The Struggle Over Foreign Policy

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Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO A Great Orator Speaks SECTION Instruction In 1792, government officials met with Native Americans in Philadelphia

SECTION to discuss treaty issues and continuing skirmishes between settlers and Indians in the North- Objectives west. In response to a plea from President Washington As you teach this section, keep students for peace, a famous Seneca orator replied, focused on the following objectives to help “When you Americans and the king made peace them answer the Section Focus Question and [in 1783], he did not mention us, and showed us no master core content. compassion, notwithstanding all he said to us, and all • Explain how territorial expansion brought we had suffered . . . he never asked us for a delega- Americans into conflict with the British tion to attend our interests. Had he done this, a and with Native Americans. settlement of peace among all the western nations might have been effected....” • Describe American relations with Britain, —Red Jacket, 1792 France, and Spain. • Analyze how the political parties’ debates over foreign policy further divided them. ᮡ Washington presents Red Jacket with a peace medal (above right) at the 1792 meeting.

Prepare to Read The Struggle Over Foreign Policy

Background Knowledge L3 Objectives Why It Matters In addition to building a government, making • Explain how territorial expansion brought peace with Native Americans, and maintaining control over expanded Ask students to recall why the first borders, the young United States had to establish itself in the interna- political parties formed. Ask them to Americans into conflict with the British and with Native Americans. tional community during a volatile time. By 1793, Britain and France predict how well they think the parties had resumed war, and both threatened efforts by the United States to • Describe American relations with Britain, will work together during crises that stay neutral. Debate over America’s response to a war and to a France, and Spain. the nation will face. revolution in France affected the nation’s foreign policy as well as • Analyze how the political parties’ debates its domestic structure. Section Focus Question: How did foreign policy Set a Purpose L3 over foreign policy further divided them. challenges affect political debate and shape American government? ½ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selec- Terms and People tion aloud, or play the audio. Little Turtle Alien and Sedition Acts Conflict in the Ohio Valley Witness History Audio CD, Battle of Fallen Timbers Virginia and Kentucky Although the United States had gained a vast new territory west A Great Orator Speaks French Revolution resolutions of the Appalachians from the Treaty of Paris, the British kept their John Jay Aaron Burr forts on the American side of the Great Lakes. Hoping to limit Ask According to Red Jacket, XYZ Affair American settlement in the Northwest Territory, the British pro- how were the Native Americans vided arms and ammunition to the Miami Indians and their allies, treated in the peace treaty of who were actively resisting American expansion into their lands. In Reading Skill: Identify Supporting 1783? (They were not considered at 1790, Native Americans led by the war chief Little Turtle defeated a Details Record details about early U.S. foreign all.) What effect did this have on small force sent by President Washington to stop attacks against policies in a chart like this one. U.S. relations with Native Amer- settlers. In 1791 in the Ohio Valley, British guns helped a confeder- icans? (It prevented peace because U.S. Foreign Policy acy of many Indian nations, again led by Little Turtle, to crush a Native American interests were not larger American force commanded by General Arthur St. Clair. considered.) Native But the tide turned in August 1794 when federal troops led by Americans Britain France ½ General Anthony Wayne defeated the Native American confederacy Focus Point out the Section Focus at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, named for the fallen trees that Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 2 Assessment answers.) ½ Preview Have students preview Use the information below and the following resource to teach students the high-use word the Section Objectives and the list from this section. Teaching Resources, Vocabulary Builder, p. 11

of Terms and People. High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence ½ Using the Paragraph Shrinking strategy (TE, p. T20), unify v. to bring together; to make into one unit have students read this section. As At first, George Washington’s presidency was able to unify the country. they read, have students identify supporting details about early U.S. foreign policies. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

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covered the battle site. Wayne’s decisive victory forced the Native Americans to accept his peace terms. In the Treaty of Greenville, Native American leaders ceded most of the present state of Ohio to the U.S. government. This also opened Teach

the Northwest Territory to settlement. Why was the Battle of Fallen Timbers significant? Conflict in the Ohio Valley L3 American Relations With Europe While the British were helping Native Americans take a stand against the Instruct United States, the young nation struggled to chart a sure course in the area of ½ Introduce: Key Term Ask stu- foreign policy. dents to find the key term Battle of Fallen Timbers (in bold), and Responding to the French Revolution In 1789, Americans welcomed explain that it was a battle between news of the French Revolution, a republican uprising in France. Grateful for U.S. soldiers and Native Americans. French help during the American Revolution, Americans now saw the French Battle of Fallen Timbers Tell students to read to find out the as fellow republicans in a hostile world of aristocrats and kings. In 1793, how- An engraving from the mid-1800s shows the 1794 battle that weakened result of the Battle of Fallen ever, leaders of the French Revolution began executing thousands of opponents, Native American resistance. General Timbers. including the French king and his family. They also declared war on the monar- Anthony Wayne, commander in chief ½ chies of Europe, including Great Britain. of the United States Army, is shown Teach Using the Think-Write-Pair- In response, Americans divided along party lines. The Democratic Republi- below and on horse. Share strategy (TE p. T23), discuss cans regretted the executions but still preferred the French Republic to its the conflicts in the Northwest Terri- monarchical foes. Jefferson regarded the French Revolution as “the most sacred tory. Ask How did the British cause that ever man was engaged in.” But the Federalists decided that the encourage conflict in the North- French revolutionaries were bloody anarchists out to destroy religion and social west Territory? (They provided order. They suspected that the Democratic Republicans meant to do the same. arms and ammunition to Native Proclaiming Neutrality By 1793, Britain and France were at war. Both Amer- American groups opposing U.S. ican political parties agreed that the United States was too weak to get tangled settlement.) Why did the British in the war and too dependent on trade with Britain, which provided nearly want to limit U.S settlement in 90 percent of American imports. That trade generated most of the federal reve- the area? (Sample answer: The nue, which came primarily from tariffs and only secondarily from excise taxes. British hoped to regain control of the area or at least to limit U.S. expansion.) ½ Analyzing the Visuals Have students compare the images on this page and the previous page to apply what they have learned about the conflicts in the Northwest Territory. Ask students to describe each image and then summarize the events that led to the deteriorating relationship between Native Americans and the United States.

Independent Practice Have students create a cause-and- effect chart to summarize the conflict between the United States and Native Americans in the Ohio Valley.

Monitor Progress As students fill in their charts, circulate to make sure that they understand U.S. foreign policy regarding Native American groups. For a completed version of the flow chart, see Note Taking The French and American Revolutions The desperate situation fueled the political instability and Transparencies, B-35. French and American Revolutions were linked in many public outrage that led to revolution. Like the Ameri- ways. French philosophers of the Enlightenment had can revolutionaries, the French rebels wrote a decla- inspired American Patriots with their views on liberty ration of independence. Called the Declaration of the and human rights. The French had also aided the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, it promoted many Patriots in their struggle. Without French help, the col- of the same ideals as the American Declaration of onists might not have won the war. However, the costs Independence, including the rights to liberty, equality, of the war strained the French economy, and the new and property. The revolutions of France and the U.S. government was in no position to pay back its United States shared many ideas, but had very differ- debts quickly. ent outcomes. Historians have often turned to these This financial strain, coupled with several bad har- two events to illustrate the sometimes fragile nature Answer vests in the late 1780s, left France on the verge of of political transformation. a widespread famine and economic collapse. The It opened the Northwest Territory for U.S. settlement. Chapter 6 Section 2 199 0198_hsus_te_ch06_s02_su.fm Page 200 Wednesday, April 18, 2007 9:49 AM

If the United States entered the conflict, it could bankrupt the federal govern- American Relations ment. In 1793, President Washington, therefore, issued a proclamation of Amer- ican neutrality, which became a foundation of American policy toward Europe L3 With Europe until the twentieth century. The powerful British navy tested that neutrality by seizing American ships trading with the French colonies in the West Indies. Instruct Those seizures added to American outrage at the British policy along the new ½ Introduce: Key Term Write the nation’s western frontier. key term French Revolution on the Signing Treaties With Britain and Spain To avoid war with Britain, board. Ask students to predict how Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London to negotiate a compromise Americans might respond to a revo- with the British. In the Jay Treaty of 1794, the British gave up their forts on lution in France, considering that American soil, but they kept most of their restrictions on American ships. The the French had recently helped treaty also required Americans to repay prewar debts to the British. Washing- Americans during theirs. Have stu- ton and the Federalists favored this compromise, but the Democratic Republi- dents read to find out whether their cans denounced the Jay Treaty as a sellout. After a heated debate, the Senate predictions were accurate. narrowly ratified the treaty, keeping the peace. ½ Teach Ask How did the two In 1795, the United States also signed a treaty with Spain. American settlers needed to move their goods down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, where political parties differ in their they could be shipped to markets in the East. But, Spain controlled the views of the French Revolution? Mississippi River and New Orleans. To ensure a free flow of trade, an American (The Democratic Republicans sup- diplomat, Thomas Pinckney, negotiated a favorable treaty with the Spanish, ported it. The Federalists did not who feared that an Anglo-American alliance might threaten their American support it because they believed that possessions. Pinckney’s Treaty guaranteed Americans free shipping rights on the revolutionaries were anarchists.) On what did the two parties agree? (that America should stay neutral in the war between France INFOGRAPHIC AUDIO and Britain) How did their views on the French Revolution reflect the philosophies of the parties? (The Democratic Republicans sup- Americans Debate the ported weak federal government and the ideals of liberty the French revo- French Revolution lutionaries put forth. The Federalists supported a strong federal govern- s the French Revolution grew increasingly ment to maintain order and believed A violent, American debate about it sharpened that the French revolutionaries had along party lines. Jefferson and his followers no respect for order.) Why was it praised the Revolution, while Hamilton and other important for the United States Federalists opposed it. Newspapers like the one on to sign a treaty with Spain? the far right (top) stoked the fires of the debate. (Spain controlled the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans, and the United States wanted to The Democratic Republican Response Jefferson penned the introduction to a treatise ensure a free flow of trade for Ameri- Thomas Paine wrote defending the French can goods.) What do you think Revolution (far left), which sold a million and a were Washington’s greatest half copies. Though the Democratic Republicans achievements as President? (Pos- decried the violence, they believed it was sible response: He unified the nation necessary to bring about democracy. Jefferson and set many important presidential wrote about the bloodshed in 1793: “Were there precedents, especially when he gave but an Adam and an Eve left in every country, up the presidency after two terms.) and left free, it would be better than it is now.” A 1789 French painting shows revolutionaries planting a “liberty tree” in France.

L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented Students

Have students conduct research on the French Revo- At the end of the discussion, students should come lution and take on the roles of members of George to an agreement about what stance the United Washington’s Cabinet to conduct a discussion about States should have taken and then should evaluate what position, if any, the United States should take whether greater U.S. involvement in the conflict on the French Revolution. might have changed history and, if so, in what ways.

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the Mississippi River and access to New Orleans. The treaty also established ½ the northern boundary of Spanish Florida. Quick Activity Draw students’ The removal of British forts, victories over Native Americans, and secure attention to the Infographic on these access to New Orleans encouraged thousands of Americans to move westward. two pages and have them answer the By 1800, nearly 400,000 Americans lived beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Thinking Critically questions. Then, By selling land to these settlers, the federal government gained revenue that discuss with students the opposing helped to pay off the national debt. viewpoints shown in the images in the Infographic. Ask students to use Washington’s Farewell In 1792, Washington had won reelection without the information in the feature to cre- opposition, but he declined to run again in 1796. In ailing health, he longed to ate a compare-and-contrast chart escape the political turmoil by returning to his beloved plantation, Mount Ver- summarizing the positions of the non. He also recognized that the young nation needed him to set an example by two U.S. political parties on the walking away from power, proving that he was no king. His voluntary retire- French Revolution. ment after two terms set a precedent honored by all Presidents until the 1940s. Washington retired with a record of astounding achievements. On the frontier, the Indians had been defeated, the western lands opened to settlement, and Independent Practice the Whiskey rebels suppressed. He had kept the nation out of the war in Have students read the Primary Europe. A booming foreign trade boosted tariffs, which funded the government Source: Analyzing Washington’s Fare- and the national debt. Many historians have concluded that without Washing- well Address worksheet and answer ton’s skillful leadership, the nation may not have survived the harsh tests of the the questions that accompany it. early 1790s. In a farewell address, Washington offered sound political advice for Teaching Resources, p. 18 his successors, calling on them to temper their political strife in favor of national unity and to avoid “entangling alliances” that might lead to overseas wars. Monitor Progress What treaties were signed during Washington’s presidency? As students complete the worksheet, circulate to ensure that students are able to interpret the language of the address correctly.

The Federalist Response While the Federalists sympathized with the French drive for democracy, they distrusted the common people who were bringing it about. Adams wrote that public affairs should be left to “the rich, the well-born and the able.” In cartoons like the one above on the right, Federalists attacked Jefferson for worshipping the French and destroying the American Constitution.

ThinkingA 1792 Critically French painting captures the violent side of the Revolution. 1. Identify Point of View What do each of the paintings suggest about their authors’ viewpoints toward the French Revolution? 2. Recognize Ideologies What did the parties’ response to the Revolution reveal about their basic ideas regarding political power and government?

Answers

Treaty of Greenville, the Jay Treaty, Pinckney’s Treaty L1 Special Needs Students L2 English Language Learners L2 Less Proficient Readers Thinking Critically Have students read the Primary Source: Farewell write a definition in their own words for each word in 1. Sample response: The first suggests that it Address worksheet and complete the questions. As the speech they circled. Then, tell students to write was planting liberty in the country. The they read Washington’s Farewell Address, encourage sentences using the words to discuss content in this second suggests that it was a violent and students to circle any unfamiliar words in the speech section. Teaching Resources, p. 17 bloody conflict. and look them up in the dictionary. Ask students to 2. The Democratic Republicans’ support of the French Revolution reflected their dis- trust of a strong central government and the need to protect human rights. The Federalists’ opposition to the French Revo- lution reflected their desire for a strong central government, order, and stability. Chapter 6 Section 2 201 0198_hsus_te_ch06_s02_su.fm Page 202 Wednesday, April 18, 2007 9:49 AM

The Parties Debate Foreign Policy The Parties Debate The Federalist candidate, John Adams, narrowly defeated Thomas Jefferson Foreign Policy/The in the 1796 presidential election. The nation voted along regional lines, with Jefferson winning most of the southern electoral votes and Adams carrying L3 Election of 1800 almost all of the northern states. Due to an awkward feature of the Constitu- tion, Jefferson, as the second place finisher, became Adams’s Vice President. Instruct Adams Confronts Crisis With France Although honest and dedicated, ½ Introduce: Key Term Ask stu- Adams could also be stubborn and pompous. Lacking tact, he made few friends dents to find the key term XYZ and many enemies. Those foes included Hamilton, who had retired from public Affair (in bold) in the text, and use office but who tried to control the Federalist Party and the national government the Color Transparency: The XYZ Vocabulary Builder from behind the scenes. His meddling weakened the Adams administration. Affair to explain that it was a scan- unify–(YOO nuh fì) v. to bring A French crisis briefly unified the nation. The Jay Treaty of 1794 had dal concerning the French govern- together; to make into one unit offended the French as a betrayal of their 1778 treaty of alliance with the ment during the administration of United States. To show their irritation, in 1796 the French began seizing Amer- John Adams. Color Transparencies ican merchant ships. Adams sent envoys to Paris to negotiate peace. But three A-22 French officials—known in code as X, Y, and Z—demanded humiliating terms, ½ Teach Ask How did Adams com- including $250,000 in bribes. Adams broke off negotiations. Called the XYZ pare with Washington? (Adams Affair, the insult roused public sentiment against France. In 1798, the Federal- ist majority in Congress expanded the army and authorized a small navy, which was dedicated to the country but not won some surprising victories over French warships. To pay for the expanded as well-liked as Washington.) How military, Congress imposed unpopular taxes on stamps and land. did U.S. policy toward France change under Adams’s adminis- The Alien and Sedition Acts The Federalists exploited the war fever by tration? (The former allies became passing the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. The Alien Act autho- enemies as a result of conflict on the rized the President to arrest and deport immigrants who criticized the federal seas and the XYZ Affair.) Have stu- government. Because most immigrants dents examine the political cartoon supported the Democratic Republicans, and answer the questions that the Federalists made it difficult for them accompany it. Ask Were the Alien to become citizens. The Sedition Act made and Sedition Acts justified under it a crime for citizens to publicly discredit the circumstances? Explain. the federal government. Arguing that crit- (Example: No; they were tools to sup- icism undermined trust in the government, press political opposition, and no the Federalists used this act to silence Dem- emergency is important enough to ocratic Republican opposition. take away the right to free speech.) The Sedition Act did allow juries to Why do you think the Framers acquit defendants who could prove the lit- eral truth of their statements. But that did not foresee the problem that still put the burden of proof on the defen- emerged during the election of dants, reversing the tradition of presum- 1800? (Sample answer: They probably ing someone innocent until proven guilty. did not think that a tie would occur.) In the end, the federal government con- ½ Analyzing the Visuals Direct victed ten men of sedition, including those students’ attention to the map on in Massachusetts who erected a liberty the next page. Ask them to point out pole comparing the Federalists to the Loyalists who had supported the British which geographic locations sup- Analyzing Political Cartoons ported the Democratic Republicans king. and which supported the Federalists. Fighting Over the Sedition Act A 1798 cartoon shows a fight that broke out in Congress between Federalist Roger Griswold (with cane) The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and Democratic Republican Matthew Lyon (with tongs). Lyon, the first In two Democratic Republican states, the Independent Practice person tried and jailed under the Sedition Act, was considered a Demo- state legislatures passed controversial Have students read the Biography: cratic Republican hero and won reelection while in his jail cell. resolves in response to the acts. Written by John Adams worksheet and answer What is the cartoonist’s view of Congress during the Adams administra- Jefferson and Madison in 1798 and 1799, tion? How can you tell? the questions. Ask students to write a the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions few sentences explaining how Adams’s personality both helped and hindered him. Teaching Resources, p. 16 Congressional Pugilists Little is known about An Irish immigrant, Lyon enjoyed a series of firsts: Monitor Progress the political cartoon on this page “Congressional he was the first member of have an ethics violation As students complete their worksheets, Pugilists.” The Library of Congress has three original charged against him following the Griswold incident. circulate to make sure that they under- copies of the print, all inscribed with “Congress Hall, He was the first (and only) Congressman elected stand how Adams’s experiences affected in Philada. Feb.15.1798.” Given Philadelphia’s role in while in jail, where he landed after being the first to his political choices. government and the active press in the city, it was violate the Alien and Sedition Acts. He was also the probably published there. The cartoon portrays an first Congressman to serve two separate states, Ver- Answer actual altercation between Representatives Matthew mont and Kentucky, where he moved in 1801. Lyon of Vermont and Roger Griswold of Connecticut. Griswold left Congress in 1805 to serve in the Analyzing Political Cartoons The two men exchanged insults. Then, Lyon spit on Connecticut state government, first as a supreme Factionalism between the parties was Griswold, and they came to blows. Although such an court justice, then as lieutenant governor, and finally destructive and out of control; the image incident might have ended their political careers, each as governor until his death in 1812. portrays Congress as ridiculous with mem- man continued in public service for the rest of his life. bers who were prone to violence. 202 The New Republic 0198_hsus_te_ch06_s02_su.fm Page 203 Wednesday, April 18, 2007 9:49 AM

declared the Sedition Act unconstitutional. The resolves even hinted that states had the power to Presidential Election of 1800 nullify federal laws that were unconstitutional. Assess and Reteach NH VT 12 Though this doctrine of nullification threatened to 8 d 6 (F-A) ute 4 (F-A) isp y dissolve the union, no other state legislatures 6 (F-P) D itor L3 4 (F-P) terr Assess Progress adopted it. Instead, the presidential election of 1800 24 ½ 30 MA Have students complete the Section would decide the balance of federal power and states’ 8 (DR-J) 12 (DR-J) 32 8 (DR-B) 12 (DR-B) 16 (F-A) Assessment. rights. Indiana 7 (F-A) 16 (F-P) itory 7 (F-P) ½ Terr NY RI Administer the Section Quiz. W 8 What was the XYZ Affair? Terr. N CT 18 F-A) io R. 4 ( Teaching Resources, p. 23 of Oh 9 (F-A) 3 (F-P) PA NJ 9 (F-P) 1 (F-J) 14 ½ 8 MD To further assess student under- The Election of 1800 VA 7 (F-A)-P) sh 4 (DR-J) 42 7 (F standing, use Progress Monitoring Spani 4 (DR-B) By 1800, the Sedition Act and the new federal Territory 21 (DR-J) 20 DE KY 21 (DR-B) 6 Transparencies, 43. 6 5 (DR-J) taxes had become very unpopular. Sensing that NC 5 (DR-B) 3 (F-A) 3 (DR-J) TN 5 (F-A) 3 (F-P) trend, in 1799 Adams had suspended expansion of the 3 (DR-B) -P) SC 5 (F outh Reteach army and sent new diplomats to France to seek peace. Terr. S GA 24 hio R. 8 of O 16 8 (DR-J) If students need more instruction, Those moves angered many Federalists, including 4 (DR-J) R-J) s. Terr. 4 (DR-B) 8 (D ) 8 (DR-B) Hamilton, who worked to undermine Adams’s reelec- Mis 8 (DR-B 4 (F-A) have them read the section summary. 4 (F-P) tion. Adams lost the heated election to Jefferson. FL Reading and Note Taking L3 Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, tied. Study Guide The voters had meant for Jefferson to become Pres- ident and Burr to become Vice President. But Adapted Reading and L1 L2 because the Constitution did not then allow a distinc- Candidate and Party Electoral Note Taking Study Guide Vote tion between electoral votes, the House of Represen- Thomas Jefferson—Democratic Republican (DR-J) 73 Spanish Reading and L2 tatives had to decide between the two. Hamilton Aaron Burr—Democratic Republican (DR-B) 73 Note Taking Study Guide preferred Jefferson, so in early 1801 the Federalist John Adams—Federalist (F-A) 65 Charles Pinckney—Federalist (F-P) 64 congressmen allowed Jefferson to become Presi- John Jay—Federalist (F-J) 1 dent. This peaceful transfer of power from one party Extend L4 to another set a valuable precedent. To avoid See this chapter’s Professional Devel- another electoral crisis, in 1804 the Constitution was amended to require elec- opment pages for the Extend Online tors to vote separately for President and Vice President. Offended by Hamilton’s activity on patriotic music of the early criticism, Burr killed him in a duel in 1804. republic. Compare the election of 1796 to the election of 1800. Answers SECTION Online 2 Progress Monitoring an incident in which French officials 2 Assessment For: Self-test with vocabulary practice Web Code: nca-1621 demanded humiliating terms from U.S. envoys that were trying to negotiate Comprehension 2. Reading Skill: Critical Thinking peace 1. Terms and People What is the Identify Supporting Details Use 4. Identify Central Issues Why did relationship between each of the your completed chart to answer the the British support Native American The election of 1800 was much more

following terms or people and Section Focus Question: How did resistance to westward expansion in hotly contested than that of 1796 and American foreign policy during the foreign policy challenges affect the United States? ended in a tie; however, in 1800, two 1790s? political debate and shape American 5. Recognize Ideologies How did men of different parties were not forced • Little Turtle government? American debates about foreign policy • Battle of Fallen Timbers to serve together, as had happened in Writing About History in the 1790s reflect the beliefs of the • French Revolution political parties? the 1796 election. • John Jay 3. Quick Write: Narrow Your Topic Choose a topic from this section to 6. Draw Inferences Does having a • XYZ Affair President and Vice President from • Alien and Sedition Acts research. Then, narrow it down by creating a concept web. Choose one of different parties help or hinder the outer circles as a manageable topic government? Explain. for a research paper.

Section 2 Assessment 4. Possible response: The British probably selves with countries that shared the wanted to protect their own interests in same principles, such as revolutionary 1. Sentences should demonstrate students’ North America and may also have France. understanding of the relationship thought that Native Americans had a 6. Sample response: Hinder—A President between each of the terms or people and right to retain their lands in that area. and Vice President from different parties American foreign policy in the 1790s. 5. The Federalists, who believed in a strong might be unwilling to support each 2. Foreign policy issues, such as the French federal government, order, and stability, other’s policies, causing division in the Revolution, further divided the two par- wanted to avoid foreign conflicts and to administration. ties, polarized the government, and ally themselves with countries that could caused deep conflicts. help the United States economically, 3. Concept webs should focus on one topic such as Britain. The Democratic Repub- from the section and then indicate which licans, who distrusted strong federal For additional assessment, have students access outer circle students believe would be a government and were concerned with Progress Monitoring Online at Web manageable idea for a research paper. protecting liberties, wanted to ally them- Code nca-1621.

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Washington asked Hamil- ton to revise his farewell address; Hamilton’s version George Washington: appears to the right. ᮣ George Washington: Farewell Address Farewell Address In 1796, Washington decided not to run for reelection. On September 19, his Farewell Address ran in a Objectives Philadelphia newspaper. In the address Washington • Identify the main ideas in a primary thanked the nation and gave his reasons for leaving source. office after two terms. He also offered advice to those • Understand how a primary source reflects who would come after him, based on his experience and the time in which it was created. observations. He discussed regional differences, foreign • Explain the significance of Washington’s policy, and political parties with amazing foresight. Farewell Address.

et me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in L the most solemn manner against the baneful1 effects of the Background Knowledge L3 spirit of party generally. Ask students to recall the development This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having of political parties during Washing- its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under ton’s administration and the results different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, of that development. Tell students to controlled, or repressed; but, in those of the popular 2 continue reading to find out what form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly Washington thought about political their worst enemy. . . . parties. It agitates the community with ill-founded jeal- ousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments3 occasionally riot and insurrection. It Instruct L3 opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a facilitated Direct students to read the introduc- access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus tion at the top of the page. When they the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of ᮡ have finished, ask What was the pur- another.... George Washington, as painted by Gilbert pose of this speech? (to advise future So likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a Stuart in 1796 Presidents on the basis of Washington’s variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an own experience) What is the main imaginary common interest in cases where no real common interest exists, and idea of this excerpt? (that political infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participa- parties and foreign influences are dan- tion in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or jus- gerous) Ask students to evaluate how tification. It leads also to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied Thinking Critically well they think political leaders fol- to others which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions.... 1. Synthesize Information lowed Washington’s advice between The jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake, since history What does Washington say and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of are the many “baneful 1796 and 1800. 4 republican government. But that jealousy to be useful must be impartial. ... effects” of political parties? Monitor Progress 2. Draw Inferences What event was Washington think- To confirm students’ understanding, 1. baneful (BAYN fuhl) adj. harmful; destructive. ing of when he warned ask volunteers to summarize the ideas 2. rankness (RANGK nehs) n. state of being excessive and unpleasant. about “foreign influence”? in this excerpt in their own words. Dis- 3. foments (foh MEHNTS) v. stirs up. cuss with the class whether they think 4. impartial (ihm PAHR shuhl) adj. fair; not favoring one side. current political leaders follow Wash- ington’s advice.

Effects of Washington’s Address Despite the children’s readers, engraved on watches, and woven foreign policy problems that dominated the Adams into tapestries. After Washington’s time, the United administration, most political leaders took Washing- States encountered numerous foreign policy situa- ton’s words very seriously. His Farewell Address was tions, but tended to avoid entanglements until read annually in the Congress for decades. Starting in national security was directly threatened, as in World Answers 1862, during the Civil War, it was again read periodi- War I and World War II. Washington’s words were so cally in the Senate and has since been read in the powerful, in fact, that the United States did not join Thinking Critically Senate to mark Washington’s birthday every year any formal league or alliance until the beginnings of since 1896. It also became one of the best-known the United Nations in 1945 and the military alliance 1. They kindle animosity, make for dissention and violence, and create opportunities for speeches in the United States and was published in NATO in 1949. foreign influence and corruption. 2. the French Revolution which occured during his presidency 204 The New Republic