French minister of foreign affairs. For weeks, they were ignored. Then three French More About . . . agents—later referred to as X, Y, and Z—took the Americans aside to tell them the minister would hold talks. However, the talks would occur only if The French Directory the Americans agreed to loan $10 million and to pay the minister a France continued to attempt to construct bribe of $250,000. The American representatives refused. Adams received a full report of what became known as the XYZ Affair. a new government after the French After Congress and an outraged public learned of it, “Millions for defense, Revolution toppled the monarchy. The not one cent for tribute!” became the popular slogan of the day. In 1798, Directory was composed of five members Congress canceled its treaties with France and allowed U.S. ships to seize and lasted a total of 4 years, which was French vessels. Congress also set aside money to expand the armed forces. longer than previous regimes. As well as The Conflict with France made Adams and the angering the , it suffered from Federalists popular with the public. Many Democratic-Republicans, however, internal corruption, sometimes canceling were sympathetic to France. One Democratic-Republican newspaper called election results that didn’t support its views. Adams “the blasted tyrant of America. Angered by criticism in a time of crisis, Adams blamed the Democratic-Republican newspapers and new immigrants,

330 Chapter 9

INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES

CONNECT to Art CONNECT to Language Arts

Create a Poster in Support of a Write an Editorial Rejecting French Stronger Army and Navy Demands for Tribute Note that the XYZ Affair promoted strong anti- Have students write editorials explaining French feelings in Congress and the American important reasons to reject French demands people. Have students prepare posters from the for tribute and calling for a strong response to late 1700s that support a stronger American French attacks on American ships. Editorials army and navy in response to French offenses, should include vivid, forceful language. such as attacks on ships or demands for tribute and bribes. Posters should contain strong images and text.

330 • Chapter 9 many of whom were sympathetic to the Democratic-Republicans. To silence CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 3 their critics, the Federalist Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. These acts targeted aliens, or immigrants who were not yet citizens. One act increased the waiting period for U.S. citizenship from 5 to 14 years. Other acts gave the president the power to arrest suspicious aliens or CONNECT to the Essential Question deport them in wartime. Another act outlawed sedition, or stirring up rebel- lion against a government. Ten Democratic-Republican newspaper editors were convicted of opinions damaging to the government. With these acts, What political traditions and tensions the Federalists clamped down on freedom of speech and the press and tried first appeared in the early years of the to silence their opposition. new republic? The and Virginia Resolutions Jefferson and Madison looked Ask students what they have learned so far for a way to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts. They found it in a theory called that can help them answer this question. states’ rights—the idea that states have certain rights that the federal govern- Use the graphic on p. 331 or display the ment cannot overrule. Madison’s resolution was approved by the Virginia transparency. legislature. Jefferson’s resolution was adopted by the Kentucky legislature. This idea of states’ rights set a precedent for future conflicts in the nation Unit 4 Transparency Book between the states and the national government. • Essential Question Graphic, TT5

CONNECT to the Essential Question Point out that the nation experienced both traditions and tensions as it worked to What political traditions and tensions first appeared in the early years establish a new type of government. of the new republic? • Which traditions continue today? (Possible Answers: appointing a cabinet, PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS government managing the economic and banking system, system of tariffs Washington faces many challenges He creates first cabinet members and taxes to raise money, political Authority of state and federal courts 1789 Declares U.S. neutrality in foreign affairs is in question parties, debate over interpretation of Congress passes Federal Judiciary Act. Constitution) • Do you think political parties created 1790 Nation’s finances are in crisis Hamilton sets up National bank. more benefits than problems? (Benefits: debate on important issues, requirement in progress: U.S. declares neutrality in foreign affairs 1793 France and Britain at war for compromises; Problems: constant debate rather than cooperation) Conflict arises in the Northwest (1795) Native Americans sign Treaty of Greenville. 1794 Britain seizes American ships. Jays’ Treaty reduces U.S.—Britain border disputes CRITICAL THINKING ANSWER Draw Conclusions The United States U.S. challenges Spanish trade Pinckney’s Treaty establishes 31st parallel as U.S. southern 1795 declared neutrality and used negotiations restrictions. boundary to resolve conflicts.

1796 Disagreements over interpretation Two political parties develop: and Democratic- of the Constitution Republican Party.

CRITICAL THINKING Draw Conclusions How did the United States manage to More About . . . stay out of overseas wars during this period? Arrests Under the Alien and Launching a New Republic 331 Sedition Acts Newspapers at the time often published DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES harshly worded stories supporting certain positions, but the Alien and Sedition Acts made it possible to arrest the writers. OBJECTIVE Describe the conflicts during Adams’s administration. ’s grandson, a newspaper editor who had once called Adams “old, Basic On Level Challenge . . . bald, blind, crippled,” was arrested for his criticisms of Adams’s government. Have students create a chart Have students identify con- Have students do library or Representative Matthew of Vermont listing the major conflicts flicts that arose during the Internet research to learn what severely criticized Adams’s actions towards faced by ’s Adams administration that exceptions to free speech France and wrote that Adams sought administration. Have students people still disagree about in U.S. courts have ruled to be “foolish adulation” and suffered “selfish write one or two sentences the present. Have students allowable. Have students avarice.” He, too, was arrested but won about each item. Then have create a chart to compare and create a chart to summarize reelection while in jail. them present their charts to contrast the issues then and what they have learned in the class. now. Then have them present a chart and present their their charts to the class. findings to the class.

Teacher’s Edition • 331 CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 3 The Kentucky Resolution, in particular, insisted on the principle of nullification, or the idea that a state could nullify, or cancel, any act of Congress that it considered unconstitutional. The Kentucky andVirginiaand Virginia Resolutions warned of the dangers that the Alien and Sedition Acts posed to a government of More About . . . checks and balances as these checks and balances were guaranteed by the Constitution. Jefferson and Madison were not successful in overturning the Jefferson’s Work on the acts while Adams was President. However, within two years the Democratic- Kentucky Resolution Republicans won control of Congress, and they either reversed the acts or let them expire between 1800 and 1802. As the elected vice-president for his political Peace with France While Federalists and Democratic-Republicans battled opponent, John Adams, Jefferson felt he at home, the United States made peace with France. Although war fever was could not be seen as vocally supporting high, Adams reopened talks with France. This time the two sides quickly states’ rights in opposition to the federal signed the , an agreement to stop all naval attacks. This government he represented. So he worked treaty cleared the way for U.S. and French ships to sail the ocean in peace. secretly to write and submit the Kentucky Adams’s actions made him enemies among the Federalists. Despite this, Resolution. It was originally intended to be he was proud of having saved the nation from bloodshed. In 1800, Adams considered in North Carolina, but political became the first president to govern from the nation’s new capital city, Wash- changes there made it more reasonable for ington, D.C. In 1800, however, he lost the presidential election to Thomas it to be considered and passed in Kentucky. Answer: Americans were Jefferson. divided by relations with France and the Alien and MAIN IDEAS & DETAILS Explain the issues that divided Americans during Sedition Acts. Adams’ presidency. 4 Assess & Reteach Assess Have students complete the Section ONLINE QUIZ Section Assessment For test practice, go to Assessment. 3 Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com

Unit 4 Resource Book TERMS & NAMES KEY IDEAS • Section Quiz, p. 45 1. Explain the importance of: 3. What did Washington warn against before he left • John Adams • states’ rights office? Interactive Review • XYZ Affair • nullification 4. What led to the rise of political parties? @ ClassZone.com • Alien and Sedition • Kentucky & Virginia 5. Why did Congress pass the Alien and Sedition Acts? Acts Resolutions CRITICAL THINKING Power Presentations USING YOUR READING NOTES 6. Evaluate Why was Washington’s warning about Test Generator 2. Main Ideas and Details Complete the diagram political parties not heeded? you started at the beginning of the section. 7. Make Inferences Why do you think so many merchants and manufacturers were Federalists? Reteach Have individual students prepare rise 8. Draw Conclusions How did the XYZ Affair show an oral summary of one of the section’s main of political parties the young nation’s growing confidence? headings and identify 2–3 main points for it. Ask Federalist 9. Synthesize How might the theory of states’ rights volunteers to present parts of their summary to concerns undermine the federal government? 10. Connect to Today What are some issues the class. Keep a cumulative record of the main states’ points on the board and add details as students rights that the two leading American political parties disagree on today? suggest them. 11. Writing Editorial Imagine you are a newspaper editor in 1798. Write an editorial in Unit 4 Resource Book favor of, or opposed to, the Alien and Sedition Acts. • Reteaching Activity, p. 48 Unit 4 Transparency Book • Cause-and-Effect Chapter Summary, TT4 332 Chapter 9 SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS

Terms & Names Critical Thinking 1. John Adams, p. 329; XYZ Affair, p. 330; 6. Disagreements over government continued. Editorial Rubric Alien and Sedition Acts, p. 331; states’ rights, 7. Federalists favored government support and p. 331; nullification, p. 332; Kentucky & encouragement of trade and manufacturing. Content Accuracy Virginia Resolutions, p. 332 8. America refused to pay bribes and tribute and 4 excellent; addresses all no errors Using Your Reading Notes prepared for war with France. important points 2. Possible Answers: immigrants and criticism 9. If states had the right to nullify federal laws, the federal government would lose power. 3 good; addresses some few/minor during a time of crisis, war with France important points errors 10. Possible Answers: tax policy, foreign policy, Key Ideas immigration 2 fair; addresses few important several errors 3. political parties, permanent alliances with 11. Editorials should include the writers’ opinions points foreign countries about the Acts. Use the rubric to score 1 poor; addresses no important many errors 4. differences on how to interpret the students’ editorials. points Constitution and on economic policy 5. to silence critics during conflicts with France

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