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ANALYZING Political Cartoons CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 3 ANALYZING Political Cartoons The XYZ Affair ANALYZING Political Cartoons “The Paris Monster” is the official title of this 1798 political cartoon satirizing the XYZ Affair. On the right, the five members of the French Directory, or ruling executive body, are shown demanding money. On the left, the three American representatives declare “Cease bawling, monster! We will Note that French relations with the United not give you sixpence!!” States were already poor at the time, with the French seizing U.S. ships bound for The French Directory is a five- Britain. In this case, French actions insulted headed monster–demanding the American public, and cartoons like this “Money, Money, Money!!” heightened anti-French feelings. • Why do you think the figures at the right are presented as they are? (Possible Answer: to show that the French are The Americans answer, “Cease unsavory in their interests and styles) bawling, monster! We will not give you sixpence!” CRITICAL THINKING ANSWER Compare and Contrast The French Directory is a monster complete with weapons and many heads; the American representatives appear normal, honest, CRITICAL THINKING Compare and Contrast How would you contrast the cartoon’s and unarmed. See Skillbuilder depiction of the American representatives with its depiction of the French Directory? Handbook, page R24. Unit 4 Resource Book • Primary and Secondary Sources, pp. 38–39 Marshall to Paris. Arriving there, they requested a meeting with the French minister of foreign affairs. For weeks, they were ignored. Then three French More About . agents—later referred to as X, Y, and Z—took the Americans aside to tell them the minister would hold talks. However, the talks would occur only if The French Directory the Americans agreed to loan France $10 million and to pay the minister a France continued to attempt to construct bribe of $250,000. The American representatives refused. Adams received a full report of what became known as the XYZ Affair. a new government after the French After Congress and an outraged public learned of it, “Millions for defense, Revolution toppled the monarchy. The not one cent for tribute!” became the popular slogan of the day. In 1798, Directory was composed of five members Congress canceled its treaties with France and allowed U.S. ships to seize and lasted a total of 4 years, which was French vessels. Congress also set aside money to expand the armed forces. longer than previous regimes. As well as The Alien and Sedition Acts Conflict with France made Adams and the angering the United States, it suffered from Federalists popular with the public. Many Democratic-Republicans, however, internal corruption, sometimes canceling were sympathetic to France. One Democratic-Republican newspaper called election results that didn’t support its views. Adams “the blasted tyrant of America. Angered by criticism in a time of crisis, Adams blamed the Democratic-Republican newspapers and new immigrants, 330 Chapter 9 INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES CONNECT to Art CONNECT to Language Arts Create a Poster in Support of a Write an Editorial Rejecting French Stronger Army and Navy Demands for Tribute Note that the XYZ Affair promoted strong anti- Have students write editorials explaining French feelings in Congress and the American important reasons to reject French demands people. Have students prepare posters from the for tribute and calling for a strong response to late 1700s that support a stronger American French attacks on American ships. Editorials army and navy in response to French offenses, should include vivid, forceful language. such as attacks on ships or demands for tribute and bribes. Posters should contain strong images and text. 330 • Chapter 9 many of whom were sympathetic to the Democratic-Republicans. To silence CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 3 their critics, the Federalist Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. These acts targeted aliens, or immigrants who were not yet citizens. One act increased the waiting period for U.S. citizenship from 5 to 14 years. Other acts gave the president the power to arrest suspicious aliens or CONNECT to the Essential Question deport them in wartime. Another act outlawed sedition, or stirring up rebel- lion against a government. Ten Democratic-Republican newspaper editors were convicted of opinions damaging to the government. With these acts, What political traditions and tensions the Federalists clamped down on freedom of speech and the press and tried first appeared in the early years of the to silence their opposition. new republic? The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Jefferson and Madison looked Ask students what they have learned so far for a way to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts. They found it in a theory called that can help them answer this question. states’ rights—the idea that states have certain rights that the federal govern- Use the graphic on p. 331 or display the ment cannot overrule. Madison’s resolution was approved by the Virginia transparency. legislature. Jefferson’s resolution was adopted by the Kentucky legislature. This idea of states’ rights set a precedent for future conflicts in the nation Unit 4 Transparency Book between the states and the national government. • Essential Question Graphic, TT5 CONNECT to the Essential Question Point out that the nation experienced both traditions and tensions as it worked to What political traditions and tensions first appeared in the early years establish a new type of government. of the new republic? • Which traditions continue today? (Possible Answers: appointing a cabinet, PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS government managing the economic and banking system, system of tariffs Washington faces many challenges He creates first cabinet members and taxes to raise money, political Authority of state and federal courts 1789 Declares U.S. neutrality in foreign affairs is in question parties, debate over interpretation of Congress passes Federal Judiciary Act. Constitution) • Do you think political parties created 1790 Nation’s finances are in crisis Hamilton sets up National bank. more benefits than problems? (Benefits: debate on important issues, requirement French Revolution in progress: U.S. declares neutrality in foreign affairs 1793 France and Britain at war for compromises; Problems: constant debate rather than cooperation) Conflict arises in the Northwest (1795) Native Americans sign Treaty of Greenville. 1794 Britain seizes American ships. Jays’ Treaty reduces U.S.—Britain border disputes CRITICAL THINKING ANSWER Draw Conclusions The United States U.S. challenges Spanish trade Pinckney’s Treaty establishes 31st parallel as U.S. southern 1795 declared neutrality and used negotiations restrictions. boundary to resolve conflicts. 1796 Disagreements over interpretation Two political parties develop: Federalist Party and Democratic- of the Constitution Republican Party. CRITICAL THINKING Draw Conclusions How did the United States manage to More About . stay out of overseas wars during this period? Arrests Under the Alien and Launching a New Republic 331 Sedition Acts Newspapers at the time often published DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES harshly worded stories supporting certain positions, but the Alien and Sedition Acts made it possible to arrest the writers. OBJECTIVE Describe the conflicts during Adams’s administration. Benjamin Franklin’s grandson, a newspaper editor who had once called Adams “old, Basic On Level Challenge . bald, blind, crippled,” was arrested for his criticisms of Adams’s government. Have students create a chart Have students identify con- Have students do library or Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont listing the major conflicts flicts that arose during the Internet research to learn what severely criticized Adams’s actions towards faced by John Adams’s Adams administration that exceptions to free speech France and wrote that Adams sought administration. Have students people still disagree about in U.S. courts have ruled to be “foolish adulation” and suffered “selfish write one or two sentences the present. Have students allowable. Have students avarice.” He, too, was arrested but won about each item. Then have create a chart to compare and create a chart to summarize reelection while in jail. them present their charts to contrast the issues then and what they have learned in the class. now. Then have them present a chart and present their their charts to the class. findings to the class. Teacher’s Edition • 331 CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 3 The Kentucky Resolution, in particular, insisted on the principle of nullification, or the idea that a state could nullify, or cancel, any act of Congress that it considered unconstitutional. The Kentucky andVirginiaand Virginia Resolutions warned of the dangers that the Alien and Sedition Acts posed to a government of More About . checks and balances as these checks and balances were guaranteed by the Constitution. Jefferson and Madison were not successful in overturning the Jefferson’s Work on the acts while Adams was President. However, within two years the Democratic- Kentucky Resolution Republicans won control of Congress, and they either reversed the acts or let them expire between 1800 and 1802. As the elected vice-president for his political Peace with France While Federalists and Democratic-Republicans battled opponent, John Adams, Jefferson felt he at home, the United States made peace with France. Although war fever was could not be seen as vocally supporting high, Adams reopened talks with France. This time the two sides quickly states’ rights in opposition to the federal signed the Convention of 1800, an agreement to stop all naval attacks. This government he represented. So he worked treaty cleared the way for U.S. and French ships to sail the ocean in peace. secretly to write and submit the Kentucky Adams’s actions made him enemies among the Federalists. Despite this, Resolution. It was originally intended to be he was proud of having saved the nation from bloodshed. In 1800, Adams considered in North Carolina, but political became the first president to govern from the nation’s new capital city, Wash- changes there made it more reasonable for ington, D.C.
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